Trans-activation response element explained

Trans-activation response element (TAR)
Symbol:mir-TAR
Altsymbols:TAR
Rfam:RF00250
Rna Type:Gene
miRNA
Tax Domain:Viruses

The HIV trans-activation response (TAR) element is an RNA element which is known to be required for the trans-activation of the viral promoter and for virus replication. The TAR hairpin is a dynamic structure[1] that acts as a binding site for the Tat protein, and this interaction stimulates the activity of the long terminal repeat promoter.[2]

Further analysis has shown that TAR is a pre-microRNA that produces mature microRNAs from both strands of the TAR stem-loop.[3] These miRNAs are thought to prevent infected cells from undergoing apoptosis by downregulating the genes ERCC1, IER3,[4] CDK9, and Bim.[5]

Human polyomavirus 2 (JC virus) contains a TAR-homologous sequence in its late promoter[6] that is responsive to HIV-1 derived Tat.[7] [8]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Lu. Jia. Kadakkuzha. Beena M.. Zhao. Liang. Dynamic Ensemble View of the Conformational Landscape of HIV-1 TAR RNA and Allosteric Recognition. Biochemistry. 2011. 50. 22. 5042–5057. 21553929. 10.1021/bi200495d . etal.
  2. Kulinski . T . Olejniczak M . Huthoff H . Bielecki L . Pachulska-Wieczorek K . Das AT . Berkhout B . Adamiak RW . 2003 . The apical loop of the HIV-1 TAR RNA hairpin is stabilized by a cross-loop base pair . J Biol Chem . 278 . 38892–38901 . 12882959 . 10.1074/jbc.M301939200 . 40. free .
  3. Ouellet DL, Plante I, Landry P, etal . Identification of functional microRNAs released through asymmetrical processing of HIV-1 TAR element . Nucleic Acids Res. . 36 . 7 . 2353–2365 . April 2008 . 18299284 . 2367715 . 10.1093/nar/gkn076 .
  4. Klase Z, Winograd R, Davis J, et al. . HIV-1 TAR miRNA protects against apoptosis by altering cellular gene expression . Retrovirology . 6 . 18 . 2009 . 19220914 . 2654423 . 10.1186/1742-4690-6-18 . free .
  5. Narayanan. A. Iordanskiy. S. Das. R. Van Duyne. R. Santos. S. Jaworski. E. Guendel. I. Sampey. G. Dalby. E. Iglesias-Ussel. M. Popratiloff. A. Hakami. R. Kehn-Hall. K. Young. M. Subra. C. Gilbert. C. Bailey. C. Romerio. F. Kashanchi. F. Exosomes derived from HIV-1-infected cells contain trans-activation response element RNA.. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 5 July 2013. 288. 27. 20014–20033. 23661700. 10.1074/jbc.m112.438895. 3707700. free.
  6. Chowdhury. Mashiul. Taylor. J. Paul. Chang. Chun-Fan. Rappaport. Jay. Khalili. Kamel. Evidence that a Sequence Similar to TAR Is Important for Induction of the JC Virus Late Promoter by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Tat. 1992. Journal of Virology. 66. 12. 7355–7361. 10.1128/jvi.66.12.7355-7361.1992. free. 1331525. 240440.
  7. Nukuzuma. Souichi. Kameoka. Masanori. Sugiura. Shigeki. Nakamichi. Kazuo. Nukuzuma. Chiyoko. Miyoshi. Isao. Takegami. Tsutomu. Exogenous human immunodeficiency virus-1 protein, Tat, enhances replication of JC virus efficiently in neuroblastoma cell lines. Journal of Medical Virology. 84. 4. 2012. 555–561. 10.1002/jmv.23239. 22337293. 35625307 .
  8. Krachmarov. Chavdar P.. Chepenik. Lara G.. Barr-Vagell. Sharon. Khalili. Kamel. Johnson. Edward M.. Activation of the JC virus Tat-responsive transcriptional control element by association of the Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus 1 with cellular protein Purα. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93. 24. 14112–14117. 10.1073/pnas.93.24.14112. free. 8943069. 34556. 1996. 1996PNAS...9314112K .

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