See also: Timeline of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Timeline of the Yuan dynasty and Timeline of the Mongol Empire.
This is a timeline of the Song dynasty (960–1279). The Song dynasty was founded by Zhao Kuangyin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizu of Song, who ended the period of division known as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Song dynasty is commonly separated into two historical periods, the Northern Song (960–1127) and the Southern Song (1127–1279), divided by the loss of the north to the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234). In 1279, the Mongol Yuan dynasty conquered the Song.
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| February | Zhao Kuangyin declares himself Emperor Taizu of Song, replacing Later Zhou | ||
| Song conquers Jingnan | |||
| Song dynasty introduces the appointment by protection system, which allows high officials to nominate their sons, grandsons, and nephews for the civil service | |||
| Song conquest of Later Shu | |||
| Tao Gu provides the first written documentation of using cormorants for fishing | |||
| Long Yanyao of Nanning, the Yang clan of Bo Prefecture, and the Tian clan of Si Prefecture submit to the Song dynasty in return for their autonomy | |||
| Song dynasty recognizes the Bole of the Luodian kingdom, the Mangbu of the Badedian kingdom, and the Awangren of the Yushi kingdom | |||
| Vietnamese king Đinh Bộ Lĩnh of the Đinh dynasty unites the kingdom and renames it to Đại Cồ Việt | |||
| Gunpowder propelled fire arrows, rocket arrows, are invented by Yue Yifang and Feng Jisheng. |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Song conquest of Southern Han Song conquers Southern Han - marks the last time elephants are used in Chinese warfare | ||
| Emperor Taizu of Song recognized the independence of Vietnamese kingdom Đại Cồ Việt with establishing the nominate tributary relation | ||
| The earliest natural history of pharmaceuticals, the Kaibao Bencao, is printed | ||
| The Mo clan of Nandan submits to Song authority[1] | ||
| Song conquest of Southern Tang Song conquers Southern Tang | ||
| Emperor Taizu of Song tries to convince Pugui of the Mu'ege Kingdom situated in northwest, central, east, and southeast Guizhou to acquiesce to Song overlordship | ||
| 14 November | Emperor Taizu of Song dies and his brother Zhao Guangyi succeeds him as Emperor Taizong of Song | |
| Song dynasty and aboriginal allies in Guizhou attack the Mu'ege Kingdom, forcing them to retreat to Dafang County | ||
| The price ratio of iron to rice reaches 632:100 | ||
| Song conquers Wuyue | ||
| Song conquest of Northern Han Song conquers Northern Han | ||
| Battle of Gaoliang River Song dynasty invades Liao dynasty and is defeated |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor Jingzong of Liao invades the Song dynasty and retakes territory in Hebei | |||
| Long Yanyao's grandson Long Qiongju presents tribute to the Emperor Taizong of Song | |||
| Battle of Bạch Đằng (981) Song dynasty invades Đại Cồ Việt (Early Lê dynasty) with initial success but is ambushed and the campaign ends with Lê Hoàn accepting Song suzerainty | |||
| Jiqian's rebellion Li Jipeng of the Dingnan Jiedushi surrenders to the Song, but his cousin Li Jiqian rebels | |||
| The complete 130,000 block print edition of the Tripiṭaka Buddhist Canon, the Kaibao Canon 開寶藏) is finished | |||
| Qiao Weiyue invents the pound lock | |||
| Song dynasty attacks the Khitans but is defeated |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| A drought hits Sichuan and peasant rebellions break out | ||
| Jiqian's rebellion Song dynasty deposes Li Jiqian | ||
| Earliest record of promissory note | ||
| Rebellions in Sichuan are suppressed | ||
| Long Hanyao of Nanning presents tribute to the Song court | ||
| Jiqian's rebellion | ||
| 9 May | Emperor Taizong of Song dies and his son Zhao Heng becomes Emperor Zhenzong of Song | |
| Khitans invade the Song dynasty | ||
| Jiqian's rebellion Song dynasty legitimizes Li Jiqian as governor of Dingnan Jiedushi | ||
| Long Hanyao of Nanning presents tribute to the Song court |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Khitan forces retreat from the Song dynasty after failing to take key cities | ||
| Zhuang rebels attack Yongzhou but the attack is defeated by Zhuang troops of the Song-allied Huang clan | ||
| Tang Fu demonstrates gunpowder pots and caltrops to the Song court and is rewarded. | ||
| Chinese discover that magnetic north and true north are not the same | ||
| Tanguts capture Ordos | ||
| Khitans attack the Song dynasty but are repulsed | ||
| Zhuang rebels calling themselves the Troops of Chen (chenbing) rebel in Yizhou. Their leader, Su Chengzhun, is defeated three months later. | ||
| Shi Pu demonstrates fireballs utilizing gunpowder to the Song court and blueprints are created for promulgation throughout the realm. | ||
| Khitans invade the Song dynasty and retreat without making permanent gains | ||
| Emperor Shengzong of Liao conducts a full-scale invasion of the Song dynasty which ends in stalemate | ||
| A banquet is held for a Nong chieftain in Song territory, leading to military retaliation from Đại Cồ Việt | ||
| January | Chanyuan Treaty The Song dynasty agrees to pay the Khitans an annual tribute of silk and silver | |
| Emperor Zhenzong of Song introduces quotas on degrees awarded | ||
| Song dynasty modifies the appointment by protection system by requiring candidates to study at the Directorate of Education and sit the examination, which passes at least 50 percent of them |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tanguts request famine relief from the Song | |||
| Song court sponsors the propagation of the early maturing Champa rice, allowing rice to be harvested twice a year | |||
| King Lý Thái Tổ of the Lý dynasty that ruled Đại Việt sends 100 Dali horses to Song court as gifts | |||
| Locusts plague the Song capital of Kaifeng | |||
| Đại Cồ Việt raids the Song dynasty | |||
| Yellow River dikes collapse |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural land reaches 13 percent of Song state territory | |||
| 23 March | Emperor Zhenzong of Song dies and his son succeeds him as Emperor Renzong of Song; Empress Liu becomes regent | ||
| Song dynasty establishes a Bureau for Exchange Bills in Chengdu after craftsmen, artisans, and farmers reject the replacement of the smaller copper coins with heavy iron coins | |||
| Song dynasty starts circulating exchange bills, each worth 1,256,340 strings of cash per 3-year circulation period | |||
| Earliest known extant printing block for paper money, the jiaozi | |||
| Torrential rains damage the Yellow River dikes and cause widespread flooding in the Song capital of Kaifeng | |||
| Repairs on the Yellow River dikes are finished |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Empress Liu's regency ends as she dies | ||
| Drought hits northern China | ||
| Li Yuanhao of the Tanguts raids Song dynasty | ||
| Unprecedented spread of literati culture throughout society compels the Song court to promulgate sumptuary regulations for citizens of Kaifeng | ||
| Song civil service doubles in size | ||
| All officials, their sons and grandsons, are relieved from obligations to serve as village officers | ||
| Đại Cồ Việt raids the Song dynasty | ||
| Earthquake kills 12,000 people, injures 5,600, and kills or injures 50,000 cattle around Kaifeng | ||
| 10 November | Li Yuanhao declares himself Emperor Jingzong of Western Xia | |
| The Meng clan (Zhuang people) in Yizhou of Guangnan West Circuit rebels and is suppressed | ||
| Western Xia attacks Song dynasty but is repulsed | ||
| Famine strikes north China |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Song-Xia War (1040–1044) Western Xia invades Song dynasty | ||
| Song-Xia War (1040–1044) Western Xia defeats a Song army and kills 6,000 | ||
| Movable type is invented by Bi Sheng | ||
| Song-Xia War (1040–1044) Western Xia conducts a full-scale invasion of the Song dynasty but is repelled | ||
| Song-Xia War (1040–1044) Khitans force the Song dynasty to increase annual tribute to 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk | ||
| Song dynasty appoints Degai of the Mu'ege Kingdom as regional inspector | ||
| The Yao people of Guiyang rebel | ||
| Emperor Renzong of Song enacts the Confucian Qingli Reforms and schools are established at prefectures with sufficient number of students | ||
| The School of Four Gates opens - it provides students with a 500-day education, stipends, meals, a place in the dormitory, and exemption from the prefectural examinations | ||
| Song-Xia War (1040–1044) Western Xia and Song dynasty cease hostilities | ||
| Ou Xifan of the Ou clan rebels to the northwest of Yizhou in Guangnan West Circuit. Ou Xifan declares the Great Tang and wages war on the Song. He is caught a year later and executed by vivisection. | ||
| Rebellions break out in Sichuan | ||
| The chemical formula for gunpowder appears in the military manual Wujing Zongyao, also known as the Complete Essentials for the Military Classics. | ||
| "Thunderclap bombs" are mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao. | ||
| A "triple-bed-crossbow" firing fire arrows is mentioned in the Wujing Zongyao. | ||
| Earliest recorded use of the compass for navigation | ||
| Proportion of jinshi degree holders in the Song dynasty bureaucracy reach a third of all total bureaucratic positions | ||
| Drought hits northern China | ||
| Wang Ze rebels in Hebei and is suppressed | ||
| Nong Zhigao of the Zhuang people rebels in Guangnan West Circuit | ||
| Rebellions in Sichuan are suppressed | ||
| The Iron Pagoda is completed[2] |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| The Yao rebellion of Guiyang is suppressed | |||
| Nong Zhigao's rebellion is suppressed | |||
| Peng Shixi rebels in Jinghu | |||
| Heavy rains overload the Yellow River, causing widespread flooding and a major shift in the river's course | |||
| Rebellion breaks out in Yongzhou | |||
| Peng Shixi's rebellion is suppressed | |||
| The Luoyang Bridge (Quanzhou) is completed |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| The rebellion in Yongzhou is suppressed | ||
| 30 April | Emperor Renzong of Song dies and his cousin Zhao Zongshi succeeds him as Emperor Yingzong of Song | |
| Yizong raids Western Xia raids Song dynasty | ||
| fall | Kaifeng experiences massive floods | |
| Yizong raids Western Xia raids Song dynasty | ||
| The Song court starts holding jinshi examinations triennially, a decision that would endure until 1905 | ||
| 25 January | Emperor Yingzong of Song dies and his son Zhao Xu succeeds him as Emperor Shenzong of Song | |
| Private trade of gunpowder ingredients is banned in the Song dynasty. | ||
| Enrollment in the School of Four Gates reaches 900 | ||
| Huang Huaixin starts planning the construction of dry docks |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Western Xia attacks the Song dynasty | |||
| The Song court carries out water-control and land reclamation projects which reclaim 38,829,799 acres of agricultural land | |||
| Annual copper production in the Song dynasty reaches 12,982 tons, more than the total global production in 1800 | |||
| The first jinshi imperial examinations to emphasize statecraft over poetry are held | |||
| Song dynasty starts colonizing the Qinghai region, taking control of Wushengjun | |||
| Lý–Song War Lý Thường Kiệt and Nùng Tông Đán of the Lý dynasty that ruled Đại Việt invade the Song dynasty, capturing Qinzhou, Lianzhou, and destroying Yongzhou before retreating | |||
| Shen Kuo describes the process of making steel using repeated forging under a cold blast for "partial decarbonization", considered by some historians to be a direct predecessor of the Bessemer process[3] | |||
| autumn | Lý–Song War Guo Kui of the Song dynasty invades Đại Việt (Lý dynasty) and pushes to the Cầu River, where the war reaches a stalemate | ||
| Trade of gunpowder ingredients with the Liao and Western Xia dynasties is outlawed by the Song court | |||
| Lý–Song War Đại Việt (Lý dynasty) becomes a Song tributary in return for the withdraw of Song troops | |||
| Annual iron production in the Song dynasty reaches 125,000 tons and becomes the largest iron industry in the world, an achievement that lasts until 1796 during the industrial revolution in England and Wales; per capita iron production reaches 3.1 pound, the world's highest per capita iron production until 1700 in Western Europe | |||
| Lý–Song War Song dynasty gives up claims to Cao Bằng and Lạng Sơn in return for Song captives |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of qualified officials reach 34,000 | |||
| Mints in the Song dynasty reach annual production of 5,000,000 strings of copper cash and 800,000 strings of iron coins | |||
| The Price ratio of iron to rice falls to 177:100 in Sichuan and 135:100 in Shanxi | |||
| Song-Xia War (1081–1085) Song dynasty invades Western Xia with initial success, but the odd failure to bring siege weapons and extreme supply problems cause widespread mutiny and the invasion turns into a massive rout | |||
| Three hundred thousand fire arrows are produced by the Song court and delivered to two garrisons. | |||
| 1 April | Emperor Shenzong of Song dies and his son Zhao Xu succeeds him as Emperor Zhezong of Song; Empress Gao becomes regent | ||
| Drought hits the Kaifeng region | |||
| Annual grain harvest reaches 18,700,000 tons | |||
| Su Song invents the astronomical clock | |||
| Song and the Lý of Đại Việt finalize their border agreement, which with minor changes throughout the centuries, is basically the same as the modern China–Vietnam border | |||
| Song and Western Xia conclude a peace treaty |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Earliest known extant depiction of an endless power-transmitting chain drive | |||
| Emperess Gao's regency ends as she dies | |||
| Advance and fortify Song dynasty conducts an advance and fortify campaign against the Western Xia | |||
| Advance and fortify Western Xia retaliates against Song incursions but fails to defeat Song fortifications | |||
| Advance and fortify Western Xia sues for peace |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 23 February | Emperor Zhezong of Song dies and his brother Zhao Ji succeeds him as Emperor Huizong of Song | ||
| Total population employed in the Song bureaucracy reaches 0.02 percent | |||
| Coke (fuel) replaces charcoal in iron smelting | |||
| The Song court mandates the construction of Security and Relief clinics in every prefecture | |||
| Cai Jing suggests that the best graduates of the Taixue should be selected for appointment without having to take the imperial examinations and that the examinations themselves should be replaced by a reformed education system; his ideas are ultimately rejected | |||
| Song occupation of Tsongkha Song dynasty invades Tsongkha and Western Xia | |||
| Public pharmacies are extended from Kaifeng to the circuits | |||
| Earliest recorded references to foot binding[4] [5] [6] | |||
| Song occupation of Tsongkha | |||
| Song court mandates public cemeteries for the destitute | |||
| The Taixue allows enrollment from poor families for an admission fee of 2,000 cash, roughly 4 months of income for a low wage farmer, or 15 percent of monthly salary for a low official | |||
| Reports of embezzlement relating to the public welfare initiatives start rolling in | |||
| Song occupation of Tsongkha Song dynasty and Western Xia end hostilities and the war ends inconclusively | |||
| Graduates of the prefectural examinations are reduced to 3% of candidates | |||
| Song dynasty starts issuing a new note called a 'money voucher' (qianyin) | |||
| Song dynasty mandates the superiority of the Taoist clergy in rank and honors to their Buddhist counterparts | |||
| Song dynasty sets an annual recruitment quota of 70 Taoist priests for the imperial examinations |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| The Song army puts on a firework display for the emperor including a spectacle which opened with "a noise like thunder" and explosives that light up the night. Considered by some to be the first mention of gunpowder fireworks. | ||
| Earliest recorded use of the compass for maritime navigation | ||
| Song-Xia War (1113–1119) Song dynasty invades Western Xia | ||
| The Palace of Extended Blessings (Yanfu Gong), a park-like compound extending the palace precincts to the north, is constructed | ||
| 28 January | Wanyan Aguda declares himself Emperor Taizu of Jin | |
| Song-Xia War (1113–1119) The war between Song dynasty and Western Xia ends inconclusively | ||
| Song Jiang rebels in Jingdong Circuit |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Fang La rebels in Liangzhe Circuit and is suppressed | ||
| Song court announces cutbacks to public welfare | ||
| Song Jiang's rebellion in Jingdong Circuit is suppressed | ||
| Song dynasty attacks the Liao dynasty but is repelled | ||
| Zhang Jue rebels in Ping Prefecture and defects to the Song dynasty but the Jin dynasty immediately retaliates and crushes his army; Zhang Jue is executed by the Song as reconciliation towards the Jin | ||
| 26 March | Emperor Tianzuo of Liao is captured by the Jin dynasty; so ends the Liao dynasty | |
| November | Jin dynasty invades the Song dynasty and occupies Shanxi and Hebei | |
| 18 January | Emperor Huizong of Song abdicates to his son Zhao Huan, who succeeds him as Emperor Qinzong of Song | |
| 31 January | Jingkang Incident Thunderclap bomb as well as fire arrows and fire bombs are used by Song troops during the siege of Kaifeng by the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). | |
| 5 March | Jin army retreats from Kaifeng after the Song dynasty promises to pay an annual indemnity | |
| June | Jin dynasty defeats two Song armies | |
| December | Jin army returns with fire arrows and gunpowder bombs and lays siege to Kaifeng | |
| 12 June | Emperor Qinzong of Song's brother Zhao Gou is declared Emperor Gaozong of Song and the capital is moved to Lin'an | |
| December | Jingkang Incident Kaifeng falls to the Jin dynasty and emperors Qinzong and Huizong are captured; territory north of the Huai River is annexed by the Jin - earliest recorded use of "molten metal bombs", suspected to contain gunpowder | |
| The earliest extant depiction of a cannon appears among the Dazu Rock Carvings, one of which is a human figure holding a gourd shaped hand cannon. | ||
| Former Song official Liu Yu is enthroned as emperor of the Jin puppet state of Qi | ||
| Gunpowder weapons are applied to naval warfare as Song warships are outfitted with trebuchets and supplies of gunpowder bombs. |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Battle of Huangtiandang Jin forces are ambushed and stopped at the Yangtze for some time before making the crossing | |||
| Zhong Xiang rebels in Hunan | |||
| Jin dynasty invades Shaanxi but is repelled, in particular by a volley fire tactic implemented by general Wu Jie (吳 玠) and his younger brother Wu Lin (吳璘) | |||
| Li Cheng rebels in Huainan and is suppressed | |||
| The Song dynasty establishes China's first standing navy | |||
| Siege of De'an Fire lances are used by Song troops to repel Jin invaders | |||
| Gunpowder is referred to specifically for its military applications for the first time and is known as "fire bomb medicine" rather than "fire medicine". | |||
| Firecrackers using gunpowder are mentioned for the first time. | |||
| Jin puppet state Qi invades Song dynasty but is repelled by Yue Fei | |||
| Ayong of the Mu'ege Kingdom leads a large trade delegation of several thousand to the Song city of Luzhou in Sichuan | |||
| 4 June | Emperor Huizong of Song dies | ||
| Jin puppet state Qi captures Xiangyang | |||
| Yue Fei of the Song dynasty retaliates and recaptures much of the lost territory | |||
| The rebellion in Hunan is suppressed | |||
| Jin puppet state Qi invades the Song dynasty but is repelled |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty | |||
| Battle of Yancheng Yue Fei launches a successful attack against the Jin and makes considerable territorial gains, but is forced to withdraw by Emperor Gaozong of Song | |||
| Yue Fei is arrested | |||
| 27 January | Yue Fei is executed | ||
| October | Song and Jin agree to the Treaty of Shaoxing which stipulates that the Song must pay Jin an annual indemnity; the Huai River is settled as the boundary between the two states | ||
| Buddhist monks in the Song dynasty surge to 200,000 and become the largest class of land owners | |||
| The Dongguan Bridge is constructed in Yongchun County, Fujian Province |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Annual registration for prefectural examinations reaches 100,000 applicants | |||
| The Anping Bridge is completed |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Song dynasty starts issuing huizi, their official paper currency | |||
| 14 June | Emperor Qinzong of Song dies | ||
| 28 October | Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty | ||
| 16 November | Battle of Tangdao Fire arrows are employed by a Song fleet in sinking a Jin fleet off the shore of Shandong peninsula. | ||
| 26–27 November | Battle of Caishi Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song treadmill boats in sinking a Jin fleet on the Yangtze. | ||
| 24 July | Emperor Gaozong of Song abdicates to his adopted son Zhao Bocong who becomes Emperor Xiaozong of Song | ||
| Copper production in the Song dynasty suffers a complete breakdown and falls to 157 tons per year | |||
| summer | Song dynasty invades Jin dynasty but is defeated | ||
| Fire lances are attached to war carts, known as "at-your-desire-war-carts", for defending Song mobile trebuchets. | |||
| Song and Jin conclude a peace treaty reducing Song tribute and returning borders to the Huai River | |||
| Song dynasty releases 2 million taels to exchange for huizi and destroy them in order to correct overissue |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1170 | The Song dynasty stations officers at the Penghu Islands | ||
| 1171 | Chinese fishermen settle on the Penghu Islands | ||
| More huizi are issued to meet demand |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Earliest extant printed maps with a date of publication are printed | |||
| 9 November | Emperor Gaozong of Song dies | ||
| Emperor Xiaozong of Song creates a new office called the Policy Deliberation Hall (Yishi tang) to train his son Zhao Dun for his eventual accession | |||
| 18 February | Emperor Xiaozong of Song abdicates to his son Zhao Dun, who becomes Emperor Guangzong of Song |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Casual references to foot binding become more common; foot binding is no longer associated with dancing nor is the practice confined to entertainers | |||
| Emperor Guangzong of Song withdraws from the court | |||
| 28 June | Emperor Xiaozong of Song dies | ||
| 24 July | Emperor Guangzong of Song is forced to abdicate and his son Zhao Kuo succeeds him as Emperor Ningzong of Song | ||
| Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan | |||
| Earliest known extant depiction of a fishing reel | |||
| Song court bans Neo-Confucianism |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 17 September | Emperor Guangzong of Song dies | ||
| Ban on Neo-Confucianism ends | |||
| Song forces start showing military aggression along the Jin border | |||
| spring | Kokochu, also known as Teb Tengri, chief shaman of the Mongols, bestows upon Temüjin the title of Genghis Khan, "Oceanic Ruler" of the Mongol Empire, at the kurultai of Burkhan Khaldun, sacred mountain of the Mongols | ||
| 20 June | Song dynasty declares war on Jin dynasty | ||
| December | The governor-general of Sichuan, Wu Xi, defects to the Jin dynasty | ||
| 29 March | Song loyalists kill Wu Xi | ||
| Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song forces in a sneak attack on a Jin camp, killing 2000 men and 800 horses. | |||
| April | Song and Jin enter a stalemate | ||
| 2 November | Song and Jin agree to a peace renewing the Song's tributary relationship with the Jin | ||
| Yao people rebel in Jinghu and are suppressed | |||
| Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan | |||
| Massive fires erupt in Lin'an | |||
| Drought and locusts hits Zhejiang | |||
| Locusts plague Zhejiang |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Rebellion breaks out in Jinghu and is suppressed | ||
| Earliest known depiction of a trip hammer | ||
| Massive fires erupt in Lin'an | ||
| Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan | ||
| Floodwaters hit Zhejiang | ||
| Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan | ||
| Floodwaters hit Zhejiang | ||
| Jin dynasty raids Song dynasty | ||
| Drought hits Zhejiang | ||
| Drought and locusts hit Zhejiang | ||
| Earthquakes hit Sichuan | ||
| spring | Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled | |
| Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan | ||
| Floodwaters hit Zhejiang | ||
| Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled | ||
| Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan and is suppressed |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rebellion breaks out in Sichuan | |||
| Massive fires erupt in Lin'an | |||
| Jin dynasty invades Song dynasty but is repelled | |||
| Iron casing bombs are employed by Jin troops in the siege of Qi Prefecture (Hubei). | |||
| 17 September | Emperor Ningzong of Song dies and his adopted son Zhao Yun succeeds him as Emperor Lizong of Song | ||
| Song and Jin cease hostilities | |||
| Rebels in Shandong invade the Song dynasty and are repelled | |||
| September | Emperor Mozhu of Western Xia surrenders to the Mongol Empire and is promptly executed; so ends the Western Xia | ||
| New Vietnamese monarch, Trần Thái Tông of the Trần dynasty, sends a diplomatic mission to Song China[7] |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Co-viative projectiles are added to fire lances. | |||
| Song patrols kill a Mongol envoy and in retaliation the Mongols raid Sichuan | |||
| Massive fires erupt in Lin'an | |||
| summer | Song dynasty invades Jin dynasty | ||
| 9 February | Siege of Caizhou | ||
| Mongols annihilate the Song army at Luoyang | |||
| Mongols raid the Song dynasty | |||
| Massive fires erupt in Lin'an | |||
| Mongols rout Song forces in Sichuan | |||
| Large bombs requiring several hundred men to hurl using trebuchets are employed by Mongols in the siege of Anfeng (modern Shouxian, Anhui Province). | |||
| Massive fires erupt in Lin'an | |||
| Counterattacks by Song forces force Mongols to withdraw |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Foot binding spreads to daughters and wives of officials | ||
| Mongols raid Sichuan | ||
| Mongols raid Sichuan | ||
| Mongols raid Huainan | ||
| Mongols occupy Shou Prefecture | ||
| Rockets are used during a military exercise conducted by the Song navy. | ||
| Issues of huizi to subsidize rising expenditures and declining revenues reach a value of 650,000,000 strings of cash, an increase by a factor of 25 over half a century | ||
| Qin Jiushao discovers Horner's method and introduces the zero symbol into Chinese mathematics[8] [9] |
| Year | Date | Event |
|---|---|---|
| Annual registration for prefectural examinations reaches 400,000 candidates | ||
| Mongol forces under the Chinese general Wang Dechen advance into Sichuan and occupy Li Prefecture | ||
| Massive fires erupt in Lin'an | ||
| Mongol forces occupy Li Prefecture | ||
| Mongol raids on the northern Song border intensify | ||
| summer | Möngke Khan declares war on the Song dynasty, citing imprisonment of Mongol envoys as casus belli | |
| The Bazi Bridge is completed in Shaoxing | ||
| Three hundred thirty-three "fire emitting tubes" are produced in a Song arsenal in Jiankang Prefecture (Nanjing, Jiangsu). | ||
| Massive fires erupt in Lin'an | ||
| Mongols capture Chengdu | ||
| January | Möngke Khan's forces take Ya Prefecture | |
| February | Siege of Diaoyu Castle Möngke Khan's forces lay siege to Diaoyu Fortress | |
| July | Siege of Diaoyu Castle Möngke Khan calls off the siege of Diaoyu Fortress | |
| August | Taghachar attacks Huainan | |
| 12 August | Möngke Khan dies from dysentery or a wound inflicted by a Song trebuchet, forcing Mongol forces to withdraw from Song territory | |
| September | Kublai Khan's forces cross the Yangtze and lays siege to Ezhou, however he receives news of Möngke Khan's death and Ariq Böke's mobilization, forcing hm to withdraw and deal with his brother | |
| The History of Song describes a "fire-emitting lance" employing a pellet wad projectile which occludes the barrel. Some consider this to be the first bullet. | ||
| The city of Qingzhou produces one to two thousand iron cased bomb shells a month and sends them in deliveries of ten to twenty thousand at a time to Xiangyang and Yingzhou. | ||
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 May | Kublai Khan convenes a kurultai at Kaiping, which elects him as ruler of the Mongol Empire; so ends the centralized Mongol Empire | ||
| Kublai Khan's envoy Hao Jing proposes that the Song dynasty acknowledge Kublai as Son of Heaven in return for autonomy and gets jailed | |||
| Kublai Khan sends funds to Li Tan of Shandong to make war on the Song dynasty | |||
| 22 February | Mongol-allied warlord of Shandong, Li Tan, defects to the Song dynasty | ||
| August | Kublai Khan's Chinese generals Shi Tianze and Shi Chu crush Li Tan's forces and capture him; Li Tan is trampled to death by horses | ||
| Massive fires erupt in Lin'an | |||
| Emperor Lizong of Song dies and his nephew Zhao Qi succeeds him as Emperor Duzong of Song | |||
| Massive fires erupt in Lin'an | |||
| A display of miniature rockets frightens the Song empress. | |||
| The value of huizi collapses | |||
| Song dynasty and Mongol forces clash in Sichuan | |||
| Battle of Xiangyang |
| Year | Date | Event | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kublai Khan declares himself emperor of the Yuan dynasty | |||
| Chinese people start visiting Taiwan | |||
| Battle of Xiangyang Riverine relief forces use fire lances to repel boarders and break the Mongol blockade of Xiangyang | |||
| March | Battle of Xiangyang Lü Wenhuan surrenders Xiangyang to Yuan | ||
| 12 August | Emperor Duzong of Song dies and his son Zhao Xian succeeds him as Emperor Gong of Song; Xie Daoqing becomes regent | ||
| January | Bayan's forces cross the Yangtze at Hankou | ||
| March | Bayan's forces meet Jia Sidao in battle at Dingjiao Prefecture and annihilate his force using artillery equipment | ||
| Mongols conquer the Hanshui region | |||
| Mongol army annihilates a Song army near modern Guichi District | |||
| 22 March | Lin'an surrenders to the Mongols and Emperor Gong of Song is eventually moved to Dunhuang where he raises a family and becomes a monk | ||
| Yuan general of Uyghur descent, Arigh Kaya, conquers Hunan and Guangxi | |||
| Yuan commander Sodu occupies Fuzhou | |||
| 14 June | Song loyalists enthrone Zhao Shi, brother of Emperor Gong of Song, as Emperor Duanzong of Song | ||
| Reusable fire lance barrels made of metal are employed by the Song army. | |||
| Fire lances are used by Song cavalry in combating Mongols. | |||
| April | Muslim superintendent of Quanzhou Pu Shougeng defects to Yuan | ||
| A suicide bombing occurs in China when Song garrisons set off a large bomb, killing themselves. | |||
| February | Yuan commander Sodu occupies Guangzhou | ||
| 9 May | Emperor Duanzong of Song dies in Guangnan and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing | ||
| 19 March | Battle of Yamen Mongol fleet annihilates the Song fleet and Zhao Bing dies at sea; so ends the Song dynasty |