Culture of Pakistan explained

The culture of Pakistan (Urdu: {{Nastaliq|پاکستانی ثقافت) is based in the Indo-Persian cultural matrix that constitutes a foundation plank of South Asian Muslim identity.[1] The region has formed a distinct cultural unit within the main cultural complex of South Asia, Middle East and Central Asia.[2] [3] There are differences in culture among the different ethnic groups in matters such as dress, food, and religion, especially where pre-Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices.

The existence of Pakistan as an Islamic state since 1956 has led to the large-scale injection of Islam into most aspects of Pakistani culture and everyday life, which has accordingly affected the historical values and traditions of the Muslim-majority population. Marriages and other major events are significantly affected by regional differences in culture, but generally follow Islamic jurisprudence where required.

Civil society in Pakistan is largely hierarchical, emphasising local cultural etiquette and traditional Islamic values that govern personal and political life. The basic family unit is the extended family,[4] although for socio-economic reasons there has been a growing trend towards nuclear families.[5] The traditional dress for both men and women is the shalwar kameez; trousers, jeans, and shirts are also popular among men. In recent decades, the middle class has increased to around 35 million and the upper and upper-middle classes to around 17 million, and power is shifting from rural landowners to the urbanised elites.[6] Pakistani festivals, including Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Azha, Ramazan, Christmas, Easter, Holi, and Diwali, are mostly religious in origin. Increasing globalisation has resulted in Pakistan ranking 56th on the A.T. Kearney/FP Globalization Index.[7]

Literature

See main article: Pakistani literature, List of Urdu-language poets and Pakistani poetry. Pakistan has literature in Urdu, Sindhi, Punjabi, Pashto, Balochi, Persian, English, and many other languages.[8] The Pakistan Academy of Letters is a large literary community that promotes literature and poetry in Pakistan and abroad.[9] The National Library publishes and promotes literature in the country. Before the 19th century, Pakistani literature consisted mainly of lyric and religious poetry and mystical and folkloric works. During the colonial period, native literary figures were influenced by western literary realism and took up increasingly varied topics and narrative forms. Prose fiction is now very popular.[10] [11]

The national poet of Pakistan, Muhammad Iqbal, wrote poetry in Urdu and Persian. He was a strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilisation and encouraged Muslims all over the world to bring about a successful revolution(regarding to the freedom from Hindus).[12] Well-known figures in contemporary Pakistani Urdu literature include Josh Malihabadi Faiz Ahmed Faiz and Saadat Hasan Manto. Sadequain and Gulgee are known for their calligraphy and paintings. The Sufi poets Shah Abdul Latif, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Bakhsh, and Khawaja Farid enjoy considerable popularity in Pakistan.[13] Mirza Kalich Beg has been termed the father of modern Sindhi prose.[14] Historically, philosophical development in the country was dominated by Muhammad Iqbal, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Muhammad Asad, Maududi, and Mohammad Ali Johar.[15]

Ideas from British and American philosophy greatly shaped philosophical development in Pakistan. Analysts such as M. M. Sharif and Zafar Hassan established the first major Pakistani philosophical movement in 1947.[16] After the 1971 war, philosophers such as Jalaludin Abdur Rahim, Gianchandani, and Malik Khalid incorporated Marxism into Pakistan's philosophical thinking. Influential work by Manzoor Ahmad, Jaun Elia, Hasan Askari Rizvi, and Abdul Khaliq brought mainstream social, political, and analytical philosophy to the fore in academia.[17] Works by Noam Chomsky have influenced philosophical ideas in various fields of social and political philosophy.[18]

Performing arts

Music

See main article: Music of Pakistan.

Pakistani music ranges from diverse forms of provincial folk music and traditional styles such as Qawwali and Ghazal Gayaki to modern musical forms that fuse traditional and western music.[19] Pakistan has many famous folk singers. The arrival of Afghan refugees in the western provinces has stimulated interest in Pashto music, although there has been intolerance of it in some places.[20]

Dances

Pakistan has various regional dances including:

Punjabi

See main article: Folk dances of Punjab.

Balochi

Pashtun

Sindhi

See main article: article and Folk dances of Sindh.

Drama and theatre

See main article: Theatre in Pakistan. These are very similar to stage plays in theatres. They are performed by well-known actors and actresses in the Lollywood industry. The dramas and plays often deal with themes from everyday life, often with a humorous touch.

Architecture

See main article: Pakistani architecture. Four periods are recognised in Pakistani architecture: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE,[21] an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day.[22] The rise of Buddhism and the influence of Greek civilisation led to the development of a Greco-Buddhist style,[23] starting from the 1st century CE. The high point of this era was the Gandhara style. An example of Buddhist architecture is the ruins of the Buddhist monastery Takht-i-Bahi in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[24]

The arrival of Islam in what is today Pakistan meant the sudden end of Buddhist architecture in the area and a smooth transition to the predominantly pictureless Islamic architecture. The most important Indo-Islamic-style building still standing is the tomb of Shah Rukn-i-Alam in Multan. During the Mughal era, design elements of Persian-Islamic architecture were fused with and often produced playful forms of Hindustani art. Lahore, as the occasional residence of Mughal rulers, contains many important buildings from the empire. Most prominent among them are the Badshahi Mosque, the fortress of Lahore with the famous Alamgiri Gate, the colourful, Mughal-style Wazir Khan Mosque,[25] the Shalimar Gardens in Lahore, and the Shahjahan Mosque in Thatta.

In the British colonial period, predominantly functional buildings of the Indo-European representative style developed from a mixture of European and Indian-Islamic components. Post-colonial national identity is expressed in modern structures such as the Faisal Mosque, the Minar-e-Pakistan, and the Mazar-e-Quaid. Several examples of architectural infrastructure demonstrating the influence of British design can be found in Lahore, Peshawar, and Karachi.[26]

Recreation and sports

See main article: Sports in Pakistan.

Most sports played in Pakistan originated and were substantially developed by athletes and sports fans from the United Kingdom who introduced them during the British Raj. Field hockey is the national sport of Pakistan; it has won three gold medals in the Olympic Games held in 1960, 1968, and 1984.[27] Pakistan has also won the Hockey World Cup a record four times, held in 1971, 1978, 1982, and 1994.[28] Cricket, however, is the most popular game across the country.[29] The country has had an array of success in the sport over the years, and has the distinct achievement of having won each of the major ICC international cricket tournaments: ICC Cricket World Cup, ICC World Twenty20, and ICC Champions Trophy; as well as the ICC Test Championship.[30] The cricket team (known as Shaheen) won the Cricket World Cup held in 1992; it was runner-up once, in 1999. Pakistan was runner-up in the inaugural World Twenty20 (2007) in South Africa and won the World Twenty20 in England in 2009. In March 2009, militants attacked the touring Sri Lankan cricket team,[31] after which no international cricket was played in Pakistan until May 2015, when the Zimbabwean team agreed to a tour. Pakistan also won the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy by defeating arch-rivals India in the final.

Pakistan Super League is one of the largest cricket leagues of the world with a brand value of about .[32]

Association football is the second-most played sport in Pakistan and it is organised and regulated by the Pakistan Football Federation.[33] Football in Pakistan is as old as the country itself. Shortly after the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the Pakistan Football Federation (PFF) was created, and Muhammad Ali Jinnah became its first Patron-in-Chief.[34] The highest football division in Pakistan is the Pakistan Premier League.[35] Pakistan is known as one of the best manufacturers of the official FIFA World Cup ball.[36] The best football players to play for Pakistan are Kaleemullah, Zesh Rehman, Muhammad Essa, Haroon Yousaf, and Muhammad Adil.

Pakistan has hosted or co-hosted several international sporting events: the 1989 and 2004 South Asian Games; the 1984, 1993, 1996 and 2003 World Squash Championships; the 1987 and 1996 Cricket World Cup; and the 1990 Hockey World Cup. Pakistan is set to host the 2024 South Asian Games.[37]

There are also some traditional games of Pakistan, such as kabaddi, which are popular.[38]

Cuisine

See main article: Pakistani cuisine. Pakistani cuisine is similar to that of other regions of South Asia, with some of it being originated from the royal kitchens of 16th-century Mughal emperors.[39] Most of those dishes have their roots in British, Indian, Central Asian, Bengali/Bangladeshi, Middle Eastern and other South Asian cuisines.[40] Unlike Middle Eastern cuisine, Pakistani cooking uses large quantities of spices, herbs, and seasoning. Garlic, ginger, turmeric, red chili, and garam masala are used in most dishes, and home cooking regularly includes curry, roti, a thin flatbread made from wheat, is a staple food, usually served with curry, meat, vegetables, and lentils. Rice is also common; it is served plain, fried with spices, and in sweet dishes.[41] [42]

Lassi is a traditional drink in the Punjab region. Sohan halwa is a popular sweet from the southern Punjab province and is enjoyed all over Pakistan.[43]

Pakistani tea culture

Black tea with milk and sugar is popular throughout Pakistan and is consumed daily by most of the population.[44] [45] The consumption of tea in Pakistan, called chai, in Urdu, is of central significance to Pakistani culture. It is one of the most consumed beverages in Pakistani cuisine. Pakistan produces its own limited tea in Shinkiari farms; however, it ranks as the third largest importer of tea in the world.[46] In 2003, as much as 109,000 tonnes of tea were consumed in Pakistan, ranking it at seven on the list of tea-consuming countries in the world.

Popular media

See main article: Television in Pakistan and Cinema of Pakistan.

The private print media, state-owned Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), and Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC) for radio were the dominant media outlets until the beginning of the 21st century. Pakistan now has a large network of domestic, privately owned 24-hour news media and television channels.[50] A 2016 report by the Reporters Without Borders ranked Pakistan 147th on the Press Freedom Index, while at the same time terming the Pakistani media "among the freest in Asia when it comes to covering the squabbling among politicians."[51] The BBC terms the Pakistani media "among the most outspoken in South Asia".[52] Pakistani media has also played a vital role in exposing corruption.[53]

The Lollywood, Punjabi and Pashto film industry is based in Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar. While Bollywood films were banned from public cinemas from 1965 until 2008, they have remained an important part of popular culture.[54] In contrast to the ailing Pakistani film industry, Urdu televised dramas and theatrical performances continue to be popular, as many entertainment media outlets air them regularly.[55] Urdu dramas dominate the television entertainment industry, which has launched critically acclaimed miniseries and featured popular actors and actresses since the 1990s.[56] In the 1960s–1970s, pop music and disco (1970s) dominated the country's music industry. In the 1980s–1990s, British influenced rock music appeared and jolted the country's entertainment industry.[57] In the 2000s, heavy metal music gained popular and critical acclaim.[58]

National dress

See main article: Shalwar kameez.

See also: Pakistani clothing. The national dress of Pakistan is the Persian origin shalwar kameez, a unisex garment widely-worn around South Asia,[59] [60] and national dress,[61] of Pakistan. When women wear the shalwar-kameez in some regions, they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called a dupatta around the head or neck.[62] The dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty—although it is made of delicate material, it obscures the upper body's contours by passing over the shoulders. For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to the chador or burqa (see hijab and purdah). Besides the national dress, domestically tailored suits and neckties are often worn by men, and are customary in offices, schools, and social gatherings.[63]

The fashion industry has flourished in the changing environment of the fashion world. Since Pakistan came into being, its fashion has evolved in different phases and developed a unique identity. Today, Pakistani fashion is a combination of traditional and modern dress and has become a mark of Pakistani culture. Despite modern trends, regional and traditional forms of dress have developed their own significance as a symbol of native tradition. This regional fashion continues to evolve into both more modern and purer forms. The Pakistan Fashion Design Council based in Lahore organizes PFDC Fashion Week and the Fashion Pakistan Council based in Karachi organizes Fashion Pakistan Week. Pakistan's first fashion week was held in November 2009.[64]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: India-Pakistan Relations . Promilla & Company, Publishers . 2005 . 196 . P. M. Kamath.
  2. Quote: "Numerous passageways through the northwestern frontiers of the Indian subcontinent in modern Pakistan and Afghanistan served as migration routes to South Asia from the Iranian plateau and the Central Asian steppes. Prehistoric and protohistoric exchanges across the Hindu Kush, Karakoram, and Himalaya ranges demonstrate earlier precedents for routes through the high mountain passes and river valleys in later historical periods. Typological similarities between Northern Neolithic sites in Kashmir and Swat and sites in the Tibetan plateau and northern China show that 'Mountain chains have often integrated rather than isolated peoples.' Ties between the trading post of Shortughai in Badakhshan (northeastern Afghanistan) and the lower Indus valley provide evidence for long-distance commercial networks and 'polymorphous relations' across the Hindu Kush until c. 1800 B.C.' The Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC) may have functioned as a 'filter' for the introduction of Indo-Iranian languages to the northwesternfs Indian subcontinent, although routes and chronologies remain hypothetical. (page 55)"
  3. Quote: "Here also, in ancient days, was the meeting-place of three great trade-routes, one, from Hindustan and Eastern India, which was to become the `royal highway' described by Megasthenes as running from Pataliputra to the north-west of the Maurya empire; the second from Western Asia through Bactria, Kapisi and Pushkalavati and so across the Indus at Ohind to Taxila; and the third from Kashmir and Central Asia by way of the Srinagar valley and Baramula to Mansehra and so down the Haripur valley. These three trade-routes, which carried the bulk of the traffic passing by land between India and Central and Western Asia, played an all-important part in the history of Taxila. (page 1)"
  4. Web site: Pakistan- Language, Religion, Culture, Customs and Etiquette . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090323000308/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/global-etiquette/pakistan.html . 23 March 2009 . 17 March 2009 . Kwint Essential.
  5. Anwar Alam . 2008 . Factors and Consequences of Nuclearization of Family at Hayatabad Phase-II, Peshawar . Sarhad J. Agric. . 24 . 3 . 21 April 2012.
  6. Web site: Husain . Irfan . 17 April 2010 . The rise of Mehran man . https://web.archive.org/web/20101125011513/http://news.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/the-newspaper/columnists/irfan-husain-the-rise-of-mehran-man-740 . 25 November 2010 . 25 July 2010 . .
  7. Web site: Nov–Dec 2006 . A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2006 . 1 January 2012 . A.T. Kearney . 4.
  8. Book: English postcoloniality: literatures from around the world . Greenwood Publishing Group . Gita Rajan . 1996 . 978-0-313-28854-8 . Radhika Mohanram . 107–112.
  9. Web site: Pakistan Academy of Letters . 2022-11-17 . pal.gov.pk.
  10. Web site: Kamran . Gilani . Pakistani Literature3-novel . 2022-11-17 . www.the-south-asian.com.
  11. Web site: Imtiaz . Huma . 2010-09-26 . Granta: The global reach of Pakistani literature . 2022-11-17 . . en.
  12. Encyclopedia: Iqbal, Muhammad . Encyclopædia Iranica . 1 January 2012 . 15 December 2004 . Annemarie Schimmel. - Web site: Shafique . Nadeem . Global Apprecaition of Allama Iqbal . https://web.archive.org/web/20120118104825/http://www.bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-1%202001/Nadeem%20Shafiq-3.pdf . 18 January 2012 . 1 January 2012 . Journal of Research, Faculty of Languages and Islamic Studies . Bahauddin Zakariya University . 47–49.

    - Web site: Iqbal Academy . 26 May 2006 . Allama Iqbal Biography . 7 January 2011 . PHP.

  13. News: Muhammad Zahid Rifat . 3 October 2011 . Paying tributes to popular Sufi poets . The Nation . dead . 25 December 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130117074308/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-268638505.html . 17 January 2013.
  14. Book: Chetan Karnani . L.H. Ajwani . Sahitya Akademi . 2003 . 978-81-260-1664-8 . 50.
  15. Javed, Kazi. Philosophical Domain of Pakistan (Pakistan Main Phalsapiana Rojhanat) (in Urdu). Karachi: Karachi University Press, 1999.
  16. Web site: Richard V. DeSemet . etal . Philosophical Activities in Pakistan:1947–1961 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130509105450/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series02/IIA-3/appendix.htm . 9 May 2013 . 25 November 2013 . Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress . Work published by Pakistan Philosophical Congress.
  17. Book: Philosophy in Pakistan . 1998 . Council for Research in Values and Philosophy . 978-1-56518-108-3 . Ahmad . Naeem . Washington, DC.
  18. News: Mallick . Ayyaz . 7 May 2013 . Exclusive interview with Noam Chomsky on Pakistan elections . Dawn news election cells . Dawn news election cells . 21 February 2015. - Web site: Hoodbhoy . Pervez . Noam Chomsky interviewed by Pervez Hoodbhoy . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140916002032/http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20011127.htm . 16 September 2014 . 21 February 2015 . PTV archives.
  19. News: Amit Baruah . R. Padmanabhan . 6 September 1997 . The stilled voice . . Chennai, India . dead . 30 June 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927003536/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1418/14181230.htm . 27 September 2013.
  20. News: Tohid . Owais . 7 June 2005 . Music soothes extremism along troubled Afghan border . The Christian Science Monitor . 20 January 2012.
  21. Web site: Dehejia . Vidja . South Asian Art and Culture . 10 February 2008 . The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  22. Web site: The Indus Valley And The Genesis Of South Asian Civilization . usurped . https://web.archive.org/web/20120610205538/http://history-world.org/indus_valley.htm . 10 June 2012 . 6 February 2008 . History World International.
  23. Book: Maity, Sachindra Kumar . Cultural Heritage of Ancient India . 1983 . Abhinav Publications . 978-0-391-02809-8 . en.
  24. Web site: 29 December 1979 . UNESCO Advisory Body Evaluation of Takht Bhai . 25 July 2010 . International Council on Monuments and Sites . 1–2.
  25. Book: Valentine, Simon Ross . Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice . 2008 . Hurst & Company . 978-1-85065-916-7 . en.
  26. Book: Kamil Khan Mumtaz . Architecture in Pakistan . Concept Media Pte Ltd . 1985 . 978-9971-84-141-6 . 32, 51, 160.
  27. Book: Bill Mallon . Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement . Jeroen Heijmans . Scarecrow . 2011 . 978-0-8108-7249-3 . 4th revised . 291.
  28. Book: V.V.K.Subburaj . Basic Facts of General Knowledge . 30 August 2004 . Sura College of Competition . 978-81-7254-234-4 . 771.
  29. News: Khan . Saad . 15 March 2010 . The Death of Sports in Pakistan . . 8 July 2010.
  30. Web site: David Richardson presents ICC Test Championship mace to Misbah-ul-Haq . 8 September 2018. - Web site: CT17 final stats: Pakistan become fourth team to win all three ICC crowns . 8 September 2018.
  31. News: 2009-03-04 . Pakistan cricket future in doubt . en-GB . . 2022-11-17.
  32. Web site: 13 February 2019 . PSL's brand value stands at $230m or Rs 32.258 bn . 2022-11-18 . The News International.
  33. Web site: Ahsan . Ali . 2010-12-23 . A history of football in Pakistan — Part I . 2022-11-17 . . en.
  34. Web site: Waraich . Omar . 11 February 2014 . Where soccer gets made . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140212144348/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/20140211/far-post-sialkot-pakistan-soccer-balls-factory/ . 12 February 2014 . 11 January 2021 . The Far Post . Sports Illustrated.
  35. Web site: August 12, 2010 . PFF approves two more teams in Premier League . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120930010538/http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Sports/12-Aug-2010/PFF-approves-two-more-teams-in-Premier-League . 30 September 2012 . 14 July 2018 . The Nation.
  36. News: 28 January 2018 . Footballs made in Pakistan to be used in FIFA World Cup 2018 . The Express Tribune . - Web site: Ahsan . Ali . 23 December 2010 . A history of football in Pakistan — Part III .
  37. Web site: Safi . Alam Zeb . 2022-02-13 . Imperfect preparations Sports thenews.com.pk . 2022-11-17 . . en.
  38. Web site: Sport in Pakistan . 2022-11-19 . www.topendsports.com.
  39. Book: Goodwin, William . Pakistan . Lucent Books . 2002 . 978-1-59018-218-5 . 79 . Pakistani food is similar to that of northern India, with a splash of Middle Eastern influence derived from other Muslim cultures over the centuries..
  40. Book: Lee . Jonathan H.X. . Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife . Nadeau . Kathleen M. . ABC-CLIO . 2011 . 978-0-313-35066-5 . 973 . Pakistani cuisine—a fusion of Central Asian, Middle Eastern, Persian, and Indian traditions—is known for being spicy and for its aromatic and flavorful richness..
  41. Book: Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin . Pakistan: a global studies handbook . 2006 . ABC-CLIO. 978-1-85109-801-9. 3, 317, 323–324.
  42. Book: Kathleen W. Deady . Countries of the world :Pakistan . Capstone Press . 2001 . 978-0-7368-0815-6 . 13–15. - Book: American Geriatrics Society. Ethnogeriatrics Committee . Doorway thoughts: cross-cultural health care for older adults . Jones & Bartlett Learning . 2006 . 978-0-7637-4355-0 . 119–120.
  43. Web site: 2013-12-16 . Sohan Halwa a gift of saints' city . 2022-11-17 . . en.
  44. Book: Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway . 2008 . Lonely Planet . 978-1-74104-542-0 . 60, 128, 376 . Sarina Singh . Lindsay Brow . Paul Clammer . Rodney Cocks . John Mock.
  45. Book: Tarla Dalal . Punjabi Khana . Sanjay & Co . 2007 . 978-81-89491-54-3 . 8.
  46. Web site: Committee on Commodity Problems: Tea Market Studies-Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan and Turkey . Fao.org . 2005-07-22 . 2018-06-07.
  47. News: 16 March 2020 . Wing Commaneder Abhinandan says Pakistani Army treated him with respect . . 4 September 2020.
  48. Three Cups of Tea: One Man's Mission to Promote Peace One School at a Time, by Greg Mortenson and David Oliver Relin, Penguin Books, NY, 2006, p. 150.
  49. Web site: 2013-03-08 . Nawaz reopens Pak Tea House in Lahore . 2022-11-17 . . en.
  50. Web site: July 2009 . Media in Pakistan . 10 August 2020 . International Media Support . 14–16, 21.
  51. Web site: 2016-04-20 . Pakistani media targeted on all sides, says report . 2022-11-17 . . en.
  52. News: 2 March 2017 . Pakistan profile Media . BBC News . 23 April 2016.
  53. Web site: July 2009 . . 10 August 2020 . International Media Support.
  54. News: Randhava . Naseem . 11 October 2011 . Bollywood films may be banned in Pakistan . . 31 October 2011. - News: 23 January 2006 . Pakistan to show Bollywood film . BBC News . 13 February 2008.
  55. Web site: Shaikh . Naila . 21 January 2015 . The Evolving World of Pakistani Dramas Builds Stronger Relations With India . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150428110047/http://www.browngirlmagazine.com/2015/01/evolving-world-pakistani-dramas-builds-stronger-relations-india/ . 28 April 2015 . 25 May 2015 . Brown Girl.
  56. News: 25 December 2014 . Pakistani dramas contribute to the evolution of Indian television . . dead . 25 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150719082117/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/entertainment/25-Dec-2014/pakistani-dramas-contribute-to-the-evolution-of-indian-television . 19 July 2015.
  57. News: Paracha . Nadeem F. . Nadeem F. Paracha . 28 March 2013 . Times of the Vital Sign . . dead . 3 April 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130402133212/http://dawn.com/2013/03/28/times-of-the-signs/ . 2 April 2013.
  58. News: Reza Sayah . 12 April 2012 . Underground musicians aim to change Pakistan's image . CNN Pakistan . 5 April 2013.
  59. Book: Marsden, Magnus . Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan's North-West Frontier . Cambridge University Press . 2005 . 978-1-139-44837-6 . 37 . The village's men and boys largely dress in sombre colours in the loose trousers and long shirt (shalwar kameez) worn across Pakistan. Older men often wear woollen Chitrali caps (pakol), waistcoats and long coats (chugha), made by Chitrali tailors (darzi) who skills are renowned across Pakistan..
  60. Book: Haines, Chad . Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan: Traversing the Margins . Routledge . 2013 . 978-1-136-44997-0 . 162 . the shalwar kameez happens to be worn by just about everyone in Pakistan, including in all of Gilgit-Baltistan. . cs2.
  61. Book: Ozyegin, Gul . Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures . Routledge . 2016 . 978-1-317-13051-2 . 222 . What is common in all the cases is the wearing of shalwar, kameez, and dupatta, the national dress of Pakistan..
  62. Book: Rait . Satwant Kaur . Sikh Women In England: Religious, Social and Cultural Beliefs . 14 April 2005 . Trentham Book . 978-1-85856-353-4 . Trent and Sterling . 68.
  63. Book: Koerner . Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity . Russell . Ian . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. . 2010 . 978-0-7546-7548-8 . 382.
  64. News: Leiby . Michele Langevine . 25 April 2012 . In Pakistan, fashion weeks thrive beyond the style capitals of the world . . 20 April 2013.

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