Tornado outbreak of November 16–18, 2015 explained

Tornado outbreak of November 16–18, 2015
Type:Tornado outbreak
Active: –
Tornadoes:61
Fujitascale:EF3
Tornado Duration:2 days, 1 hour, 19 minutes
Highest Winds:Tornadic – 155mph near Kismet, Kansas and Pampa, Texas on November 16
Straight-line - 99mph near Red Rock, Oklahoma on November 17
Hail:2inches in diameter in multiple locations
Power Outages:>47,000[1]
Total Fatalities:0 fatalities, 1 injury
Damages:>$1.832 million (2015 USD)[2]
Affected:Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mississippi, Georgia
Enhanced:yes

The Tornado outbreak of November 16–18, 2015 was a highly unusual nocturnal late-season tornado outbreak that significantly impacted the lower Great Plains on November 16 before producing additional weaker tornadoes across parts of the Southern United States the following two days. The first day of the outbreak spawned multiple strong, long-track tornadoes, including two consecutive EF3 tornadoes that caused major damage near Pampa, Texas. Overall, the outbreak produced 61 tornadoes in all, and was described as by the National Weather Service office in Dodge City, Kansas as being "unprecedented in recorded history for southwest Kansas" given the magnitude and the late season.[3] In addition, the tornado outbreak brought the first November tornadoes into northwest Kansas, and the first strong tornadoes in the Texas Panhandle in November, as well as the further west any F3/EF3 tornadoes touched down this late in the calendar year.[4] Despite spawning multiple strong tornadoes after dark, no fatalities and only one minor injury occurred as a result of the outbreak.

Meteorological synopsis

An intense mid-level trough moved from the desert Southwest United States into the south-central High Plains, and low-level flow brought moisture from the Gulf of Mexico into the region, allowing dew points to reach the 50s and low 60s. Strong wind shear supported supercell thunderstorm development.[5]

Confirmed tornadoes

November 16 event

EF#! scope="col" style="width:7%; text-align:center;" class="unsortable"
LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthDamageSummary
EF0S of UlyssesGrantKS2154–21550.13miles25ydA storm chaser reported a brief tornado that caused no damage.[6]
EF0ENE of Garden City to WSW of EminenceFinneyKS2314–23204.6abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA storm chaser reported a tornado that caused no damage.[7]
EF0SE of GrinnellGoveKS2320–23242.72abbr=onNaNabbr=on25abbr=onNaNabbr=onA trained storm spotter reported a tornado that caused no damage.[8]
EF0WSW of GrainfieldGoveKS2330–23321.83abbr=onNaNabbr=on25abbr=onNaNabbr=onLaw enforcement reported a tornado that caused no damage.[9]
EF1Grainfield to E of HoxieGove, SheridanKS2334–000318.47abbr=onNaNabbr=on300abbr=onNaNabbr=onTornado struck the town of Grainfield, where numerous trees, power lines, and grain bins were damaged. A wood structure sustained damage, an abandoned house had its roof ripped off, and a quonset building was destroyed. A small shop, windows, and sheds were destroyed, and a second home sustained minor damage.[10] [11]
EF3NE of Liberal to NE of MontezumaSeward, Meade， GrayKS2338–005651.26abbr=onNaNabbr=on2000abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis large, long-tracked wedge tornado destroyed a mobile home and snapped power poles near the beginning of its path. The tornado reached its maximum intensity (mid-range EF3) as it passed west of Kismet, where a farmstead was heavily damaged, trees were partially debarked and denuded, a well-built metal hog containment building was obliterated, and a heavy steel oil tank was tossed. The tornado weakened to EF2 strength as it passed near Plains, snapping miles of power poles, destroying outbuildings, and flipping irrigation pivots. One of the irrigation pivots had one of its wheels ripped off and thrown. EF1 damage to power poles, trees, and irrigation pivots was noted northwest of Meade. The tornado re-strengthened to EF2 intensity as it passed between Montezuma and Ensign, tearing the entire roof off of a frame home, destroying outbuildings, and snapping power poles before it dissipated to the northeast of Montezuma.[12] [13] [14]
EF0WSW of GoodnightArmstrongTX2344−23450.4abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onStorm chasers observed a brief tornado that caused no damage.[15] [16]
EF0NNE of SkellytownRobertsTX2344−23450.11abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA storm chaser observed a brief tornado that caused no visible damage.[17]
EF2S of Alamota to W of Ness CityLane, NessKS2356–002016.52abbr=onNaNabbr=on1500abbr=onNaNabbr=onA large wedge tornado caused substantial damage to a farm, trees, power lines, and fences.[18] [19]
EF1SE of SpearmanRobertsTX0005–00150.26abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado occurred in a very rural area of northwestern Roberts County, causing a windmill to collapse. A witness stated that a funnel was visible for about 10 minutes and the tornado tracked 4miles5miles.[20]
EF0WNW of GroomCarsonTX0009–00100.22abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onStorm chasers reported a brief tornado touchdown just west of Groom, causing no visible damage.[21]
EF1NE of Plains to N of MisslerMeadeKS0019–00306.33abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onThis was a satellite tornado to the long-track EF3 tornado above. A house, some outbuildings, and irrigation pivots sprinklers were damaged.[22]
EF3NNE of Groom to WNW of MiamiGray, RobertsTX0020–012031.86abbr=onNaNabbr=on750abbr=onNaNabbr=onLarge wedge tornado began south of Pampa, snapping numerous power poles at EF2 strength. As the tornado passed east of town, EF3 damage occurred as trees were denuded and partially debarked, a well-anchored double-wide mobile home was completely swept away with little debris recovered, and heavy farm equipment along with a 2-ton truck were thrown 150 yards over a barn. EF3 damage continued as the tornado crossed into Roberts County, debarking trees, toppling metal high-tension truss towers, and causing some ground scouring as it passed through open fields. Several power poles were snapped to the west of Miami before the tornado dissipated.[23] [24] [25]
EF1NNW of Ness CityNessKS0027–00393.93abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onTrees, vehicles, power lines, and buildings sustained damage. A historic 115-year-old stone and frame barn was destroyed.[26]
EF1LenoraNortonKS0036–00486abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onTornado moved directly through Lenora, where windows and garage doors were damaged or blown out. An aluminum door was folded and mangled, outbuildings sustained minor damage, and trees were blown through windows. A Nex-Tech building had its roof ripped off.[27]
EF2Carson, GrayTX0042–005510.42abbr=onNaNabbr=on175abbr=onNaNabbr=onStrong tornado completely destroyed a well-built metal frame outbuilding. A home had its windows broken and roof decking material removed, with the roof uplifted. Large pieces of wood were embedded in the roof. A large truck was moved 50yd.[28] [29]
EF0SSE of PerrytonOchiltreeTX0044–00503.66abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onAn emergency manager reported a brief tornado. Little to no damage was observed.[30]
EF2E of SeminoleGainesTX0046–00565.57abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onPower poles, irrigation pivot equipment, and a cotton field were damaged. EF2 damage was inflicted to a well service rig.[31]
EF1ESE of Perryton to SW of BookerOchiltreeTX0052–00595.78abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onTrees, a barbed wire fence, and the roof to a barn sustained damage from this tornado. Three power poles were broken as well.[32]
EF2S of Ensign to E of CimarronGray, FordKS0055–011914.94abbr=onNaNabbr=on500abbr=onNaNabbr=onA well-built metal frame outbuilding was heavily damaged, with its metal supports severely twisted and bent as a result of this large wedge tornado. Numerous power poles were snapped, large trees were uprooted, irrigation pivots were flipped, and three homes sustained roof and window damage.[33] [34]
EF1WSW of Booker, TX to S of Elmwood, OKOchiltree (TX), Beaver (OK)TX, OK0100–01085.18abbr=onNaNabbr=on400abbr=onNaNabbr=onFence and tree damage was observed near the Texas–Oklahoma state line, and multiple power flashes were observed just west of the town of Booker.[35] [36]
EF0S of OgallahTregoKS0106–01091.66abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onTrees were uprooted and tree limbs were snapped.[37]
EF3E of PampaGrayTX0106–011910.92abbr=onNaNabbr=on500abbr=onNaNabbr=onLarge cone tornado began south of Pampa, snapping tree trunks and destroying a manufactured home at EF2 intensity. Farm equipment was moved and damaged and fences were downed southeast of town before the tornado reached EF3 strength, completely flattening multiple large metal frame industrial buildings at a chemical plant complex just east of town. Several vehicles were thrown into the rubble and damaged, trees were snapped, and a manufactured home at the edge of the circulation sustained minor damage as well. Further to the northeast the tornado weakened to EF2 strength as it snapped multiple power poles and completely destroyed an outbuilding before dissipating. The destruction of the chemical plant resulted in a significant gas and chemical leak, prompting Hazmat response.[38]
EF1NE of NortonNortonKS0110–01163.85abbr=onNaNabbr=on400abbr=onNaNabbr=onTwelve electrical poles were downed, a flagpole was bent in half, a trailer house and outbuildings were damaged, and a radio station lost its ability to broadcast.[39]
EF0S of BeaverBeaverOK0110–01184.22abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onStorm chasers observed a tornado that caused no known damage.[40]
EF1NE of Pampa to NNW of MiamiGray, RobertsTX0122–014416abbr=onNaNabbr=on300abbr=onNaNabbr=onTornado paralleled and crossed the path of the first Pampa EF3 tornado and was produced by the same supercell which produced the second Pampa EF3 tornado. Damage was confined to wooden power poles broken in Roberts County.[41] [42]
EF1NW of Almena to E of HollingerNorton, FurnasKS, NE0124–015718.45abbr=onNaNabbr=on400abbr=onNaNabbr=onTrees, power poles, signs, outbuildings, fences, windmills, and small farm machinery were damaged. The western side roof covering was ripped from a barn, and several grain carts on the property were moved.[43] [44]
EF0NE of BorgerHutchinsonTX0143–01440.56abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA storm chaser observed a brief tornado that touched down over open country, causing no damage.[45]
EF0N of Miami to SW of CanadianRoberts, HemphillTX0145–01557.21abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onTornado remained over open country, causing no damage.[46] [47]
EF0WNW of PanhandlePotterTX0158–01590.38abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado was reported in an open field in rural eastern Potter County, causing no damage.[48]
EF0W of WaKeeneyTregoKS0219–02200.8abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onA machine shed was destroyed and bales of feed were moved.[49]
EF1NW of Glazier, TX to SSW of May, OKHemphill (TX), Lipscomb (TX), Ellis (OK)TX, OK0220–031343.03abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onOne home sustained roof damage, sheet metal debris from an outbuilding was scattered across a field, and some small power poles were snapped. Oil field equipment and fences were damaged, and multiple trees and tree limbs were snapped along the path as well. Trees and power lines were damaged after the tornado crossed into Oklahoma.[50] [51] [52] [53]
EF1SSE of Farnsworth to SSE of PerrytonOchiltreeTX0226–025114.59abbr=onNaNabbr=on70abbr=onNaNabbr=onPower poles, fences, and a few oil equipment sheds were damaged along the path.
EF0SSE of BookerLipscombTX0259–03074.69abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado was observed in a rural area. Little or no damage occurred due to a lack of structures.[54]
EF2SSE of May to NE of SelmanEllis, HarperOK0318–035127.2abbr=onNaNabbr=on400abbr=onNaNabbr=onA home was damaged, sheds were destroyed, outbuildings were heavily damaged, power poles were broken, and trees were damaged along the path.[55] [56] [57]
EF1NNE of Darrouzett, TX to N of LoganBeaverOK0324–03378.93abbr=onNaNabbr=on500abbr=onNaNabbr=onSeveral barns and outbuildings were destroyed, and additional homes sustained minimal damage. Numerous power poles and trees were snapped.[58]
EF1NW of Freedom, OK to SE of Coldwater, KSWoods (OK), Comanche (KS)OK, KS0409–043819.33abbr=onNaNabbr=on810abbr=onNaNabbr=onAn old home sustained major damage, and buildings at an oil field were destroyed. Trees were snapped, significant tree damage occurred, and farm implements and outbuildings were damaged or destroyed as well.[59] [60]
EF1E of ColdwaterComancheKS0438–04475.31abbr=onNaNabbr=on460abbr=onNaNabbr=onA 0.25miles stretch of power poles were downed. Large branches were broken off trees.[61]

November 17 event

EF#! scope="col" width="7%" align="center" class="unsortable"
LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthDamageSummary
EF0SE of KellerTarrantTX0928–09290.9abbr=onNaNabbr=on30abbr=onNaNabbr=onApproximately 10 homes sustained minor roof damage, and several trees were downed.[62]
EF1SSE of Corinth to NNE of Lake DallasDentonTX0944–09483.07abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onSeveral homes sustained minor roof damage, a few homes had their garage doors destroyed, a car wash suffered severe damage, several business signs were damaged or destroyed, and a hotel sustained significant roof damage.[63]
EF1E of College StationGrimesTX1053–11049.25abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onNumerous large trees were snapped or uprooted. Two trailers were thrown and destroyed, numerous barns, outbuildings, and mobile homes suffered severe damage, and tin and lumber debris were tossed over 0.5miles.[64]
EF1E of ChecotahMcIntoshOK1143–11484.7abbr=onNaNabbr=on300abbr=onNaNabbr=onA number of outbuildings and a chicken house were destroyed, the roofs of several homes were damaged, trees were snapped or uprooted, and power lines were downed.[65]
EF1SE of EdwardsHindsMS0333–03351.9abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onSeveral trees were snapped or uprooted.[66]

November 18 event

EF#! scope="col" width="7%" align="center" class="unsortable"
LocationCounty / ParishStateStart Coord.Time (UTC)Path lengthMax widthDamageSummary
EF1NNE of Pelahatchie to NNE of ForkvilleRankin, ScottMS0540–05508.73abbr=onNaNabbr=on440abbr=onNaNabbr=onNumerous trees were downed or uprooted. A mobile home was rolled and destroyed. Some tin was removed from the roof of a home, and a shed sustained some damage. An old, unused chicken house was heavily damaged.[67] [68] [69]
EF1NNW of ForkvilleScottMS0547–05512.98abbr=onNaNabbr=on250abbr=onNaNabbr=onMultiple trees were snapped or uprooted.[70]
EF1S of LenaScottMS0555–05593.54abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onMultiple trees were snapped or uprooted, and a couple trees and limbs were downed.[71]
EF1SE of CarthageLeakeMS0605–06147.27abbr=onNaNabbr=on400abbr=onNaNabbr=onA chicken house had parts of its roof taken off, and several power lines and numerous trees were downed.
EF0E of LenaLeakeMS0605–06060.46abbr=onNaNabbr=on75abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief, weak tornado damaged a few trees.[72]
EF1E of Carthage to NW of EdinburgLeakeMS0614–06248.11abbr=onNaNabbr=on500abbr=onNaNabbr=onAn outbuilding was destroyed, power lines were downed, and numerous trees were snapped and uprooted.[73]
EF1NE of Midway to SE of ZamaLeake, NeshobaMS0621–06317.35abbr=onNaNabbr=on250abbr=onNaNabbr=onDozens of pine trees were damaged along the path.[74] [75]
EF1ESE of ZamaLeake, Neshoba, WinstonMS0630–06343.02abbr=onNaNabbr=on300abbr=onNaNabbr=onPart of a roof was torn off of a house, with roofing debris thrown into the highway, and trees were snapped and uprooted.[76] [77]
EF1NE of ZamaWinstonMS0641–06432.21abbr=onNaNabbr=on300abbr=onNaNabbr=onNumerous trees were snapped and uprooted.[78]
EF1SW of HighpointWinstonMS0645–06491.69abbr=onNaNabbr=on150abbr=onNaNabbr=onNumerous trees were snapped and uprooted, one of which landed on a home.[79]
EF0E of Algoma to SSW of EndvillePontotocMS0706–07189.16abbr=onNaNabbr=on250abbr=onNaNabbr=onA storage building and outbuildings were damaged, and trees were damaged along the path, one of which fell on a house.[80]
EF0NW of Wells to E of Kolola SpringsLowndesMS0953–09562.2abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado uprooted a few trees and broke off several large limbs.[81]
EF0WaltonFL1735–17360.01abbr=onNaNabbr=on25abbr=onNaNabbr=onA brief tornado touched down on Eglin Air Force Base property and displaced magnolia tree branches roughly 200yd.[82]
EF0WaltonFL1805–18070.07abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onThe public reported a brief tornado touchdown north of Eglin Air Force Base property, causing no damage.[83]
EF1WSW of PalmettoCowetaGA2148–21490.19abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onTornado moved through a subdivision, snapping small trees and damaging five homes. One of the homes had its front porch and a section of its roof lifted off, with the debris being thrown nearly 50yd away. Fences were blown down and 4 by 4 beams were snapped near their bases as well.[84] [85]
EF1Northern FairburnFultonGA2159–22032.64abbr=onNaNabbr=on200abbr=onNaNabbr=onNear the beginning of the path, goal posts and bleachers sustained minor damage at Creekside High School. The tornado moved through residential areas of Fairburn, snapping and uprooting numerous large trees and causing minor structural damage to several homes. Some of the trees landed on homes and caused significant damage. A small, unsecured shed was torn apart as well. One minor injury occurred when a tree fell on a car near a country club.[86]
EF0SE of TuckerDeKalbGA2247–22480.12abbr=onNaNabbr=on100abbr=onNaNabbr=onTwo locations sustained structural damage from a brief tornado. The north-facing front wall was ripped apart at one location in the area, and the roof and metal siding of another location were partially peeled back. Additionally, two pine trees were uprooted.[87]
EF0GadsdenFL2305–23132.67abbr=onNaNabbr=on50abbr=onNaNabbr=onA tornado tracked across a rural area and blew down a tree.[88]

Non-tornadic effects

A significant winter storm occurred on the backend of the tornado outbreak. On November 17, whiteout conditions forced 174miles of I-70 to close, from the intersection with E-470 to Goodland, Kansas. A 55miles stretch of I-25 was also closed across southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. The storm also brought flight cancellations at Denver International Airport, where 4inches of snow fell.[89] Up to 6inches of snow fell in western Oklahoma on November 18 after the tornado outbreak.[90] The storm was unofficially named Winter Storm Ajax by The Weather Channel.[91]

Notes and References

  1. https://weather.com/travel/commuter-conditions/news/severe-weather-central-southern-plains-tornado-impacts Tornado Outbreak Spawns Twisters in Four States; Flooding Also Reported
  2. https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/listevents.jsp?eventType=%28C%29+Tornado&beginDate_mm=11&beginDate_dd=16&beginDate_yyyy=2015&endDate_mm=11&endDate_dd=18&endDate_yyyy=2015&hailfilter=0.00&tornfilter=0&windfilter=000&sort=DT&submitbutton=Search&statefips=-999%2CALL Tornado Reports: November 16-18, 2015
  3. Web site: November 16, 2015 Tornado Outbreak  - Damage Survey Results and Images . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230108225900/https://www.weather.gov/ddc/TornadoOutbreak2015Nov16 . January 8, 2023 . February 22, 2023 . National Weather Service, Dodge City, Kansas . NOAA.
  4. https://www.ustornadoes.com/2015/11/17/november-2015-high-plains-tornado-outbreak-was-rare-and-historic-for-the-region/amp/ November 2015 High Plains tornado outbreak was rare and historic for the region
  5. Web site: November 16, 2015 Tornado Outbreak . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221117000123/https://www.weather.gov/ama/nov16tornadooutbreak . November 17, 2022 . February 22, 2023 . National Weather Service, Amarillo, Texas . NOAA.
  6. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 27, 2016.
  7. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 27, 2016.
  8. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Goodland, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 27, 2016.
  9. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Goodland, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 27, 2016.
  10. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Goodland, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 27, 2016.
  11. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Goodland, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 27, 2016.
  12. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  13. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  14. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  15. Web site: ArcGIS Web Application.
  16. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 2, 2016.
  17. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 2, 2016.
  18. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  19. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  20. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 2, 2016.
  21. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 2, 2016.
  22. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 29, 2016.
  23. News: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas . NWS Damage Survey for 11/16/15 Tornado Event . https://web.archive.org/web/20160308011854/http://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSAMA&e=201512121512 . Iowa Environmental Mesonet . December 12, 2015 . March 8, 2016 . March 4, 2016 . dead .
  24. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 2, 2016.
  25. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 2, 2016.
  26. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 29, 2016.
  27. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Goodland, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  28. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 2, 2016.
  29. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 2, 2016.
  30. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 14, 2016.
  31. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Midland, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  32. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 14, 2016.
  33. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 29, 2016.
  34. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 29, 2016.
  35. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 14, 2016.
  36. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  37. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 29, 2016.
  38. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 2, 2016.
  39. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Goodland, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 29, 2016.
  40. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  41. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 14, 2016.
  42. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 14, 2016.
  43. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Goodland, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 29, 2016.
  44. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Goodland, Kansas. Nebraska Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 29, 2016.
  45. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 2, 2016.
  46. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  47. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 28, 2016.
  48. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 14, 2016.
  49. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Dodge City, Kansas. Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. February 29, 2016.
  50. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman, Oklahoma. 2015 Oklahoma Tornadoes. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2015. March 3, 2016.
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  52. Web site: National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas. Texas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Climatic Data Center. 2015. April 14, 2016.
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  89. https://weather.com/storms/winter/news/winter-storm-ajax-snow-plains-rockies-denver-november-2015 Winter Storm Ajax, the First Named Winter Storm of the Season, Brings Blizzard Conditions to High Plains
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