Timex Sinclair Explained

Timex Sinclair
Logo Alt:	Timex Sinclair wordmark
Type:	Joint venture
Industry:	Home Computer
Fate:	Dissolved
Hq Location City:	Waterbury, Connecticut
Hq Location Country:	United States
Owners:	Sinclair Research, Timex Corporation

Timex Sinclair was a joint venture established in December 1982^{[1] [2]} between the British company Sinclair Research and Timex Corporation in an effort to gain an entry into the rapidly growing early-1980s home computer market in North America.^[3]

History

The choice of partnership was natural, as Timex was already the main contractor for manufacture of Sinclair's ZX81 and ZX Spectrum computers at its Scottish plant in Dundee.^[3]

Due to large demand another manufacturer was needed, so Timex Portugal (TMX Portugal Lda, a Portuguese Timex subsidiary^[4]), with skilled and relatively cheap labor force,^[4] took on the production of models to be exported to the U.S..^[5]

Timex Portugal sold the Timex Sinclair (ex: T/S 2068) models in Portugal and Poland under the Timex Computer (ex: TC 2068)^[6] brand. In order to market Timex Sinclair products in the United States, Timex Corporation created a subsidiary named "Timex Computer Corporation", and sold machines under the brand Timex Sinclair.^{[7] [1]}

Timex Sinclair ended as Timex Corporation withdrew from the U.S. home computer market in January 1984 but Timex Portugal continued to manufacture, sell and develop hardware in Portugal and Poland for another ten years, with some machines also being sold in Canada and Argentina (see Czerweny computers). A 1986 report mentions that 800.000 systems, between TC 2048, TC 2068 and FDD3000, were sold to Poland.^[8]

Overall, Timex Sinclair machines were nowhere near as successful as their UK progenitors; in contrast with the ZX Spectrum, which was the best-selling computer in Britain at the time, the T/S 2068 was a relative failure, partly due to Timex Corporation leaving the computer business shortly after its introduction.^[9]

Products

The T/S 1000 was introduced in July 1982,^[2] with Timex Sinclair touting it as the first home computer to cost under $100 in the U.S. market.^[10] In spite of the flaws in the early versions, 550,000 units were sold by the end of the year.^[11]

In 1983, about 100,000 units were sold in Canada, and 400,000 in the US, with the price dropping to $49.95.^[11] A new computer was announced in May. Named T/S 2000, it was based on the ZX Spectrum,^[12] and would come in with 16 or 48K RAM versions, costing $150 or $200. The 16K version was cancelled, and the 48K version was released as T/S 2068.^[13]

Two new computers were introduced that same year, the T/S 1500 and T/S 2068.^[14] Both were more expensive ($79^[15] and $199 respectively) and with low sales.^[11]

Released computers

Timex Sinclair released four computers, all of them based (to some extent) on Sinclair Research's existing machines. In chronological order:

• T/S 1000, introduced in July 1982 and essentially a modified ZX81 with 2 KB RAM.
• T/S 1500, introduced in August 1983, it was a T/S 1000 with 16 KiB RAM and a ZX Spectrum-like case and keyboard.^[16]
• T/S 2068 (TC 2068), released in November 1983, was a ZX Spectrum-based machine with enhancements, namely a cartridge port to make it compete with video game consoles, which resulted in poor compatibility with software developed for the original. Based on the T/S 2000 prototype. It was marketed under the Timex Computer brand in Canada, Argentina, Portugal and Poland^[17] as TC 2068.^{[18] [19]}
• TC 2048, released in 1984, was a ZX Spectrum-based machine with a T/S 2068-like keyboard. Based on the T/S 2000 prototype and featured improved compatibility with the ZX Spectrum. Only sold in Portugal and Poland under the Timex Computer brand.^{[6] [20] [21]}

Hardware projects

• TC3256 was the next proposed computer. It was designed as the third generation of Timex Computer Technology, but it vanished when Timex Portugal shut down its production line.^{[22] [23]}
• Timex FDD or FDD 3000, a Z80-based CP/M-compatible computer. Most people only know it as a floppy disk drive controller but in fact, it is a computer without graphics circuitry. The FDD or FDD 3000 could be used in three different ways:
  • as a disk drive controller for a TC 2048 or T/S 2068 or ZX Spectrum, running TOS (Timex Operating System)
  • as a CP/M system, using a TC 2048 or T/S 2068 computer running the Timex Terminal Emulator as a console.
  • as a CP/M system, using the Timex Terminal 3000, a terminal keyboard, as a console.

Peripherals

Timex Computer Corporation, under the Timex Sinclair brand, and Timex Portugal, under the Timex Computer brand, produced a number of different peripherals for the Timex computer line:

Timex Sinclair

• TS1016 - Timex 16K RAM Pack for use on a T/S 1000. Can be used on a T/S 1500.^[24]
• TS1050 - Not a real peripheral, but a "suitcase" to carry T/S 1000, tapes and peripherals^[25]
• TS1510 - A cartridge player for T/S 1500. It can be used on T/S 1000 with a 16K RAM Pack^[26]
• TS2020 - Analog tape recorder^{[27] [28]}
• TS2040 - Thermal printer^{[29] [30] [31]}
• TP2040 - Thermal printer (badging variation, with "Printer" instead of "Sinclair")
• TS2050 - Communications modem^{[32] [33]}
• TS2060 - Bus Expansion Unit (vaporware)^{[34] [35]}
• TS2065 - Timex Microdrives (vaporware)^{[36] [37]}
• TS2080 - 80-column dot matrix printer (vaporware)^{[38] [39]}
• TS2090 - Command stick. Joystick to be used on T/S 2068 internal ports^{[40] [41]}

Timex Computer

• TS1040 - A multi-voltage power supply (printer + tape recorder (T/S 2020) + T/S 1000 + TC 2048 or T/S 2068)^[42]
• TC2010 - A digital tape recorder^[43]
• TC2080 - A serial 80-column dot matrix printer^{[44] [45]}
• Timex FDD - A "cut down" computer that can be used as a floppy disk controller^{[46] [47] [48]}
• Timex FDD3000 - A "cut down" computer that can be used as a floppy disk controller (an upgraded Timex FDD)^{[49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54]}
• Timex Terminal 3000 - A "cut down" computer to be used as a CP/M terminal with FDD3000^[55]
• Timex RS232 - A serial RS232 interface^{[56] [57]}
• Sound/Joystick Unit - A sound amplifier for SLCD sounds and Kempson(?) Joystick Interface^[58]
• Neptun 156 - To export the Timex Computer to Poland (as the Unipolbrit UK2086),^{[59] [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] [65]} Timex Portugal had to be paid in goods. It chose to import the Neptun 156 12" green monochrome monitor, manufactured in Poland by Unimor company.^{[66] [67]} Based on the Neptun 150 TV receiver, it proved very popular in Portugal and was frequently sold in bundles with the TC computers.^{[68] [69] [70]}
• Timex Printer 2040 - same as the TS2040 printer.^[71]

Software

Timex Sinclair

Timex Computer Corporation, under the Timex Sinclair brand, released 9 business, 20 home management, 30 education and 25 game titles on cassette for the T/S 1000 and T/S 1500.^{[72] [73]} Four titles on cartridges were also released.

For the T/S 2068, 4 business, 13 home management, 29 education and 24 game titles were released on cassette.^[74] Seven titles were released on cartridges.^[74]

Timex Computer

Timex Portugal sold/developed the following software, under the Timex Computer brand:^[75]

• TOS (Timex Operating System) - Operating system for the FDD/FDD3000^[76]
• CP/M for FDD3000 - Advanced operating system for the FDD3000
• Basic 64 - Sinclair BASIC extensions for the TC 2048 and TC 2068, supporting the extra video modes
• Timeword - A word processor in cartridge form that can save to TOS disks or to a tape recorder
• ZX Spectrum Emulator - for the TC 2068 and T/S 2068, in cartridge

External links

• TIMEXsinclair Showcase
• Timex/Sinclair 1000 User Manual
• Timex Sinclair 1500 User Manual
• Timex Sinclair 2068 User Manual

Notes and References

1. Web site: TIMEX COMPUTER CORPORATION :: Texas (US) :: OpenCorporates. opencorporates.com.
2. News: February 23, 1984 . Timex Abandons Line of Low-Cost Home Computers . 32 . Toledo Blade 23 .
3. Book: AMERICAN EXPRESS BOOSTS SALES OF THE ZX81 . Sinclair Research Limited . 1982.
4. News: Luckman . Paul . February 7, 2022 . Timex Portugal, Clive Sinclair and Maggie Thatcher . The Portugal News .
5. News: J.C.M. . April 6, 2017 . Quando na Caparica se faziam computadores para todo o mundo . Correio da Manhã .
6. Web site: TIMEX COMPUTERS TC-2048 . OLD-COMPUTERS.COM : The Museum.
7. Web site: Timex Computer Corporation – Timex/Sinclair Computers . Timex/Sinclair The Authoritative Website for Timex/Sinclair Computers.
8. Web site: Poland . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230203546/http://worldofspectrum.org/timex/poland.htm . 2019-12-30 . 2022-11-28 . World of Spectrum.
9. Web site: Timex Portugal, Clive Sinclair and Maggie Thatcher . 2023-06-21 . www.theportugalnews.com . en.
10. News: April 22, 1982 . Timex Corp. Introduces New Computer . 5C . Ocala Star-Banner .
11. News: March 3, 1984 . Timex clocks out of home-computer business . 34 . The Financial Post .
12. News: Blechman . Fred . 1983 . Glimpse of the Series 2000 . 1 . 21–25 . Timex Sinclair User . 3 .
13. Web site: Timex/Sinclair 2000 – Timex/Sinclair Computers . Timex/Sinclair - The Authoritative Website for Timex/Sinclair Computers.
14. News: Mace . Scott . November 14, 1983 . Q&A: Dan Ross . 5 . 109 . InfoWorld . 46 .
15. News: Mace . Scott . June 20, 1983 . TRS-80 MC-10 'battles' T/S 2000 . 5 . 1 . InfoWorld . 25 .
16. News: Mitchell, Peter W. . 1983-09-06 . A summer-CES report . 4 . Boston Phoenix . 10 January 2015.
17. Web site: worldofspectrum.org - timex - poland . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230203546/http://worldofspectrum.org/timex/poland.htm . 2019-12-30 . 2022-11-28.
18. Book: Timex Sinclair 2068 PERSONAL COLOR COMPUTER USER MANUAL . Timex Computer Corporation . 1983.
19. News: Advertisement . December 1983 . Now from Timex...a powerful new computer. . 281 . BYTE . 20 October 2013.
20. Web site: TC-2048 Timex Computers . www.old-computers.com.
21. Web site: 2001 . Timex Computer 2048 . Timex Computer World.
22. Web site: Timex Computer 3256 - Portugal.
23. Web site: 15110 – Bem-vindo ao Museu [EN] – New – LOAD Guia ]. 2022-12-13 . en-US.
24. Web site: TS 1016 RAM pack . 2022-11-28 . www.timexsinclair.com . en-US.
25. Web site: TS1050 Carrying Case . 2022-11-28 . www.timexsinclair.com . en-US.
26. Web site: TS 1510 Command Cartridge Player . 2022-11-28 . www.timexsinclair.com . en-US.
27. Web site: TS 2020 Cassette Recorder . 2022-11-28 . www.timexsinclair.com . en-US.
28. Web site: Directory: /Vintage/Sinclair/82/Timex Peripherals/TS2020 Tape Recorder/ . 2022-11-28 . k1.spdns.de.
29. Web site: TS 2040 Printer . 2022-11-28 . www.timexsinclair.com . en-US.
30. Web site: Review: The Timex Sinclair 2040 Printer . 2022-11-28 . www.atarimagazines.com.
31. Web site: Timex Sinclair 2040, Timex USA . 2022-11-28 . k1.spdns.de.
32. Web site: TS 2050 Modem . 2022-11-28 . www.timexsinclair.com . en-US.
33. Web site: The Timex Sinclair 2060 Bus Expansion Unit . 2022-11-28 . k1.spdns.de.
34. Web site: TS 2060 Bus Expansion Unit . 2022-11-28 . www.timexsinclair.com . en-US.
35. Web site: The Timex Sinclair 2060 Bus Expansion Unit . 2022-11-28 . k1.spdns.de.
36. Web site: TS 2065 Microdrive . 2022-11-28 . www.timexsinclair.com . en-US.
37. Web site: Directory: /Vintage/Sinclair/82/Timex Peripherals/TS2065 Microdrives/ . 2022-11-28 . k1.spdns.de.
38. Web site: TS 2080 80 Column Printer . 2022-11-28 . www.timexsinclair.com . en-US.
39. Web site: Directory: /Vintage/Sinclair/82/Timex Peripherals/TS2080 Printer/ . 2022-11-28 . k1.spdns.de.
40. Web site: TS 2090 Commandstick . 2022-11-28 . www.timexsinclair.com . en-US.
41. Web site: Directory: /Vintage/Sinclair/82/Timex Peripherals/TS2090 Command Stick/ . 2022-11-28 . k1.spdns.de.
42. Web site: Timex Sinclair 1040 - Multi-Power Supply . 2022-11-28 . timex.comboios.info.
43. Web site: Timex Computer 2010 . 2022-11-28 . timex.comboios.info.
44. Web site: Timex Computer 2080 . 2022-11-28 . timex.comboios.info.
45. Web site: Timex Computer 2080 - Portugal . 2022-11-28 . timex.comboios.info.
46. Web site: Timex FDD - Portugal . 2022-11-28 . timex.comboios.info.
47. Web site: Timex Floppy Disk Drive Set . 2022-11-28 . k1.spdns.de.
48. Web site: Timex Floppy Disk Drive Systems . 2022-11-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200118044128/http://www.worldofspectrum.org/timex/slvr-fdd.htm . 2020-01-18 .
49. Web site: Timex FDD 3000 -- 8bit Projects For Everyone . 2022-11-02 . 8bit.yarek.pl.
50. Web site: Timex FDD3000 . 2022-11-02 . timex.comboios.info.
51. Web site: Timex FDD 3 -- 8bit Projects For Everyone . 2022-11-02 . 8bit.yarek.pl.
52. Web site: Timex FDD 3000 -- 8bit Projects For Everyone . 2022-11-02 . 8bit.yarek.pl.
53. Web site: Timex FDD3000 . 2022-11-02 . timex.comboios.info.
54. Web site: Directory: /Vintage/Sinclair/82/Timex Peripherals/Timex FDD 3000 Floppy Disk/ . 2022-11-28 . k1.spdns.de.
55. Web site: Timex Terminal 3000 - Portugal . 2022-11-28 . www.timex.comboios.info.
56. Web site: Timex Interface RS232 manual . 2022-11-28 . timex.comboios.info.
57. Web site: Directory: /Vintage/Sinclair/82/Timex Peripherals/Timex Interface RS232 (Timex Computer, Portugal)/ . 2022-11-28 . k1.spdns.de.
58. Web site: Joystick-Sound Unit . 2022-11-28 . timex.comboios.info.
59. Unipolbrit is a portmanteau word of Uni, from Unimor company and Polbrit company (which itself is pol, from Poland and brit from British). The number 86 in 2086 is from the last two digits of the year of the production start.
60. Web site: Unipolbrit Komputer 2086 . 2022-11-21 . k1.spdns.de.
61. Web site: Unipolbrit Komputer 2086 -- 8bit Projects For Everyone . 2022-11-21 . 8bit.yarek.pl.
62. Web site: Unipolbrit Komputer 2086 - MCbx . 2022-11-21 . archive.sundby.com.
63. Book: Świątek (cybernetyka), Roman . Programowanie mikrokomputera Unipolbrit 2086 w języku BASIC . 1988 . Biuro Wydawnicze ZZDZ . pl.
64. Web site: Unipolbrit 2086 . 2022-11-21 . 62.129.235.93.
65. Web site: Poland . 2022-11-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230203546/http://worldofspectrum.org/timex/poland.htm . 2019-12-30 .
66. Web site: Unimor "Neptun M-156 B" (monitor) UNITRA-Klub . 2022-11-27 . unitraklub.pl.
67. Web site: Neptun 156 156B - Pictures - MCbx . 2022-11-27 . oldcomputer.info.
68. Web site: oldcrap.org . 2018-07-31 . Neptun M156B Monitor . 2022-11-27 . Old Crap Vintage Computing . en.
69. Web site: Elwro 500 -- 8bit Projects For Everyone . 2022-11-27 . 8bit.yarek.pl.
70. Web site: Neptun 156 156B - Pictures - MCbx . 2022-11-27 . oldcomputer.info.
71. Web site: Timex Sinclair 2040 - Portugal . 2022-11-28 . timex.comboios.info.
72. Web site: Archived copy . worldofspectrum.org . 5 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230203529/http://worldofspectrum.org/timex/ts1000.htm . 30 December 2019 . dead.
73. Book: Timex Price List May 1983 . Timex Computer Corporation . 1983.
74. Web site: Archived copy . worldofspectrum.org . 5 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230203448/http://worldofspectrum.org/timex/ts2068.htm . 30 December 2019 . dead.
75. Web site: Archived copy . worldofspectrum.org . 5 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191230203618/http://worldofspectrum.org/timex/tmxsoft.htm . 30 December 2019 . dead.
76. Web site: Timex Operating System . 2022-11-28 . timex.comboios.info.