Transmembrane protein 222 explained

Transmembrane protein 222 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM222 gene.^{[1] [2]} One notable feature of the protein encoded by this gene is the presence of three predicted transmembrane domains.^[3] The TMEM222 protein is predicted to most likely localize to the secretory vesicles.^[4]

Gene Features

TMEM222 has a domain of unknown function (DUF778).^[5] Aliases of this gene include DKFZP564D0478, RP11-4K3__A.4, C1orf160, and MGC111002.^[6] Accession NM_032125.2, the longest coding sequence (1629 bp), encodes a protein of 208 amino acid residues (23230 daltons), which is considered the consensus coding sequence (CCDS297.2).^[7] There are two isoforms of the protein encoded by this gene. They are similar except the second (Q9H0R3-2) is lacking the first 96 amino acid residues that are present in the first (Q9H0R3-1).^[8]

Gene Expression

ACEVIEW has labeled TMEM222 as highly expressed with 3.8 times more expression than the average gene in the database.^[9] There is expression evidence from 166 tissues including brain, lung, colon, kidney, and placenta.

Homology

Orthologs and distant homologs of the human TMEM222 have been identified throughout Eukaryota especially in plants and animals.^[10] No paralogs of this gene have been found in the human genome.^[11]

Genus/Species	Common Name	Accession Number	Length	Similarity	Identity
	Rat	NP_001107252.1	208aa	99%	96%
	Dog	XP_852505.1	208aa	98%	96%
	Mouse	NP_079943.2	208aa	96%	95%
	Pig	XP_003127773.1	208aa	97%	94%
	Horse	XP_001917747.1	207aa	94%	93%
	Chicken	XP_417729.1	182aa	90%	85%
	Zebrafish	NP_001013334.1	174aa	83%	71%
	Mosquito	XP_320483.3	197aa	66%	53%
	Fruit Fly	NP_723362.1	196aa	74%	61%
	Nematode	NP_494762.2	168aa	72%	55%
	Late Blight	XP_002902629.1	186aa	59%	48%
	Corn	NP_001144071.1	233aa	61%	44%
	Rice	NP_001051577.1	204aa	61%	43%
	Thall cress	NP_190673.1	231aa	55%	36%
	Human	NP_115501.2	208	-	-

Distant Homolog

A distant homolog of TMEM222,^[10] RTH (RTE1-Homolog),^[12] is a homolog of RTE1 (Reversion-to-Ethylene Perception 1), which is known to induce conformational changes in ETR1 (Ethylene receptor 1) that result in negative regulation corresponding with loss of ethylene perception.^[13]

Protein Interactions

Evidence from yeast two-hybrid screening exists for two protein interactions with this gene. One is a serine protease (PRSS23)^[14] that has been identified to be involved in mouse ovulation and is excreted into the extracellular matrix.^[15] The other protein is an ab-hydrolase (HLA-B associated transcript 5)^[16] that is integral to the membrane, and its corresponding gene is located in the genome near Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-alpha and TNF-beta.^[17]

Further reading

• Maruyama K, Sugano S . Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides. . Gene . 138 . 1–2 . 171–4 . 1994 . 8125298 . 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8 .
• Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, etal . Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library. . Gene . 200 . 1–2 . 149–56 . 1997 . 9373149 . 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3 .
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, etal . Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 99 . 26 . 16899–903 . 2003 . 12477932 . 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . 139241 . 2002PNAS...9916899M . free .
• Lehner B, Semple JI, Brown SE, etal . Analysis of a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid system and its use to predict the function of intracellular proteins encoded within the human MHC class III region. . Genomics . 83 . 1 . 153–67 . 2004 . 14667819 . 10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00235-0 .
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, etal . Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs. . Nat. Genet. . 36 . 1 . 40–5 . 2004 . 14702039 . 10.1038/ng1285 . free .
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, etal . The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). . Genome Res. . 14 . 10B . 2121–7 . 2004 . 15489334 . 10.1101/gr.2596504 . 528928 .
• Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, etal . Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network. . Nature . 437 . 7062 . 1173–8 . 2005 . 16189514 . 10.1038/nature04209 . 2005Natur.437.1173R . 4427026 .
• Gregory SG, Barlow KF, McLay KE, etal . The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. . Nature . 441 . 7091 . 315–21 . 2006 . 16710414 . 10.1038/nature04727 . 2006Natur.441..315G . free .

Notes and References

1. Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, Gassenhuber J, Glassl S, Ansorge W, Bocher M, Blocker H, Bauersachs S, Blum H, Lauber J, Dusterhoft A, Beyer A, Kohrer K, Strack N, Mewes HW, Ottenwalder B, Obermaier B, Tampe J, Heubner D, Wambutt R, Korn B, Klein M, Poustka A . Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins: sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs . Genome Res . 11 . 3 . 422–35 . Mar 2001 . 11230166 . 311072 . 10.1101/gr.GR1547R .
2. Web site: Entrez Gene: C1orf160 chromosome 1 open reading frame 160.
3. http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/ TMHMM
4. http://psort.hgc.jp/form2.html k-NN
5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology information)
6. https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TMEM222&search=TMEM222 Gene Cards
7. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9H0R3 Uniprot
8. https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot Uniprot
9. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/Research/Acembly/av.cgi?db=human&term=TMEM222&submit=Go ACEVIEW
10. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=homologene&DbFrom=gene&Cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_homologene&LinkReadableName=HomoloGene&IdsFromResult=84065 Homologene
11. http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi BLAST
12. Web site: RTH RTE1-homolog [Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)] - Gene - NCBI.
13. Resnick JS, Wen CK, Shockey JA, Chang C . REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1, a conserved gene that regulates ethylene receptor function in Arabidopsis . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 103 . 20 . 7917–22 . May 2006 . 16682642 . 1458508 . 10.1073/pnas.0602239103 . free .
14. Stelzl U, Worm U, Lalowski M, Haenig C, Brembeck FH, Goehler H, Stroedicke M, Zenkner M, Schoenherr A, Koeppen S, Timm J, Mintzlaff S, Abraham C, Bock N, Kietzmann S, Goedde A, Toksöz E, Droege A, Krobitsch S, Korn B, Birchmeier W, Lehrach H, Wanker EE . A human protein-protein interaction network: a resource for annotating the proteome . Cell . 122 . 6 . 957–68 . September 2005 . 16169070 . 10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.029 . 11858/00-001M-0000-0010-8592-0 . 8235923 . free .
15. Miyakoshi K, Murphy MJ, Yeoman RR, Mitra S, Dubay CJ, Hennebold JD . The identification of novel ovarian proteases through the use of genomic and bioinformatic methodologies . Biol. Reprod. . 75 . 6 . 823–35 . December 2006 . 16870946 . 10.1095/biolreprod.106.052290 . free .
16. Lehner B, Semple JI, Brown SE, Counsell D, Campbell RD, Sanderson CM . Analysis of a high-throughput yeast two-hybrid system and its use to predict the function of intracellular proteins encoded within the human MHC class III region . Genomics . 83 . 1 . 153–67 . January 2004 . 14667819 . 10.1016/S0888-7543(03)00235-0.
17. Spies T, Bresnahan M, Strominger JL . Human major histocompatibility complex contains a minimum of 19 genes between the complement cluster and HLA-B . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 86 . 22 . 8955–8 . November 1989 . 2813433 . 298409 . 10.1073/pnas.86.22.8955. 1989PNAS...86.8955S . free .