Timeline of the introduction of television in countries explained

This is a list of when the first publicly announced television broadcasts occurred in the mentioned countries. Non-public field tests and closed circuit demonstrations are not included.

This list should not be interpreted to mean the whole of a country had television service by the specified date. For example, the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and the former Soviet Union all had operational television stations and a limited number of viewers by 1939. Very few cities in each country had television service. Television broadcasts were not yet available in most places.

History

1920s and 1930s

YearCountries and territories
1924 United States (pre-experimental)
1926 Germany (pre-experimental), United Kingdom (pre-experimental)
1927 Australia (pre-experimental), Netherlands (pre-experimental)
1928 Argentina (pre-experimental), Canada (pre-experimental), United States (mechanical television, experimental – W2XCW)[1] [2] [3] [4]
1929 United Kingdom (mechanical, experimental),[5] Germany (mechanical, experimental),[6] [7] (mechanical, experimental, after hours on two existing Melbourne radio stations - 3UZ and 3DB),[8] [9] [10] Netherlands (mechanical, experimental in Scheveningen),[11] France (pre-experimental), (pre-experimental)
1930 (pre-experimental in Moscow wired in 1929)
1931 France (mechanical, experimental), Canada (mechanical, experimental – VE9EC), (mechanical, experimental – МТЦ), (mechanical, experimental, cancelled because of the revolution)
1932 Argentina (mechanical, experimental),[12] (pre-experimental)
1934 Australia (electronic television, experimental, Brisbane),[13] Turkey (pre-experimental)
1935 (intermediate film; semi-electronic), France (electronic – PTT Radio Vision), Netherlands (electronic, experimental in Eindhoven by Philips), Italy (pre-experimental)
1936 United Kingdom (electronic – BBC Television Service), (electronic television - Deutscher Fernseh Rundfunk),[14] [15]
1937 (electronic, experimental), Poland (mechanical, experimental), (Doświadczalna Stacja Telewizyjna),[16] Peru (pre-experimental), Chile (pre-experimental)
1938 (electronic, experimental - CT USSR), Turkey (electronic, experimental), Uruguay (pre-experimental)
1939 Argentina (electronic, experimental), Brazil (electronic, experimental), Chile (electronic, experimental), (electronic, experimental - J2PQ),[17] Italy (electronic, experimental - EIAR Trasmissioni Sperimentali Radiovisione),[18] Peru (electronic, experimental),[19] Poland (electronic, experimental), United States (electronic; experimental and non-commercial until 1941 - NBC)

1940s

YearCountries and territories
1941 United States (regular commercial telecasts (WNBT)), (WPTZ))
1942 Mexico (pre-experimental)
1943 (Occupied France (Fernsehsender Paris)), Philippines (pre-experimental), Uruguay (electronic, experimental)[20]
1944 France (returned, RDF Télévision française)
1945 (returned, CT USSR), United States (experimental (W3XWT))
1946 Brazil (pre-experimental), Czechoslovakia (pre-experimental), Denmark (pre-experimental), Mexico (experimental),[21] United States ( Philippines (experimental, BEC)), United Kingdom (returned, BBC), United States ((WBKB),, experimental (KRNT), (WTTG))
1947 United States ((KTLA), (WMAR-TV), (WWDT), (KSD-TV), (WEWS-TV), (WTMJ-TV))
1948 Brazil (experimental, Rede Tupi), Canada (experimental), Cuba (pre-experimental), Czechoslovakia (experimental),, Switzerland (pre-experimental), United States ((WAVE-TV), (WDSU-TV), (WBZ-TV), (KSTP-TV), (KOB-TV), (KPIX-TV), (WMCT), (WBAP-TV), (KDYL-TV), (WTVR-TV), (KRSC-TV))WW2 End
1949 Denmark (experimental), Italy (experimental), United States ((WAFM-TV), (KPHO-TV), (WTVJ), (WSB-TV), (WOC-TV), (WFBM-TV), (WDAF-TV), (WBTV), (WKY-TV), (WJAR)), (pre-experimental), (pre-experimental)

1950s

YearCountries and territories
1950 Brazil ((Rede Tupi, now defunct)), Cuba (CMQ-TV), Dominican Republic (pre-experimental), France ((Télé-Lille)), (Northwest Germany, experimental, NWDR)), Hungary (pre-experimental), Iceland (pre-experimental), Japan (returned, electronic, experimental, NHK), Mexico (official, XHTV-TV), Monaco (pre-experimental), French Morocco (pre-experimental), Norway (pre-experimental), Romania (pre-experimental), Saudi Arabia (pre-experimental), (pre-experimental), ((pre-experimental), Switzerland (experimental), United States (Des Moines (WOI-TV), Nashville (WSM-TV))
1951 Argentina (LR3 TV), Brazil ((Rede Tupi, now defunct)), Colombia (pre-experimental), Denmark (DR),[22] Mexico (XEW-TV, (XELD-TV), now defunct), Netherlands (NTS),, Portugal (pre-experimental), ((pre-experimental)
1952 Bulgaria (pre-experimental), Chile (sporadically until 1959), Canada ((CBFT), Ontario (CBLT)), Dominican Republic (La Voz Dominicana), Finland (pre-experimental), (experimental and regular programming, DFF), (Northwest Germany, full service, NWDR-Fernsehen)), Guatemala (pre-experimental), Iraq (pre-experimental), Luxembourg (pre-experimental), Mexico (XHGC-TV, (XEQ-TV)), Poland (returned, TV Polska), Spain (pre-experimental), Thailand (experimental),[23] Turkey (İTÜ TV, now defunct), United Kingdom ((BBC TV Service Scotland)), United States ((KBTV), (KGMB), (KPTV), Spokane (KHQ-TV)), (YVKA-TV, now defunct)
1953 (KATV, now defunct), Austria (pre-experimental), Belgium ((INR Télé Expérimentale Belge), (NIR Belgische Televisie)), Canada ((CBOT), (CBUT)), Czechoslovakia (experimental), El Salvador (pre-experimental), France ((Télé-Strasbourg)), (experimental), Japan (returned, NHK),, (pre-experimental), Malta (pre-experimental), Mexico ((XETV)),, Nicaragua (pre-experimental), Philippines (thru ABS (DZAQ-TV), now ABS-CBN Corporation), Puerto Rico (pre-experimental), (Telesaar),, ((pre-experimental), (pre-experimental), (pre-experimental), (pre-experimental), (pre-experimental), (pre-experimental)), Sweden (pre-experimental), Switzerland (German television, SRG), United Kingdom ((pre-experimental), United Kingdom ((BBC TV Service NI)), United States ((KRTV), Fresno (KMJ-TV), (KFXD-TV), (KLAS-TV), (KTVH), (KCJB-TV), (KELO-TV), (WABI-TV), (KXLF-TV)), (experimental, HVJ), ((pre-experimental)
1954 Algeria (pre-experimental), Australia (experimental, ABC), Bulgaria (experimental, MEI), Canada ((CBWT), (CKCK-TV), (CHCT-TV), New Brunswick (CHSJ-TV), (CJCB-TV)), Colombia (HJRN-TV), (ČST), France ((Télé Marseille), (Télé-Lyon)), Guam (pre-experimental), (experimental) Italy (official, Programma Nazionale), Mexico ((XEJ-TV)), Monaco (TMC - first microstate to have a native channel), French Morocco (TELMA, went defunct shortly after),[24] Norway (experimental, NRK), Portugal (Lajes Field (CSL-TV, first AFRTS television station)),[25] Puerto Rico (WKAQ-TV), ((Latvijas Televīzija)), Switzerland (French television, Télévision Genevoise), United States ((WMUR-TV), (WMVT), (KFBC-TV)), Uruguay (pre-experimental)
1955 Austria (ORF Fernsehen), Brazil ((TV Itacolomi, now defunct)), Bermuda (ZBK-TV), Canada (Newfoundland And Labrador (CJON-TV)), Finland (test programming, TV-kerho), Guatemala (TGW-TV, now defunct), Iceland (AFRTS Keflavik), Luxembourg (Télé-Luxembourg), Saudi Arabia (Dhahran Airfield, experimental and regular programming, AJL-TV, now defunct), ((TTV)), Thailand (official, HSI-TV),[26] Romania (experimental), United Kingdom ((BBC))
1956 Australia ((TCN), (HSV)), France ( Algerian Departments (RTF Television Algiers)),[27] Canada ((CFCY-TV)), El Salvador (YSEB-TV),[28] Finland (regular programming, TES-TV, now defunct), United States ( Guam (KUAM-TV)), Iraq (BTV, now defunct and replaced by Al-Iraqiya TV), Nicaragua (YNSA-TV),[29] United States ((CFN)),[30] Romania (TVR), (HLKZ-TV), ((Armenian Television), (Baku Television Studio), (Belarusian Television), (1TV), (regular programming, Ukrainske Telebachennia), (Tashkent Television Studio)), Spain (TVE), Portugal (experimental, RTP), Sweden, (Radiotjänst TV), Uruguay (SAETA),[31], ((RTV Zagreb))
1957 Chile (UCV Televisión), Cyprus (RIK), Hong Kong (subscription, Rediffusion Television), (MTV), (TV Vilnius),[32] Malta, Portugal (full service, RTP),
1958 Bermuda (ZBM-TV), China (Peking Television), (ČST Bratislava), (TVI),, (mechanical, experimental), Peru (OAD-TV), ((Almaty Television Studio), Kaliningrad Oblast, (TVM)), Switzerland (Italian television, TSI), (TWW), ((RTV Belgrade), (RTV Ljubljana))
1959 Australia ((QTQ), (NWS), (TVW)), Brazil ((TV Piratini, now defunct)), Bulgaria (Bulgarian Television), Chile (full service, Canal 2 UC), Ecuador (HCJB-TV, now defunct), Haiti (4VMR-TV), Honduras (HRTG-TV), India (AIR-TV),[33] Lebanon (CLT), Nigeria (WNTV), Ryukyu Islands (KSDW-TV), ((regular programming, KTRK),, (Shabakai Yakum), (Turkmen Television))

1960s

YearCountries and territories
1960 Albania (experimental and regular programming, RTSH), Australia ((TVT)), Brazil ((TV Brasília), (TV Paranaense), (TV Bauru), (TV Itapoan), (TV Jornal do Commercio), (now defunct)), Costa Rica (Teletica), Greece (experimental, PPC), Netherlands Antilles (PJC-TV), New Zealand (NZBC TV), Norway (full service, NRK), Panama (RPC), (RTV), (Sakhalin Oblast), ((Egyptian Television Network), (Channel 1)),
1961 Brazil ((TV Rádio Clube (TV Goyá)), (TV Vitória), (TV Marajoara, now defunct)), Cambodia (experimental, NEC),[34] [35] Ireland (Telefís Éireann), Kuwait (Kuwait Television), (WBNB-TV, now defunct), ((RTV Sarajevo)), (RTV)
1962 Australia ((CTC)), Congo-Brazzaville (RTC), Ethiopia (ETV), France ((Télé-Bordeaux Aquitaine), (Télé Toulouse-Pyrénées)), Gibraltar (GBC), Indonesia (experimental and regular programming, Jajasan TVRI),[36] Kenya (VOK), Malta (MTV), Sudan (Sudan Television Service), (TTV), Trinidad and Tobago (TTT)
1963 Brazil ((TV Difusora)), (VoltaVision), Gabon (RTG), (RTI), Jamaica (JBC, now defunct), Malaysia (Televisyen Malaysia), Netherlands ( Aruba (Telearuba)), (CTBS-DPRK), Sierra Leone (SLTV), Singapore (TV Singapura Channel 5), ((Nakhchivan TV)),[37] Tunisia (experimental), Uganda (UTV)
1964 American Samoa (KVZK-TV), Barbados (CBC-TV), East Pakistan (Pilot Television Dhaka), Spain (Canary Islands (TVE Canarias)), Ethiopia (regular programming, ETV), ((Aden TV)), France ((Télé Marseille-Provence),, & (Télé Paris Normandie Centre), (Télé-Bretagne),,,), Guadeloupe, (Karakalpak Television),[38] Liberia (LBC), Martinique, Mauritius (MBC 1), Niger (Télévision Scolaire du Niger), West Pakistan (PTV), Réunion (ORTF La Réunion), ((RTV Skopje), (RTV Titograd))
1965 Antigua and Barbuda (ZAL-TV),[39] Brazil ((TV Morena)), France ((Télé Bourgogne-Franche-Comté),), &) French Polynesia (ORTF Télé Tahiti), Ghana (GTV), New Caledonia, Paraguay (TV Cerro Cora), Saudi Arabia (Al Saudiya, state-owned), Senegal (RTS), Suriname (trial and regular programming, STVS), Tunisia (experimental), United Kingdom ((Border Television)), India (AIR-TV, regular programming)
1966 Brazil ( Amazonas (now defunct), (TV Borborema)), Cambodia (TVRK, regular), Congo-Kinshasa (RTNC), Greece (EIR), Iceland (Sjónvarpið), Israel (IETV, went defunct and replaced by Kan Educational), Tunisia (RTT), (THVN), North Yemen (SABS-TV),[40] (SYBS-TV),[41] Zambia (ZNBC)
1967 Canada ((CFYK-TV)), French Somaliland (RTD), French Guiana (ORTF Guyane), Hong Kong (free-to-air, TVB), Madagascar (RTM), Mongolia (experimental and regular programming, MNTV), Saint Lucia (SLTV),[42] Saint Pierre and Miquelon France ((Télé-Lille Amiens))
1968 Canada ((CFWH-TV, now defunct)), Equatorial Guinea (TVE Guinea Ecuatorial), Jordan (JTV), Libya (Libyan Television Service)[43]
1969 (Televisión Boliviana), Brazil ((TV Coligadas)), ((Abu Dhabi TV)), (Saipan, WSZE-TV, now defunct)

1970s

YearCountries and territories
1970 Qatar (QTV), (Independent Television System)
1971 Australia ( Northern Territory (ABD)), Brazil, Malaysia ((TV Malaysia Sabah))
1972 Brazil ((TV Clube)), Madeira (RTP Madeira), (ZIZ)
1973 ( McMurdo Station (AFAN-TV)),[44] Bahrain (Bahrain TV), (ZBTV) Hong Kong (free-to-air broadcasting service, RTV), Togo (RTNM)
1974 Brazil ( Acre ((Rede Amazônica Rio Branco), Rondônia, Central African Republic (RTC), Grenada (ZBF-TV), Oman (Oman TV), ((TVZ)),
1975 Angola (experimental and regular programming, RPA), Azores (RTP Açores), Brazil ((TV Gazeta de Alagoas), Amapá), (RTB), Burundi (RTNB), Chile ((TVN))[45] Dominica (Cable & Wireless Dominica), (foreign-owned launching), ((RTV Novi Sad))
1976 Abkhaz ASSR (National Television of Abkhaz ASSR), Bahamas (experimental),[46] Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (BRT 1), Palau (WALU-TV, now defunct), South Africa (SABC TV)
1977 Bahamas (ZNS-TV), Guinea (RTG), ((KPON-TV))
1978 Afghanistan (Afghanistan National Television), Benin (ORTB), East Timor (TVRI Dili), (Swazi TV), Maldives (TV Maldives),[47]
1979 Chad (mechanical, experimental), Equatorial Guinea (returned, TVGE), ((WAAB-TV)), Marshall Islands (MBC), Burma (test programming), Sri Lanka (ITN Sri Lanka)

1980s

YearCountries and territories
1980 Indonesia (Batam, TVRI),[48] [49] Mauritania (experimental), Burma (BBS, regular programming), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG-TV), Guyana (Vieira Communications Television), ((WTKK-TV))
1981 Belize (Channel 7), Mozambique (TEM), South West Africa (SWABC)
1982 Brazil (Fernando de Noronha (TV Nacional Fernando de Noronha)), France ( Greenland (KNR), Mauritania (TV de Mauritanie),[50] (Televisão Experimental RDSTP, experimental), Sri Lanka (Rupavahini, national)
1983 (Bop TV), Kampuchea (re-established, TVK), (LNTV) Mali (ORTM), Seychelles (RTS),[51] Somalia (Telefishanka J. D. Soomaaliya),[52] Tonga (VAP-TV18, now defunct), (Centro Televisivo Vaticano), Saint Lucia (HTS, local)
1984 (TV Åland),[53] Cape Verde (TEVEC), Faroe Islands (SvF), Macau (TDM), (taped service)[54]
1985 Nepal (NTV), Cameroon (CTV), Norfolk Island (relays from mainland Australia)[55] (LBCI)
1986 (SSVC Television Falkland Islands), Mayotte, Niue (Bliss Cablevision), Wallis and Futuna
1987 Chad (Télé Tchad), Papua New Guinea (foreign-owned launching, Niugini Television Network), Spain ((La 1 Ceuta), (La 1 Melilla))
1988 Botswana (GBC TV, in Gaborone),[56] Lesotho (Lesotho Television),[57] (Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (Artsakh Public TV))
1989 Cook Islands (Cook Islands Television), Guinea-Bissau (TEGB),[58] [59] (Gagauz ASSR)

1990s

YearCountries and territories
1991 (SSVC TV Cyprus),[60] Cayman Islands (Cayman 27, now defunct), (FITV), Fiji (FijiTV), (Al-Manar), Nauru (NTV), Rwanda (RTV)
1992 (RTV Krajina Banja Luka), (TVS, regular), Solomon Islands (TTV), (Ir),[61] (PMR TV), Vanuatu (TBV, experimental)
1993 Eritrea (Eri-TV), San Marino (San Marino RTV), Vanuatu (TBV), (SBC Television 1)
1994 (mainland, Coastal Television Network)
1995 Andorra (ATV), Gambia (Gambia Radio & Television Service), Saint Helena (Sure South Atlantic Ltd), Turks and Caicos Islands (WIV Channel 4)
1996 (PBC)
1997 Montserrat (Peoples Television),[62] (Somaliland Television)[63]
1999 Belgium ((KA3)), Bhutan (BBS),[64] Malawi (TVM),[65] Tuvalu (limited service)[66]

2000s and 2010s

YearCountries and territories
2000 Botswana (BTV, national), Tonga (TV Tonga, national)
2001 Bosnia and Herzegovina ((Federalna TV)), Tokelau (foreign channels, no local service),[67] (BFBS, live service)
2002 Kiribati (TV Kiribati, native, but suspended from 2013 to 2018)
2004 Southern Provinces (Laayoune TV)
2006 Comoros (ORTC), France (and (stopped broadcasting in 2017)), (Al-Aqsa TV), Palau (OTV, returned), [68]
2008 Liechtenstein (1 FL TV), Netherlands ((NOSTV Bonaire)),[69] Papua New Guinea (state-owned launching, NBC Television)
2009 (RASD TV)[70]
2010 Netherlands ((TV-CARIB)),[71] (South Sudan Television)
2011 Norfolk Island (TVNI, local)
2014 (Novorossiya TV), (Luhansk 24)[72]
2018 Kiribati (Kiri 1 TV, returned)[73]
2019 Tuvalu (returned, Tuvalu.TV)[74]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: WRGB History.
  2. Web site: How Television Came to Boston: The Forgotten Story of W1XAY.
  3. Web site: W3XK: America's first television station.
  4. WRNY to Start Daily Television Broadcasts . The New York Times . August 13, 1928 . 13.
  5. Web site: J.L. Baird: Television in 1932 . Baird Television.
  6. https://web.archive.org/web/20040207210618/https://museum.tv/archives/etv/G/htmlG/germany/germany.htm Museum of Broadcast Communications: Germany
  7. Web site: Berlin 1936: Television in Germany.
  8. Book: Bielby, Peter . Australian TV – The First 25 Years . 173 . 0-17-005998-7.
  9. Web site: Linking a Nation Chapter 9 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170920142542/http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/ahc/publications/linking-a-nation/chapter9 . 2017-09-20 . Australian Heritage Council.
  10. Peter Luck, 50 Years of Australian Television p.15
  11. Web site: Eerste NTS journaal op de Nederlandse televisie .
  12. See Televisión mecánica en Argentina en 1932. Las experiencias de Ignacio M. Gómez por LR4 Radio Splendid, de Buenos Aires
  13. News: Timeline – national and state, 1927-1941 . Brisbane Courier Mail . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080215131629/http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/extras/federation/Timelines/CMFedTimelineNat3.htm . February 15, 2008.
  14. http://framemaster.tripod.com/index5.html The Birth of Live Entertainment and Music on Television, November 6, 1936
  15. http://www.earlytelevision.org/rca_1937_photos.html 1937 RCA Publicity Photographs
  16. http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/1291/ The Warsaw Voice: What's On?
  17. See The Evolution of TV: A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan: “Can you see me clearly?” ; Public TV Image Experiments .
  18. See Early Television in Italy
  19. See Historia de la televisión en el Perú
  20. https://lagalenadelsur.com/2013/11/08/1943-mario-giampietro-la-primera-emision-electronica-de-tv-en-uruguay-y-america-latina 1943. Mario Giampietro. La primera emisión electrónica de TV en Uruguay y América Latina
  21. Web site: Historia de la Televisión! | Primera transmisión en blanco y negro | Event view . 2013-10-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061928/http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=761373 . 2013-09-21 . Latin America's first experimental television station . es.
  22. See DRs historie 1950-1959.
  23. Web site: 30 April 1952 . 20,000 saw the first television in Bangkok . 31 July 2023 . Singapore Standard (retrieved from NLB).
  24. Web site: 1 August 2019 . TELMA, the story of Morocco's first and short-lived television channel . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240508210355/https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/81793/telma-story-morocco-s-first-short-lived.html . 8 May 2024 . 9 June 2023 . en.yabiladi.com.
  25. Web site: Lajes more than speck in television history . 12 February 2024 . Air Force . 19 October 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240212003143/https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/135794/lajes-more-than-speck-in-television-history/ . 12 February 2024.
  26. Web site: Television Factbook . 1957 . 6 April 2024 . 280.
  27. Book: Cheurfi, Achour . Radio et télévision : histoire d'un monopole . 4 February 2011 . . . September 2010 . 88–148 . fr.
  28. Web site: Un breve recorrido por la televisión en El Salvador . Spanish . A Brief Tour of Television in El Salvador . Herrera Palacios . Antonio . October 1998 . Revista Latina de Comunicación Social . 10 November 2021 . 9 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210509224907/http://www.revistalatinacs.org/a/02nherrera.htm . dead.
  29. Web site: Primeros . 19 September 2023 . La Prensa . 11 September 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230919134830/https://www.laprensani.com/2006/09/11/espectaculo/1471054-primeros . 19 September 2023.
  30. Web site: ¿Cómo fue la llegada de la pantalla chica a Panamá? - Nacional - title.suffix.trans . 2021-01-17 . 2022-03-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220303143612/https://www.laestrella.com.pa/amp/nacional/180314/chica-panama-llegada-pantalla . dead.
  31. Web site: Television Factbook . 1957 . 6 April 2024 . 281.
  32. https://apie.lrt.lt/en About LRT
  33. Web site: Television Factbook . 1966 . 12 April 2024 . 856-b.
  34. Web site: Megahertz . March 1984 . 2 April 2024 . 32.
  35. Web site: Television Factbook . 1963 . 6 April 2024 . 745.
  36. Web site: Television Factbook . 1966 . 12 April 2024 . 856-b.
  37. Web site: The activity of Azerbaijan Television . 1 May 2024.
  38. A. Qoshanov, O. Dospanov, T. Uzakhbergenova “Qaraqalpaqstan tariyxı”, Nókis “Bilim” –2018
  39. Web site: Television Factbook . 1969 . 5 April 2024 . 928-b.
  40. Web site: Television Factbook . 1969 . 6 April 2024 . 928-b.
  41. Web site: Television Factbook . 1971 . 5 April 2024 . 1056-b.
  42. Web site: World Communications . 1975 . . 24 April 2024 . 192.
  43. Web site: Television Factbook . 1971 . 30 April 2024 . 1048-b.
  44. Book: Antarctic Journal of the United States . January–February 1974 . 29 . 9780786451982 . Google Books.
  45. Web site: Easter Island Television . . February 1975 . 2 December 2020 . en . 9 . 29 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210729193413/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17593/PacificIslandsCommunicationNewsletter_1975_v5_n1[pdfa].pdf . dead.
  46. Web site: Television Factbook . 1976 . 6 April 2024 . 1077-b.
  47. Web site: Television Factbook . 1984 . 6 April 2024 . 1381.
  48. Web site: 13 July 1980 . Bonus TV channel . 30 August 2023 . The Straits Times (retrieved from NLB).
  49. Web site: 12 July 1980 . Tune in to Channel 6! . 30 August 2023 . The New Nation (retrieved from NLB).
  50. Web site: http://tvm.mr/ar/%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9/ . ar:عن المؤسسة - موقع التلفزة الموريتانية . tvm.mr . ar . 2018-10-25.
  51. Web site: Media in Seychelles . 2022-12-22 . Seychelles Media Commission . en.
  52. Book: Louise M. Bourgault . Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa . 22 June 1995 . Indiana University Press . 0-253-11309-1 . 104–.
  53. http://www.radiotv.ax/om-alands-radio (Swedish).
  54. Book: Winchester, Simon . Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire . 2003 . 85 . originally published 1985.
  55. TV comes to Norfolk Islands, Pacific Islands Communication Journal, December 1984
  56. Web site: Botswana Television (BTV) Negotiating Control and Cultural Production in a Globalising Context: A Political Economy of Media State Ownership in Africa . 23 November 2023 . University of Kwa-Zulu Natal . March 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211203100243/https://ccms.ukzn.ac.za/Files/articles/PhD_theses/sethunya%20mosime%20-%20botswana%20television.pdf . 3 December 2021.
  57. Web site: LTV starts broadcasting for the first time - lesothotribune . 7 September 2022.
  58. Web site: 15 November 2006 . Guiné-Bissau: Televisão celebra 17º aniversário com 14 horas de emissão . 9 October 2015 . Agência Angola Press.
  59. Web site: LUSA (Agência de Notícias de Portugal, S.A.) . 14 November 2007 . Único canal de televisão da Guiné-Bissau comemora 18 anos . 9 October 2015 . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal.
  60. Web site: Where it all began – 1980s and 1990s . 8 May 2024 . BFBS.
  61. Web site: 2019-12-08 . They were the first: on December 8, 1992, television appeared in South Ossetia . 2024-01-24 . Государственное информационное агентство "Рес" . ru.
  62. Web site: World Communications . 1975 . . 24 April 2024 . 181.
  63. Web site: Somaliland National Television . 9 January 2004 . somalilandlaw.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20230923141457/https://mingc.govsomaliland.org/article/somaliland-national-television . 23 September 2023 . live.
  64. News: Bhutan TV Follows Cyber Launch . BBC News . 2 June 1999 .
  65. Web site: At the Crossroads: Freedom of Expression in Malawi . 3 November 2023 . Article 19 . March 2000 .
  66. Web site: TUVALU: 2002 Economic and Public Sector Review . 8 April 2024 . Asian Development Bank . November 2002 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160318063229/https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/28817/tuvalu-2002-epsr.pdf . 18 March 2016 . live.
  67. Book: Rajan, Narini . The Digitized Imagination: Encounters with the Virtual World . 23 April 2012 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-136-51633-7 . 102.
  68. Book: Pitcairn Island as a Port of Call . February 16, 2024 . McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers . March 23, 2012 . 978-0-7864-8822-3.
  69. Web site: About us . NOSTV Bonaire . 13 June 2024.
  70. News: Sahrawis launch national television . . 2009-05-21 . 2012-06-03.
  71. Web site: About TV-CARIB . TV-CARIB . 13 June 2024.
  72. Web site: Occupied Territories of Ukraine: Russia propaganda machine continues to absorb local media . . 1 May 2024.
  73. Web site: Kiribati TV venture hopes to connect islands . . 2 May 2018 . 2 April 2023.
  74. News: Tuvalu Parliament sessions go live . 8 April 2024 . Radio New Zealand . 29 November 2019 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191129025317/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/404419/tuvalu-parliament-sessions-go-live . 29 November 2019.

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