Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom explained

See also: United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union. Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, make use of a mutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties were provisionally applied, or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved.^[1] Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements: these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to enhance the deal since Brexit.^[2]

, the United Kingdom has 38 active free trade agreements with nations and trade blocs, covering 100 countries and territories.^{[3] [1]} Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as with Australia and New Zealand.^[4] The remaining 33 are continuity agreements. Furthermore, the UK has a customs union with its three Crown Dependencies.^[5] The UK has further arrangements covering free trade with its 14 British Overseas Territories.^[6]

The UK has also reached an agreement to accede to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, which it signed in July 2023 and is expected to join, after the 11 present members ratify, in 2024.^[7]

The United Kingdom has only suspended negotiations for a trade deal on one occasion; it suspended negotiations for a post-Brexit Canada Free Trade Agreement on 25 January 2024.^[8]

Competence and ratification

According to UK law the United Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.^[9]

The UK's negotiating team will consult with its Strategic Trade Advisory Group throughout the negotiations.^[10]

Ratification

The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.

The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:

• must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
• will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
• will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
• will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
• will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
• is responsible for the registration of these treaties with the United Nations, allowing their subsequent publication in the United Nations Treaty Series
• will transfer of the treaties to the National Archives for preservation

Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.^[11]

Active agreements

The following bilateral and plurilateral agreements are currently in effect. Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.^[3]

Nation(s)	No. of nations represented	Signed	Effective	Coverage	Treaty	Mechanism	Trade value (2023)^[12]	Ref.
Albania	1	5 February 2021	3 May 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£362m	^[13] ^[14]
Andean Countries Colombia Ecuador Peru	3	15 May 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£4,051m	^[15] ^[16]
Australia	1	16 December 2021	31 May 2023	Goods & Services	New	Full ratification	£20,036m	^[17] ^[18]
Cameroon	1	28 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£1,029m	^[19] ^[20]
Canada	1	22 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£26,287m	^[21] ^[22]
CARIFORUM Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago	14	22 March 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Provisional application	£5,537m	^[23] ^[24]
Central America Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama	6	18 July 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£2,478m	^[25] ^[26]
Chile	1	30 January 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£1,804m	^[27] ^[28]
Eastern and Southern Africa Madagascar Mauritius Seychelles Zimbabwe	4	31 January 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£2,027m	^[29] ^[30]
Egypt	1	5 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£4,659m	^[31] ^[32]
European Union	31	30 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	New	Full ratification	£823,100m	^[33] ^[34]
Faroe Islands	1	31 January 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£1,108m	^[35] ^[36]
Georgia	1	21 October 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£500m	^[37] ^[38]
Ghana	1	2 March 2021	5 March 2021	Goods	Continuity	Provisional application	£1,188m	^[39] ^[40]
Iceland Liechtenstein Norway	3	8 July 2021	1 December 2021	Goods & Services	New	Provisional application	£41,537m	^[41] ^[42]
Israel	1	18 February 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£6,137m	^[43] ^[44]
Ivory Coast	1	15 October 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£841m	^[45] ^[46]
Japan	1	23 October 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	New	Full ratification	£27,575m	^[47] ^[48]
Jordan	1	5 November 2019	1 May 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£1,313m	^[49] ^[50]
Kenya	1	8 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£1,427m	^[51] ^[52]
Kosovo	1	3 December 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£12m	^[53]
Lebanon	1	19 September 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£1,131m	^[54] ^[55]
Liechtenstein Switzerland	2	11 February 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£50,817m	^[56] ^[57]
Mexico	1	15 December 2020	1 June 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£6,599m	^[58] ^[59]
	1	24 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£1,478m	^[60] ^[61]
Morocco	1	26 October 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Provisional application	£3,524m	^[62] ^[63]
New Zealand	1	28 February 2022	31 May 2023	Goods & Services	New	Full ratification	£3,100m	^[64] ^[65]
North Macedonia	1	3 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Provisional application	£2,507m	^[66] ^[67]
Pacific States Fiji Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands	4	14 March 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Provisional application	£390m	^[68] ^[69]
Palestinian Authority	1	18 February 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£38m	^[70] ^[71]
Serbia	1	16 April 2021	20 May 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£1,018m	^[72] ^[73]
Singapore	1	10 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£22,327m	^[74] ^[75]
South Korea	1	22 August 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£16,331m	^[76] ^[77]
Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique Botswana Eswatini Lesotho Mozambique Namibia South Africa	6	9 October 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£11,420m	^[78] ^[79]
Tunisia	1	4 October 2019	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Full ratification	£693m	^[80] ^[81]
Turkey	1	29 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	Provisional application	£25,817m	^[82] ^[83]
Ukraine	1	8 October 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Full ratification	£1,523m	^[84] ^[85]
Vietnam	1	29 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	Provisional application	£5,859m	^[86] ^[87]

Dependencies

The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade with British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

Nation(s)	No. of nations represented	width=100px	Signed	width=100px	Effective	width=100px	Coverage	width=100px	Treaty	width=100px	Trade value (2023)	Comment	Ref.
	31	30 December 2020	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	New	£823,100m	Trade with the UK is governed within the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, due to Akrotiri and Dhekelia remaining a part of the European Union customs union.	^[88] ^[89]
Crown Dependencies Customs Union Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey	3	26 November 2018	9 December 2020	Goods & Services	New	£13,153m	The United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies established a customs union which created a free trade area between the territories, and creates a common external tariff with other countries.	^[90]
Gibraltar	1	24 October 2019	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Continuity	£7,236m	Trade with Gibraltar is governed under the 'Financial Services and Markets Act 2000', Gibraltar and the UK amended this act in order to continue the agreement they had in the European Economic Area.	^[91]
Overseas Territories Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands	12	9 November 2020	1 January 2021	Goods	Continuity	£10,591m	This arrangement acts as a continuity free trade agreement between 14 Overseas Territories and the UK.	^[92]

Negotiations

The United Kingdom is currently negotiating free trade agreements with the following countries and trade blocs:^[4]

width=200px	Nation (s)	No of nations represented	Coverage	Treaty	Trade value (2023)^[93]	Status	class=unsortable	Progress	class=unsortable	Ref.
Algeria	1	Goods	Continuity	£2,303m	Negotiations stagnated	A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Algeria; neither party has signed the agreement.	^[94]
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1	Goods & Services	Continuity	£255m	Negotiations stagnated	A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Bosnia and Herzegovina; neither party has signed the agreement.	^[95]
Canada	1	Goods & Services	New	£26,287m	Negotiations suspended	Negotiations suspended on 25 January 2024 by the United Kingdom; the two sides have completed eight rounds of talks since 2022.	^[96] ^[97]
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership Australia Brunei Canada Chile Japan Malaysia Mexico New Zealand Peru Singapore Vietnam	11	Goods & Services	New	£121,355m	Agreement signed on 16 July 2023	Awaiting ratification of the UK's accession from member states. Chile, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, and the UK have ratified the UK's accession. At least two more CPTPP states need to ratify the UK's accession.	^[98] ^[99]
Greenland	1	Goods	New	£12m	Negotiations stagnated	Negotiations opened on 27 January 2022.	^[100] ^[101]
Gulf Cooperation Council Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates	6	Goods & Services	New	£57,433m	Negotiations ongoing	Sixth round of negotiations concluded on 9 February 2024.	^[102] ^[103]
India	1	Goods & Services	New	£38,978m	Negotiations ongoing	Fourteenth round of negotiations concluded on 15 March 2024.	^[104] ^[105]
Israel	1	Goods & Services	New	£6,137m	Negotiations ongoing	Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 17 April 2024.	^[106] ^[107]
Maldives	1	Goods	New	£492m	Discussions ongoing	Trade consultation closed on 2 August 2023.	^[108] ^[109]
Mexico	1	Goods & Services	New	£6,599m	Negotiations ongoing	Third round of negotiations concluded on 19 May 2023.	^[110] ^[111]
Montenegro	1	Goods & Services	Continuity	£156m	Negotiations stagnated	A continuity trade agreement has been offered to Montenegro; neither party has signed the agreement.
South Korea	1	Goods & Services	New	£18,349m	Negotiations ongoing	Second round of negotiations concluded on 22 March 2024.	^[112] ^[113]
Switzerland	1	Goods & Services	New	£50,817m	Negotiations ongoing	Fourth round of negotiations concluded on 8 March 2024.	^[114] ^[115]
Thailand	1	Goods & Services	New	£6,026m	Discussions ongoing	Free Trade Agreement initiative launched on 21 March 2024.	^[116] ^[117]
Turkey	1	Goods & Services	New	£25,817m	Negotiations ongoing	Negotiations opened on 14 March 2024.	^[118] ^[119]
Ukraine	1	Goods & Services	New	£1,523m	Agreement signed on 20 March 2023.	The Ukraine–United Kingdom Digital Trade Agreement will expand upon the existing FTA when it enters into force on the 1 September 2024.	^[120] ^[121]
United States	1	Goods & Services	New	£310,840m	Negotiations stagnated	Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 30 October 2020.	^[122] ^[123]

Potential enlargement

The following countries can accede to an existing plurilateral Economic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom.

Nation(s)	Trade agreement being joined	Status	Ref.
Haiti	CARIFORUM	Haiti will be covered by the CARIFORUM–UK Economic Partnership Agreement if they sign it and bring it into effect.	^[124]
Comoros Zambia	Eastern and Southern Africa	Out of the remaining COMESA members, Comoros, and Zambia have agreements in place allowing them to join the ESA–UK Economic Partnership Agreement: Comoros signed the agreement on 12 April 2022 and will be covered by the EPA when they bring it into effect. Zambia will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.	^[125] ^[126]
East African Community Burundi DR Congo Rwanda Somalia South Sudan Tanzania Uganda		Article 143 of the UK–Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement enables any other East African Community member to make an accession request to the UK–Kenya EPA Council.	^[127] ^[128]
Cook Islands Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue Palau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu	Pacific States	The Pacific States–UK Economic Partnership Agreement states that 10 other Pacific nations are currently eligible to apply for accession. Tonga has shown interest in acceding to the EPA.	^[129]

Obsolete agreements

The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated. Signature, entry into force and obselete dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.^[3]

Nation(s)	No of nations represented	width=100	Signed	width=100	Effective	width=100	Obsolete	Coverage	class=unsortable	Note	Superseded by	class=unsortable	Ref.
	1	19 December 1965	1 July 1966	1 January 1973	Goods	The Ireland–United Kingdom Free Trade Area was agreed to after both nations' bids to join the European Economic Community were rejected. This agreement was superseded upon both parties' accession to the EEC.	European Economic Community	^[130] ^[131]
	1	18 October 2019	1 January 2021	28 June 2022	Goods & Services	The Colombia–UK Trade Continuity Agreement was provisionally applied until Colombia could ratify the Andean–UK Trade Continuity Agreement, which superseded this agreement.	Andean Countries Colombia Ecuador Peru	^[132]
	2	8 December 2020	1 January 2021	1 September 2022	Goods	Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Continuity Agreement was superseded by an updated FTA with Liechtenstein, which expanded the coverage to include services.		^[133] ^[134] ^[135]

Former trade bloc memberships

The United Kingdom was previously a member of the following trade blocs, which include multilateral free trade with fellow members.

Nation(s)	No. of nations represented	width=90	Signed	width=90	Effective	width=100	Obsolete	width=120	Coverage	class=unsortable	Note	Superseded by	class=unsortable	Ref.
European Free Trade Association	7	4 January 1960	3 May 1960	31 December 1972	Goods & Services	The UK was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but left the organisation to join the European Economic Community, along with Denmark.	European Economic Community	^[136] ^[137]
European Economic Community West Germany/Germany	11	22 January 1972	1 January 1973	1 November 1993	Goods & Services	The UK joined the European Economic Community, along with Denmark and Ireland. The EEC was incorporated into the European Union.	European Union	^[138] ^[139] ^[140]
European Union	27	7 February 1992	1 November 1993	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	Following the result of the Brexit referendum, the UK invoked Article 50 in March 2017. The UK officially withdrew from the EU on the 1 January 2021.	Trade and Cooperation Agreement	^[141] ^[142]

Obsolete EU agreements

The following agreements are European Union free trade agreements, of which the United Kingdom was a party until Brexit; however continuity agreements were not reached to replace them.

Nation (s)	No of nations represented	Signed	Effective	Obsolete	Coverage	class=unsortable	Note	class=unsortable	Ref.
	1	22 April 2002	1 September 2005	1 January 2021	Goods	The UK has no free trade agreement with Algeria.	^[143]
	1	16 June 2008	1 June 2015	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	The UK has no free trade agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina.	^[144]
EU Overseas Countries and Territories Aruba Bonaire Curaçao French Polynesia French Southern and Antarctic Lands Greenland New Caledonia Saba Saint Barthélemy Saint Pierre and Miquelon Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Wallis and Futuna	13	27 November 2001	2 December 2001	1 January 2021	Goods	The UK has no free trade agreement with any of the EU Overseas Countries and Territories. Greenland and the UK have opened negotiations for a free trade agreement.	^[145] ^[146]
	1	15 October 2007	1 May 2010	1 January 2021	Goods & Services	The UK has no free trade agreement with Montenegro.	^[147]

Largest trading partners

Exports! colspan="4"

Imports
Rank	Trade Partner	£millions	% of Total	Rank	Trade Partner	£millions	% of Total
	European Union	153 951	47.8%		European Union	223 393	46.8%
1.	United States	47 098	14.6%	1.	China	63 557	13.3%
2.	Germany (EU member)	29 595	9.2%	2.	Germany (EU member)	53 759	11.2%
3.	Netherlands (EU member)	27 085	8.4%	3.	United States	39 379	8.2%
4.	Ireland (EU member)	21 834	6.8%	4.	Netherlands (EU member)	31 786	6.7%
5.	France (EU member)	19 441	6.0%	5.	Norway (EFTA)	27 112	5.7%
6.	China	18 793	5.8%	6.	Belgium (EU member)	23 331	4.9%
7.	Belgium (EU member)	14 939	4.6%	7.	France (EU member)	23 128	4.8%
8.	Switzerland (EFTA)	10 309	3.2%	8.	Italy (EU member)	17 604	3.7%
9.	Italy (EU member)	9 112	2.8%	9.	Spain (EU member)	14 472	3.0%
10.	Spain (EU member)	7 878	2.4%	10.	Ireland (EU member)	13 861	2.9 %
	EU	300.3	43.0%		EU	372.2	51.4%
	Non EU	398.3	57.0%		Non EU	352.3	48.6%
	World	698.6	100%		World	724.5	100%

Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.

The figures above are for 2020 & 2021^{[148] [149]}

See also

• Accession of the United Kingdom to CPTPP
• Economic Partnership Agreements
• Free trade agreements of Canada
• Free trade agreements of India
• Free trade agreements of Israel
• Free trade agreements of New Zealand
• Free trade agreements of the European Union
• Free trade agreements of the United States
• Free trade agreements of Turkey
• Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
• List of multilateral free trade agreements
• List of bilateral free trade agreements
• United Kingdom common framework policies
• United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union

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