2018 Toronto van attack explained

2018 Toronto van attack
Location:North York City Centre, North York, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Target:Pedestrians, particularly women
Timezone:EDT
Time-Begin:1:22
Time-End:1:32 p.m.
Type:Vehicle-ramming attack, mass murder, copycat crime
Fatalities:11 (including a victim who died in 2021)[1]
Injuries:15
Weapon:Chevrolet Express van
Motive:Disputed:
Perp:Alek Minassian
Verdict:Guilty on all counts
Convictions:10 counts of first-degree murder and 16 counts of attempted murder
Child:yes
Sentence:Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole after 25 years

A vehicle-ramming attack occurred on April 23, 2018, when a rented van was driven along Yonge Street through the North York City Centre business district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The driver, 25-year-old Alek Minassian, targeted pedestrians, killing 11 and injuring 15, some critically.[2] The incident is the deadliest vehicle-ramming attack in Canadian history.[3] [4] [5] [6]

The attack started at the intersection of Yonge Street and Finch Avenue and proceeded south along the sidewalks of Yonge Street to near Sheppard Avenue. Nine of the eleven killed were women.[7] [8] The perpetrator was arrested just south of the crime scene, after leaving the van and reportedly attempting to commit suicide by cop. The arrest was made at 1:32p.m.EDT, seven minutes after the first 9-1-1 call was made.[9]

The attack is characterized as misogynist terrorism by some because it was motivated by revenge for perceived sexual and social rejection by women,[10] although this conclusion has been challenged. At the time of his arrest, Minassian described himself as an incel to the police,[11] and in prior social media postings, he described the upcoming attack as a continuation of the "incel rebellion" started by the late Elliot Rodger.[12] Minassian pleaded not criminally responsible to the 10 counts of first-degree murder and 16 counts of attempted murder in November 2020, but was found to be guilty on all counts in March 2021.[13] Anne Molloy, the judge of the case, said that "working out his exact motivation for this attack is... close to impossible," but she "was inclined to accept" assessments by multiple expert witnesses that Minassian likely lied to the police and that notoriety was his main motivation, although misogyny or incel ideology may have still played some role.[14] On June 13, 2022, Minassian was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole for 25 years.[15]

Attack

The first 9-1-1 call reporting pedestrians being hit was received at 1:25 p.m. Eastern Time.[16] At Finch Avenue, a white Chevrolet Express van, rented from Ryder, ran a red light, then drove southbound on the west-side sidewalk of Yonge Street, striking multiple pedestrians. The van continued along the sidewalk for several more blocks, striking additional pedestrians. Security camera video from a local business shows the van reaching Tolman Street, which is one block south of Finch Avenue, at 1:24 p.m. At one point, the van re-entered the roadway due to the narrowness of the sidewalk, but at Park Home Avenue, the van again drove onto the sidewalk, hitting pedestrians in front of Mel Lastman Square, a civic plaza on the west side of Yonge Street, south of Finch Avenue (16 blocks).[17]

Paramedics were immediately called to the site, and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre was activated as an emergency centre.

A single police officer in traffic control capacity,[18] Toronto Police Service constable Ken Lam, intercepted the damaged van, which was stopped on the north sidewalk on Poyntz Avenue, just west of Yonge Street and two blocks south of Sheppard Avenue, about south of where the attack began. Lam stopped his unmarked cruiser near the van and confronted the suspected driver, later identified as Alek Minassian, standing near the opened driver-side door.

During the confrontation, the driver of the van repeatedly drew his hand from his back pocket and pointed a dark-coloured object toward the officer as if it were a pistol.[19] Lam ordered the driver to drop to the ground, while the driver tried repeatedly to provoke the officer to kill him, demanding he be shot "in the head!" when the officer warned him he may be shot. Lam then went to his cruiser and turned off its siren. As the driver and Lam advanced towards each other, the officer recognized that the object in the driver's hand was not a gun, holstered his pistol, and took out his baton to avoid the use of unnecessary lethal force. The driver then dropped the object from his hand, lay down on the ground and surrendered to Lam. He was arrested at 1:32 p.m.

Nine people died at the scenes. At 8:15 p.m., the Toronto Police Service announced that a tenth person had died.[20] An eleventh person died on October 28, 2021, after being paralyzed from the neck down and never leaving the hospital.[1]

Victims

The eleven victims killed in the attack were:

Fifteen others were injured, including Robert Anderson, Amir Kiumarsi (Persian: امیر کیومرثی), Aleksandra Kozhevinikova (Russian: Александра Кожевникова), Mavis Justino, Hyeon Jeong Moon (Hangul: 문현정), Morgan McDougall, Jun Seok Park (Hangul: 박정숙), Samantha Peart, So Ra (Hangul: 라소), Catherine Riddell, Sammantha Samson, Xiaolong An (Chinese: 安小龙), Beverly Smith, Dina Risin, and Yunsheng "Bob" Tian (Chinese: 田云生).[33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

Perpetrator

Alek Minassian
Birth Date:3 November 1992[38]
Birth Place:Canada[39]
Conviction Status:Incarcerated
Penalty:Life imprisonment with the possibility of parole in 25 years
Occupation:Software developer
Module:
Embed:yes
Branch:Canadian Army
Servicenumber:C23249161
Serviceyears:0 (released after 16 days of training)
Citizenship:Canada

Police identified the suspect as Alek Minassian, who had no prior criminal history.[40] His father, Vahe, had moved from Armenia to Canada and worked as a software developer, and his mother, Sona, was from Iran and had a job at IT company Compugen Inc.[41] Minassian was also an aspiring software and mobile app developer.

According to his LinkedIn profile, he was a student at Seneca College in North York from 2011 to 2018 and lived in Richmond Hill. Minassian had attended Sixteenth Avenue Public School, an elementary school in Richmond Hill, in a special education class.[42] [43] His former classmates at Thornlea Secondary School in Thornhill described him as "not overly social" and "harmless".[44] Minassian attended a special needs class for students within the autism spectrum while at Thornlea Secondary School;[45] Minassian's mother is quoted as saying in a 2009 article that her son has Asperger syndrome.[46]

In late 2017, Minassian enrolled in the Canadian Armed Forces for two months, before requesting voluntary release after 16 days of recruit training.[47] A senior military official said that Minassian "wasn't adapting to military life, including in matters of dress, deportment and group interactions in a military setting" and "there were no red flags and nothing that would point to anything like this."[48]

Following the attack, a Facebook post made by Minassian was uncovered in which he identified himself as an incel ("involuntary celibate").[49] The state of involuntary celibacy refers to being unable to find sexual partners[50] and its subculture consists of primarily male online communities.[51] [52] The post, dated shortly before the beginning of the attack on April 23, allegedly read:

"Chad" and "Stacy" are nicknames used on incel-related forums within 4chan and Reddit, to refer to popular, attractive, sexually active men and women, respectively.[53] [54] The term "Incel Rebellion" is sometimes used interchangeably with the term "Beta Uprising" or "Beta Male Uprising", which refers to a violent response to sexlessness.[55] Elliot Rodger was the "incel founding father" who committed the 2014 Isla Vista killings in California, and someone whom Minassian claimed to have had contact with up until the days before the 2014 attacks.[56] [57] Rodger intended to target attractive women and sexually successful men, which led to him being posthumously idolized by some people on misogynistic online fringe communities, including several incel websites.[58] Facebook, Inc. verified the account as belonging to Minassian.[59] A source in the Department of National Defence told media that C23249161 was Minassian's military identification number during his army training.[60]

Legal proceedings

On April 24, 2018, Minassian appeared without a lawyer before the Ontario Court of Justice in a Toronto courthouse, shackled and wearing a white prison jumpsuit. He was charged with 10 counts of first degree murder and 13 counts of attempted murder and ordered not to contact any of the alleged attempted murder victims. His father, Vahe Minassian, attended the hearing. He told reporters that he had not spoken to his son.[61] Minassian was charged with three additional counts of attempted murder on May 10: a total of 16 counts.[62] He later retained Toronto criminal defence lawyer Boris Bytensky to represent him.[63] His trial was initially scheduled for February 10, 2020,[64] later moved to March 2,[65] and later moved to April 6, but was postponed again because of the COVID-19 pandemic in Toronto to November.[66] [67]

The trial began on November 10, 2020, and was conducted over Zoom due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[68] Minassian, who had already admitted to planning and carrying out the attack, pleaded not criminally responsible to the 10 counts of first-degree murder and 16 counts of attempted murder.[69] [70] During testimony on November 12, a psychiatrist retained by Minassian's defense team stated in a report that Minassian's "autistic way of thinking was severely distorted in a way similar to psychosis," despite Minassian not being technically psychotic.[71] Attempts by Minassian and his defense to claim that he was not responsible for his actions due to his autism garnered criticism from autism rights advocates, who expressed concerns that the trial might worsen stigmas towards autistic people. Minassian was also found to be highly intelligent.[72]

In the decision, Ontario Superior Court Justice Anne Molloy believed that Minassian seemed to be motivated by the desire for notoriety, and referred to him as "Mr. Doe" so as to avoid giving him further recognition. She wrote, "It is almost impossible to tell when Mr. Doe is lying and when he is telling the truth. Working out his exact motivation for this attack is likewise close to impossible," but that "nevertheless, I am inclined to accept the assessment of all of the experts that Mr. Doe did lie to the police about much of the incel motivation he talked about and that the incel movement was not in fact a primary driving force behind the attack." She also rejected his attempt to use his autism as a defense.[73] On March 3, 2021, Minassian was found guilty on all counts in a verdict that was given by Molloy and streamed live on YouTube.[74] However, sentencing was deferred until 2022 to await the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in R v Bissonnette on whether prisoners can be made to serve murder sentences consecutively.[75] On June 13, 2022, Minassian was sentenced to life in prison with no possibility of parole for 25 years.[15] He filed a notice of appeal the following month, arguing among other things that the trial judge "misapprehended" expert evidence and made unreasonable findings.[76]

Aftermath

The Toronto subway and bus services in the area were immediately closed or rerouted by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). Parts of Yonge Street were cordoned off until late on April 24, 2018, for the police investigation.[77] [78] Civic buildings in the area were closed late April 23 and remained closed throughout April 24. Area businesses were allowed to remain open, but in areas of pedestrian deaths, those fronting on Yonge Street were allowed access from only the rear entrances.[79] Many businesses in the most affected areas chose to close down for all of April 24, while some opened at different times of the afternoon of April 24. The area was fully open and transit services resumed by April 25.

Security was heightened around a meeting of G7 security ministers being held in Toronto in advance of the 44th G7 summit in La Malbaie, Quebec.[80] The ministers were briefed on the attack shortly after it occurred and the day after the attack, the meeting's agenda included discussion on "soft targets", terrorism and social media, and online youth radicalization.[81] The incident was included in the 2018 Public Report on the Terrorism Threat to Canada.[82] Faisal Hussain, perpetrator of the 2018 Toronto shooting had also developed an interest in inceldom prior to his attack but police found no evidence of radicalization.[83]

Sporting events

Around the Air Canada Centre, roads were closed and blocked off with dump trucks, due to safety concerns for fans gathered at Maple Leaf Square to watch the National Hockey League playoff game between the Toronto Maple Leafs and Boston Bruins on the evening of April 23.[84] [85] A moment of silence was observed during the game in sympathy for the victims.[86]

Concrete barriers were put up along the edge of the northern sidewalk along Bremner Boulevard in front of the Rogers Centre, due to the same safety concerns prior to the Toronto Blue Jays baseball game against the Boston Red Sox on April 24, 2018.[87] Prior to the game, the Blue Jays honoured a few of the first responders in a ceremony, which included a video memorial for the victims of the attack followed by a moment of silence.[88]

Reaction

Many domestic leaders expressed their support and condolences in the immediate aftermath of the attack, including Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, Opposition Leader Andrew Scheer,[89] Ontario Premier Kathleen Wynne, and Toronto Mayor John Tory.[90]

Constable Ken Lam was lauded as a hero for his measured use of force to achieve a non-fatal resolution of his confrontation with Minassian, despite Minassian's seeking suicide by cop.[91] Lam insisted that he was simply performing his duty.[92] [93]

Lighting at the CN Tower and the 3D Toronto sign at Nathan Phillips Square were colourless and dimmed for the evening of April 23, 2018. Flags were placed at half-mast at most government locations in Toronto and surrounding municipalities.[94]

An impromptu memorial at Olive Square Park on the east-side of Yonge Street, directly across the street from where the attack began, was started by a local resident at 5:15 p.m. of the same day for people to place flowers and express their grief in writing.[95] The person who started the memorial indicated that all the other public spaces along Yonge Street, including Mel Lastman Square, were cordoned off by police tape so he chose Olive Square which was not cordoned off.[96] Small memorials ranging from a few bunches of flowers to about two dozen bunches of flowers, plus paper messages, photographs and candles in some cases, were established at each location from just south of Finch Avenue to just south of Park Home Avenue where a pedestrian was killed (at the southwest corner of Yonge Street and Park Home Avenue two victims were killed). Next to the fountain at the entry to Mel Lastman Square, where the greatest number of people were struck (at least two killed), another memorial gradually grew to become a hub memorial almost as large as the one at Olive Square.

  1. TorontoStrong

Several crowdfunding campaigns were set up to raise money for the expenses of the victims' families.[97] [98] To better coordinate crowdfunding, the City of Toronto established the #TorontoStrong Fund to support victims and their families, first responders, and those affected by trauma.[99] The hashtag was reused in memoriam of the victims of a fatal mass shooting that occurred in the Danforth on July 22 of the same year.

Several vigils were held in the following week. A small vigil was held at Lastman Square on the evening of April 24.[100] Another was held by the Toronto Korean Community Association on April 27 at Lastman Square. An official #TorontoStrong Vigil was held by the City of Toronto on April 29, attended by several thousand.[101] [100] It began with a march from Yonge Street and Finch Avenue and ended with a gathering at Lastman Square. Speaking at the gathering were community leaders and the event was attended by Prime Minister Trudeau, Governor General Julie Payette, Premier Wynne, Quebec Premier Philippe Couillard, and Mayor Tory.[102] [103]

The two main impromptu memorials at Olive Square Park and Mel Lastman Square were decommissioned on June 3, 2018, and later replaced with a temporary plaque. Mayor John Tory announced plans to erect a permanent memorial for the attack.[104]

On June 13, 2018, the #TorontoStrong's volunteer steering committee announced the appointment of former Toronto mayor Barbara Hall as fund administrator. She was tasked with distributing the money raised for the victims and survivors.[105]

By December 2018, over million from the fund had been distributed to victims and families of both the van attack and the Danforth shooting.[106]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: November 12, 2021. 'A huge loss': Yonge Street van attack victim Amaresh Tesfamariam missed 'every day'. Toronto.com. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. November 12, 2021. November 12, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211112134240/https://www.toronto.com/news-story/10517336--a-huge-loss-yonge-street-van-attack-victim-amaresh-tesfamariam-missed-every-day-/. live.
  2. Web site: Toronto van attack: What we know about the lives lost, the suspect and more. Melissa. Tait. April 26, 2018. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. April 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426015802/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/toronto/article-toronto-van-attack-what-we-know-so-far/. live.
  3. Web site: Toronto Van Plows Along Sidewalk, Killing 9 in 'Pure Carnage'. Austen. Ian. Stack. Liam. April 23, 2018. The New York Times. April 23, 2018. May 11, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190511020925/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/23/world/toronto-van.html. live.
  4. News: Canada's Trudeau says security unchanged after Toronto van attack. April 24, 2018. France 24. April 24, 2018. en-US. April 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180424151220/http://www.france24.com/en/20180424-live-canada-pm-trudeau-address-media-toronto-van-attack. live.
  5. Web site: A Grim History of Mass Killings in Canada. PressReader.com. Toronto Star. April 24, 2018. April 25, 2018. April 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425115014/https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20180424/281586651202283. live.
  6. News: A history of violence on Canadian soil. Toronto Star. November 1, 2018. June 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622220322/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/04/23/a-history-of-violence-on-canadian-soil.html. live.
  7. News: Porter . Catherine . Eight of 10 Victims in Toronto Van Rampage Were Women . December 6, 2020 . New York Times . April 27, 2018 . June 9, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210609165531/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/27/world/canada/eight-of-10-victims-in-toronto-van-rampage-were-women.html . live .
  8. News: Golding. Janice. November 4, 2021. 'It's so sad, heartbreaking': Nurse paralyzed after Toronto van attack dies. CTV News. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. November 4, 2021. November 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211104221823/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/it-s-so-sad-heartbreaking-nurse-paralyzed-after-toronto-van-attack-dies-1.5652799. live.
  9. Web site: Rampage victims mainly women. Wendy. Gillis. Betsy. Powell. Toronto Star. www.pressreader.com. April 25, 2018. April 26, 2018. April 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426080448/https://www.pressreader.com/canada/toronto-star/20180425/281556586433723. live.
  10. Web site: Boy . Louis . 2018-04-25 . Attaque à Toronto : on vous explique qui sont les Incels, ces célibataires misogynes dont se revendique le suspect . France Info . fr-FR.
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  12. News: Toronto van attack suspect says he was 'radicalized' online by 'incels' . 18 July 2024 . The Guardian . 27 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190927203358/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/sep/27/alek-minassian-toronto-van-attack-interview-incels . 27 September 2019 . English.
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  14. Web site: Rozdilsky. Jack L.. Snowden. Edward. March 4, 2021. Toronto van attack: Guilty verdict, but Canada still needs to tackle ideological violence. March 19, 2021. The Conversation. en. March 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210310002647/https://theconversation.com/toronto-van-attack-guilty-verdict-but-canada-still-needs-to-tackle-ideological-violence-156452. live.
  15. Web site: 'These lives were precious': Toronto van attacker sentenced to life in prison. cp24.com. June 13, 2022. June 16, 2022. June 16, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220616175951/https://www.cp24.com/news/these-lives-were-precious-toronto-van-attacker-sentenced-to-life-in-prison-1.5944277. live.
  16. News: 9 dead, 16 injured after van strikes pedestrians in North York. CBC News. April 23, 2018. April 23, 2018. July 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180701084216/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/pedestrians-struck-white-van-1.4631564. live.
  17. Web site: Twenty-five minutes of horror on Yonge Street: How the Toronto van attack unfolded . April 27, 2018 . The Globe and Mail . Ann . Hui . Joe . Friesen . Oliver . Moore . Heather . Norman . April 23, 2018 . April 28, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428052519/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-twenty-five-minutes-of-horror-on-yonge-street-how-the-attack-unfolded/ . live .
  18. Web site: Arresting officer Ken Lam wonders: 'Did I make the right decision?'. Toronto Star. Wendy. Gillis. Jenna. Moon. April 25, 2018. April 27, 2018. April 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180428094137/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/04/25/toronto-police-holding-presser-wednesday-on-const-ken-lam-arresting-officer-in-toronto-van-rampage.html. live.
  19. News: Suspect named after van ploughs into pedestrians in Toronto leaving ten dead and 15 injured. Sabur. Rozina. April 23, 2018. The Telegraph. April 24, 2018. Riley-Smith. Ben. en-GB. 0307-1235. Guly. Christopher. Crilly. Rob. June 14, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180614030005/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/23/several-pedestrians-struck-van-toronto/. live.
  20. Web site: sunnybrook.ca . Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre . Sunnybrook receives injured from Yonge and Finch . April 23, 2018 . April 24, 2018 . July 8, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191448/https://sunnybrook.ca/media/item.asp?c=1&i=1730&f=yonge-finch-incident . live .
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  22. Web site: Sri Lankan woman killed in Toronto van attack . 2024-04-07 . www.adaderana.lk . en . January 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240125214150/https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=47088 . live .
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  24. News: Gibson. Victoria. Geraldine Brady remembered as a 'lifelong friend' with a 'positive attitude and smile'. May 3, 2018. Toronto Star. April 30, 2018. en. May 2, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180502034237/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/04/30/geraldine-brady-remembered-as-a-lifelong-friend-with-a-positive-attitude-and-smile.html. live.
  25. News: Toronto van attack victim identified as So He Chung, 22. Global News. April 28, 2018. Maham. Abedi. en. April 26, 2018. April 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180427063804/https://globalnews.ca/news/4169907/toronto-van-attack-sohe-chung-dead/. live.
  26. Web site: 2018-04-28 . 토론토 차량돌진 사망자 정소희·김지훈씨 등 확인 . 2024-04-07 . news.koreadaily.com . ko . April 7, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240407153512/https://news.koreadaily.com/2018/04/27/society/international/6151801.html . live .
  27. News: Dangerfield. Katie. First of 10 victims killed in Toronto van attack identified as Anne Marie D'Amico. April 24, 2018. Global News. April 24, 2018. en. April 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180424134030/https://globalnews.ca/news/4162732/toronto-van-attack-victims/. live.
  28. News: Bryann. Agular. Jaren. Kerr. Anne Marie D'Amico 'lived her life to the fullest,' brother says in eulogy. May 5, 2018. Toronto Star. May 2, 2018. en. May 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180504020937/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/05/02/funeral-held-for-shining-star-killed-in-yonge-st-rampage.html. live.
  29. News: Betty Forsyth, 94-year-old woman who loved to feed the birds, named as victim in Toronto van attack. Global News. Rebecca. Joseph. April 25, 2018. April 28, 2018. April 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426150753/https://globalnews.ca/news/4168330/toronto-van-victim-betty-forsyth/. live.
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  35. Web site: Full details of van attack recounted at start of Minassian trial this week . 2024-04-07 . toronto.citynews.ca . April 7, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240407153512/https://toronto.citynews.ca/2020/11/11/full-details-of-van-attack-recounted-at-start-of-minassian-trial-this-week/ . live .
  36. Web site: Gibson . Victoria . Powell . Betsy . 2018-05-10 . Van rampage suspect Alek Minassian faces three new counts of attempted murder . 2024-04-07 . Toronto Star . en . April 7, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240407153512/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/van-rampage-suspect-alek-minassian-faces-three-new-counts-of-attempted-murder/article_7c6e1cdf-4373-573e-8c81-b8fbcf7b6df9.html . live .
  37. Web site: November 15, 2020 . Victim of Toronto van attack 'very scared' there are others like Minassian . CBC . April 7, 2024 . April 7, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240407153512/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ont-alek-minassian-victims-1.5802831 . live .
  38. News: Toronto Star . 'I was like, how did he get a van?' Inside the life of Alek Minassian, the Toronto van rampage suspect no one thought capable of murder . May 11, 2018 . Ann . Dempsey . May 13, 2018 . May 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180513054036/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/05/11/i-was-like-how-did-he-get-a-van-inside-the-life-of-alek-minassian-the-toronto-van-rampage-suspect-no-one-thought-capable-of-murder.html . live .
  39. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4Dck7J4Ks0. The Interrogation Tape of Alek Minassian. Interrogation footage. 17:02. YouTube. "I understand you were born in Canada." "Yes.". September 10, 2023. July 13, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230713173123/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4Dck7J4Ks0. live.
  40. News: Van attack that killed 10 people in North York was 'definitely deliberate': police . . April 23, 2018 . Kayla . Goodfield . Codi . Wilson . April 24, 2018 . April 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180424050834/https://www.cp24.com/news/van-attack-that-killed-10-people-in-north-york-was-definitely-deliberate-police-1.3898123 . live .
  41. Web site: The man behind the Yonge Street van attack. Katherine. Laidlaw. Toronto Life. 2019-04-22. 2021-03-03. May 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200528173741/https://torontolife.com/city/man-behind-yonge-street-van-attack/. live.
  42. News: 'He wasn't a terrorist': Those who knew Alek Minassian struggle to explain the Toronto van attack . . Stewart . Bell . April 25, 2018 . May 5, 2018 . May 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180506041238/https://globalnews.ca/news/4168222/he-wasnt-terrorist-toronto-attack/ . live .
  43. News: Toronto van attack suspect Alek Minassian's interest in 'incel' movement the latest sign of troubled life . https://archive.today/20180427160159/http://nationalpost.com/news/alek-minassian . April 27, 2018 . live . National Post . Humphreys . Adrian . Edmiston . Jake . April 24, 2018 . April 24, 2018.
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  45. News: 'We're not a violent group of people': Ex-classmate of Alek Minassian speaks out about autism. Laurie. Monsebraaten. April 26, 2018. Toronto Star. September 16, 2018. September 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180916235423/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/04/26/were-not-a-violent-group-of-people-ex-classmate-of-alek-minassian-speaks-out-about-autism.html. live.
  46. News: Alleged attacker Alek Minassian may have mental health issues. Jeremy. Grimaldi. April 24, 2018. Richmond Hill Liberal. Metroland Media Group. December 16, 2018. December 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181216120559/https://www.yorkregion.com/news-story/8566082-update-alleged-attacker-alek-minassian-may-have-mental-health-issues/. live.
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  48. News: CBC . Facebook post linked to Toronto van attack points to insular, misogynistic world of 'incels' . April 25, 2018 . April 26, 2018 . April 25, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425230856/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/what-is-an-incel-toronto-van-attack-explainer-alek-minassian-1.4633893 . live .
  49. Web site: Why some 'incels' are celebrating accused in Toronto van attack . CBC . April 25, 2018 . April 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180424235335/http://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-tuesday-edition-1.4633051/why-some-incels-are-celebrating-toronto-s-van-attack-suspect-1.4633057 . live .
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  51. News: Mezzofiore. Gianluca. The Toronto suspect apparently posted about an 'incel rebellion.' Here's what that means. April 26, 2018. CNN. April 25, 2018. "Incel" is short for "involuntarily celibate." It's a movement made up almost entirely of men who claim they "can't have sex despite wanting to," according to incels.me. April 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426031738/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/04/25/us/incel-rebellion-alek-minassian-toronto-attack-trnd/index.html. live.
  52. News: Daigle. Thomas. Canadians among most active in online right-wing extremism, research finds. June 19, 2020. CBC News. August 15, 2020. August 15, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200815045911/https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/canadian-right-wing-extremism-online-1.5617710. live.
  53. News: Pathological Incel misogyny and myth of male oppression . Brian . Boyd . The Irish Times . April 27, 2018 . April 27, 2018 . April 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180427035309/https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/brian-boyd-pathological-incel-misogyny-and-myth-of-male-oppression-1.3475388 . live .
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  55. News: Incel, the misogynist ideology that inspired the deadly Toronto attack, explained. Beauchamp. Zack. Apr 25, 2018. Vox. April 25, 2018. May 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180505073901/https://www.vox.com/world/2018/4/25/17277496/incel-toronto-attack-alek-minassian. live.
  56. News: Fox . Chris . April 24, 2018 . Facebook post connected to van attack suspect's profile references 'Incel Rebellion' . CP24 . en-CA . April 24, 2018 . April 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180424192510/https://www.cp24.com/news/facebook-post-connected-to-van-attack-suspect-s-profile-references-incel-rebellion-1.3899606 . live .
  57. How the Toronto Van Attack Suspect Was Radicalized by Incels . September 27, 2019 . November 27, 2019 . Rolling Stone . EJ . Dickson . December 8, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191208000852/https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/alek-minassian-toronto-van-attack-incels-891678/#! . live .
  58. News: Elliot Rodger: How misogynist killer became 'incel hero'. April 26, 2018. BBC News. April 26, 2018. May 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180512075225/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-43892189. live.
  59. News: O'Kane . Josh . April 24, 2018 . Facebook post connected to suspect in van rampage cites 'incel rebellion' . The Globe and Mail . April 24, 2018 . April 25, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425013357/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-facebook-post-connected-to-suspect-in-van-rampage-cites-incel/ . live .
  60. News: Yang. Jennifer. Campion-Smith. Bruce. Number cited in cryptic Facebook post matches Alek Minassian's military ID: Source. April 26, 2018. Toronto Star. April 25, 2018. en. April 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426002309/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/04/25/number-cited-in-cryptic-facebook-post-matches-alek-minassians-military-id-source.html. live.
  61. Web site: Alek Minassian's Parents & Family: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know. Heavy.com. Dube Dwilson. Stephanie. Alek's father, Vahe Minassian, was also there, sitting in the front row as the charges were read against his son. Vahe was stunned and cried inside the courtroom.... He told reporters that he had not spoken to his son, and he appeared heartbroken.. April 24, 2018. April 28, 2018. April 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426145222/https://heavy.com/news/2018/04/alek-minassian-parents-family/. live.
  62. Web site: Accused in van attack charged with 3 more counts of attempted murder. CBC News. 10 May 2018. May 11, 2018. May 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180512063547/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/alek-minassian-lawyer-charges-1.4655799. live.
  63. Web site: Accused in deadly Toronto van attack charged with 3 more counts of attempted murder CBC News. May 10. CBC News · Posted. May 10. 2018 4:00 AM ET Last Updated. CBC. en. 2018-12-07. November 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181122011057/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/alek-minassian-lawyer-charges-1.4655799. live.
  64. Web site: Case of Toronto van attack accused Alek Minassian put over. Canadian Press. 31 January 2019. Toronto Sun. February 5, 2019. February 7, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015644/https://torontosun.com/news/local-news/case-of-toronto-van-attack-accused-alek-minassian-put-over. live.
  65. Web site: Toronto van attack trial for Alek Minassian to begin March 2, delayed due to 'red tape'. globalnews.ca. December 16, 2019. April 20, 2020. April 8, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200408012213/https://globalnews.ca/news/6301982/alek-minassian-murder-trial/. live.
  66. Web site: Toronto van attack trial postponed again, Alek Minassian's lawyer confirms . Codi . Wilson . March 26, 2020 . . March 26, 2020 . Toronto . March 27, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200327130522/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/toronto-van-attack-trial-postponed-again-alek-minassian-s-lawyer-confirms-1.4869252 . live .
  67. Web site: Murder trial for man accused in Toronto's van attack set for November. globalnews.ca. June 3, 2020. June 9, 2020. June 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200609134638/https://globalnews.ca/news/7020620/trial-alek-minassian-toronto-van-attack-november/. live.
  68. Web site: Trial for man behind Toronto's van attack to be conducted over Zoom, judge says. cp24.com. October 28, 2020. October 28, 2020. October 30, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201030102156/https://www.cp24.com/news/trial-for-man-behind-toronto-s-van-attack-to-be-conducted-over-zoom-judge-says-1.5163958. live.
  69. Web site: Alek Minassian says he's not criminally responsible for Toronto van attack. toronto.ctvnews.ca. November 10, 2020. November 12, 2020. November 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112205822/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/alek-minassian-says-he-s-not-criminally-responsible-for-toronto-van-attack-1.5182129. live.
  70. News: 2020-11-10. Toronto van attack: 'Incel' killer Minassian pleads not criminally responsible. en-GB. BBC News. 2020-11-13. November 12, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112173609/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-54895219. live.
  71. Web site: 2020-11-12. Alek Minassian's autism distorted his thinking 'in a way similar to psychosis' ahead of Yonge St. van attack, defence claims. 2020-11-13. thestar.com. en. November 14, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201114051136/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2020/11/12/alek-minassians-first-degree-murder-trial-for-carrying-out-toronto-van-attack-continues-thursday.html. live.
  72. News: Casey . Liam . Dec 10, 2020 . 'His goal was to be remembered forever,' psychiatrist says of van attack killer . CBC News . The Canadian Press . June 6, 2023 . June 5, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230605163927/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ont-alek-minassian-1.5837072 . live .
  73. News: Carter. Adam. March 3, 2021. Judge finds Toronto van attack killer guilty of murder. en-US. CBC News. March 19, 2021. March 23, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210323010503/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/van-attack-trial-decision-1.5933687. live.
  74. Web site: Alek Minassian found criminally responsible for Toronto van attack, guilty on all 26 counts. toronto.ctvnews.ca. March 3, 2021. March 3, 2021. March 3, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210303163819/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/alek-minassian-found-criminally-responsible-for-toronto-van-attack-guilty-on-all-26-counts-1.5331506. live.
  75. News: May 31, 2021. Court to wait until 2022 to sentence man who killed 10 people in Toronto van attack. Global News. The Canadian Press. August 13, 2021. August 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210813173331/https://globalnews.ca/news/7907722/alek-minassian-sentence-toronto-van-attack/. live.
  76. News: July 16, 2022. The Globe and Mail. A6. Toronto van attacker seeks appeal for conviction of first-degree, attempted murder. The Canadian Press.
  77. Web site: Investigation into deadly van incident closes roads in North York . Katherine . DeClerq . . April 23, 2018 . April 23, 2018 . June 17, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015537/https://www.cp24.com/news/investigation-into-deadly-van-incident-closes-roads-in-north-york-1.3898546 . live .
  78. News: Ha . Tu Thanh . Gray . Jeff . Hayes . Molly . April 23, 2018 . Massive investigation into Toronto van attack will shut down parts of Yonge Street for days . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . April 24, 2018 . April 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180430111626/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-massive-investigation-into-toronto-van-attack-will-shut-down-yonge/ . live .
  79. Web site: Toronto van attack: road closures remain in effect Tuesday morning. Global News. Kerri. Breen. April 24, 2018. April 24, 2018. April 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180424161239/https://globalnews.ca/news/4163279/toronto-van-attack-road-closures-ttc/. live.
  80. News: Brewster. Murray. G7 ministers sit down in Toronto to a full plate of world troubles. April 24, 2018. CBC News. April 22, 2018. April 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423224228/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/g7-ministers-meeting-toronto-1.4630734. live.
  81. News: Brewster. Murray. G7 security ministers gathered in Toronto discuss 'soft targets' and online radicalization after van attack. April 24, 2018. CBC News. April 24, 2018. April 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180424130200/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/g7-toronto-van-attack-1.4632443. live.
  82. Web site: 2018-12-21. 2018 Public Report on the Terrorism Threat to Canada. 2020-06-16. www.publicsafety.gc.ca. May 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210519023505/https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/pblc-rprt-trrrsm-thrt-cnd-2018/index-en.aspx. live.
  83. News: Humphreys . Adrian . Toronto Danforth mass shooter's long dark obsession with death, violence and 'incel' ideology . National Post . June 21, 2019.
  84. Web site: Security Heighten Outside Air Canada Centre Prior Maple Leafs Game . 680news.com . News Staff . . April 23, 2018 . April 23, 2018 . April 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180424030413/http://www.680news.com/2018/04/23/security-heighten-outside-acc-prior-maple-leafs-game/ . live .
  85. Air Canada Centre and Maple Leaf Square, Traffic restrictions and security enhancements. April 23, 2018. torontopolice.on.ca. 52 Division, Toronto Police Service. Toronto Police Service. April 24, 2018. April 24, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180424032433/http://torontopolice.on.ca/newsreleases/40879. dead.
  86. Web site: Nielsen. Kevin. Maple Leafs hold moment of silence for victims of Toronto van attack. Global News. April 24, 2018. April 23, 2018. June 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622062115/https://globalnews.ca/news/4163036/maple-leafs-moment-of-silence-toronto-van-attack/. live.
  87. Web site: Wilson. Codi. New security measures in place for Blue Jays' home opener. cp24.com. CP24. May 4, 2018. March 29, 2018. May 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225426/https://www.cp24.com/sports/toronto-blue-jays-news/new-security-measures-in-place-for-blue-jays-home-opener-1.3863809. live.
  88. Web site: Blue Jays honour victims of deadly van attack with brief tribute. toronto.ctvnews.ca. CTV News Toronto. May 4, 2018. April 24, 2018. May 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180504225436/https://toronto.ctvnews.ca/blue-jays-honour-victims-of-deadly-van-attack-with-brief-tribute-1.3900722. live.
  89. Web site: Trudeau, Wynne react to Toronto van attack. CTV News. CTV News staff. April 23, 2018. April 23, 2018. June 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140054/https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/trudeau-wynne-react-to-toronto-van-incident-1.3898366. live.
  90. Web site: 'Nobody's seen anything like this': 10 dead, 15 injured in north Toronto van ramming attack. CBC News. 2018-04-23. 2021-03-03. July 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180701084216/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/pedestrians-struck-white-van-1.4631564. live.
  91. News: Kassam. Ashifa. Toronto police officer hailed as hero for arresting suspect without firing shot. April 26, 2018. The Guardian. April 26, 2018. April 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426011420/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/24/toronto-cananda-van-suspect-arrest. live.
  92. News: Burman. Dilshad. Pereia. Diana. Arresting officer in Toronto van attack doesn't want to be called a hero. April 26, 2018. City News. April 25, 2018. April 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425232846/http://toronto.citynews.ca/2018/04/25/ken-lam-doesnt-want-to-be-called-a-hero/. live.
  93. News: Madhani. Aamer. Toronto cop who arrested van attack suspect without firing a shot insists he's no hero. April 26, 2018. USA Today. April 26, 2018. April 26, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180426010340/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/04/25/toronto-van-attack-police-officer-ken-lam-hero/551588002/. live.
  94. News: Global News . Toronto sign dimmed, flags lowered to honour victims of deadly van attack . Mahem . Abadi . April 23, 2018 . April 24, 2018 . July 14, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180714130114/https://globalnews.ca/news/4162812/toronto-van-attack-flags-lowered-sign-dimmed/ . live .
  95. News: CityNews . Local resident starts memorial outside scene of van attack . April 23, 2018 . April 24, 2018 . April 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180424135541/http://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2018/04/23/local-resident-starts-memorial-outside-scene-of-van-attack/ . live .
  96. Web site: The day Yonge St. became a war zone: How the van rampage unfolded moment by moment . Brendan . Kennedy . Toronto Star . April 27, 2018 . April 30, 2018 . April 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180430115840/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/04/27/the-day-yonge-st-became-a-war-zone-how-the-van-rampage-unfolded-moment-by-moment.html . live .
  97. Web site: GoFundMe campaigns launch to raise funds for victims of Toronto van attack . dailyhive.com . DH Toronto staff . May 2, 2018 . May 3, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180503042658/http://dailyhive.com/vancouver/gofundme-campaigns-toronto-van-attack-2018 . live .
  98. News: Canadian Muslim charities lead fundraising for Toronto van attack victims. Saminather. Nichola. www.reuters.com. Reuters. April 26, 2018. April 27, 2018. April 27, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180427184344/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-canada-van-charities/canadian-muslim-charities-lead-fundraising-for-toronto-van-attack-victims-idUSKBN1HW281. live.
  99. News:
    1. TorontoStrong Fund raises more than $893,000 in first 48 hours
    . Alexandra. Jones. April 26, 2018. Toronto Star. April 27, 2018. April 28, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180428093439/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/04/26/torontostrong-fund-raises-more-than-700000-in-first-48-hours.html. live.
  100. News: Codi . Wilson . cp24.com . CP24 . City of Toronto to hold vigil for victims of van attack . April 25, 2018 . April 25, 2018 . April 25, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425190853/https://www.cp24.com/news/city-of-toronto-to-hold-vigil-for-victims-of-van-attack-1.3901202 . live .
  101. News: cp24.com . CP24 . Latest van attack victim identified as single mom originally from Sri Lanka . April 25, 2018 . Codi . Wilson . April 25, 2018 . April 25, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180425175648/https://www.cp24.com/news/latest-van-attack-victim-identified-as-single-mom-originally-from-sri-lanka-1.3901080 . live .
  102. Web site: 'It hasn't broken us' — #TorontoStrong vigil filled with messages of grief and resilience . Toronto Star . Jennifer . Pagliaro . Rachel . Mendleson . April 29, 2018 . April 30, 2018 . April 30, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180430175341/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2018/04/29/thousands-expected-to-attend-vigil-for-those-killed-and-injured-in-van-attack.html . live .
  103. Web site: Trudeau, Couillard join thousands in remembering victims at Toronto Vigil. April 29, 2018. CTV News Montreal. The Canadian Press. April 30, 2018. May 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180501092748/https://montreal.ctvnews.ca/trudeau-couillard-join-thousands-in-remembering-victims-at-toronto-vigil-1.3907168. live.
  104. News: Toronto plans permanent memorial for victims of deadly van attack . 7 June 2018 . The Globe and Mail . June 3, 2018 . June 6, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180606081852/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-toronto-plans-permanent-memorial-for-victims-of-deadly-van-attack/ . live .
    1. TorontoStrong Fund names former Mayor Barbara Hall as administrator
    . June 13, 2018. Andrea. Martinelli. City of Toronto. June 22, 2018. June 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180622022019/https://wx.toronto.ca/inter/it/newsrel.nsf/print/95E76DD2CACC92F4852582AB004D4D36?opendocument. dead.
    1. TorontoStrong Fund distributed to victims and families of Yonge Street van attack and the Danforth shooting
    . December 7, 2018. City of Toronto. toronto.ca. December 11, 2018. December 11, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181211165630/http://wx.toronto.ca/inter/it/newsrel.nsf/11476e3d3711f56e85256616006b891f/08efccfaf13d990b8525835c004ce708?OpenDocument. dead.
  107. Web site: Polytechnique massacre remembered in Montreal. CBC News. December 6, 2017. April 25, 2018. May 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180509113204/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/montreal-polytechnique-memorial-2017-1.4432979. live.

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