Transition metal chloride complex explained

In chemistry, a transition metal chloride complex is a coordination complex that consists of a transition metal coordinated to one or more chloride ligand. The class of complexes is extensive.

Bonding

Halides are X-type ligands in coordination chemistry. They are both σ- and π-donors. Chloride is commonly found as both a terminal ligand and a bridging ligand. The halide ligands are weak field ligands. Due to a smaller crystal field splitting energy, the homoleptic halide complexes of the first transition series are all high spin. Only [CrCl<sub>6</sub>]3− is exchange inert.

Homoleptic metal halide complexes are known with several stoichiometries, but the main ones are the hexahalometallates and the tetrahalometallates. The hexahalides adopt octahedral coordination geometry, whereas the tetrahalides are usually tetrahedral. Square planar tetrahalides are known for Pd(II), Pt(II), and Au(III). Examples with 2- and 3-coordination are common for Au(I), Cu(I), and Ag(I).

Due to the presence of filled pπ orbitals, halide ligands on transition metals are able to reinforce π-backbonding onto a π-acid. They are also known to labilize cis-ligands.[1]

Homoleptic complexes

Homoleptic complexes (complexes with only chloride ligands) are often common reagents. Almost all examples are anions.

1st row

1st Transition Series!Complex!!colour!!electron config.!!structure!!geometry!!comments
TiCl4colourless(t2g)0tetrahedral
[Ti<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]−white/colourlessd0d0face-sharing bioctahedronTi-Cl(terminal) = 2.23 Å, 2.45 (terminal)
(N(PCl3)2)+ salt)[2]
[Ti<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]3-orange(t2g)1(t2g)1face-sharing bioctahedronTi-Ti =3.22 Å
Ti-C1(terminal) = 2.32-2.35 Å,
Ti-Cl(bridge) = 2.42-2.55 Å
((NEt4+)3)3 salt)[3]
[Ti<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]2−colourlessd0d0bioctahedral
[Ti<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>]3-green(t2g)1(t2g)1(t2g)1face-sharing trioctahedronTi-Ti = 3.19, 3.10 Å (terminal)
Ti-C1(terminal) = 2.36 Å (terminal),
Ti-Cl(bridge) = 2.50 Å
((PPh4+)3)3 salt)[4]
[TiCl<sub>6</sub>]2−yellowd0octahedralPPh4+ salt
Ti-Cl = 2.33 Å[5]
VCl4red(t2g)1tetrahedralV1−Cl = 2.29 Å
V2Cl10violet(t2g)0edge-shared bioctahedronV1−Cl(bridging) = 2.48 Å
V1−Cl(terminal) = 2.16-2.21 Å
[VCl<sub>6</sub>]2-red(t2g)1octahedralV1−Cl = 2.29 Å[6]
[CrCl<sub>6</sub>]3−pink(t2g)3octahedral[7]
[Cr<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]3−red(d3)2face-sharing bioctahedronCr-Cl(terminal) = 2.31 Å, 2.42 (terminal)
(Et2NH2+ salt)[8]
[MnCl<sub>4</sub>]2−[9] pale pink to while(eg)2(t2g)3tetrahedralMn-Cl bond length = 2.3731-2.3830 Å[10]
[MnCl<sub>6</sub>]2−dark red(t2g)3(eg)1octahedralMn-Cl distance = 2.28 Å
K+ salt[11])
salt is isostructural with K2PtCl6
[MnCl<sub>6</sub>]3−brown(t2g)3(eg)1octahedral
[Mn<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>]2−yellow-green(eg)2(t2g)3bitetrahedralMn-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.24 Å
Mn-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.39 Å[12]
(PPN+)2 salt
[Mn<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>]6−pink(t2g)3(eg)2cofacial trioctahedronMn-Cl distance = --- Å
[(C(NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]+6 salt[13]
[FeCl<sub>4</sub>]2−cream(eg)3(t2g)3tetrahedral((Et4N+)2 salt)
[FeCl<sub>4</sub>]−(eg)2(t2g)3tetrahedralFe-Cl bond length = 2.19 Å[14]
[FeCl<sub>6</sub>]3−orange(t2g)3(eg)2octahedral[15]
[Fe<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>]2−pale yellow(eg)2(t2g)3bitetrahedralFe-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.24 Å
Fe-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.39 Å
(PPN+)2 salt
[CoCl<sub>4</sub>]2−blue(eg)4(t2g)3tetrahedral
[Co<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>]2−blue(eg)4(t2g)3bitetrahedralMn-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.24 Å
Co-Cl(terminal) bond length = 2.35 Å
(PPN+)2 salt
[NiCl<sub>4</sub>]2−blue(eg)4(t2g)4tetrahedralNi-Cl bond length = 2.28 Å
(Et4N+)2 salt[16]
[Ni<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>]6−orange[17] (t2g)6(eg)2confacial trioctahedral((Me2NH2+)2)8 salt
double salt with two Cl−
Ni-Cl bond length = 2.36-2.38 Å
[CuCl<sub>4</sub>]2−orange[18]
yellow (flattened tetrahedral)[19]
green (square planar)[20] 		(t2g)6(eg)3flattened tetrahedral
or square planar[21] [22] 		Cu-Cl bond length = 2.24 Å
[Cu<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>]2−red[(t<sub>2g</sub>)<sup>6</sup>(e<sub>g</sub>)<sup>3</sup>]2edge-shared bis(square planar)[23] Cu-Cl(terminal) = 2.24 Å
Cu-Cl(bridging) = 2.31 Å
[ZnCl<sub>4</sub>]2−white/colorlessd10tetrahedralZn-Cl bond length = 2.27 Å
(Et4N+)2 salt

2nd row

Some homoleptic complexes of the second row transition metals feature metal-metal bonds.

2nd Transition Series!Complex!!colour!!electron config.!!structure!!geometry!!comments
[ZrCl<sub>6</sub>]2−yellowd0octahedralZr-Cl distance = 2.460 Å
(Me4N+)2 salt[24]
[Zr<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]2−colorless(d0)2edge-shared bioctahedralZr-Cl = 2.36 Å (terminal), 2.43 Å (bridging)
N(PCl3)2)+ salt
Nb2Cl10yellow(d0)2edge-shared bioctahedral [Nb<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]3.99 Å[25]
[NbCl<sub>6</sub>]−yellowd0octahedralNb-Cl = 2.34 Å
N(PCl3)2)+ salt
[Nb<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>18</sub>]2−black(d2)4(d3)2 (14 cluster electrons)cluster Nb---Nb bondingNb-Cl = 2.92 Å
(K+)2 salt[26]
MoCl6blackd0octahedronMo−Cl = 2.28 -2.31 Å
[MoCl<sub>6</sub>]2−yellow(t2g)2octahedronMo−Cl = 2.37, 2.38, 2.27 Å[27]
[MoCl<sub>6</sub>]3−pink(t2g)3octahedral
[Mo<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>]4−purple2(d4)Mo-Mo quadruple bond
[Mo<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]3−2(d3)face-shared bioctahedralMo-Mo (triple) bond length = 2.65 Å
Mo-Cl (terminal) bond length = 2.38 Å
Mo-Cl (bridging) bond length = 2.49 Å[28]
Mo2Cl10green(d1)2edge-sharing bioctahedra[29]
[Mo<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]2−(d2)2edge-sharing bioctahedra[30]
[Mo<sub>5</sub>Cl<sub>13</sub>]2−brown[31] d2d2d2d2d3incomplete octahedron[32]
[Mo<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>14</sub>]2−yellowd4octahedral cluster(4-HOPyH+)2 salt[33]
[TcCl<sub>6</sub>]2−yellow(t2g)3octahedronTc-Cl = 2.35 Å for As(C6H5)4+ salt[34]
[Tc<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>]2−green(t2g)4Tc-Tc quadruple bondTc-Tc = 2.16, Tc-Cl = 2.34 Å for NBu4+ salt[35]
[RuCl<sub>6</sub>]2−brown(t2g)4octahedral(EtPPh3+)2 salt[36]
[Ru<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]3−red[(t<sub>2g</sub>)<sup>5</sup>]2cofacial bioctahedralRu-Ru bond length = 2.71 Å; Ru-Cl(terminal) = 2.35 Å, Ru-Cl(bridging) = 2.36 Å ((Et4N)+)3 salt[37]
[Ru<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>]4−green(d5)2(d6)cofacial trioctahedralRu-Ru bond lengths = 2.86 Å
Ru-Cl bond lengths = 2.37-2.39 Å
(Et4N+)2(H7O3+)2 salt[38]
[RhCl<sub>6</sub>]3−red(t2g)6octahedralH2N+(CH2CH2NH3+)2 salt)[39]
[Rh<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]3−red-brown(t2g)6octahedralRh-Cl(terminal) = 2.30 Å, Rh-Cl(terminal) = 2.40 Å
((Me3CH2Ph)+)3 salt)[40]
[PdCl<sub>4</sub>]2−brownd8square planar
[Pd<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>]2−[41] red ((Et4N+)2 salt)d8square planar
[Pd<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>]2−[42] orange brown ((Bu4N+)2 salt)d8square planar
[PdCl<sub>6</sub>]2−brownd6octahedralPd(IV)
[Pd<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>]yellow-brownd8square planar[43]
[AgCl<sub>2</sub>]−white/colorlessd10linearsalt of [K(2.2.2-crypt)]+[44]
[CdCl<sub>4</sub>]2−white/colorlessd10tetrahedralEt4N+ salt, Cd-Cl distance is 2.43 Å[45]
[Cd<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>]2−white/colorlessd10edge-shared bitetrahedron(C6N3(4-C5H4N)33+ salt[46]
[Cd<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>]6−white/colorlessd10octahedral (central Cd)
pentacoordinate (terminal Cd's)
cofactial trioctahedral		(C6N3(4-C5H4N)33+ salt
(3,8-Diammonium-6-phenylphenanthridine3+)2[47]
[Cd<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>19</sub>]7−white/colorlessd10octahedron of octahedra4,4'-(C6H3(2-Et)NH3+)2 salt[48]

3rd row

3rd Transition Series!Complex!!colour!!electron config.!!structure!!geometry!!comments
[HfCl<sub>6</sub>]2−whited0octahedralHf-Cl distance = 2.448 A
((Me4N+)2 salt)
[Hf<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]2−colorless/whited0edge-shared bioctahedral[49]
[Hf<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]−colorless/white(d0)2face-shared bioctahedral[50]
[TaCl<sub>5</sub>]whited0edge-shared bioctahedral
[TaCl<sub>6</sub>]−white/colourlessd0octahedralTa-Cl = 2.34 Å
(N(PCl3)2)+ salt)
[Ta<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>18</sub>]2-greend0octahedralTa-Ta = 2.34 Å
(H+2 salt hexahydrate[51]
WCl6blued0octahedral2.24–2.26 Å[52]
[WCl<sub>6</sub>]2−(t2g)2octahedralW-Cl distances range from 2.34 to 2.37 Å
(PPh4+ salt)[53]
[WCl<sub>6</sub>]−(t2g)1octahedralW-Cl distance = 2.32 Å
(Et4N+ salt)[54]
W2Cl10black[55] (t2g1)2bioctahedralW-W distance = 3.814 Å[56]
[W<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>]4−blue2(d4)W-W quadruple bonddW-W = 2.259 Å [Na(tmeda)<sup>+</sup>]4 salt[57]
[W<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]2−d3d2face-sharing bioctahedralW-W distance = 2.54 Å
W-Cl(terminal) = 2.36 Å, W-Cl(bridge) = 2.45 Å
((PPN+)2 salt)[58]
[W<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]3−d3d3octahedralW-Cl distance = 2.32 Å
(Et4N+ salt)
[W<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>13</sub>]3−d3,d3,d4[W<sub>3</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-Cl)(μ-Cl)<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]3-W-W distances = 2.84 Å[59]
[W<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>13</sub>]2−d3,d4,d4[W<sub>3</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-Cl)(μ-Cl)<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]2-W-W distances = 2.78 Å
[W<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>14</sub>]2-yellow[60] (d4)6see Mo6Cl12
[ReCl<sub>6</sub>]−red-brown(t2g)2octahedralRe-Cl distance = 2.24-2.31 Å
(PPh4+ salt)[61]
[ReCl<sub>6</sub>](t2g)1octahedralRe-Cl distance = 226.3(6) Å[62]
[ReCl<sub>6</sub>]2−green(t2g)3octahedralRe-Cl distance = 2.35-2.38 Å
((PPN+)2 salt)[63]
[Re<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]2−(t2g)3(t2g)4face-sharing bioctahedralRe-Re distance = 2.48 Å
Re-Cl distances = 2.42 Å (bridge), 2.33 Å (terminal)
((Et4N+)2 salt)[64]
[Re<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]−((t2g)3)2face-sharing bioctahedralRe-Re distance = 2.70 Å
Re-Cl distances = 2.41 (bridge), 2.28 Å (terminal)
(Bu4N+ salt)
[OsCl<sub>6</sub>]−dark green(t2g)3octahedraldOs-Cl = 2.30 Å for Et4N+ and Ph4P+ salts
[OsCl<sub>6</sub>]2−yellow-orange(t2g)4octahedral[65] Os-Cl distance 2.33 Å
[Os<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>]2−green(d5)2square antiprismdOs-Os = 2.182 Å, dOs-Cl = 2.32 Å (Bu4N+)2 salt[66]
[Os<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]2−green(d4)2octahedraldOs-Cl(terminal) = 2.30 Å dOs-Cl(bridging) = 2.42 Å (Et4N+)2 salt[67]
[IrCl<sub>6</sub>]3−red(t2g)6octahedralIr-Cl = 2.36 Å[68]
[IrCl<sub>6</sub>]2−brown(t2g)5octahedralIr-Cl = 2.33 Å[69]
[Ir<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]3−-((t2g)6)2bi-octahedral[70]
[PtCl<sub>4</sub>]2−pinkd8square planar
[PtCl<sub>6</sub>]2−yellowd6octahedralPt-Cl distance = 2.32 Å
Et4N+ salt, ((Me4N+)2 salt)
[Pt<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]−red (Bu4N+ salt)((t2g)6)2octahedralPt-Clt and Pt-Clbridge = 2.25, 2.38 Å[71]
[Pt<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]2−yellow-brown (PPN+ salt)((t2g)6)2edge-shared bioctahedralPt-Clt and Pt-Clbridge = 2.27, 2.37 Å
[Pt<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>]yellow-brown(d8)6square planarPt-Cl = 2.31[72]
[AuCl<sub>2</sub>]−white/colorlessd10linearAu-Cl distances of 2.28 Å
NEt4+ salt[73]
black(d10)2(d8)2linear and square planarrare example of mixed valence, molecular chloride[74]
[AuCl<sub>4</sub>]−yellowd8square planarAu-Cl distances of 2.26 Å
NBu4+ salt[75]
[HgCl<sub>4</sub>]2−white/colorlessd10tetrahedralHg-Cl distance is 2.46 Å
Et4N+ salt
[Hg<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>]2−white/colorlessd10edge-shared bitetrahedralHg-Cl distance is 2.46 Å[76]
Bu4N+ salt

Heteroleptic complexes

Heteroleptic complexes containing chloride are numerous. Most hydrated metal halides are members of this class. Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride and Cisplatin (cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2) are prominent examples of metal-ammine-chlorides.

Hydrates

As indicated in the table below, many hydrates of metal chlorides are molecular complexes.[77] [78] These compounds are often important commercial sources of transition metal chlorides. Several hydrated metal chlorides are not molecular and thus are not included in this tabulation. For example the dihydrates of manganese(II) chloride, nickel(II) chloride, copper(II) chloride, iron(II) chloride, and cobalt(II) chloride are coordination polymers.

Formula of
hydrated metal halides 		Coordination
sphere of the metal
trans-[TiCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]+
trans-[VCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]+[79]
trans-[CrCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]+
[CrCl(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]2+
trans-[CrCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]
[Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]3+[80]
trans-[MnCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]
cis-[MnCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>][81]
trans-[FeCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]
trans-[FeCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]
trans-[FeCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]+ one of four hydrates of ferric chloride,[82]
cis-[FeCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]+[83]
trans-[CoCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]
cis-[CoCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]
trans-[NiCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]
cis-[NiCl<sub>2</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>]

Adducts

Metal chlorides form adducts with ethers to give transition metal ether complexes.

Notes and References

  1. Book: 978-1-891389-53-5 . Organotransition Metal Chemistry . 2009 . 4: Covalent (X-Type) Ligands Bound Through Metal-Heteroatom Bonds . J. F. Hartwig. University Science Books .
  2. 10.1107/S0108270102012532. Bis(trichlorophosphine)iminium salts, [Cl<sub>3</sub>P=N=PCl<sub>3</sub>]+, with transition metal halide counter-ions. 2002. Rivard. Eric. McWilliams. Andrew R.. Lough. Alan J.. Manners. Ian. Acta Crystallographica Section C. 58. 9. i114–i118. 12205363. free.
  3. 10.1039/CC9960002177. A mixed-valence (TiIIITiIV) Carboxylate Complex: Crystal Structures and Properties of [Ti<sub>2</sub>OCl<sub>3</sub>(O<sub>2</sub>CPh)<sub>2</sub>(THF)<sub>3</sub>] and [NEt<sub>4</sub>]3[Ti<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]. 1996. Castro. Stephanie L.. Streib. William E.. Huffmann. John C.. Christou. George. Chemical Communications. 18. 2177.
  4. 10.1016/S0277-5387(98)00171-5. Synthesis, Reactivity, and X-ray Structures of Face-Sharing Ti(III) Complexes; the New Trinuclear Ion, [Ti<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>]3−. 1998. Chen. Linfeng. Cotton. F. Albert. Polyhedron. 17. 21. 3727–3734.
  5. 10.1016/S0020-1693(97)05766-6. Partial Hydrolysis of Ti(III) and Ti(IV) Chlorides in the Presence of [PPh<sub>4</sub>]Cl. 1998. Chen. Linfeng. Cotton. F. A.. Inorganica Chimica Acta. 267. 2. 271–279.
  6. 10.1021/ic0491534. New Details Concerning the Reactions of Nitric Oxide with Vanadium Tetrachloride. 2004. Hayton. Trevor W.. Patrick. Brian O.. Legzdins. Peter. Inorganic Chemistry. 43. 22. 7227–7233. 15500362.
  7. O. S. Filipenko, D. D. Makitova, O. N. Krasochka, V. I. Ponomarev, L. O. Atovmyan. Koord. Khim.. 1987. 669. 13.
  8. 10.1016/0277-5387(95)00089-B. Unexpected Synthesis of a Binuclear Chromium(III) salt Exhibiting NH…Cl Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions. 1995. Dyer. Philip W.. Gibson. Vernon C.. Jeffery. John C.. Polyhedron. 14. 20–21. 3095–3098.
  9. Book: Gill. N. S. . Taylor. F. B.. Tetrahalo Complexes of Dipositive Metals in the First Transition Series . . 1967 . 9 . 136–142 . 10.1002/9780470132401.ch37 . 978-0-470-13240-1 .
  10. 10.1016/j.poly.2010.11.009. Synthesis and Properties of New Tetrachlorocobaltate (II) and Tetrachloromanganate (II) Anion Salts with Dicationic Counterions. 2011. Chang. Jui-Cheng. Ho. Wen-Yueh. Sun. I-Wen. Chou. Yu-Kai. Hsieh. Hsin-Hsiu. Wu. Tzi-Yi. Polyhedron. 30. 3. 497–507.
  11. 10.1021/ic50035a002. The Crystal Structure, Visible, and Ultraviolet Spectra of Potassium Hexachloromanganate(IV). 1966. Moews. P. C.. Inorganic Chemistry. 5. 5–8.
  12. 10.1021/ic990525w. Structures, Magnetic Properties, and Reactivity Studies of Salts Containing the Dinuclear Anion [M2Cl6]2-(M = Mn, Fe, Co). 1999. Sun. Jui-Sui. Zhao. Hanhua. Ouyang. Xiang. Clérac. Rodolphe. Smith. Jennifer A.. Clemente-Juan. Juan M.. Gómez-Garcia. Carlos. Coronado. Eugenio. Dunbar. Kim R.. Inorganic Chemistry. 38. 25. 5841–5855.
  13. 10.1039/C9TC00663J. Unprecedented 30 K Hysteresis Across Switchable Dielectric and Magnetic Properties in a Bright Luminescent Organic–Inorganic Halide (CH6N3)2MnCl4. 2019. Sen. Abhijit. Swain. Diptikanta. Guru Row. Tayur N.. Sundaresan. A.. Journal of Materials Chemistry C. 7. 16. 4838–4845. 141394650 .
  14. 10.1107/S2053229614007955. Phase Transitions and Twinned Low-Temperature Structures of Tetraethylammonium Tetrachloridoferrate(III). 2014. Lutz. Martin. Huang. Yuxing. Moret. Marc-Etienne. Klein Gebbink. Robertus J. M.. Acta Crystallographica Section C. 70. 5. 470–476. 24816016. 1874/307900. free.
  15. 10.1021/ja00886a003. Hexachlorometallates of Trivalent Chromium, Manganese and Iron. 1963. Hatfield. William E.. Fay. Robert C.. Pfluger. C. E.. Piper. T. S.. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 85. 3. 265–269.
  16. 10.1107/S0365110X67004268. The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Tetraethylammonium Tetrachloronickelate(II). 1967. Stucky. G. D.. Folkers. J. B.. Kistenmacher. T. J.. Acta Crystallographica. 23. 6. 1064–1070.
  17. 10.1107/S0108270109036853. Octakis(dimethylammonium) Hexa-μ2-chlorido-Hexachloridotrinickelate(II) Dichloride: A Linear Trinickel Complex with Asymmetric Bridging. 2009. Gerdes. Allison. Bond. Marcus R.. Acta Crystallographica Section C. 65. 10. m398–m400. 19805875.
  18. 10.1107/S0108270196009031. Tetraethylammonium Tetramethylammonium Tetrachlorocuprate(II), [(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>N] [(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>N] [CuCl<sub>4</sub>]. 1996. Mahoui. A.. Lapasset. J.. Moret. J.. Saint Grégoire. P.. Acta Crystallographica Section C. 52. 11. 2674–2676.
  19. Reversible Extrusion and Uptake of HCl Molecules by Crystalline Solids Involving Coordination Bond Cleavage and Formation . Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas . Lee Brammer . Jacco van de Streek . Kenneth Shankland . Alastair J. Florence . Harry Adams . J. Am. Chem. Soc.. 2006 . 128 . 30 . 9584–9585 . 10.1021/ja0625733 . 16866484 .
  20. The Square-Planar to Flattened-Tetrahedral CuX42- (X = Cl, Br) Structural Phase Transition in 1,2,6-Trimethylpyridinium salts . A. . Kelley . S. . Nalla . M. R. . Bond . . 2015 . 71 . Pt 1 . 48–60 . 10.1107/S205252061402664X . 25643715 .
  21. Jahn–Teller Distortions in Transition Metal Compounds, and Their Importance in Functional Molecular and Inorganic Materials . Malcolm A.. Halcrow . Chemical Society Reviews. 2013 . 42 . 4. 1784–1795 . 10.1039/C2CS35253B . 22968285.
  22. A New Approach to Treating Vibronic Coupling Under Stress—The Strain-Induced Enhancement or Suppression of Jahn–Teller Distortions in Tetrahedral CuIICl4-Complexes, and the Transition to Octahedral Structures . Dirk . Reinen . Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 2014 . 272 . 30–47 . 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.004 .
  23. 10.1016/j.poly.2006.01.005. Two Halide Exchange in Copper(II) Halide Dimers: (4,4′-Bipyridinium)Cu2Cl6−x BRX. 2006. Willett. Roger D.. Butcher. Robert E.. Landee. Christopher P.. Twamley. Brendan. Polyhedron. 25. 10. 2093–2100.
  24. 10.1002/ejic.201700764. Phase Transitions in Tetramethylammonium Hexachlorometalate Compounds (TMA)2MCl6 (M = U, Np, Pt, Sn, Hf, Zr). 2017. Autillo. Matthieu. Wilson. Richard E.. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2017. 41. 4834–4839. free.
  25. Cotton, F.A., P. A. Kibala, M. Matusz and R. B. W. Sandor . 1991 . Structure of the Second Polymorph of Niobium Pentachloride . . 47 . 2435–2437 . 10.1107/S0108270191000239 . 11.
  26. 10.1002/zaac.19683610503. Beiträge zur Chemie der Elemente Niob und Tantal. LXIX K4Nb6Cl18 Darstellung, Eigenschaften und Struktur. 1968. Simon. Arndt. von Schnering. Hans-Georg. Schäfer. Harald. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 361. 5–6. 235–248.
  27. 10.1524/ncrs.2004.219.2.101. Crystal Structures of Acetonitrile Solvates of Bis(tetraphenylphosphonium) Tetrachlorooxovanadate(IV), Hexachlorostannate(IV) and -Molybdate(IV), [P(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]2[VOCl<sub>4</sub>] · 4CH3CN, [P(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]2[MCl<sub>6</sub>]·4CH3CN (M = Sn, Mo). 2004. Rabe. Susanne. Bubenheim. Wilfried. Müller. Ulrich. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures. 219. 2. 101–105. 201122319. free.
  28. Crystal structures of Cs3Cr2Br9, Cs3Mo2Cl9, and Cs3Mo2Br9 . R. A. D. Wentworth, R. Saillant, R. B. Jackson, W. E. Streib, K. Folting . Inorg. Chem. . 1971 . 10 . 7 . 1453–1457 . 10.1021/ic50101a027 .
  29. J.. Beck . F. . Wolf . Three New Polymorphic Forms of Molybdenum Pentachloride. Acta Crystallogr. . 1997 . B53 . 6 . 895–903. 10.1107/S0108768197008331. 95489209 . free .
  30. 10.1002/zaac.19845080113. Synthese und Kristallstruktur von (PPh4)2[Mo<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]. 1984. Hey. E.. Weller. F.. Dehnicke. K.. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 508. 86–92.
  31. A. B. . Brignole . F. A. . Cotton . Z. . Dori . Rhenium and Molybdenum Compounds Containing Quadruple Bonds . . 1972 . 13 . 81–89 . 10.1002/9780470132449.ch15 . 978-0-470-13244-9 .
  32. 10.1039/c1dt10829h. Chemistry of Polynuclear Transition-Metal Complexes in Ionic Liquids. 2011. Ahmed. Ejaz. Ruck. Michael. Dalton Transactions. 40. 37. 9347–57. 21743925.
  33. Kei Inumaru, Takashi Kikudome, Hiroshi Fukuoka, Shoji Yamanaka . Reversible Emergence of a Self-Assembled Layered Structure From Three-Dimensional Isotropic Ionic Crystal of a Cluster Compound (4-HNC5H4OH)2Mo6Cl14 Driven By Absorption of Water and Alcohols . . 2008 . 130 . 31 . 10038–10039 . 10.1021/ja802752y . 18613684 .
  34. 10.1107/S0108270184007903. Structure Studies of Technetium Complexes. VII. Structure of Tetraphenylarsonium Hexachlorotechnetate(IV), [As(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>]2[TcCl<sub>6</sub>]. 1984. Baldas. J.. Bonnyman. J.. Samuels. D. L.. Williams. G. A.. Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 40. 8. 1343–1346.
  35. 10.1021/ic3014859. Probing the Presence of Multiple Metal–Metal Bonds in Technetium Chlorides by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy: Implications for Synthetic Chemistry. 2012. Poineau. Frederic. Johnstone. Erik V.. Forster. Paul M.. Ma. Longzou. Sattelberger. Alfred P.. Czerwinski. Kenneth R.. Inorganic Chemistry. 51. 17. 9563–9570. 22906536.
  36. 10.1134/S0036023618090188 . Synthesis and Structure of Ruthenium Complexes [{{chem|Ph|3|P|R}}]+2[{{chem|Ru|Cl|6}}]2− (R =, CH=, =,), and [{{chem|Ph|3|P|C|H|2|C|H|}} {{chem|C|H|C|H|2|P|Ph|3}}]2+2[{{chem|Ru|2|Cl|10|O}}]4− · 4H2O . 2018 . Sharutin . V. V. . Sharutina . O. K. . Senchurin . V. S. . Andreev . P. V. . Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry . 63 . 9 . 1178–1185 . 105746627.
  37. 1992 . I. A. Efimenko, T. A. Balakaeva, A. P. Kurbakova, A. S. Kanishcheva, A. V. Chuvaev, V. M. Stepanovich, Yu. N. Mikhailov. Zh. Neorg. Khim. (Russ. J. Inorg. Chem.) . 37. 1312.
  38. 10.1021/ja00522a027. A Linear, Trinuclear, Mixed-Valence Chloro Complex of Ruthenium, [Ru<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>]4-. 1980. Bino. Avi. Cotton. F. Albert. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 102. 2. 608–611.
  39. 10.1002/zaac.19966220428. Spezielle Alkylammoniumhexachlorometallate. I. Kristallisationsverhalten und Kristallstruktur von Diethylentriammoniumhexachlororhodat, [H<sub>3</sub>N(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>] [RhCl<sub>6</sub>]. 1996. Frank. Walter. Reiß. Guido J.. Kleinwächter. Ingo. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 622. 4. 729–733.
  40. 10.1016/S0020-1693(00)91778-X. The Structure of Trimethylphenylammonium Nonachlorodirhodate(III) and a Survey of Metal-Metal Interactions in Confacial Bioctahedra. 1972. Cotton. F.A. Ucko. David A.. Inorganica Chimica Acta. 6. 161–172.
  41. 10.1002/1521-3749(200211)628:11<2495::AID-ZAAC2495>3.0.CO;2-G. Synthese und Struktur der Komplexe [(n-Bu)<sub>4</sub>N]2[{(THF)Cl<sub>4</sub>Re≡N}<sub>2</sub>PdCl<sub>2</sub>], [Ph<sub>4</sub>P]2[(THF)Cl<sub>4</sub>Re≡N-Pd ''Cl''(μ-Cl)]2 und [(n-Bu)<sub>4</sub>N]2[Pd<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>]. 2002. Schwarz. Simon. Strähle. Joachim. Weisser. Ulrike. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 628. 11. 2495–2499.
  42. 10.1107/S0108270104016725. Two Phases of Bis(tetraethylammonium) Di-μ-chloro-bis[dichloropalladium(II)]. 2004. Fábry. Jan. Dušek. Michal. Fejfarová. Karla. Krupková. Radmila. Vaněk. Přemysl. Němec. Ivan. Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 60. 9. m426–m430. 15345822.
  43. 10.1002/anie.199613311. Molecular Structure of[Pd<sub>6</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>] in Single Crystals Chemically Grown at Room Temperature. 1996. Dell'Amico. Daniela Belli. Calderazzo. Fausto. Marchetti. Fabio. Ramello. Stefano. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English. 35. 12. 1331–1333.
  44. 10.1021/ic00011a024. Halogenoargentate(I) with unusual coordination geometries. Synthesis and Structure of Potassium-crypt Salts of Chloro-, Bromo- and Iodoargentates(I), Including the First Example of a Two-Coordinated Chloroargentate(I) in the Solid State. 1991. Helgesson. Goeran. Jagner. Susan. Inorganic Chemistry. 30. 11. 2574–2577.
  45. 10.1107/S010827019600666X. Bis(tetraethylammonium) Tetrachlorometallates, [(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>N]2[MCl<sub>4</sub>], where M = Hg, Cd, Zn . 1996. Mahoui. A.. Lapasset. J.. Moret. J.. Saint Grégoire. P.. Acta Crystallographica Section C. 52. 11. 2671–2674.
  46. 10.1039/C9DT03494C. A Novel Photochromic Hybrid Containing Trinuclear [Cd<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>12</sub>]6− Clusters and Protonated Tripyridyl-Triazines. 2019. Hao. Pengfei. Guo. Chunyu. Shen. Junju. Fu. Yunlong. Dalton Transactions. 48. 44. 16497–16501. 31559400. 203568412 .
  47. 10.1039/b812504j. "Reverse" engineering: Toward 0-D Cadmium Halide clusters. 2008. Costin-Hogan. Christina E.. Chen. Chun-Long. Hughes. Emma. Pickett. Austin. Valencia. Richard. Rath. Nigam P.. Beatty. Alicia M.. CrystEngComm. 10. 12. 1910.
  48. 10.1039/B613761J. From Crystal Engineering to Cluster Engineering: How to Transform Cadmium Chloride from 2-D to 0-D. 2007. Chen. Chun-Long. Beatty. Alicia M.. Chemical Communications. 1. 76–78. 17279266.
  49. 10.1002/zaac.200400370. Die Kristallstrukturen von (Ph4P)2[HfCl<sub>6</sub>]2CH2Cl2 und (Ph4P)2[Hf<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]CH2Cl2. 2004. Neumüller. Bernhard. Dehnicke. Kurt. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 630. 15. 2576–2578.
  50. 10.1002/zaac.201100244. Solubility Behaviour of TiCl4, ZrCl4, and HfCl4 in Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids. 2011. Dötterl. Matthias. Haas. Isabelle. Alt. Helmut G.. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 637. 11. 1502–1506.
  51. 10.1021/ic50101a029. Crystal structure of H2[Ta6Cl18].6H2O. 1971. Jacobson. Robert A.. Thaxton. Charles B.. Inorganic Chemistry. 10. 7. 1460–1463.
  52. J. C. Taylor . P. W. Wilson . The Structure of β-Tungsten Hexachloride by Powder Neutron and X-ray Diffraction. Acta Crystallographica. 1974. B30. 5. 1216–1220. 10.1107/S0567740874004572. free.
  53. 10.1002/zaac.200390078. Die Kristallstrukturen der Hexachlorometallate NH4[SbCl<sub>6</sub>], NH4[WCl<sub>6</sub>], [K(18-Krone-6)(CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub>)]2[WCl<sub>6</sub>]·6CH2Cl2 und (PPh4)2[WCl<sub>6</sub>]·4CH3CN. 2003. Lau. C.. Dietrich. A.. Plate. M.. Dierkes. P.. Neumüller. B.. Wocadlo. S.. Massa. W.. Harms. K.. Dehnicke. K.. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 629. 3. 473–478.
  54. 10.1002/zaac.19774310112. Strukturelle und magnetische Untersuchungen an Hexachlorowolframaten(V). 1977. Eichler. W.. Seifert. H.-J.. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 431. 123–133.
  55. Book: E. L.. McCann, III. T. M.. Brown. Tungsten(V) Chloride. Inorganic Syntheses. XIII. 1972. 150–154. 10.1002/9780470132449.ch29.
  56. F. A.. Cotton. C. E.. Rice. Tungsten Pentachloride. Acta Crystallogr.. 1978. B34. 9 . 2833–2834. 10.1107/S0567740878009322.
  57. 10.1021/ja00388a050. Preparation and Characterization of a Compound Containing the Octachloroditungstate (Tungsten-Tungsten Quadruple Bond) Ion, [W<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>8</sub>]4-. 1982. Cotton. F. Albert. Mott. Graham N.. Schrock. Richard R.. Sturgeoff. Lynda G.. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 104. 24. 6781–6782.
  58. 10.1021/ic00160a031. Structural Characterization of the Nonachloroditungsten(II, III) Ion. 1983. Cotton. F. Albert. Falvello. Larry R.. Mott. Graham N.. Schrock. Richard R.. Sturgeoff. Lynda G.. Inorganic Chemistry. 22. 18. 2621–2623.
  59. 10.1021/ja9831958. W3(μ3-Cl)(μ-Cl)3Cl9n-(n= 2, 3), Discrete Monocapped Tritungsten Clusters Derived from a New Binary Tungsten Chloride, W3Cl10: Effect of Electron Count on Bonding in Isostructural Triangulo M3X13 Clusters1. 1998. Kolesnichenko. Vladimir. Luci. Jeffrey J.. Swenson. Dale C.. Messerle. Louis. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 120. 50. 13260–13261.
  60. 10.1021/ic980232n. Facile Reduction of Tungsten Halides with Nonconventional, Mild Reductants. 2. Four Convenient, High-Yield Solid-State Syntheses of the Hexatungsten Dodecachloride Cluster W6Cl12 and Cluster Acid (H3O)2[W<sub>6</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-Cl)<sub>8</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>](OH2)x, Including New Cation-Assisted Ternary Routes. 1998. Kolesnichenko. Vladimir. Messerle. Louis. Inorganic Chemistry. 37. 15. 3660–3663. 11670462.
  61. 10.1002/zaac.19946200811. Darstellung, Schwingungsspektren und Normalkoordinatenanalyse von Hexachlororhenat(V) sowie Kristallstruktur von [P(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] [ReCl<sub>6</sub>]. 1994. Arp. O.. Preetz. W.. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 620. 8. 1391–1396.
  62. Tamadon. Farhad. Seppelt. K.. The Elusive Halides VCl5, MoCl6, and ReCl6. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2012. 52. 2. 767–769. 10.1002/anie.201207552. 23172658.
  63. C.-N.. Chau. R. W. M.. Wardle. J. A.. Ibers. 10.1107/S0108270187011910. Structure of Di[bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium] Hexachlororhenate(IV). Acta Crystallographica Section C. 1988. 44. 4. 751–753.
  64. 10.1021/ic951604k. Valence-Dependent Metal−Metal Bonding and Optical Spectra in Confacial Bioctahedral [Re<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]z- (z= 1, 2, 3). Crystallographic and Computational Characterization of [Re<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]−and [Re<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>]2-. 1996. Heath. Graham A.. McGrady. John E.. Raptis. Raphael G.. Willis. Anthony C.. Inorganic Chemistry. 35. 23. 6838–6843. 11666851.
  65. 10.1021/ic00172a003. Crystal Structures of the Tetraphenylphosphonium salts of Hexachloroosmate(V) and Hexachloroosmate(IV), [(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>P]OsCl6 and [(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>P]2OsCl6. 1984. Kim. Eunice E.. Eriks. Klaas. Magnuson. Roy. Inorganic Chemistry. 23. 4. 393–397.
  66. 10.1021/ja00276a024. The Multiply Bonded Octahalodiosmate(III) Anions. 2. Structure and Bonding. 1986. Agaskar. Pradyot A.. Cotton. F. Albert.. Dunbar. Kim R.. Falvello. Larry R.. Tetrick. Stephen M.. Walton. Richard A.. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 108. 16. 4850–4855.
  67. B.. Krebs. G.. Henkel. M.. Dartmann. W.. Preetz. M.. Bruns. Reaktionen und Strukturen von [(C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>N] [OsCl<sub>6</sub>] und [(n-C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>)<sub>4</sub>N]2[Os<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]. Z. Naturforsch.. 1984. 39. 7. 843. 10.1515/znb-1984-0701. 95254820. free.
  68. 10.1071/CH9830871. The Chloro and Bromo Complexes of Iridium(III) and Iridium(IV). II. Structural Chemistry of IrIII Complexes. 1983. Rankin. DA. Penfold. BR. Fergusson. JE. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 36. 5. 871.
  69. 10.1039/C9DT02884F. Ferromagnetic Exchange Interaction in a New Ir(IV)–Cu(II) Chain Based on the Hexachloroiridate(IV) Anion. 2019. Sanchis-Perucho. Adrián. Martínez-Lillo. José. Dalton Transactions. 48. 37. 13925–13930. 31411207. 199574461 .
  70. L.. Yellowlees. M.. Elliot. S.. Parsons. D.. Messenger. Cambridge Crystallographic Database CCDC 278284. MASNEA.
  71. 10.1021/ic701932u. Simple Preparations of Pd6Cl12, Pt6Cl12, and Qn[Pt2Cl8+n],n= 1, 2 (Q = TBA+, PPN+) and Structural Characterization of [TBA] [Pt<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>9</sub>] and [PPN]2[Pt<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub>]·C7H8. 2008. Belli Dell'Amico. Daniela. Calderazzo. Fausto. Marchetti. Fabio. Ramello. Stefano. Samaritani. Simona. Inorganic Chemistry. 47. 3. 1237–1242. 18166044.
  72. 10.1002/zaac.200390084. Structure and Bonding of the Hexameric Platinum(II) Dichloride, Pt6Cl12 (β-PtCl2). 2003. von Schnering. Hans Georg. Chang. Jen-Hui. Peters. Karl. Peters. Eva-Maria. Wagner. Frank R.. Grin. Yuri. Thiele. Gerhard. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 629. 3. 516–522.
  73. 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.41a-0556. Crystal Structures of Tetraethylammonium Dichloroaurate(I) and Tetraethylammonium Diiodoaurate(I). 1987. Helgesson. Göran. Jagner. Susan. Vicentini. G.. Rodellas. C.. Niinistö. L.. Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 41a. 556–561. free.
  74. Dell'Amico. Daniela Belli. Calderazzo. Fausto. Marchetti. Fabio. Merlino. Stefano. Perego. Giovanni. X-Ray crystal and molecular structure of Au4Cl8, the product of the reduction of Au2Cl6 by Au(CO)Cl. Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications. 1977. 1. 31. 10.1039/C39770000031.
  75. 10.1071/C97029. Reduction of [NBu<sub>4</sub>] [AuCl<sub>4</sub>] to [NBu<sub>4</sub>] [AuCl<sub>2</sub>] with Sodium Acetylacetonate. 1997. Buckley. Robbie W.. Healy. Peter C.. Loughlin. Wendy A.. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 50. 7. 775.
  76. 10.1039/dt9820000875. Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies of Tetra-n-butylammonium Trihalogenomercurates; Crystal Structures of [NBu<sup>n</sup><sub>4</sub>](HgCl3) and [NBu<sup>n</sup><sub>4</sub>(HgI<sub>3</sub>)|year=1982|last1=Goggin|first1=Peter L.|last2=King|first2=Paul|last3=McEwan|first3=David M.|last4=Taylor|first4=Graham E.|last5=Woodward|first5=Peter|last6=Sandström|first6=Magnus|journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions|issue=5|pages=875–882].
  77. K. . Waizumi. H.. Masuda. H.. Ohtaki. X-ray Structural Studies of FeBr2, CoBr2, NiCl2, and CuBr2. cis/trans Selectivity in Transition Metal(II) dihalide Tetrahydrate . Inorganica Chimica Acta. 1992. 192. 173–181. 10.1016/S0020-1693(00)80756-2.
  78. B.. Morosin. An X-ray Diffraction Study on Nickel(II) Chloride Dihydrate. Acta Crystallographica. 1967. 23. 4. 630–634. 10.1107/S0365110X67003305.
  79. 10.1039/DT9750000894. Crystal and Molecular Structures of Aquahalogenovanadium(III) Complexes. Part I. X-Ray Crystal Structure of trans-Tetrakisaquadibromo-Vanadium(III) Bromide Dihydrate and the Isomorphous Chloro- Compound. 1975. Donovan. William F.. Smith. Peter W.. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions. 10. 894.
  80. Andress, K.R.; Carpenter, C. "Kristallhydrate. II.Die Struktur von Chromchlorid- und Aluminiumchloridhexahydrat" Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Kristallgeometrie, Kristallphysik, Kristallchemie 1934, volume 87, p446-p463.
  81. Crystal structure of manganese dichloride tetrahydrate. Zalkin, Allan. Forrester, J. D.. Templeton, David H.. Inorganic Chemistry. 1964. 3. 4. 529–33. 10.1021/ic50014a017.
  82. 10.1063/1.1712067. Crystal Structure of Ferric Chloride Hexahydrate. 1967. Lind. M. D.. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 47. 3. 990–993. 1967JChPh..47..990L. free.
  83. Simon A. Cotton. 2018. Iron(III) chloride and its coordination chemistry . Journal of Coordination Chemistry. 71. 21. 3415–3443. 10.1080/00958972.2018.1519188. 105925459.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Transition metal chloride complex".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.