Maastricht Explained

Maastricht
Settlement Type:City and municipality
Flag Size:100x67px
Anthem:Mestreechs Volksleed
Map Alt:Highlighted position of Maastricht in a municipal map of Limburg
Pushpin Map:Netherlands#Europe
Pushpin Map Caption:Location within the Netherlands##Location within Europe
Pushpin Relief:1
Coordinates:50.85°N 46°W
Subdivision Type:Country
Subdivision Name: Netherlands
Subdivision Type1:Province
Subdivision Name1:Limburg
Seat Type:City Hall
Seat:Maastricht City Hall
Established Title:Settled
Established Date:≈ circa 50 AD
Established Title1:City rights
Established Date1:gradually acquired
Parts Style:coll
Parts:7 districts
P1:Centrum (Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck-Céramique)
P2:Noordoost (Beatrixhaven, Borgharen, Itteren, Meerssenhoven)
P3:Oost (Wyckerpoort, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Amby, Scharn, Heugemerveld)
P4:Zuidoost (Randwyck, Heugem, Heer, De Heeg, Vroendaal)
P5:Zuidwest (Villapark, Jekerdal, Biesland, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter)
P6:West (Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof)
P7:Noordwest (Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld)
Government Footnotes:[1]
Governing Body:Municipal council
Leader Title:Mayor
Leader Name:Wim Hillenaar (CDA)
Total Type:Municipality
Unit Pref:Metric
Elevation Footnotes:[2]
Elevation M:49
Population As Of:Municipality, ; Urban and Metro,
Population Urban:277,721
Population Metro:≈ 3,500,000
Population Demonyms:(Dutch) Maastrichtenaar;
(Limb.) Mestreechteneer or "Sjeng" (nickname)
Population Note:Urban population for Dutch-Belgian region;[3] metropolitan population for Dutch-Belgian-German region.[4]
Timezone1:CET
Utc Offset1:+1
Timezone1 Dst:CEST
Utc Offset1 Dst:+2
Postal Code Type:Postcode
Postal Code:6200–6229
Area Code:043
Area Code Type:Area code

Maastricht ([5] [6] [7] in Dutch; Flemish maːˈstrɪxt/; Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: Mestreech in Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish pronounced as /məˈstʀeːx/; French: Maestricht ; Spanish; Castilian: Mastrique) is a city and a municipality in the southeastern Netherlands. It is the capital and largest city of the province of Limburg. Maastricht is located on both sides of the Meuse (Dutch; Flemish: Maas), at the point where the Jeker joins it. Mount Saint Peter (Sint-Pietersberg) is largely situated within the city's municipal borders. Maastricht is adjacent to the border with Belgium and is part of the Meuse-Rhine Euroregion, an international metropolis with a population of about 3.9 million, which includes the nearby German and Belgian cities of Aachen, Liège, and Hasselt.

Maastricht developed from a Roman settlement (Trajectum ad Mosam) to a medieval river trade and religious centre. In the 16th century it became a garrison town and in the 19th century an early industrial centre.[8] Today, the city is a thriving cultural and regional hub. It became well known through the Maastricht Treaty and as the birthplace of the euro.[9] Maastricht has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), the second highest number in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam. The city is visited by tourists for shopping and recreation, and has a large international student population.

History

Toponymy

Maastricht is mentioned in ancient documents as [Ad] Treiectinsem [urbem] ab. 575, Treiectensis in 634, Triecto, Triectu in 7th century, Triiect in 768–781, Traiecto in 945, Masetrieth in 1051.[10] [11]

The place name Maastricht is an Old Dutch compound Masa- (> Maas "the Meuse river") + Old Dutch *treiekt, itself borrowed from Gallo-Romance *TRA(I)ECTU cf. its Walloon name li trek, from Classical Latin trajectus ("ford, passage, place to cross a river") with the later addition of Maas "Meuse" to avoid the confusion with the -trecht of Utrecht having exactly the same original form and etymology. The Latin name first appears in medieval documents and it is not known whether Latin: *Trajectu(s) was Maastricht's name during Roman times.

A resident of Maastricht is referred to as Maastrichtenaar whilst in the local dialect it is either Mestreechteneer or, colloquially, Sjeng (derived from the formerly popular French name Jean).

Early history

Neanderthal remains have been found to the west of Maastricht (Belvédère excavations). Of a later date are Palaeolithic remains, between 8,000 and 25,000 years old. Celts lived here around 500 BC, at a spot where the river Meuse was shallow and therefore easy to cross.

It is not known when the Romans arrived in Maastricht, nor whether the settlement was founded by them. The Romans built a bridge across the Meuse in the 1st century AD, during the reign of Augustus Caesar. The bridge was an important link in the main road between Bavay and Cologne. Roman Maastricht was relatively small. Remains of the Roman road, the bridge, a religious shrine, a Roman bath, a granary, some houses and the 4th-century castrum walls and gates, have been excavated. Fragments of provincial Roman sculptures, as well as coins, jewelry, glass, pottery and other objects from Roman Maastricht are on display in the exhibition space of the city's public library (Centre Céramique).

According to legend, the Armenian-born Saint Servatius, Bishop of Tongeren, died in Maastricht in 384 where he was interred along the Roman road, outside the castrum. According to Gregory of Tours it was bishop Monulph who around 570 built the first stone church on the grave of Servatius, a precursor of the present-day Basilica of Saint Servatius. The city remained an early Christian diocese until it lost the distinction to nearby Liège in the 8th or 9th century.

Middle Ages

In the early Middle Ages Maastricht, along with Aachen and Liège, formed part of what is considered the heartland of the Carolingian dynasty. At this time, the town was an important centre for river trade and manufacturing. Merovingian coins minted in Maastricht have been found throughout Europe. In 881 the town was plundered by the Vikings. In the 10th century it briefly became the capital of the duchy of Lower Lorraine.

During the 11th and 12th centuries the town flourished culturally. Several provosts of the chapter of Saint Servatius held important positions in the Holy Roman Empire. The two collegiate churches were largely rebuilt and redecorated during this era. Maastricht Romanesque stone sculpture and silversmithing are regarded as highlights of Mosan art. Maastricht painters were praised by Wolfram von Eschenbach in his Parzival. Around the same time, the poet Henric van Veldeke wrote a legend of Saint Servatius, one of the earliest works in Dutch literature. The two main churches acquired a wealth of relics and the septennial Maastricht Pilgrimage became a major event that drew up to 100,000 pilgrims.

Unlike most Dutch towns, Maastricht did not receive city rights at a certain date. These gradually developed during its long history. In 1204 the city's dual authority was formalised in a treaty, with the prince-bishop of Liège and the duke of Brabant holding joint sovereignty over the city. Soon afterwards the first ring of medieval walls were built. In 1275, the old Roman bridge collapsed under the weight of a procession, allegedly killing 400 people. A replacement bridge, funded by church indulgences, was built slightly to the north and survives until today, the Sint Servaasbrug.[12]

Throughout the Middle Ages, the city remained a centre for trade and manufacturing principally of wool and leather but gradually economic decline set in. After a brief period of economic prosperity around 1500, the city's economy suffered during the wars of religion of the 16th and 17th centuries, and recovery did not happen until the industrial revolution in the early 19th century.

16th to 18th centuries

The strategic location of Maastricht at a major river crossing necessitated the construction of an array of fortifications around the city during this period. The Spanish and Dutch garrisons became an important factor in the city's economy. In 1579 the city was sacked by the Spanish army led by the Duke of Parma (Siege of Maastricht, 1579). For over fifty years the Spanish crown took over the role previously held by the dukes of Brabant in the joint sovereignty over Maastricht. In 1632 the city was conquered by Prince Frederick Henry of Orange and the Dutch States General replaced the Spanish crown in the joint government of Maastricht. There was an attempt in 1634 of Spanish forces to recapture the city, but to no avail.

Another Siege of Maastricht (1673) took place during the Franco-Dutch War. In June 1673, Louis XIV laid siege to the city because French supply lines were being threatened. During this siege, Vauban, the famous French military engineer, developed a new tactic in order to break down the strong fortifications surrounding Maastricht. His systematic approach remained the standard method of attacking fortresses until the 20th century. On 25 June 1673, while preparing to storm the city, captain-lieutenant Charles de Batz de Castelmore, also known as the comte d'Artagnan, was killed by a musket shot outside the Tongerse Poort. This event was embellished in Alexandre Dumas' novel The Vicomte de Bragelonne, part of the D'Artagnan Romances. French troops occupied Maastricht from 1673 to 1678.

In 1748 the French again conquered the city at what is known as the Second French Siege of Maastricht, during the War of Austrian Succession. After each siege the city's fortifications were restored and expanded. The French revolutionary army failed to take the city in 1793 but a year later they succeeded. The condominium was dissolved and Maastricht was annexed to the French First Republic, later the First French Empire. For almost twenty years (1795–1814/15) Maastricht was the capital of the French département of Meuse-Inférieure.

19th and early 20th century

After the Napoleonic era, Maastricht became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. It was made the capital of the newly formed Province of Limburg (1815–1839). When the southern provinces of the newly formed kingdom seceded in 1830, the Dutch garrison in Maastricht remained loyal to the Dutch king, William I, even when most of the inhabitants of the town and the surrounding area sided with the Belgian revolutionaries. In 1831, arbitration by the Great Powers allocated the city to the Netherlands. However, neither the Dutch nor the Belgians agreed to this and the arrangement was not implemented until the 1839 Treaty of London. During this period of isolation Maastricht developed into an early industrial town.

Because of its eccentric location in the southeastern Netherlands, as well as its geographical and cultural proximity to Belgium and Germany, integration of Maastricht and Limburg into the Netherlands did not come about easily. Maastricht retained a distinctly non-Dutch appearance during much of the 19th century and it was not until the First World War that the city was forced to look northwards.

Like the rest of the Netherlands, Maastricht remained neutral during World War I. However, being wedged between Germany and Belgium, it received large numbers of refugees, putting a strain on the city's resources. Early in World War II, the city was taken by the Germans by surprise during the Battle of Maastricht of May 1940. On 13 and 14 September 1944 it was the first Dutch city to be liberated by Allied forces of the US Old Hickory Division. The three Meuse bridges were destroyed or severely damaged during the war. As elsewhere in the Netherlands, the majority of Maastricht Jews died in Nazi concentration camps.[13]

After World War II

During the latter half of the century, traditional industries (such as Maastricht's potteries) declined and the city's economy shifted to a service economy. Maastricht University was founded in 1976. Several European institutions found their base in Maastricht. In 1981 and 1991 European Councils were held in Maastricht, the latter one resulting a year later in the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, leading to the creation of the European Union and the euro.[14] Since 1988, The European Fine Art Fair, regarded as the world's leading art fair, annually draws in some of the wealthiest art collectors.

Since the 1990s, large parts of the city have been refurbished, including the areas around the main railway station and the Maasboulevard promenade along the Meuse, the Entre Deux and Mosae Forum shopping centres, as well as some of the main shopping streets. A prestigious quarter designed by international architects and including the new Bonnefanten Museum, a public library, and a theatre was built on the grounds of the former Société Céramique factory near the town centre. Further large-scale projects, such as the redevelopment of the area around the A2 motorway, the Sphinx Quarter and the Belvédère area are under construction.

In the early 2000s, Maastricht launched several campaigns against drug-dealing in an attempt to stop foreign buyers taking advantage of the liberal Dutch legislation and causing trouble in the downtown area.[15]

Geography

Neighbourhoods

Maastricht consists of seven areas (wijken) and 44 neighbourhoods (buurten). Each area and neighbourhood has a number which corresponds to its CBS code.

  1. Maastricht Centrum (CBS area code: 093500): Binnenstad, Jekerkwartier, Kommelkwartier, Statenkwartier, Boschstraatkwartier, Sint Maartenspoort, Wyck-Céramique
  2. South-West (093501): Villapark, Jekerdal, Biesland, Campagne, Wolder, Sint Pieter)
  3. West (093502): Brusselsepoort, Mariaberg, Belfort, Pottenberg, Malpertuis, Caberg, Malberg, Dousberg-Hazendans, Daalhof
  4. North-West (093503): Boschpoort, Bosscherveld, Frontenkwartier, Belvédère, Lanakerveld
  5. North-East (093505): Beatrixhaven, Borgharen, Itteren, Meerssenhoven
  6. East (093504): Wyckerpoort, Wittevrouwenveld, Nazareth, Limmel, Amby, Scharn, Heugemerveld
  7. South-East (093506): Randwyck, Heugem, Heer, De Heeg, Vroendaal

Itteren, Borgharen, Limmel, Amby, Heer, Heugem, Scharn, Oud-Caberg, Sint Pieter and Wolder are neighbourhoods that used to be separate municipalities or villages until they were annexed by the city of Maastricht in the course of the 20th century.

Neighbouring municipalities

The outlying areas of the following municipalities are bordering the municipality of Maastricht directly.

Clockwise from north-east to north-west:

(B = Situated in Belgium)

Border

Maastricht's city limits has an international border with Belgium. Most of it borders Belgium's Flemish region, but a small part to the south also has a border with Wallonia. Both countries are part of Europe's Schengen Area thus are open without border controls.

Climate

Maastricht features the same climate as most of the Netherlands (Cfb, Oceanic climate), however, due to its more inland location in between hills, summers tend to be warmer (especially in the Meuse valley, which lies lower than the meteorological station) and winters a bit colder, although the difference is only noticeable on just a few days a year. The highest temperature recorded was on 25 July 2019 at 39.6°C.

Demographics

Inhabitants by nationality

Maastricht residents by nationality – Top 10 (2000–2021)
Nationality 2021 2014[16] 2010 2000
100,297 107,418 109,722 116,171
3,908 3,869 1,956 783
1,572 653 387 280
1,475 1,055 946 909
913 431 232 241
842 815 386 280
739 595 248 87
686 351 214 120
665 623 277 162
436 404 368 404

Inhabitants by country of birth

Maastricht residents by country of birth – Top 10 (2000–2020)
Country of birth 2020 2013[17] 2010 2000
93,162100,269 102,433 109,632
3,949 4,100 2,4671,444
2,355 1,920 1,839 1,900
1,380 753 383 217
1,020 1,199 1,267 1,556
China (excl. Hong Kong and Macau) 1,019651 373 215
973 919 836 784
926 677 404 310
829 838 867 859
563 437 316 152

Languages

Maastricht is a city of linguistic diversity, partly as a result of its location at the crossroads of multiple language areas and its international student population.

Religion

In 2010–2014, 69.8% of the population of Maastricht regarded themselves as religious. 60.4% of the total population stated an affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church. 13.9% attended a religious ceremony at least once a month.[20]

Economy

Private companies based in Maastricht

Public institutions

Since the 1980s, a number of European and international institutions have made Maastricht their base. They provide an increasing number of employment opportunities for expats living in the Maastricht area.

Culture and tourism

Sights of Maastricht

Maastricht is known in the Netherlands and beyond for its lively squares, narrow streets, and historic buildings. The city has 1,677 national heritage buildings (rijksmonumenten), more than any Dutch city outside Amsterdam. In addition to that there are 3,500 locally listed buildings (gemeentelijke monumenten). The entire city centre is a conservation area (beschermd stadsgezicht) and largely traffic-free. The tourist information office (VVV) is located in the basement of Dinghuis, a late-medieval courthouse overlooking Grote Staat.Maastricht's main sights include:

Museums in Maastricht

Events and festivals

Furthermore, the Maastricht Exposition and Congress Centre (MECC) hosts many events throughout the year.

Nature

Parks

There are several city parks and recreational areas in Maastricht:[23]

Natural areas

Sports

Politics

City council

Parties2014
[27] 		2018
[28] 		2022
[29]
Senioren Partij Maastricht (SPM)655
CDA554
D66554
GroenLinks454
PvdA534
VVD333
Partij Veilig Maastricht333
SP532
Party for the Animals (PvdD) ––2
Volt––2
Party for Freedom (PVV)–21
Liberale Partij Maastricht (LPM)111
50PLUS (50+)–11
Sociaal Actieve Burgerpartij (SAB)–11
M:OED–21
Forum for Democracy (FvD)––1
Stadsbelangen Mestreech (SBM)1––
Christelijke Volkspartij (Maastricht)1––
Total393939

The municipal government of Maastricht consists of a city council, a mayor and a number of aldermen. The city council, a 39-member legislative body directly elected every four years, appoints the aldermen on the basis of a coalition agreement between two or more parties after each election.

Aldermen and mayors

The mayor and aldermen make up the executive branch of the municipal government.

The mayor from 2002, Gerd Leers (CDA), resigned in January 2010 following allegations of irregularities in a holiday villa project in Bulgaria owned by Leers.[30] He was replaced by Onno Hoes, a Liberal (VVD), the only male mayor in the country officially married to a man. In 2013 Hoes was subject to controversy after disclosures of intimate affairs with several other men, although he remained mayor.[31] After a new affair in 2014, Hoes eventually stepped down.[32]

From July 2015, Annemarie Penn-te Strake became mayor.[33] She was an independent serving no political party, although her husband was a former chairman[34] of the Maastricht Seniorenpartij.[35] She had served in the Dutch judicial system for many years, and during her tenure as mayor she still served as attorney general.[36] In July 2023 Wim Hillenaar (CDA) took over as mayor.[37]

Cannabis

One controversial issue which dominated Maastricht politics for many years was the city's approach to soft drugs. Under the Dutch soft drug policy, individuals may buy cannabis from 'coffeeshops' under certain conditions. From the 1980s, Maastricht saw a growing influx of 'drug tourists', mainly from neighbouring Belgium, France and Germany. The city government attempted to reduce negative side effects, including illegal sale of hard drugs in the city centre and anti-social behaviour.A 2008 proposal to relocate the coffeeshops to the outskirts of the city[38] was opposed by neighbouring municipalities (some in Belgium) and by the Dutch and Belgian parliaments. In December 2010, a Maastricht law to restrict entry to coffeeshops to local residents was upheld by the Court of Justice of the European Union,[39] with the Dutch government introducing a similar national law in 2012.[40] The new system led to a reduction in drug tourism in Maastricht's cannabis shops, but an increase in drug dealing on the streets.[41] A 2018 Maastricht University study showed a substantial decline in drug nuisance since 2012, although criminal drug networks had grown due to police budget cuts.[42]

Transport

By car

Maastricht is served by the A2 and A79 motorways. The city can be reached from Brussels and Cologne in approximately one hour and from Amsterdam in about two and a half hours.

The A2 motorway runs through Maastricht in a double-decked tunnel. Before 2016, the A2 motorway ran through the city; heavily congested, it caused air pollution in the urban area. Construction of a two-level tunnel designed to solve these problems started in 2011 and was opened (in stages) by December 2016.[43]

In spite of several large underground car parks, parking in the city centre forms a major problem during weekends and bank holidays because of the large numbers of visitors. Parking fees are deliberately high to encourage visitors to use public transport or park and ride facilities away from the centre.

By train

Maastricht is served by three rail operators, all of which call at the main Maastricht railway station near the centre and two of which call at the smaller Maastricht Randwyck, near the business and university district. Only Arriva also calls at Maastricht Noord, which opened in 2013. Intercity trains northwards to Amsterdam, Eindhoven, Den Bosch and Utrecht are operated by Dutch Railways. The line to Heerlen, Valkenburg and Kerkrade is operated by Arriva. The National Railway Company of Belgium runs south to Liège in Belgium. The westbound railway to Hasselt (Belgium) closed in 1954. The former railway to Aachen was closed down in the 1980s. However, Aachen can still be reached via Heerlen.

By bus

Regular bus lines connect the city centre, outer areas, business districts and railway stations. The regional Arriva bus network extends to most parts of South Limburg and Aachen (Germany). Regional buses by De Lijn connect Maastricht with Hasselt, Tongeren and Maasmechelen, and one bus connects Maastricht with Liège, operated by TEC. Various bus companies such as Flixbus and Eurolines provide intercity bus services from Maastricht to many European destinations.

By air

Maastricht is served by the nearby Maastricht Aachen Airport, in nearby Beek, and it is informally referred to by that name. The airport is located about 10km (10miles) north of the city centre. The airport is served by Corendon Dutch Airlines and Ryanair which operate scheduled flights to destinations around the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, North-Africa and also London Stansted Airport from March 2022. There are also charter flights to Lourdes which are operated by Enter Air.

By boat

Maastricht has a river port (Beatrixhaven) and is connected by water with Belgium and the rest of the Netherlands through the river Meuse, the Juliana Canal, the Albert Canal and the Zuid-Willemsvaart. Although there are no regular boat connections to other cities, various organized boat trips for tourists connect Maastricht with Belgium cities such as Liège.

Distances to other cities

These distances are as the crow flies and so do not represent actual overland distances.

Education

Secondary education

Tertiary education

Other

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in the Netherlands.

Twin towns

Maastricht is twinned with:

Notable people

Born in Maastricht

Residing in Maastricht

Local anthem

In 2002 the municipal government officially adopted a local anthem (Limburgish (Maastrichtian variant): Mestreechs Volksleed, Dutch; Flemish: Maastrichts Volkslied) composed of lyrics in Maastrichtian, written by Alfons Olterdissen. The theme was originally composed by his brother, Guus Olterdissen, though the theme is similar to the theme "Pe al nostru steag e scris Unire" of the Romanian composer Ciprian Porumbescu (1853–1883). It is unknown if the Olterdissen brothers were aware of the Romanian piece.[44]

See also

References

Notes
Literature

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Mrs. Annemarie Penn-te Strake . Mr. Annemarie Penn-te Strake . nl . Gemeente Maastricht . 12 October 2013. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150703134421/http://www.gemeentemaastricht.nl/bestuur-en-organisatie/college/collegeleden/burgemeester-annemarie-penn-te-strake/ . 3 July 2015.
  2. Web site: Postcodetool for 6211DW . nl . Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland . Het Waterschapshuis . 12 October 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053543/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool . 21 September 2013 .
  3. Including the Belgian municipalities of Lanaken, Riemst and Maasmechelen to the west and Visé to the south.
  4. Basically, the metropolitan areas of Maastricht, Liège, Hasselt-Genk, Sittard-Geleen, Heerlen-Kerkrade and Aachen-Düren constitute the densely populated urban core of the Meuse–Rhine Euroregion.
  5. 4 April 2019.
  6. https://web.archive.org/web/20190404124526/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/maastricht "Maastricht"
  7. 4 April 2019.
  8. Web site: Zicht op Maastricht. zichtopmaastricht.nl . 19 August 2012.
  9. News: The Economist Charlemagne: Return to Maastricht Oct 8th 2011 . Economist.com . 8 October 2011. 23 May 2012.
  10. As Treiectinsem urbem, "the city of Trajectum", in Gregory of Tours, Historia Francorum, 2, 5 (late 6th ct.).
  11. M. Gysseling, Toponymisch Woordenboek van België, Nederland, Luxemburg, Noord-Frankrijk en West-Duitsland (vóór 1226) (Tongeren, 1960) p. 646.
  12. .
  13. About 77% of Maastricht's relatively small Jewish community of 505 members did not survive the war. (2005): Historische Encyclopedie Maastricht, pp. 256-257. Walburg Pers, Zutphen. .
  14. Gnesotto, N. (1992). European union after Minsk and Maastricht. International Affairs. 68(2), 223-232.
  15. Web site: Maastricht Van onze verslaggever . Coffee Corner: Dagblad de Limburger . Limburger.nl . 23 May 2012 . 31 August 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150831232055/http://www.limburger.nl/article/20080311/REGIONIEUWS06/803110348/1056 . dead .
  16. Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, nationaliteit en regio, 1 januari (in Dutch) . Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Bevolking; Geslacht, Leeftijd, Nationaliteit en Regio, 1 Januari . 2014 . 1 . 24 October 2014 . 3 February 2015 .
  17. Bevolking op 1 januari; leeftijd, geboorteland en regio (in Dutch) . Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Bevolking Op 1 Januari; Leeftijd, Geboorteland en Regio . 201w . 1 . 17 July 2013 . 3 February 2015 .
  18. Web site: The dialect of Maastricht . 1999 . University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies . Gussenhoven, C. . Aarts, F. . amp . 12 July 2009 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110612092141/http://www.let.kun.nl/gep/carlos/Maastrich2ipa.pdf . 12 June 2011 .
  19. Book: Kessels-van der Heijde, Maria . Maastricht, Maestricht, Mestreech . 2002 . Uitgeverij Verloren . Hilversum, Netherlands . 9065507132. 11–12 . 11 February 2012.
  20. https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/maatwerk/2015/20/religie-en-kerkbezoek-naar-gemeente-2010-2014 'Religie en kerkbezoek naar gemeente 2010-2014'
  21. Web site: Entre Deux . Entredeux.nl . 23 May 2012.
  22. News: Top shelves . The Guardian . 3 March 2008. 23 May 2012 . London.
  23. Web site: Category:Parks in Maastricht - Wikimedia Commons. commons.wikimedia.org.
  24. Web site: Category:Meuse River in Maastricht - Wikimedia Commons. commons.wikimedia.org.
  25. Web site: Category:Sint Pietersberg - Wikimedia Commons. commons.wikimedia.org.
  26. Web site: Category:Dousberg - Wikimedia Commons. commons.wikimedia.org.
  27. Web site: 19 March 2014 . Maastricht municipal election 2014 . 28 April 2024. www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl. nl.
  28. Web site: 21 March 2018 . Maastricht municipal election 2018 . 28 April 2024. www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl. nl.
  29. Web site: 16 March 2022 . Maastricht municipal election 2022 . 28 April 2024. www.verkiezingsuitslagen.nl. nl.
  30. News: Maastrichtse burgemeester Leers stapt op . . 14 January 2010 . . nl . Maastricht mayor Leers resigns.
  31. Web site: Onno Hoes mag blijven. 19 December 2013. Telegraaf. 3 January 2019. 3 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190103210455/https://www.telegraaf.nl/nieuws/1021705/onno-hoes-mag-blijven. dead.
  32. Grindstad, Ingrid. "Maastricht mayor Hoes resigns amidst sex smear campaign", NL Times, Amsterdam, 10 December 2014. Retrieved on 10 December 2014.
  33. Web site: Annemarie Penn geïnstalleerd als burgemeester Maastricht. 1 July 2015. 3 July 2015. 3 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150703164227/http://www.1limburg.nl/annemarie-penn-geinstalleerd-als-burgemeester-maastricht. dead.
  34. Web site: Olaf Penn stopt bij Senioren Partij Maastricht . 1Limburg . 23 April 2015 . 5 February 2017 . 6 February 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170206175838/https://www.1limburg.nl/olaf-penn-stopt-bij-senioren-partij-maastricht . dead .
  35. Web site: Annemarie Penn nieuwe burgemeester Maastricht - NU - Het laatste nieuws het eerst op NU.nl. www.nu.nl. 23 April 2015.
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  38. News: Marlise . Simons . 2018 . Cannabis Cafes Get Nudge to Fringes of a Dutch City. The New York Times, 20 August 2006. 6 May 2024.
  39. Web site: Court of Justice of the European Union . Marc Michel Josemans v. Burgemeester van Maastricht, case C‑137/09 . 16 December 2010 . https://archive.today/20120712215326/http://curia.europa.eu/jurisp/cgi-bin/gettext.pl?where=&lang=en&num=79898783C19090137&doc=T&ouvert=T&seance=ARRET . 12 July 2012 . dead .
  40. Web site: Weed pass sparks new problems . https://web.archive.org/web/20121020144225/http://www.rnw.nl/english/video/weed-pass-sparks-new-problems . dead . 20 October 2012 . . 6 May 2024.
  41. News: Theo Sniekers. Vier Limburgse steden in landelijke top 6 qua drugsoverlast' ]. limburger.nl. 24 July 2017. nl. 28 April 2024.
  42. News: Pascale Thewissen . 2018. Meer zicht krijgen op georganiseerde drugsnetwerken. limburger.nl . 4 October 2018. nl. 28 April 2024.
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  44. Web site: Municipality of Maastricht: Maastrichts Volkslied. 2008 . N.A. Maastricht. Municipality of Maastricht . 5 August 2009.

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