| Tombulu | |
| Nativename: | Minahasa |
| Region: | northern Sulawesi |
| States: | Indonesia |
| Speakers: | 60,000 |
| Date: | 1981 |
| Ref: | e18 |
| Familycolor: | Austronesian |
| Fam2: | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Fam3: | Philippine |
| Fam4: | Minahasan |
| Fam5: | North |
| Fam6: | Northeast |
| Script: | Latin Malesung (historical) |
| Iso3: | tom |
| Glotto: | tomb1243 |
| Glottorefname: | Tombulu |
Tombulu, also known as Minahasan language, is an Austronesian language of northern Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is a Minahasan language, a sub-group of the Philippine languages.
It is a local language of the Minahasa people spoken in the city of Tomohon and in the villages under the Kota Tomohon administration such as Rurukan, Pinaras, Kumelembuai, Woloan, and Tara-Tara. It is also spoken in the villages under the administration of the Minahasa Regency in the Tombulu district, Tombariri district, Mandolang district, Pineleng district, and two villages in the Sonder district, namely Rambunan and Sawangan.
Below are the list of villages that historically speaks bahasa Tombulu:
Kota Tomohon
Minahasa Regency
(Pineleng District)
(Tombulu District)
(Mandolang District)
(Tombariri District)
(Sonder District)
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
| Lateral | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Trill | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Open | pronounced as /link/ |
The Tombulu language is unique among the Minahasan languages in its pronunciation of the letter . In the other four Minahasan languages the letter is pronounced as is, but in Tombulu it is pronounced like the of the English language.
For example:, meaning 'white', would be pronounced as .
| English | Tombulu |
|---|---|
| Yes | |
| No | |
| North | |
| South | |
| West | |
| East | |
| Hand | |
| Head | |
| Ear | |
| Eye | |
| Stomach | |
| Feet | |
| Grandma | |
| Grandfather | |
| Mom | |
| Dad | |
| Me | |
| You | |
| We | |
| They | |
| Him, her | |
| Friend | |
| Beautiful | |
| Female | |
| Male | |
| Kids | |
| Female teacher | |
| Male teacher | |
| Bad | |
| Good | |
| Water | |
| Shower | |
| Drink | |
| School | |
| Going to school | |
| Give | |
| Hungry | |
| Full (Stomach Full) | |
| Eat | |
| Breakfast | |
| Fish | |
| Good morning | |
| Good day | |
| When | |
| Where | |
| Who | |
| Go | |
| Stop | |
| Sit down | |
| Stand | |
| Walk | |
| Walking | |
| Let's go | |
| Until then | |
| Because | |
| But | |
| Or | |
| Although | |
| Very | |
| Yesterday | |
| Today | |
| Tonight | |
| Tomorrow | |
| Face (Menghadap) | |
| Sleep | |
| Sleeping | |
| Falling Asleep | |
| Have slept | |
| Rise | |
| Ascend | |
| Descend | |
| Left | |
| Right | |
| God | |
| Holy Spirit | |
| 1 | Esa | 11 | Mapulu wo Esa | 20 | Zua nga pulu | 100 | Maatus | 1000 | Mariwu |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Zua | 12 | Mapulu wo Zua | 21 | Zua nga pulu wo Esa | 200 | Zua nga'atus | 2000 | Zua nga'riwu |
| 3 | Tellu | ||||||||
| 4 | Epat | ||||||||
| 5 | Lima | ||||||||
| 6 | Enem | ||||||||
| 7 | Pitu | ||||||||
| 8 | Wallu | ||||||||
| 9 | Siou | ||||||||
| 10 | Mapulu | ||||||||
| English | Tombulu |
|---|---|
| 3479 | |
| How are you? | |
| What's your name? | |
| Where are you going? | |
| What are you doing? | |
| Where are you from? | |
| Who is he/she? | |
| See you tomorrow | |
| How much? | |
| Can I have some? | |
| The drinks are not here | |
| Thank you | |
| I love you | |
| God of The Highest | |
| God Almighty | |
The Tombulu language is in critical need of revitalization. It is not being spoken as a first language in highly populated areas such as Tomohon, Pineleng, and Tanawangko. Traditionally Tombulu-speaking villages such as Woloan, Tara-Tara, Lolah, and Lemoh are not so today. The Board of Education of the Indonesian government has not offered any help either to the Tombulu language or any other local languages that are in decline. It is responsible for the removal of the from the daily curriculum of all grade schools across the nation in the past few years., if available, is a daily class which most provinces in Indonesia use to teach the new generations the local languages.
Tombulu is still spoken in villages such as Kayawu, Rurukan, Kumelembuai, Pinaras, Suluan, Kembes, Tombuluan, Rumengkor, Kali, Tondangow, Sawangan, and Rambunan all the way to the children. One Sunday on every month, Tombulu language is used in sermon in its local churches.
At the beginning of 2013, an Indonesian-Tombulu dictionary was first released. A New Testament version of the Bible in Tombulu language was released in November 2018.[3]