Trade Facilitation Agreement Explained

The Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA), was confirmed in Bali, Indonesia in December 2013 at the Ninth Ministerial Conference. After almost 20 years of negotiations the agreement was officially an open invitation for acceptance from the 160 members of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) on 27 December 2014. However the agreement will only be ratified once 2/3 of the members have informed the WTO of their agreement. For the WTO, the agreement can be viewed as a historic achievement as it is the first multilateral agreement since the WTO's inception in 1995. The Trade Facilitation Agreement of 2014 is a global multilateral initiative to rationalise the stringent procedures which govern international trade. The principal focus of the Agreement is to have numerous positive consequences on developed and Least Developed Countries. Estimates have shown that the Trade Facilitation Agreement would reduce trade costs by an average of 14.5%. In turn, this would prospectively improve trade globally by on trillion dollars. This reduction of bureaucratic 'red tape' will have favourable effects on small to medium Businesses, making it easier for them to trade and join global value chains. One of the most significant aspects of this agreement, lies in the new principle that developing and Least Developed Countries commitments to the implementation of the provisions outlined by the agreement are conditioned on their procurement of necessary technical capacity.[1]

Historical context

1990s

The first Trade Facilitation discussions began in the mid-1990s. In 1996, the Singaporean Ministerial Conference gave the WTO its initial directive, however under a different conceptual heading. The language used in the brief reflected a potential compromise between those wanting to renegotiate terms of a deal and those, primarily from the developing and Least Developed Countries who had their doubts about the success of new Negotiations and preferred a much more narrow/limited program. Many of the doubts surrounding a prospective new multi-lateral trade agreement were surrounding concerns about not having the capabilities to take on any additional commitments, especially for developing and Least Developed Countries. All of the developed countries supported the Trade Facilitation Agreement at this point, as well as a number of developing countries such as Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Republic of Korea, Paraguay and Singapore. However, it remained difficult to convince the affiliated nations to agree on multi-lateral negotiations. There was however no opposition to working and drafting the Trade Facilitation Act. The Act promised lower tariff barriers and non-tariff issues. However, most of the developing and least-developed countries were more in favour of an approach which encouraged these Guidelines to be followed opposed to a mandate of disciplines.

Work surrounding the Trade Facilitation Agreement continued after the Singaporean summit. The main purpose of these discussions was to gain an initial understanding of the scope of the agreement. Setting a clearly defined role for the WTO became a priority. The role the WTOwould play began relatively broad. The earliest proposal indicated that the WTO would be in charge of payments, insurance and other financial requirements concerned with international trade. In the late 1990s an effort from a number of countries to make the WTO rules binding and not encouraged triggered a response to narrow the scope and focus on selected aspects of GATT. The two main areas of interest were Articles VIII and X of the GATT.

In late 1999, the ‘Colorado Group’, which was made up of predominantly developed countries and a few developing countries, began to promote the idea of a full negotiating mandate. However, this was met with a number of opposition. A number of members preferred to continue on the exploratory path instead of setting compulsory mandates. With numerous countries standing in opposition of each other, the ‘Colorado Group’ looking for certain mandates and the rest preferring to build upon three existing GATT disciplines in order to alleviate ‘red tape’ surrounding the trading procedures, the negotiations ended up breaking down. In the aftermath, efforts were allocated to trying to identify the positives and benefits that the Trade Facilitation Act can have on its members.[2]

2000s

It was not until 2001 at the Doha Ministerial that renewed efforts on the Trade Facilitation Negotiations began. The ‘Colorado Group’ was still attempting to increase their membership whilst their opposition were not inactive either. The DohaMinisterial was somewhat successful as it brought the two sides closer to negotiation. However, the negotiation process was yet to begin. The 2003 Cancún Ministerial in September emphasised that negotiations still remained elusive.

The Ministerial in Hong Kong 2005 represented the first concrete point of reference for Trade Facilitation talks. The writing had already been set in stone in Geneva and simply had to be confirmed at the Hong Kong Ministerial. There were however still concerns surrounding the Hong Kong Ministerial. Those who were in favour of a timely resolution of Negotiations were concerned that an absence of real drafting would continue to delay processes. The developing and least-developed nations were still concerned about implementation processes. There was a lack of empirical evidence pointing to technical assistance and S&D, rather it was very general. In general, the impact of the Hong Kong Ministerial varied depending on who you asked. It was a landmark point in terms of inciting negotiation, but still little progress was made.

Subsequent action from the Hong Kong Ministerial did in fact not develop at speeds anticipated. It was not until December 2009, that the "Draft Consolidated Negotiation Text’ was circulated. This draft consisted of approximately 1700 square brackets, highlighting the main conflicting opinions. These brackets eventually expanded to approximately 2200 until it eventually started to come down. The chairman decided to appoint several organisers to try and reduce the amount of brackets. Eventually there were more than 14 facilitator groups working parallel on the issues and Negotiations.

2010s

In March 2013, the WTO decided that it was essential for higher-level management and involvement. The NGTF Chair chose 4 Ambassadors and separated the Draft into segments for each individual to refine. Mario Matus from Chile oversaw the transparency components as well as customs operations. Switzerlands representative Remigi Winzap was put in charge of articles 6–9. Fred Agah from Nigeria had the task of refining article 10 and finally Michael Stone from Hong Kong looked after S&D under section 2. In September 2013, the WTO's Director-General also stepped in to provide council. This came in the form of numerous Negotiations and configurations, resulting in the resolve of many controversies and issues.

Just prior to the Bali Ministerial Conference in December, with the direct help of the Director general, the process of drafting had resulted in almost a clean text. The previous areas of disagreement was now only limited to a few members which was able to resolved in a bilateral meeting allowing them to return as members. Previous brackets of dispute and discontent were now bracket free, such as S&D and customs cooperation. While the Trade Facilitation Agreement was not fully completed by the Ministerial Conference it was in a good enough shape to be brought and completed there. The Ministerial Conference brought more rounds of negotiation and disagreement, however at the end the members were able to agree on a text for the Agreement. After a decade of negotiations, the WTO finally had their Trade Facilitation Agreement at the end of 2013, moving in to 2014.

List of ratified countries


RatifiedEntry Date
Total:142
Hong Kong, ChinaR8 December 2014
SingaporeR8 January 2015
United States of AmericaR23 January 2015
MauritiusR5 March 2015
MalaysiaR26 May 2015
JapanR1 June 2015
AustraliaR9 June 2015
BotswanaR18 June 2015
Trinidad and TobagoR27 July 2015
Korea, Republic ofR30 July 2015
NicaraguaR4 August 2015
NigeriaR6 August 2015
Chinese TaipeiR17 August 2015
BelizeR2 September 2015
SwitzerlandR2 September 2015
ChinaR4 September 2015
LiechtensteinR18 September 2015
Lao People's Democratic RepublicR29 September 2015
New ZealandR29 September 2015
TogoR1 October 2015
AustriaR5 October 2015
BelgiumR5 October 2015
BulgariaR5 October 2015
CroatiaR5 October 2015
CyprusR5 October 2015
Czech RepublicR5 October 2015
DenmarkR5 October 2015
EstoniaR5 October 2015
FinlandR5 October 2015
FranceR5 October 2015
(Germany)R5 October 2015
GreeceR5 October 2015
HungaryR5 October 2015
IrelandR5 October 2015
ItalyR5 October 2015
LatviaR5 October 2015
LithuaniaR5 October 2015
LuxembourgR5 October 2015
MaltaR5 October 2015
NetherlandsR5 October 2015
PolandR5 October 2015
PortugalR5 October 2015
RomaniaR5 October 2015
Slovak RepublicR5 October 2015
SloveniaR5 October 2015
SpainR5 October 2015
SwedenR5 October 2015
ThailandR5 October 2015
United KingdomR5 October 2015
Republic of North MacedoniaR19 October 2015
PakistanR27 October 2015
PanamaR17 November 2015
GuyanaR30 November 2015
Côte d'IvoireR8 December 2015
GrenadaR8 December 2015
Saint LuciaR8 December 2015
KenyaR10 December 2015
Brunei DarussalamR15 December 2015
VietnamR15 December 2015
MyanmarR16 December 2015
NorwayR16 December 2015
UkraineR16 December 2015
ZambiaR16 December 2015
GeorgiaR4 January 2016
LesothoR4 January 2016
SeychellesR11 January 2016
JamaicaR19 January 2016
MaliR20 January 2016
CambodiaR12 February 2016
ParaguayR1 March 2016
TurkeyR16 March 2016
BrazilR29 March 2016
Macao, ChinaR11 April 2016
United Arab EmiratesR18 April 2016
SamoaR21 April 2016
IndiaR22 April 2016
Russian FederationR22 April 2016
AlbaniaR10 May 2016
MontenegroR10 May 2016
KazakhstanR26 May 2016
Sri LankaR31 May 2016
Saint Kitts and NevisR17 June 2016
MadagascarR20 June 2016
Moldova, Republic ofR24 June 2016
El SalvadorR4 July 2016
HondurasR14 July 2016
MexicoR26 July 2016
PeruR27 July 2016
Saudi ArabiaR28 July 2016
AfghanistanR29 July 2016
SenegalR24 August 2016
UruguayR30 August 2016
BahrainR23 September 2016
BangladeshR27 September 2016
PhilippinesR27 October 2016
IcelandR31 October 2016
ChileR21 November 2016
EswatiniR21 November 2016
DominicaR28 November 2016
MongoliaR28 November 2016
GabonR5 December 2016
Kyrgyz RepublicR6 December 2016
CanadaR16 December 2016
GhanaR4 January 2017
MozambiqueR6 January 2017
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesR9 January 2017
NigeriaR16 January 2017
NepalR24 January 2017
ChadR22 February 2017
JordanR22 February 2017
OmanR22 February 2017
RwandaR22 February 2017
Dominican RepublicR28 February 2017
GuatemalaR8 March 2017
ArmeniaR20 March 2017
Costa RicaR1 May 2017
FijiR1 May 2017
Sierra LeoneR5 May 2017
QatarR12 June 2017
GambiaR11 July 2017
MalawiR12 July 2017
Congo, Republic ofR5 October 2017
Antigua and BarbudaR27 November 2017
South AfricaR30 November 2017
IndonesiaR5 December 2017
IsraelR8 December 2017
Central African RepublicR11 January 2018
ArgentinaR22 January 2018
Bolivia, Plurinational State ofR30 January 2018
BarbadosR31 January 2018
NamibiaR9 February 2018
DjiboutiR5 March 2018
Papua New GuineaR7 March 2018
CubaR12 March 2018
BeninR28 March 2018
KuwaitR25 April 2018
UgandaR27 June 2018
Burkina FasoR21 September 2018
ZimbabweR17 October 2018
CameroonR30 November 2018
EcuadorR15 January 2019
AngolaR9 April 2019
Total:142
[3]

Impact

Economic consequences

Currently, the cost of international trade stands at approximately $2 trillion. This is due to a variety of factors including, redundant customs procedures, border fees and unnecessary duplications.[4] The economic benefit of the Trade Facilitation Agreement is still yet to be completely felt and measured. However, estimates of the economic gains as a result of the agreement is widespread. Estimates range from approximately $68 billion to nearly $1 trillion per year. According to the OECD, the Trade Facilitation Agreement has the capacity to reduce trade costs by 14.1% for low income countries, 15.1% for middle-income countries and 12.9% for high-middle-income countries.That would indicate a range  of gains of approximately $9 to $133 a year per person on the planet. These large ranges indicate that there are still several uncertainties surrounding the trade deal.[5]

Impact on developing and least developed countries

It became evident to the WTO that the provisions and mandates indicated the Trade Facilitation Agreement would be more difficult to implement for developing and least-developed countries. Therefore, the Trade Facilitation Agreement Facility was developed in order to provide assistance and support to these countries. The Trade Facilitation Agreement is projected to have a significantly positive impact on these countries, with an expected 14.5% reduction in total Trade costs once the Agreement comes into force.

The Agreement will also help in making critical practical hurdles which govern International trade, redundant. The wealthier countries in the Agreement have committed to help reform developing countries technical and financial processes in order to increase efficiency. This in turn is hoped to reduce corruption such as bribesin these domestic regions. New technology and more efficient procedures which reduce the ‘red tape’ surrounding international trade is forecasted to limit corruption by limiting its necessity.[6]

Criticisms

Since the Trade Facilitation Agreement was pushed to be a non-binding document, rather a set of encouragements for developed, developing and least-developed countries to follow, it has left many developing and least-developed countries with doubts about whether the wealthier countries will fulfil their commitment of support. Many African nations are asking questions on how this Agreement is able to benefit them for not just international trade but also inter-regional trade. Many developing countries thus are still unable to fully commit to ratifying into this agreement. Developed countries have been able to show commitment to the agreement as they have the capacity to satisfy its requirements. However many nations such as India and China have only committed to respectively 70–75% of the Trade Facilitation Agreements measures.[7]

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Implementing the Trade Facilitation Agreement. World Trade Organisation. 2015. WTO.
  2. Web site: The long and winding road. Neufeld. Nora. WTO.
  3. Web site: Ratifications list TFAF – Trade Facilitation Agreement Facility. www.tfafacility.org. 13 May 2019.
  4. Eliason. Antonia. October 2015. The Trade Facilitation Agreement: A New Hope for the World Trade Organization. World Trade Review. 14. 4. 643–670. 10.1017/S1474745615000191. 233365410 . 1474-7456. subscription.
  5. Web site: Trade Facilitation Agreement's benefits may extend well beyond cutting red tape. Hillberry. Russell. The Conversation. 12 May 2019.
  6. Grainger. Andrew. 2014. Consulting the private sector. Nottingham.
  7. Web site: Africa and the Implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development. www.ictsd.org. 12 May 2019.