Tornado records explained

This article lists various tornado records. The most "extreme" tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State tornado, which spread through parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It is considered an F5 on the Fujita Scale, holds records for longest path length at 219miles and longest duration at about hours, and held the fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at 73mph anywhere on Earth until 2021. In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities.[1] It was also the second costliest tornado in history at the time, and when costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it still ranks third today.[2]

The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daulatpur–Saturia tornado in Bangladesh on April 26, 1989, which killed approximately 1,300 people.[3] In the history of Bangladesh, at least 19 tornadoes killed more than 100 people each, almost half of the total for the world. The most extensive tornado outbreak on record was the 2011 Super Outbreak, which resulted in 360 tornadoes and 324 tornadic fatalities,[4] whereas the 1974 Super Outbreak was the most intense tornado outbreak on tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis's outbreak intensity score with 578, as opposed to the 2011 outbreak's 378.[5]

Tornado outbreaks

Most tornadoes in a single 24-hour period

Outbreaks with 100+ tornadoes in a single 24-hour period
OutbreakYearCountryTornadoes in 24-hour spanOutbreak totalF2/EF2+F4/EF4+ Deaths
2011 Super Outbreak2011US, CAN216 (05:00 UTC April 27–28)
219 (05:40 UTC April 27–28)		360[6] 8615324
1974 Super Outbreak1974US, CAN148 (Duration of outbreak)148[7] 9630319
Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 20232023US136 (19:00 UTC March 31–April 1)146[8] 44127
2020 Easter tornado outbreak2020US132 (14:40 UTC April 12–13)141[9] 35332
December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak2021US120 (Duration of outbreak)120[10] 3300
Tornado outbreak of January 21–23, 19991999US116 (21:10 UTC January 21–22)128[11] 2319
1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak1981UK104 (Duration of outbreak)104[12] 200

The 2011 Super Outbreak was the largest tornado outbreak spawned by a single weather system in recorded history; it produced 360 tornadoes from April 25–28, with 216 of those in a single 24-hour period on April 27 from midnight to midnight CDT,[6] [13] fifteen of which were violent EF4–EF5 tornadoes. 348 deaths occurred in that outbreak, of which 324 were tornado related. The outbreak largely contributed to the record for most tornadoes in the month of April with 773 tornadoes, almost triple the prior record (267 in April 1974). The overall record for a single month was 542 in May 2003, which was also broken.[14]

The infamous 1974 Super Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974, which spawned 148 confirmed tornadoes across eastern North America, held the record for the most prolific tornado outbreak in terms of overall tornadoes for many years, and still holds the record for most violent, long-track tornadoes (7 F5 and 23 F4 tornadoes). More significant tornadoes occurred within 24 hours than any other day on record.[7] [15] Due to a secular trend in tornado reporting, the 2011 and 1974 tornado counts are not directly comparable.

Most violent tornadoes (F4/EF4 and F5/EF5) in an outbreak

Outbreaks with fifteen or more F4/EF4 and F5/EF5 tornadoes
OutbreakYearCountryF4/EF4F5/EF5 TotalDeaths
1974 Super Outbreak1974US, CAN23730319
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak1965US18018[16] 271
May–June 1917 tornado outbreak sequence1917US14115[17] 383
2011 Super Outbreak2011US, CAN11415324

Longest continuous outbreak and largest autumnal outbreak

Most tornado outbreaks in North America occur in the spring, but there is a secondary peak of tornado activity in the fall. It is historically less consistent from year to year but can include exceptionally large or intense outbreaks. In 1992, an estimated 95 tornadoes broke out in a record 41 hours of continuous tornado activity from November 21 to 23. This is also among the largest-known outbreaks in areal expanse. Many other very large outbreaks have occurred in autumn, especially in October and November, such as the 2002 Veterans Day weekend outbreak, in which 83 tornadoes occurred from November 9 to 11, and November 17, 2013, when 73 tornadoes were produced in 11 hours.[1]

Greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane

The greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane is 120 from Hurricane Ivan in September 2004, followed by Hurricane Beulah with 115 in September 1967, and 103 from Hurricane Frances in September 2004 (a couple weeks before Ivan).[18] Hurricanes prior to the 1990s, when tornado records were more sparse, perhaps produced more tornadoes than were officially documented.

Tornadoes annually and monthly

Most tornadoes for each calendar month

Highest confirmed number of tornadoes by month in United States!Month!January!February!March!April!May!June!July!August!September!October!November!December
Year199920082022201120031992199320042004202119922021
Total216[19] [20] 147234[21] 773542399[22] 242179297150161227[23]
Largest continuous tornado outbreak by month!Month!Event!Tornadoes
JanuaryTornado outbreak of January 21–23, 1999128
February2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak87
MarchTornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023146
April2011 Super Outbreak360
MayTornado outbreak sequence of May 2019402
JuneTornado outbreak of June 14–18, 1992170
JulySevere weather sequence of July 13–16, 202490
AugustHurricane Katrina tornado outbreak57
SeptemberHurricane Ivan tornado outbreak120
OctoberOctober 2010 North American storm complex69
NovemberTornado outbreak of November 22–24, 20041981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak104
DecemberDecember 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak120

Most tornadoes in a single year

On average, 1,200 tornadoes happen in a year in the United States. The most confirmed tornadoes in a single year was in 2004,[24] which had 1817 confirmed tornadoes. This was mostly boosted by a large tornado outbreak sequence in May 2004, where 509 tornadoes occurred. It also had help from a very active fall and winter tornado season.

Tornado casualties and damage

Deadliest single tornado in world history

See main article: List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths. Officially, on April 26, 1989 in Bangladesh, a large tornado took at least 1,300 lives.[25] In 2022, this tornado's death toll was challenged in a paper authored by Dr. Fahim Sufi with the Australian Government, Dr. Edris Alam with the University of Chittagong, and Dr. Musleh Alsulam, with the Umm al-Qura University, where it was stated the deadliest tornado in Bangladesh and subsequently world history was the April 14, 1969, Dhaka, Bangladesh tornado, which killed 922 people.[26]

Deadliest single tornado in US history

The Tri-State tornado of March 18, 1925, killed 695 people in Missouri (11), Illinois (613), and Indiana (71). The outbreak it occurred with was also the deadliest known tornado outbreak, with a combined death toll of 747 across the Mississippi River Valley.[27] [28]

Most intense tornado damage

The original Fujita scale, developed by Ted Fujita, has never been used to assign a final rating over F5 intensity; however, two tornadoes, the 1970 Lubbock tornado and 1974 Xenia tornado, were initially given F6 ratings by Fujita himself, but both were eventually downgraded to F5 ratings.[29] [30] The 1976 Jordan tornado was described by Fujita as the most intense tornado damage he had surveyed up to that point.[31]

A more recent example of extreme damage was at the Double Creek Estates of Jarrell, Texas; the 1997 Jarrell tornado stalled over the area at peak F5 intensity, destroying every home in the subdivision, and killing 27. Extreme ground scouring and high-end F5 damage was surveyed.[32] The 2008 Parkersburg tornado was reported by mayor Bob Haylock to have been so intense that a majority of the fatalities out of Parkersburg were from people taking shelter in basements underground.[33] The 2011 Philadelphia, Mississippi tornado caused extreme ground scouring across its path; up to of soil was removed from the environment, presumably from intense subvortices.[34]

Most damaging tornado

The 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado on May 27, incurred the most damages adjusted for inflation, with an estimated $5.36 billion (2022 USD). In raw numbers, the Joplin tornado of May 22, 2011, is considered the costliest tornado in recent history, with damage totals at $3.71 billion (2022 USD). Until April 2011, the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado of May 3, 1999, was the most costly, which was later surpassed by the 2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado, with a damage total of $3.18 billion (2022 USD).[35]

Lists of damage and fatality records

Largest and most powerful tornadoes

Highest winds observed in a tornado

Wind speed of 261mph or 116 m/s in tornadoes observed by radar, organized by the highest confirmed wind speed.
Official ratingDateLocationMinimum peak wind speedMaximum peak wind speedHighest confirmed peak wind speed
F5Bridge Creek, Oklahoma281mph321mph321mph
In 2007, Joshua Wurman along with other researchers, published that a Doppler on Wheels recorded 135m/s approximately 32m (105feet) above the radar level.[36] [37] In 2021, Wurman along with other researchers, revised the data using improved techniques and published that the Doppler on Wheels actually recorded 321mph in the tornado.[38]
EF3El Reno, Oklahoma291mph336mph313mph
A Doppler on Wheels recorded winds between 257- at or less than 100m (300feet) above the radar level in a suction vortex inside the tornado. This was later revised by the Doppler on Wheels team to 291-. In 2015, Howard Bluestein, along with other researchers, reported that the radar did capture at least a moment of winds of 313mph.[39]
EF4Greenfield, Iowa309mph318mph≥309mph
A Doppler on Wheels recorded winds of 263- approximately 30- above the radar level. Following calculations to more accurately determine peak wind speeds, it was published that ground-relative winds of 309- could be observed briefly to the immediate east of the main circulation.[40]
EF5Hinton, Oklahoma289mph296mph295.5mph
RaXPol recorded a wind gust of 124.8m/s about NaNm (-2,147,483,648feet) above the radar level.[41] However, this data was later revised to be 132.1m/s at 22order=flipNaNorder=flip above the radar level.[42]
F4Ceres, Oklahoma268mph280mph280mph
A University of Oklahoma chase team headed by Howard Bluestein utilized mobile doppler weather radar to analyze the tornado. The radar measured peak winds of 120– between 150- above the surface. At the time, this represented the strongest winds ever measured by radar, including the first measurements of F5 intensity winds.[43] [44]
EF2Goshen County, Wyoming271mph
A Doppler on Wheels observed the entire lifecycle of an EF2 tornado in Goshen County, Wyoming. The radar also observed a peak wind speed of 271mph at 15- above the ground level.[45]
F4Spencer, South Dakota234mph266mph264mph
A Doppler on Wheels recorded winds of 264mph "well below" 50m (160feet) above the ground level, "perhaps as low as 5m-10mm (16feet-30feetm) above the radar level".[46] The Doppler on Wheels also recorded a confirmed five-second wind speed average of 112m/s.
EF3Bennington, Kansas264mph
A Doppler on Wheels recorded winds of 264mph approximately 153feet above the ground level.[47]
F4Mulhall, Oklahoma246mph299mph257mph
A Doppler on Wheels documented the largest-ever-observed core flow circulation with a distance of NaN1600 between peak velocities on either side of the tornado, and a roughly NaN7 width of peak wind gusts exceeding NaN43, making the Mulhall tornado the largest tornado ever measured quantitatively.[48] The DOW measured a complex multi-vortex structure,[49] with several vortices containing winds of up to NaN115 rotating around the tornado. The 3D structure of the tornado has been analyzed in a 2005 article in the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences by Wen-Chau Lee and Joshua Wurman.[50] In 2024, it was published that the radar did measure winds of approximately 257mph approximately 30m (100feet) above the radar level.

During the F5 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado on May 3, 1999, in the southern Oklahoma City metro area, a Doppler on Wheels situated near the tornado measured winds of 301+/- momentarily in a small area inside the funnel approximately 100m (300feet) above ground level.[51] The measured winds in this tornado have been updated to 321mph

On May 31, 2013, a tornado hit rural areas near El Reno, Oklahoma. The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage; however, after mobile radar data analysis was conducted, it was concluded to have been an EF5 due to a measured wind speed of greater than 296mph, second only to the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado. Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of 302+/- well above ground level and ≥291mph below 10m (30feet) with some subvortices moving at 175mph.[52] These winds may possibly be as high or higher than the winds recorded on May 3, 1999. Despite the recorded windspeed, the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no EF5 damage was found, likely due to the lack of sufficient damage indicators in the largely-rural area west of Oklahoma City.[53] [54]

During the Greenfield, Iowa EF4 on May 21, 2024, Doppler on Wheels recorded wind speeds of NaNmph in a very small swath inside the funnel approximately NaNfeet above radar level as the tornado went through town. After doing some mathematical and physics-based calculations, the researchers determined those measured winds were equivalent to NaNmph. The calculated, not measured, minimum wind threshold as stated beats both the 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado and the 2013 El Reno, Oklahoma tornado for minimum possible maximum windspeed; however, the highest confirmed peak windspeeds are lower than the 1999 tornado.[55] [56]

Winds were measured at 262- using portable Doppler weather radar in the Red Rock, Oklahoma, tornado during the April 26, 1991, tornado outbreak in north-central Oklahoma. Though these winds are possibly indicative of F5 intensity, this particular tornado's path never encountered any significant structures and caused minimal damage, so it was rated F4.[57]

Wind speed of 300mph or above estimated in tornadoes, organized chronologically.
Accepted ratingDateLocationLow end peak wind estimateHigh end peak wind estimateMethodEstimating researcher / organizationRef
T11Woldegk, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Holy Roman Empire300mphDamage surveyESSL[58]
F5Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, United States>300mphDamage surveyNWS[59]
F4246mph336mphDynamic pressureGumulski[60]
F5Charles City, Iowa, United States200mph300mphDamage surveyNWS[61]
F5Xenia, Ohio, United States250mph305mphAcademic analysisFujita[62]
F5Goessel, Kansas, United States300mph350mphAcademic analysisFujita, Grazulis[63] [64]
F4Pampa, Texas, United States300mph>318mphPhotogrammetryGrazulis[65]

While never observed, these tornadoes are believed to have had winds of 300mph or above, which would make them among the strongest tornadoes in history. There is a questionable analysis of the 1917 Mattoon/Charleston tornado published in the Geographical Review in 1917 that stated the tornado had strong "inflowing wind, which probably exceeded ".[66] A 1968 Weather Bureau review of the 1968 Hansell-Charles City tornado found intense ground scouring, and initial estimates for wind speeds reached 528mph; these figures were revised down to NaNmph.

Longest damage path and duration

The longest-known track for a single tornado is the Tri-State tornado, occurring on March 18, 1925, with a path length of 151to. For years there was debate whether the originally-recognized path length of 219miles over 3.5 hours was from one tornado or a series. Some very long track (VLT) tornadoes were later determined to be successive tornadoes spawned by the same supercell thunderstorm, which are known as a tornado family. The Tri-State tornado, however, appeared to have no gaps in the damage. A six-year reanalysis study by a team of severe convective storm meteorologists found insufficient evidence to make firm conclusions but does conclude that it is likely that the beginning and ending of the path was resultant of separate tornadoes comprising a tornado family. It also found that the tornado began 15miles to the west and ended 1miles farther east than previously known, bringing the total path to 235miles. The 174miles segment from central Madison County, Missouri, to Pike County, Indiana, is likely one continuous tornado, and the 151miles segment from central Bollinger County, Missouri, to western Pike County, Indiana, is very likely a single continuous tornado. Another significant tornado was found about 65miles east-northeast of the end of aforementioned segment(s) of the Tri-State tornado family and is likely another member of the family. Its path length of 20miles over about 20 minutes makes the known tornado family path length total to 320miles over about hours.[67] Grazulis in 2001 wrote that the first 60miles of the (originally recognized) track is probably the result of two or more tornadoes and that a path length of 157miles was seemingly continuous.[68]

On March 22, 1953, a tornado touched down near Leesville, Louisiana at 21:00 UTC; the tornado continued into far-northwest Mississippi, before dissipating north of Leland, killing two and injuring 22. The tornado was rated F2 on the Fujita scale. It traveled for 234.7miles, making it possibly the longest tracked tornado in history, though it is likely that the path consisted of multiple different tornadoes as part of a tornado family.[69] [70]

Longest path and duration tornado family

What at one time was thought to be the record holder for the longest tornado path is now thought to be the longest tornado family, with a track of at least 293miles on May 26, 1917, from the Missouri border across Illinois into Indiana. It caused severe damage and mass casualties in Charleston and Mattoon, Illinois.[1]

What was probably the longest track supercell thunderstorm tracked 790miles across 6 states in 17.5 hours on March 12, 2006, as part of the March 2006 tornado outbreak sequence. It began in Noble County, Oklahoma, and ended in Jackson County, Michigan, producing many tornadoes in Missouri and Illinois.[71]

Largest path width

See main article: List of tornadoes by width. Officially, the widest tornado on record is the El Reno, Oklahoma tornado of May 31, 2013, with a width of 2.6miles at its peak. This is the width found by the National Weather Service based on preliminary data from University of Oklahoma RaXPol mobile radar that also sampled winds of 296mph, which was used to upgrade the tornado to EF5.[72] However, it was revealed that these winds did not impact any structures, and as a result the tornado was downgraded to EF3 based on damage.[73]

The F4 Hallam, Nebraska, tornado during the outbreak of May 22, 2004, was the previous official record holder for the widest tornado, surveyed at 2.5miles wide. A similar size tornado struck Edmonson, Texas on May 31, 1968, when a damage path width between 2miles3miles was recorded from an F3 tornado.[74] Another tornado with a similar width struck Maxton and Red Springs during the March 28, 1984, Carolina Tornado Outbreak; this tornado had a width of 2.5 miles wide at one point. Rated as F4, the tornado resulted in 3 fatalities and 280 injuries.[75] The EF4 Jiangsu tornado on June 23, 2016, also had a peak width of 4.1 km wide (2.5 miles).[76] [77]

On May 3, 1999, a Doppler On Wheels (DOW) mobile radar observed an F4 tornado as it crossed Mulhall during the 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak, which also produced the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado. The DOW documented the largest-ever-observed core flow circulation with a distance of NaN1600 between peak velocities on either side of the tornado, and a roughly NaN7 width of peak wind gusts exceeding NaN43, making the Mulhall tornado the largest tornado ever measured quantitatively.[48]

On April 21, 1946, a tornado struck the area in and around Timber Lake, South Dakota. The U.S. Weather Bureau published a paper in 1946 stating the width of this tornado was 4miles, which would make this the widest tornado ever documented in history. However, this is outside the period of reliable documentation accepted by the National Weather Service, which is 1950–present.[78]

On May 19, 2024, a large multiple-vortex tornado tracked over rural areas near Custer City, Oklahoma. While the tornado is believed to only have been about 1 mile wide, the maximum width of its tornadic windfield and accompanying damage was nearly, making it one of the largest recorded damage paths of any tornado.[79]

Smallest and shortest-lived damaging tornado

The smallest and shortest-lived tornado on record to produce surveyable damage was an EF1 tornado on the western side of Broken Bow, Nebraska on July 16, 2024. Spawned from an outflow-driven supercell, a very brief tornado, seen by a chaser and a surveillance camera, was recorded on the ground for only two seconds, having a listed maximum width of only 1yards and a listed path length of . Despite this, it was powerful enough to lift and throw a trailer into a nearby parked car.[80]

Highest forward speed

The highest accepted forward speed of an intense tornado on record was 73mph from the 1925 Tri-State tornado, occurring between the Illinois cities of Gorham and Murphysboro.[81] Other weak tornadoes have approached or exceeded this speed, but this is the fastest forward movement observed in a major tornado.[1] The 1977 Birmingham tornado had an average forward speed of 60mph,[82] as did the 2021 Western Kentucky tornado.[83]

The highest accepted average forward speed of a significant tornado occurred just west of Galt, Iowa, on December 15, 2021, with a forward speed of 88.65mph.[84] This tornado occurred during the December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak.

Greatest pressure drop

A pressure deficit of 100mb was observed when a violent tornado near Manchester, South Dakota on June 24, 2003, passed directly over an in-situ probe deployed by storm chasing researcher Tim Samaras.[85] In less than a minute, the pressure dropped to 850mb, which are the greatest pressure decline and the lowest pressure ever recorded at the Earth's surface when adjusted to sea level.[86] [87]

On April 21, 2007, a 194sigfig=3NaNsigfig=3 pressure deficit was reported when a tornado struck a storm chasing vehicle in Tulia, Texas.[88] The tornado caused EF2 damage as it passed through Tulia. The reported pressure drop far exceeds that which would be expected based on theoretical calculations.[89]

There is a questionable and unofficial citizen's barometer measurement of a 192sigfig=3NaNsigfig=3 drop around Minneapolis in 1904.[90]

Early tornadoes

Earliest-known tornado in Europe

Earliest-known tornado in the Americas

First confirmed tornado and first tornado fatality in present-day United States

Earliest-known tornado in Asia

First published scientific studies of a tornado

A few scientists in Europe,[101] the US, and elsewhere documented the occurrence of tornadoes in the late 18th and early-mid 19th centuries to try to discern patterns of distribution and sometimes with inferences about formative processes and dynamics.

For intensive studies of tornadoes, these are the earliest known publications:

Exceptional tornado droughts

Longest span without a tornado rated F5/EF5 in the United States

Spans without an official F5/EF5 of more than 3.5 years
Length in YearsLength in DaysStart of drought[108] End of drought
3.9211,431May 5, 1960April 3, 1964
4.9951,824April 4, 1977April 2, 1982
4.7861,747May 31, 1985March 13, 1990
4.0901,493June 16, 1992July 18, 1996
8.0032,923May 3, 1999May 4, 2007
++May 20, 2013Present

Before the Greensburg EF5 tornado on May 4, 2007, it had been eight years and one day since the United States had a confirmed F5/EF5 tornado. Prior to Greensburg, the last confirmed F5/EF5 had hit the southern Oklahoma City metro area and surrounding communities on May 3, 1999. This stretch was later surpassed by an ongoing drought which began on May 20, 2013; it is now the longest interval without an F5/EF5 tornado since official records began in 1950.

Years without tornado rated violent (F4/EF4+) in United States

2018 was the only year since official records began in 1950 that no tornado in the United States was rated in the violent class (F4/EF4+).[109]

Exceptional survivors

Longest distance carried by a tornado

Matt Suter of Fordland, Missouri holds the record for the longest-known distance traveled by anyone picked up by a tornado who survived the ordeal. On March 12, 2006, he was carried 1307feet, 13feet shy of NaNmiles, according to National Weather Service measurements.[110] [111]

While not officially reported as the longest distance, both the National Weather Service and tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis document that the 1976 Brownwood, Texas, F5 tornado picked up and threw two teenagers 1000yd, with both surviving.[112] [113] [114]

Exceptional coincidences

Codell, Kansas

The small town of Codell, Kansas, was hit by a tornado on the same date (May 20) three consecutive years: 1916, 1917, and 1918.[115] [116] The United States has about 100,000 thunderstorms per year; less than 1% produce a tornado. The odds of this coincidence occurring again are extremely small.

Tanner/Harvest, Alabama

Tanner, a small town in northern Alabama, was hit by an F5 tornado on April 3, 1974 and was struck again 45 minutes later by a second F5 (however, the rating is disputed and it may have been high-end F4), demolishing what remained of the town. Thirty-seven years later, on April 27, 2011 (the largest and deadliest outbreak since 1974), Tanner was hit yet again by the EF5 2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell tornado, which produced high-end EF4 damage in the southern portion of town. The suburban community of Harvest, Alabama, just to the northeast, also sustained major impacts from all three Tanner tornadoes, and was also hit by destructive tornadoes in 1995 and 2012.

Moore, Oklahoma

See also: List of tornadoes in Cleveland County, Oklahoma. The south Oklahoma City suburb of Moore, Oklahoma, was hit by violent tornadoes (which have ratings of at least F/EF4) in 1999, 2003, 2010, and 2013. The 1999 and 2013 events were rated F5 and EF5, respectively. In total, about 23 tornadoes have struck within the immediate vicinity of Moore since 1890, the most recent of which was an EF2 tornado on March 25, 2015.[117]

Dolores, Uruguay

The small town of Dolores, Uruguay, has been hit multiple times by intense tornadoes. On November 25, 1985, the city was hit by an intense tornado rated as an F3.[118] On December 8, 2012, 27 years later, another intense tornado occurred in the outskirts of the city. On April 15, 2016, an EF3 tornado destroyed large portions of the city.[119] [120]

Arabi, Louisiana

On March 22, 2022, an EF3 tornado struck Arabi, Louisiana, a census-designated place in the New Orleans metropolitan area. On December 14 of that year, another tornado, rated EF2, affected many of the same areas, with the two tornado tracks overlapping in parts of Terrytown and Arabi.[121]

Chaffee, Kelso and Illmo, Missouri

On April 30, 1940, two separate tornadoes, less than two hours apart, struck the communities of Chaffee, Kelso and Illmo, Missouri.[1] Thomas P. Grazulis rated both tornadoes F2 on the Fujita scale and both tornadoes killed one person near Kelso.[1]

La Plata, Maryland

La Plata is a town in Charles County, Maryland, well outside the climatologically favored area for tornadoes, let alone violent ones. Despite that, it has been struck several times.

On November 9, 1926, it was struck by a high-end F3 to F4 tornado that killed 13 school children and 4 townspeople and injured some 65 others.[122] [123]

67 years later on July 27, 1994, it was struck again by two nonfatal twisters only 11 minutes apart. The first of them was rated F2 on the Fujita scale, which is already uncommon for that area.

On April 28, 2002, La Plata was struck by another violent and extremely fast-moving F4 tornado that had a preliminary rating of F5, which for a small period of time made it the easternmost F5 tornado in the United States. Not only that, but shortly before the F4 passed through downtown La Plata, eyewitness accounts indicated that a second F2 tornado formed one-quarter of a mile south of the primary one. Between 7:02 and 7:07 p.m., both tornadoes crossed through the heart of La Plata, devastating the town. [124]

The most recent tornado to have struck the town was an EF1 on February 25th, 2017.

Barnsley, Kentucky

The unincorportated community of Barnsley, Kentucky was hit twice by intense tornadoes less than three years apart from each other. The violent 2021 Western Kentucky tornado hit the community, destroying numerous homes, and in 2024, the city was struck again by an EF3 tornado that impacted many of the same areas. Certain areas in Barnsley were affected by both tornadoes.[125]

Shreveport, Louisiana

A lesser-known tornadic-activity hotspot is in Shreveport and neighbouring Bossier City, Louisiana; downtown Shreveport has been hit multiple times by powerful tornadoes, including in February 1912 (rated F3),[126] April 1964 (rated F3),[127] April 1978 (rated F2),[128] December 1978 (rated F4),[129] April 2000 (rated F1),[130] April 2009 (rated EF2),[131] October 2009 (rated EF2),[132] and April 2018 (rated EF1).[133]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Grazulis, Thomas P. . Thomas P. Grazulis . Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events . July 1993 . The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . St. Johnsbury, VT . 1-879362-03-1 .
  2. Web site: Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999. 2007-02-28. Brooks. Harold E.. Doswell, Charles A III. September 2000. 2007-02-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20070208202421/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/users/brooks/public_html/damage/tdam1.html. live.
  3. Web site: The April 2004 Tornado in North-Central Bangladesh: A Case for Introducing Tornado Forecasting and Warning Systems. 2006-08-17. Paul, Bhuiyan. 2004. 2006-08-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20060823090940/http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/qr/qr169/qr169.pdf. dead.
  4. Web site: Tornado Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974; Synoptic Analysis. 2007-03-02. Hoxit, Lee R. Chappell, Charles F. October 1975. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009-09-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20090913165432/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/1999/april/TornOut.pdf. live.
  5. Book: Grazulis . Thomas P. . Thomas P. Grazulis . Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022 . 2023 . The Tornado Project . . 978-1-879362-01-7.
  6. Web site: National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. January 8, 2022. Storm Events Database: April 25–28, 2011. January 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108160830/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=(C)+Tornado&beginDate_mm=04&beginDate_dd=25&beginDate_yyyy=2011&endDate_mm=04&endDate_dd=28&endDate_yyyy=2011&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999,ALL. live.
  7. Web site: National Centers for Environmental Information. 1974. January 8, 2022. Storm Events Database: April 3–4, 1974. January 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108160829/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=(C)+Tornado&beginDate_mm=04&beginDate_dd=03&beginDate_yyyy=1974&endDate_mm=04&endDate_dd=04&endDate_yyyy=1974&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999,ALL. live.
  8. Web site: March 31 - April 1, 2023 Tornadoes & Severe Storms . National Weather Service . 29 March 2024 . 2 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240402211032/https://www.weather.gov/lot/2023_03_31_SevereStorms . live .
  9. Web site: National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. January 8, 2022. Storm Events Database: April 12–13, 2020. January 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220108160833/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=(C)+Tornado&beginDate_mm=04&beginDate_dd=12&beginDate_yyyy=2020&endDate_mm=04&endDate_dd=13&endDate_yyyy=2020&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999,ALL. live.
  10. Web site: National Centers for Environmental Information. 2021. January 8, 2022. NWS Damage Assessment Toolkit. April 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200423095631/https://apps.dat.noaa.gov/stormdamage/damageviewer/. live.
  11. Web site: National Centers for Environmental Information. 1999. January 8, 2023. Storm Events Database: January 21-22, 1999. January 8, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230108161818/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=(C)+Tornado&beginDate_mm=01&beginDate_dd=21&beginDate_yyyy=1999&endDate_mm=01&endDate_dd=23&endDate_yyyy=1999&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999,ALL. live.
  12. Web site: European Severe Weather Database. www.eswd.eu. 2022-01-08. 2020-05-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20200512020909/https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi. live.
  13. Web site: Tornado: Largest Tornado Outbreak. World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona State University. 2013-09-10. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130926235427/http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak. 2013-09-26.
  14. Web site: April 2011 tornado information. NOAA. 2011-05-03. 2011-05-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20110511082657/http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/april_2011_tornado_information.html. live.
  15. Russell . Schneider . H.E. Brooks . J.T. Schaefer . Tornado Outbreak Day Sequences: historic events and climatology (1875–2003) . 22nd Conf Severe Local Storms . . October 2004 . Hyannis, MA . 2007-06-02 . 2011-06-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110609163511/http://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81933.htm . live .
  16. Web site: April 11th 1965 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak . Storm Prediction Center . 23 April 2023 . 4 April 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150404011605/https://www.weather.gov/iwx/1965_palmsunday_50 . live .
  17. Web site: The Mattoon-Charleston Tornado Disaster of May 26, 1917 . Storm Prediction Center . 23 April 2023 . 18 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230418175651/https://www.weather.gov/ilx/26may1917 . live .
  18. Edwards. Roger. Roger Edwards (meteorologist). Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes: A Review of Knowledge in Research and Prediction. e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 2012. 7. 6. 3. 2013-05-22. 10.55599/ejssm.v7i6.42. free. 2013-05-10. https://web.archive.org/web/20130510042401/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/edwards/ejssmtct.pdf. live.
  19. Keli Tarp (December 27, 1999). "1999 tornado summary ". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
  20. Web site: Center . Storm Prediction . NOAA's NWS Storm Prediction Center Forecast Tools . 2022-12-01 . www.spc.noaa.gov . EN-US . 2022-11-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221129222913/https://www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/online/monthly/newm.html . live .
  21. "2022 generated most March tornadoes on record in U.S. " Washington Post. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  22. Web site: 2020-01-30 . Tornado History Project: 1992 . 2022-12-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200130220520/http://www.tornadohistoryproject.com/tornado/1992/table . 2020-01-30 .
  23. Web site: December U.S. Tornado Record Smashed by Two Outbreaks in Five Days; New State Record For Iowa . 2022-12-01 . The Weather Channel . en-US . 2021-12-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211221215558/https://weather.com/safety/tornado/news/2021-12-21-december-tornadoes-record-outbreaks . live .
  24. Web site: U.S. Annual Tornado Maps (1952-2011) . 2023-01-09 . SPC . 2023-01-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230109184735/https://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/annualtornadomaps/2004.png . live .
  25. Web site: Grazulis . Tom . Thomas P. Grazulis . Tornadoes in Bangladesh . Worldwide Tornadoes . The Tornado Project . 2000 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm . 2012-09-19 .
  26. Fahim Sufi . Edris Alam . Musleh Alsulami . Ishizaka . Alessio . A New Decision Support System for Analyzing Factors of Tornado Related Deaths in Bangladesh . Sustainability . 22 May 2022 . 14 . 10 . 6303 . 10.3390/su14106303 . 12 August 2023 . Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute . English . free . 9 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230909162342/https://www.academia.edu/84087463 . live .
  27. Web site: NOAA/NWS 1925 Tri-State Tornado Web Site—Startling Statistics. National Weather Service. June 17, 2019. March 20, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160320194752/https://www.weather.gov/pah/1925Tornado_ss. live.
  28. Web site: Tri-State Tornado Facts. factsjustforkids.com. June 17, 2019. June 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190617205052/https://www.factsjustforkids.com/weather-facts/tornado-facts-for-kids/tornado-history/1925-tri-state-tornado.html. live.
  29. Roger Edwards (SPC) . Matthew S. Elliott (SPC) . Patrick T. Marsh (SPC . Douglas A. Speheger (NWS) . Errors, Oddities and Artifacts in U.S. Tornado Data, 1995–2021 . Storm Prediction Center Publications . 1–10 . 11 January 2023 . 11 January 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230111015141/https://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/edwards/oddities.pdf . live .
  30. Web site: Jumbo Tornado Outbreak of 3 April 1974 . Fujita . T. Theodore . Ted Fujita . 1974 . 23 June 2024 . 1 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201001234232/https://www.weather.gov/media/ohx/PDF/fujita_april31974.pdf . live .
  31. Revisiting the 1976 Jordan Iowa F5 tornado: A case of subtle forcing with extreme sensitivity of WRF simulations to initial conditions . William A. . Gallus Jr. . 7 November 2012 . 26th Conference on Severe Local Storms . .
  32. Web site: Twenty Years On: A Look Back at the Jarrell Tornado Catastrophe . . 26 May 2017 . 24 June 2024 . 17 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231117174410/https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/twenty-years-look-back-jarrell-tornado-catastrophe . live .
  33. Web site: Iowa town measures the loss after deadly tornado . . 27 May 2008 . 24 June 2024 . 24 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240624195120/https://www.fosters.com/story/news/2008/05/27/iowa-town-measures-loss-after/52398834007/ . live .
  34. Kevin R. Knupp . etal . . . July 2014 . Meteorological Overview of the Devastating 27 April 2011 Tornado Outbreak . 95 . 7 . 1041–1062 . 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00229.1 . 2014BAMS...95.1041K . 22335326 .
  35. Brooks . Harold E. . Harold E. Brooks . Charles A. Doswell III . Normalized Damage from Major Tornadoes in the United States: 1890–1999 . . 16 . 1 . 168–176 . . February 2001 . 10.1175/1520-0434(2001)016<0168:NDFMTI>2.0.CO;2 . 2001WtFor..16..168B . free .
  36. 10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31. Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 88. 1. 31–46. 2007. Wurman. Joshua. Alexander. Curtis. Robinson. Paul. Richardson. Yvette. 2007BAMS...88...31W. free.
  37. Lyza . Anthony W. . Flournoy . Matthew D. . Alford . A. Addison . Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation . . 19 March 2024 . -1 . aop . 10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1 . 19 March 2024 . . 28 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240428005058/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/aop/MWR-D-23-0242.1/MWR-D-23-0242.1.xml . live .
  38. Wurman . Joshua . Kosiba . Karen . Pereira . Brian . Robinson . Paul . Frambach . Andrew . Gilliland . Alycia . White . Trevor . Aikins . Josh . Trapp . Robert J. . Nesbitt . Stephen . Hanshaw . Maiana N. . Lutz . Jon . The Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . August 2021 . 102 . 8 . E1499–E1525 . 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0285.1 . 2021BAMS..102E1499W . 25 June 2024 . 30 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240430051554/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/102/8/BAMS-D-20-0285.1.xml . live .
  39. Bluestein . Howard B. . Snyder . Jeffrey C. . Houser . Jana B. . 2015-06-01 . A Multiscale Overview of the El Reno, Oklahoma, Tornadic Supercell of 31 May 2013 . Weather and Forecasting . EN . 30 . 3 . 525–552 . 10.1175/WAF-D-14-00152.1 . 2015WtFor..30..525B . 1520-0434 . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240612065047/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/wefo/30/3/waf-d-14-00152_1.xml . live . free .
  40. Web site: Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM) statement concerning preliminary peak wind speed determinations based on Doppler On Wheels (DOW) data obtained in the Greenfield, Iowa tornado of 21 May 2024 . . 24 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240624040232/http://publish.illinois.edu/dowfacility-upgrade/files/2024/06/best-greenfield-windspeed-note-2024-0623bp2.pdf . 24 June 2024 . . 23 June 2024 . live.
  41. Houser . Jana Lesak . Bluestein . Howard B. . Snyder . Jeffrey C. . 2016-11-01 . A Finescale Radar Examination of the Tornadic Debris Signature and Weak-Echo Reflectivity Band Associated with a Large, Violent Tornado . Monthly Weather Review . EN . 144 . 11 . 4101–4130 . 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0408.1 . 1520-0493 . free . 2016MWRv..144.4101H .
  42. Snyder . Jeffrey C. . Bluestein . Howard B. . 2014-08-01 . Some Considerations for the Use of High-Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination . Weather and Forecasting . EN . 29 . 4 . 799–827 . 10.1175/WAF-D-14-00026.1 . 1520-0434 . free . 2014WtFor..29..799S .
  43. Howard Bluestein. James Ladue. Herbert Stein. Douglas Speheger. Wesley Unruh. Doppler Radar Wind Spectra of Supercell Tornadoes. Monthly Weather Review. 121. 8. August 1, 1993. April 25, 2022. 2,200–2,222. 10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2200:DRWSOS>2.0.CO;2 . 1993MWRv..121.2200B . free.
  44. Book: Grazulis. Thomas P.. The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm. registration. 2001a. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman. 978-0-8061-3538-0. 109.
  45. Kosiba . Karen . Wurman . Joshua . Richardson . Yvette . Markowski . Paul . Robinson . Paul . Marquis . James . Genesis of the Goshen County, Wyoming, Tornado on 5 June 2009 during VORTEX2 . . 1 April 2013 . 141 . 4 . 1157–1181 . 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00056.1 . 25 June 2024 . . 2013MWRv..141.1157K . 25 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240625055520/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/141/4/mwr-d-12-00056.1.xml . live . free .
  46. Wurman . Joshua . Alexander . Curtis R. . The 30 May 1998 Spencer, South Dakota, Storm. Part II: Comparison of Observed Damage and Radar-Derived Winds in the Tornadoes . Monthly Weather Review . 1 January 2005 . 133 . 1 . 97–119 . 10.1175/MWR-2856.1 . 2005MWRv..133...97W . 25 June 2024 . 18 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240118015929/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/133/1/mwr-2856.1.xml . live . free .
  47. Wurman . Joshua . Kosiba . Karen . Robinson . Paul . Marshall . Tim . 2014-01-01 . The Role of Multiple-Vortex Tornado Structure in Causing Storm Researcher Fatalities . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . EN . 95 . 1 . 31–45 . 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00221.1. free . 2014BAMS...95...31W .
  48. Wurman . Joshua . C. Alexander. P. Robinson. Y. Richardson . Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas . . 88 . 1 . 31–46 . . January 2007 . 10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31 . 2007BAMS...88...31W . free .
  49. Wurman . Joshua . Joshua Wurman . The Multiple-Vortex Structure of a Tornado . Weather Forecast. . 17 . 3 . 473–505 . June 2002 . 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0473:TMVSOA>2.0.CO;2 . 1520-0434 . 2002WtFor..17..473W. free .
  50. Lee . Wen-Chau . J. Wurman . Diagnosed Three-Dimensional Axisymmetric Structure of the Mulhall Tornado on 3 May 1999 . J. Atmos. Sci. . 62 . 7 . 2373–93 . July 2005 . 10.1175/JAS3489.1 . 2005JAtS...62.2373L . free . 25 June 2024 . 18 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220818044251/https://zenodo.org/record/1234581 . live .
  51. Web site: Wurman . Joshua . Joshua Wurman . 2007 . Doppler On Wheels . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102124/http://www.cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm . 2011-07-19 . Center for Severe Weather Research.
  52. Snyder, Jeff . Bluestein, H. B. . 2014 . Some Considerations for the Use of High-Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination . Weather Forecast. . 29 . 4 . 799–827 . 2014WtFor..29..799S . 10.1175/WAF-D-14-00026.1 . 122669043 . free . 2019-06-27 . 2020-09-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200906161038/https://zenodo.org/record/1234617 . live .
  53. News: Samenow . Jason . June 4, 2013 . Deadly El Reno, Okla. tornado was widest ever measured on Earth, had nearly 300 mph winds . The Washington Post . September 17, 2017 . May 9, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150509032931/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-weather-gang/wp/2013/06/04/deadly-el-reno-okla-tornado-was-widest-ever-measured-on-earth-had-nearly-300-mph-winds/ . live .
  54. News: Wright . Celine . June 4, 2013 . Discovery Channel to air special for fallen 'Storm Chasers' . Los Angeles Times . June 5, 2013 . December 25, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131225014237/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/showtracker/la-et-st-discovery-channel-to-host-special-for-storm-chasers20130604,0,3911911.story . live .
  55. Web site: Wurman . Joshua . Joshua Wurman . Kosiba . Karen . 22 June 2024 . As the 2024 #BEST field season ends, a glimpse into the data collection during the Greenfield, IA tornado. Peak wind speeds as high as 309-318 mph were calculated in a narrow region 100-160 feet ARL. These are among the highest wind speeds ever determined using DOW data. . 22 June 2024 . (Formerly Twitter) . . . . 22 May 2024 . https://archive.today/20240522183736/https://x.com/DOWFacility/status/1793317945294094337 . live .
  56. Web site: 23 June 2024 . Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets (FARM) statement concerning preliminary peak wind speed determinations based on Doppler On Wheels (DOW) data obtained in the Greenfield, Iowa tornado of 21 May 2024 . Illinois edu . 23 June 2024 . 24 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240624040232/http://publish.illinois.edu/dowfacility-upgrade/files/2024/06/best-greenfield-windspeed-note-2024-0623bp2.pdf . live .
  57. Bluestein . Howard B. . Howard B. Bluestein . J.G. Ladue . H. Stein . D. Speheger . W.P. Unruh . Doppler Radar Wind Spectra of Supercell Tornadoes . . 121 . 8 . 2200–22 . . August 1993 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<2200:DRWSOS>2.0.CO;2 . 1993MWRv..121.2200B . free .
  58. Web site: June 29, 1764 German F5/T11 Tornado . European Severe Storms Laboratory . 20 June 2023 . 5 December 2022.
  59. Web site: NOAA/NWS 1925 Tri-State Tornado Web Site--Startling Statistics . . 24 June 2024 . 20 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160320194752/https://www.weather.gov/pah/1925Tornado_ss . live .
  60. . Deadly Tornadoes in Poland from 1820 to 2015 . Mateusz . Taszarek . Jakub . Gromadzki . 2017 . 145 . 4 . 1221–1243 . 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0146.1 . 2017MWRv..145.1221T . free .
  61. Web site: US Department of Commerce . NOAA . Photos of the May 15, 1968 Northeast Iowa Tornadoes . 2024-08-01 . www.weather.gov . EN-US.
  62. Web site: ·New evidence from April 3-4, 1974 tornadoes . T. Theodore . Fujita . Ted Fujita . October 1975 . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240628161915/https://swco-ir.tdl.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/1ab979c1-c049-4ca9-bd16-d409e3757ae8/content . live .
  63. Web site: The Fort Scott Tribune - Google News Archive Search . 2023-02-16 . news.google.com . 2023-02-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230217060957/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1906&dat=19900410&id=b_4fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Bv8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5148,4487056 . live .
  64. Book: Thomas P. Grazulis. Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991. July 1993. The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. St. Johnsbury, Vermont. 1-879362-03-1.
  65. Book: F5-F6 Tornadoes . Thomas P. . Grazulis . Thomas P. Grazulis . 2001 . 8 . Tornado Project, St. Johnsbury, VT .
  66. . 4 . 10.2307/207291 . August 1917 . J. P. Carey . The Central Illinois Tornado of May 26, 1917 . 2 . 122–130 . 207291 . 1917GeoRv...4..122C .
  67. Johns . Robert H. . Robert H. Johns . D. W. Burgess . C. A. Doswell III . M. S. Gilmore . J. A. Hart . S. F. Piltz . The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System . e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology . 8 . 2 . 2013 . 2014-04-02 . 2013-06-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130615230624/http://www.ejssm.org/ojs/index.php/ejssm/issue/view/44 . live .
  68. Book: Grazulis, Thomas P. . Thomas P. Grazulis . The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm . University of Oklahoma Press . 2001 . Norman, OK . registration . 0-8061-3258-2 .
  69. Web site: Tornado Archive Data Explorer – Tornado Archive . 2024-02-21 . en-US . 2024-02-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240222023047/https://tornadoarchive.com/home/tornado-archive-data-explorer/ . live .
  70. Web site: Stewart . Steve W. . 2019-12-18 . NWS determines deadly tornado was a 400 yard-wide EF-3, 2nd longest in LA history . 2024-02-21 . KJAS.COM . en . 2024-02-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240221101623/https://www.kjas.com/news/local_news/article_958f3fd0-21bd-11ea-8aaa-bfd45f40c4e3.html . live .
  71. Jason T. . Martinelli . A detailed analysis of an extremely long-tracked supercell . Preprints of the 33rd Conference on Radar Meteorology . American Meteorological Society and Australian Bureau of Meteorology Research Centre . August 2007 . Cairns, Australia . 2007-06-02 . 2007-09-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231051/http://ams.confex.com/ams/33Radar/techprogram/paper_123052.htm . live .
  72. Web site: The May 31-June 1, 2013 Tornado and Flash Flooding Event . National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma . https://web.archive.org/web/20130708005949/http://www.srh.noaa.gov/oun/?n=events-20130531 . 8 July 2013 . dead.
  73. Web site: Event Details. National Climatic Data Center. 1 October 2013. 28 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130928090455/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=453682. live.
  74. Web site: May 1968 Storm Data . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110503214406/http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/IPS/sd/sd.html . May 3, 2011 .
  75. Web site: US Department of Commerce . NOAA . Carolinas Tornado Outbreak: March 28, 1984 . 2023-05-04 . www.weather.gov . EN-US . 2023-05-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230504092933/https://www.weather.gov/ilm/CarolinasOutbreak . live .
  76. Web site: Figure 1. Location and pathway of the Funing tornado, 23 June 2016. (A).. 2 July 2023. 2 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230702191939/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Location-and-pathway-of-the-Funing-tornado-23-June-2016-A-Location-of-Funing-county_fig3_320313500. live.
  77. Web site: The Deadliest Tornado (EF4) in the Past 40 Years in China . 2023-07-02 . 2023-04-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230422125635/https://twister.caps.ou.edu/papers/MengEtal_WAF2018.pdf . live .
  78. Monthly Weather Review . 1 April 1946 . 74 . 4 . 73 . 10.1175/1520-0493(1946)074<0073:SLSFA>2.0.CO;2 . free . Severe Local Storms for April 1946 . 1946MWRv...74...73. .
  79. Web site: The May 19, 2024 Severe Weather Event . . 21 May 2024 .
  80. Web site: NWS DAMAGE SURVEY FOR JULY 16, 2024 CUSTER COUNTY WIND AND TORNADO EVENT . 18 July 2024 . National Weather Service North Platte, Nebraska .
  81. Web site: NOAA/NWS 1925 Tri-State Tornado Web Site--Startling Statistics . . 27 June 2024 . 20 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160320194752/https://www.weather.gov/pah/1925Tornado_ss . live .
  82. Web site: Grazulis. Thomas P.. Grazulis. Doris. 1998. Other Disastrous Birmingham Area Tornadoes. The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. St. Johnsbury, Vermont. https://web.archive.org/web/20110603234750/http://www.tornadoproject.com/past/othralts.htm . 3 June 2011. 5 July 2024 .
  83. Marshall . Timothy . Damage Survey of the Mayfield, KY Tornado: 10 December 2021 . 30th Conference of Severe Local Storms . January 2022 . 17 November 2022 . 13 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230213085034/https://www.academia.edu/90132303 . live .
  84. Web site: Storm Event Database 2021-12-15 18:19 CST-6 . National Centers for Environmental Information . 8 January 2023 . 2023-01-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230108015837/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=993708 . live .
  85. Julian J. . Lee . T. P. Samaras . C. R. Young . Pressure Measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado . 22nd Conf Severe Local Storms . American Meteorological Society . October 2004 . Hyannis, Massachusetts . 2007-06-23 . 2011-06-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110609164901/http://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81700.htm . live .
  86. Web site: World: Lowest Sea Level Air Pressure (excluding tornadoes) . World Weather / Climate Extremes Archive . Arizona State University . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071112001042/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-lowest-sea-level-air-pressure-excluding-tornadoes . 2007-11-12 .
  87. Cerveny . Randall S. . J. Lawrimore . R. Edwards . C. Landsea . Extreme Weather Records: Compilation, Adjudication, and Publication . Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. . 88 . 6 . 853–60 . 2007 . 10.1175/BAMS-88-6-853 . 2007BAMS...88..853C . free .
  88. Blair . Scott F. . D.R. Deroche . A.E. Pietrycha . In Situ Observations of the 21 April 2007 Tulia, Texas Tornado . . 3 . 3 . 1–27 . 2008 . 10.55599/ejssm.v3i3.16. free .
  89. Lee. Wen-Chau. Wurman. Joshua. July 2005. Diagnosed Three-Dimensional Axisymmetric Structure of the Mulhall Tornado on 3 May 1999. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 62. 7. 2373–2393. 10.1175/JAS3489.1. free. 2005JAtS...62.2373L.
  90. Tim M. . Samaras . Timothy M. Samaras . A historical perspective of In-Situ observations within Tornado Cores . Preprints of the 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms . . October 2004 . Hyannis, MA . 2007-06-03 . 2011-01-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110115081005/http://ams.confex.com/ams/11aram22sls/techprogram/paper_81153.htm . live .
  91. Dr. R. Hennig, Katalog bemerkenswerter Witterungsereignisse. Berlin 1904; Originalquellen: Aventinus (Turmair), Johannes (gest. 1534): Annales Boiorum. Mit Nachtrag. Leipzig 1710; Annales Fuldenses, Chronik des Klosters Fulda. Bei Marquard Freher: Germanicarum rerum scriptores ua Frankfurt aM 1600–1611)
  92. Web site: Tornadoliste Deutschland . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181211010300/https://tornadoliste.de/788 . 2018-12-11.
  93. Web site: TORRO – British & European Tornado Extremes. www.torro.org.uk. 2019-05-08. 2015-08-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20150802020732/http://www.torro.org.uk/site/whirlwind_info.php. dead.
  94. Fuentes . Oscar Velasco . The Earliest Documented Tornado in the Americas: Tlatelolco, August 1521 . . 91 . 11 . 1515–23 . November 2010 . 10.1175/2010BAMS2874.1. 2010BAMS...91.1515F . free .
  95. Book: Grazulis, Thomas P. . Thomas P. Grazulis . The Tornado: Nature's Ultimate Windstorm . registration . . 2001 . Norman, OK . 0-8061-3258-2 .
  96. News: Erck. Amy. Answers archive: Tornado history, climatology. USA Today Weather. USA Today. 9 July 2012. December 26, 2005. 20 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120420001509/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/watorhty.htm. live.
  97. Web site: Baker. Tim. Tornado History. tornadochaser.net. 9 July 2012. 8 July 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120708090515/http://www.tornadochaser.net/history.html. live.
  98. Web site: 方丈記第二段. Hōjōki Section Two. ja. Yamanashi Prefectural University. 2024-06-28. 2023-05-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20230528230052/http://www2.yamanashi-ken.ac.jp/~itoyo/hojoki/hojoki2.htm. live.
  99. 災害に対する日本人のメンタリティ. ja. The Mentality of the Japanese towards Disasters. Ōba. Hirokazu. 2005. 36. 58–69. 危険と管理. Japan Risk Management Society. 10.32300/jarms.0.36_58. 2024-06-28. 2024-06-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20240628161913/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jarms/36/0/36_58/_pdf/-char/ja. live.
  100. Web site: Cal1888. 2021-05-19. 2021-04-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20210418154450/http://bangladeshtornadoes.org/climo/calc1888.html. live.
  101. Antonescu . Bogdan . D. M. Schultz . F. Lomas . T. Kühne . Tornadoes in Europe: synthesis of the observational datasets . Mon. Wea. Rev. . 144 . 8 . 2445–2480 . 2016 . 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0298.1 . 2016MWRv..144.2445A . free .
  102. Web site: 'Umständliche und zuverläßige Beschreibung des Orcans, welcher den 29ten Jun. 1764 einen Strich von etlichen Meilen im Stargardischen Kreise des Herzogthums Mecklenburg gewaltig verwüstet hat' - Digitalisat MDZ . 2022-12-12 . www.digitale-sammlungen.de . 2022-12-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221212210644/https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11110409?page=5 . live .
  103. Web site: European Severe Weather Database . 2022-12-12 . eswd.eu . 2020-08-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200815123540/https://eswd.eu/cgi-bin/eswd.cgi . live .
  104. Beck . Lewis C. . Note on the New Brunswick Tornado, or Water Spout of 1835 . American Journal of Science and Arts . 36 . 115–118 . July 1839 .
  105. Redfield . W. C. . Whirling Action of the New Brunswick Tornado . American Railroad Journal . 12 . 345–352 . June 1841 .
  106. Book: Peltier, Athanase . Météorologie: Observations et recherches expérimentales sur les causes qui concourent à la formation des trombes . H. Cousin . Paris . 1840 . 457395666 . fr .
  107. De . S. . A. K. Sahai . Was the earliest documented account of tornado dynamics published by an Indian scientist in an Indian journal? . Weather . 2019 . 75 . 4 . 120–123 . 10.1002/wea.3485 . 149888981 .
  108. Web site: F5 and EF5 Tornadoes of the United States . Storm Prediction Center . 8 September 2020 . 12 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230912012525/https://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f5torns.html . live .
  109. News: Livingston . Ian . 2018 will be the first year with no violent tornadoes in the United States . The Washington Post . December 26, 2018 . February 11, 2019 . February 12, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011223/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2018/12/26/will-be-first-year-with-no-violent-tornadoes-united-states/ . live .
  110. News: March 22, 2006 . Mo. Teen Survives Tornado, Confronts Media Storm . USA Today . Associated Press . dead . May 25, 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080316221045/https://www.usatoday.com/weather/storms/2006-03-22-tornado-survivor_x.htm . March 16, 2008.
  111. News: Forbes . Greg . March 20, 2006 . HE SURVIVED A RIDE IN A TORNADO! . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121023050804/http://www.weather.com/blog/weather/8_8982.html?from=blog_permalink_mainindex&ref=%2Fblog%2Fweather%2F&loc=interstitialskip . October 23, 2012.
  112. . . . Potter . Thomas D. . Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena . Storm Data . April 1976 . 18 . 4 . 14 . . English.
  113. Book: Grazulis . Thomas P. . Significant Tornadoes 1680–1991 . July 1993 . The Tornado Project of Environmental Films . St. Johnsbury, VT . 978-1-879362-03-1 . 578.
  114. Web site: National Climatic Data Center . National Centers for Environmental Information . Texas Event Report: F5 Tornado (Brown County) . Storm Event Database . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 22 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230922035027/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=10129516 . 22 September 2023 . English . live.
  115. Web site: Tornado Climatology . A Severe Weather Primer: Questions and Answers about Tornadoes . 2007-03-09 . 2012-03-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120320044359/http://www.nssl.noaa.gov/primer/tornado/tor_climatology.html . dead .
  116. http://www.tornadofacts.net/tornado-fun-facts.php Fun Tornado Facts
  117. Web site: Moore, Oklahoma Tornadoes (1890–Present) . National Weather Service Norman Oklahoma . 2019 . 2019-03-06 . 2019-03-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190307112444/https://www.weather.gov/oun/tornadodata-city-ok-moore . live .
  118. Web site: A 35 años del tornado que destruyó buena parte de Dolores. 2023-11-07. 2023-11-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107020015/https://www.entrelineas.info/articulo/1066/29628/a-35-anos-del-tornado-que-destruyo-buena-parte-de-dolores. live.
  119. News: Deadly tornado rips through Uruguay town. BBC News. 2023-11-07. 2023-11-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107020014/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-latin-america-36065602. live.
  120. Web site: Tornado de Dolores tuvo velocidad de 251 a 330 km/Hora Portal Universidad de la República. 2023-11-07. 2021-12-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20211206142510/http://www.universidad.edu.uy/prensa/renderItem/itemId/38803. live.
  121. News: Lucie . Devon . December 14, 2022 . Comparison: Arabi tornado took eerily similar path to storm earlier this year . en . . December 16, 2022 . December 15, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221215074029/https://www.wdsu.com/article/arabi-tornado-paths-compared/42248796 . live .
  122. News: The Washington Post, tornadoes in La Plata. . .
  123. Web site: 1926 Tornado La Plata . 28 April 2022 . 28 April 2024 . 28 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240628161923/https://wtop.com/maryland/2022/04/20-years-after-deadly-tornado-la-plata-set-to-commemorate-tragedy-recovery/ . live .
  124. Web site: La Plata MD F4 Tornado - 20 Years Later . 2024-04-28 . 2023-12-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231219020004/http://www.weather.gov/lwx/events_20020428 . live .
  125. Web site: Kentucky families struggling after being hit for a second time by a tornado in the same locations . . 28 May 2024 . 26 June 2024 . 11 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240611123046/https://apnews.com/article/kentucky-tornado-severe-weather-b8fd3a678e00fc09ea303c72d7b9d9ad . live .
  126. Web site: This Day in Weather History: February 20th . National Weather Service Aberdeen, South Dakota . 22 July 2024 .
  127. Web site: Storm Events Database . .
  128. Web site: Storm Events Database . .
  129. Web site: Edwards . Roger . Roger Edwards (meteorologist) . J. Schaefer . Downtown Tornadoes . . 2006-03-28 . 2006-02-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060215154556/http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/downtown.html . live .
  130. Web site: Storm Events Database . .
  131. Web site: Storm Events Database . .
  132. Web site: Storm Events Database . .
  133. Web site: Storm Events Database . .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Tornado records".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.