Timeline of the Mali War explained

The following is a timeline of major events during the Northern Mali conflict.

2012

January

• 16–17 January: Battle of Menaka between the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) and the army of Mali. On the 17th, fighting spread to towns of Aguelhok and Tessalit.^[1]
• 24 January: Battle of Aguelhok between the MNLA (and possibly Islamist groups like Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa) and the army of Mali. When they surrendered, 97 members of the army of Mali were killed.^[2]

February

• 1 February: After regaining the town of Ménaka after the battle in January, the military of Mali retreats and the MNLA takes the town over.^[3]
• 2 February: Large-scale protests against the violence in the north take place in Bamako, the capital of Mali, and cause disruptions and shut down much of the city.^[4]

March

• 5 March: Units of the military of Mali fail to end the siege of the military garrison in Tessalit that had existed for weeks.^[5]
• 10 March: Spiritual leaders in Mali issue a call for peace.^[6]
• 12 March: The MNLA (and allies) take over Tessalit.^[7]
• 14 March: Rebel forces took control of the towns of Diré and Goundam.^[8]
• 21 March: soldiers dissatisfied with the course of the conflict attacked Defense Minister Sadio Gassama as he arrived to speak to them at the Kati military camp.^[9]
• 21–22 March: 2012 Malian coup d'état, disgruntled soldiers took over the capital city^[10] and on the morning of the 22nd, Amadou Konare went on state television, which identified him as the spokesperson of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR), formed by the renegade soldiers. Konare declared that the soldiers had seized power from 'the incompetent regime of Amadou Toumani Touré' and said it would look to hand over power to a new, democratically elected government.^[11] The coup was "unanimously condemned" by the international community,^[12]
• 30 March: Rebels captured Kidal^[13] and Ansongo and Bourem in Gao Region.^[14]
• 31 March: Rebels take over Gao.^[15]

April

• 1 April: Rebels attack Timbuktu^[16] Reports that Ansar Dine takes over the city and chases away MNLA fighters.
• 2 April: ECOWAS and Mauritanian and Algeria place wide-ranging sanctions on the military government of Mali.
• 3 April: Armed groups looted 2,354 tons of food from United Nations' World Food Programme's warehouses in Kidal, Gao and Timbuktu, causing the WFP to suspend its operations in northern Mali.^[17]
• 4 April: Civil society and 50 political parties in Mali refuse to take part in a discussion with the military government on plans for the future.
• 5 April: Islamists, possibly from AQIM or MOJWA, entered the Algerian consulate in Gao and took hostages.^[18]
• 6 April: The MNLA declares independence of the northern part of Mali.^[19]
• 8 April: The National Liberation Front of Azawad (FNLA) announced its formation and intention to oppose Tuareg rule, battle the MNLA, and "return to peace and economic activity"; the group claimed to consist of 500 fighters.^[20]
• 8 April: President Amadou Toumani Touré resigns and Dioncounda Traoré is named interim President.^[21]

May

• 4 May: Ansar Dine members reportedly burned the tomb of a Sufi saint.^[22]
• 14 May: Protesters and the MNLA clashed in the city of Gao, reportedly injuring four and killing one.^[23]
• 26 May: MNLA and Ansar Dine agree to merge and create an independent state together. This alliance falls apart days later.^[24]

June

• 8 June: MNLA and Ansar Dine forces fight with one another in Kidal, killing two in the skirmish, as a result of protests in the city opposed to the imposition of Sharia law.^[25]
• 26–27 June: Battle of Gao started when protesters opposed to Tuareg rule by the MNLA resulted in two deaths (allegedly by MNLA forces).^[26] MNLA and MOJWA began fighting in the city of Gao, resulting in an injury to Bilal ag Acherif, the MNLA Secretary General, and a retreat of MNLA from the city and others.^{[27] [28]}
• 29 June: Islamists are in charge of most of northern Mali and the MNLA holds few cities.
• 30 June: Destruction of tombs in Timbuktu by Islamist forces.

July

• 29 July: A couple was stoned to death by Islamists in Aguelhok for having children outside of marriage.^[29]

August

• 9 August: Islamist militants chopped off the hand of an alleged thief in the town of Ansongo, despite a crowd pleading with the militants for mercy.^[30]

September

• 1 September: MOJWA takes over the southern town of Douentza, which had previously been held by a Songhai secular militia, the Ganda Iso^[31]
• 8 September: Malian soldiers detained 17 unarmed Tablighi preachers from Mauritania in Dogofry (north of Diabaly) while en route to a religious conference in Bamako and executed all but one of them without reporting to their own command. The Malian government expressed its condolences for the incident, which Associated Press considered a symptom of the disintegration reached by the Malian Army as a result of the 21 March Coup.^[32]
• 24 September: A group broke off from the MNLA, calling itself the Front for the Liberation of the Azawad (FPA), aiming to focus efforts on fighting the Islamists.^[33]

October

• 12 October: United Nations Security Council unanimously passes United Nations Security Council Resolution 2071 which approved the creation of the African-led International Support Mission to Mali (AFISMA).^{[34] [35]}

November

• 11 November: Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) authorizes 3,000 troops for involvement in AFISMA.
• 16 November: MNLA forces launch an offensive against Gao, but fail to retake the town.^[36]
• 19 November: MOJWA and AQIM forces took over the eastern town of Ménaka, which had previously been held by the MNLA.^[37]

December

• 11 December: Prime Minister Cheick Modibo Diarra is forced to resign by the military.
• 20 December: The United Nations Security Council passes United Nations Security Council Resolution 2085 which approved the deployment of AFISMA and international action.^[38]

2013

January

• 4 January: A ceasefire between Ansar Dine and the army of Mali is ended by Ansar Dine claiming the terms were not met.
• 10 January: Islamist forces captured the strategic town of Konna, located 600 km from the capital.^[39]
• 11 January: France launched Opération Serval, militarily intervening in the conflict.^[40] The operation included the use of Gazelle helicopters from the Special forces, which stopped an Islamist column advancing to Mopti, and the use of four Mirage 2000-D jets of the Armée de l'Air operating from a base in Chad. 12 targets were hit by the Mirages during the night between the 11th and the 12th.^[41]
• 12 January: the British government announced that it was deploying two Royal Air Force C-17 transport planes in a non-combat role to ferry primarily French but also potentially African forces into Mali.^[42]
• 14 January: Islamists attacked the city of Diabaly from the Mauritanian border where they fled to avoid the airstrikes. The AQIM leader known as Abu Zeid was leading the operation.^[43]
• 16 January: The prosecutor of the International Criminal Court opened a formal investigation of alleged war crimes in Mali.^[44]
• 16–19 January: In Amenas hostage crisis. AQIM militants crossed the border from Mali into Algeria and captured an Algerian/Statoil/BP-owned natural gas field, In Aménas, near the border with Libya. They took a number of foreign workers hostage and
• 14–21 January: Battle of Diabaly begins with the Malian army, and possibly French special forces, fighting against Islamists in the city of Diabaly.^{[45] [46]} Islamists retreated from the city by 18 January and the Malian military and French forces retook the city on 21 January without resistance.^{[47] [48]}
• 18 January: Malian army reclaims control of Konna without resistance.^{[49] [50]}
• 19 January: Residents of Gao had lynched Aliou Toure, a prominent Islamist leader and the MOJWA police commissioner of the city, in retaliation for the killing of a local journalist, Kader Toure.^[51]
• 19 January: Human Rights Watch report killings and other human rights abuses committed by the Malian army in the central Malian town of Niono. Tuaregs and Arabs were especially targeted.^[52]
• 19 January: Two Nigerian soldiers were killed and five were injured by Islamists near the Nigerian town of Okene as they were heading toward Mali.^[53]
• 25–27 January: Second Battle of Gao

February

• 9–11 February: 3rd battle of Gao
• 19 February–present: Operation Panther
• 20–23 February: 4th battle of Gao
• 22 February: Battle of Ifoghas
• 22–23 February: Battle of Khalil
• 27 February: Battle of Iminenas

March

• 6 March: Battle of Tin Keraten
• 12 March: Battle of Tigharghar
• 12–17 March: Battle of Djebok
• 20–21 March: Battle of Timbuktu
• 24 March: 5th Battle of Gao
• 29–30 March: Battle of In Arab
• 30 March – 1 April: Second Battle of Timbuktu

April

• 12 April: 2013 Kidal suicide attack

May

• 4 May: Battle of Hamakouladji

2018

• 11 January: Three French soldiers of the Barkhane force were wounded, one of them seriously, by a suicide bomber in eastern Mali.^{[54] [55]}
• 24 January: Two Malian customs officers have been killed in a suspected jihadist attack at a market in the small village of Toubakoro.^[56]
• 1 July:
  • Four French soldiers are wounded near Bourem when two VBCIs are hit by suicide bombers. Four civilians were also killed.^[57]
  • A vehicle carrying several MSA fighters hit an explosive device, probably a mine, in the centre of the village of Talataye in the Ansongo Cercle of the Malian Gao region. Six fighters were killed and another injured in the incident.^[58]
  • A suicide bomber drove a vehicle loaded with explosives into an army patrol and detonated it in the Malian city of Gao. Four civilians were killed and 31 others, including four French soldiers, wounded in the attack.^{[59] [60]}

2019

• 23 March: Ogossagou massacre
• 10 June: Sobane Da massacre

2020

• 9 January: Twenty people, including eighteen U.N. peacekeepers, were wounded following a rocket attack on a MINUSMA base in Tessalit, Kidal Region.^[61]
• 26 January: A Malian Armed Forces camp in Sokolo, Niono Cercle was attacked, leading to the deaths of 19 Malian soldiers.^[62]
• 29 January: Prime Minister Boubou Cisse announced his intention to hire 10,000 new soldiers for the Malian Armed Forces in order to combat jihadist groups.^[63]
• 13 February: A "reconstituted" battalion of the Armed Forces of Mali, incorporating former rebel soldiers, arrived at Kidal, becoming the first government soldiers to be based in the city since March 2012. The battalion was escorted by MINUSMA forces and based at Camp General Abdoulaye Soumaré.^[64]
• 17 May: Malian Armed Forces returned to Labbézanga after they withdrew in November 2019^[65]
• 3 June: Malian forces killed AQIM leader, Abdelmalek Droukdel in operation near Algerian border.^[66]

2022

• October: The Islamic State in the Greater Sahara capture Ansongo^[67]
• 16 December: Two Nigerian peacekeepers killed, four wounded in attack in Mali, UN says^[68]

2023

• April: The Islamic State in the Greater Sahara capture Tidermène^[69]
• November: The Malian Army recaptured the town of Kidal from the MNLA.^[70]

2024

• 25–27 July: Battle of Tinzaouaten between the Tuareg rebel coalition Strategic Framework for the Defense of the People of Azawad (CSP-DPA) on one side, and the Malian Armed Forces (FAMa) backed by the Wagner Group, a Russian state-funded mercenary group, on the other.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Mali Besieged by Fighters Fleeing Libya . Stratfor . 22 March 2012 . 17 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121017142528/http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/mali-besieged-fighters-fleeing-libya . dead .
2. Web site: Tuareg rebels behind January killings, confirms Mali army . Radio France International. 13 February 2012 . 29 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120929015224/http://www.english.rfi.fr/africa/20120213-tuareg-rebels-behind-january-killings-confirms-mali-army . live. 7 March 2012.
3. News: AFP: Tuareg rebels take Mali town after army pullout . 31 January 2012 . Agence France-Presse . 7 March 2012 . 3 January 2013 . https://archive.today/20130103173726/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iVW1DBI8ZiwzUAkN8MSZ9Mgpcx-Q?docId=CNG.028f1f77f56e33c1084cdd34a97858f3.471 . dead .
4. News: Mali capital paralysed by anti-rebellion protests. Reuters. 2 February 2012. 7 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131109225515/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/02/mali-rebellion-idAFL5E8CV5ZF20120202. 9 November 2013. dead. dmy-all.
5. News: Mali govt forces fail to lift garrison town siege. Reuters. 5 March 2012. 22 March 2012. https://archive.today/20240526092942/https://www.webcitation.org/6COeQBtsx?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/05/mali-fighting-idAFL5E8E5ARS20120305%3FfeedType=RSS. 26 May 2024. dead. dmy-all.
6. Web site: A timeline of northern conflict. 5 April 2012. IRIN News. 24 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130203012201/http://www.irinnews.org/Report/95252/MALI-A-timeline-of-northern-conflict. 3 February 2013. live. dmy-all.
7. News: Tuareg rebels take Mali garrison town, say sources. Reuters. Trust. 11 March 2012. 22 March 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20120414214427/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/tuareg-rebels-take-mali-garrison-town-say-sources. 14 April 2012.
8. News: Mauritania denies collusion as Mali rebels advance . Reuters . 14 March 2012 . 22 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160204092123/http://fr.reuters.com/article/maliNews/idAFL5E8EE7LD20120314?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 . 4 February 2016 . dead . dmy-all .
9. News: Mali Military Blocks Presidential Palace After Gunshots . Bloomberg . 21 March 2012 . 22 March 2012 . Diakaridia . Dembele . https://web.archive.org/web/20120427194419/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-21/mali-military-blocks-presidential-palace-after-gunshots-2-.html . 27 April 2012 . live . dmy-all .
10. Web site: Agence France-Presse. Mali army claims upper hand over rebels amid coup disarray. The Province. 25 March 2012. 25 March 2012.
11. News: Renegade Mali soldiers say seize power, depose Toure. Reuters. 22 March 2012. 22 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121114040302/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/22/ozatp-mali-coup-idAFJOE82L00620120322. 14 November 2012. dead. dmy-all.
12. News: Au Mali, le front des putschistes se fragilise . 24 March 2012 . Le Monde . French . 24 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120324172252/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/03/24/au-mali-le-front-des-putschistes-se-fragilise_1675215_3212.html . 24 March 2012 . live . dmy-all .
13. News: Mali coup: Rebels seize desert town of Kidal. BBC News. 30 March 2012. 30 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175037/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17562066. 30 March 2012. live. dmy-all.
14. News: Mali coup leader seeks help as rebels seize towns. David Lewis and Adama Diarra. 30 March 2012. Reuters. 30 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20131109223721/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/30/mali-army-idAFL6E8EU3F020120330?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0. 9 November 2013. live. dmy-all.
15. News: Islamist group plants flag in Mali's Timbuktu . Baba Ahmed and Rukmini Callimachi . 2 April 2012 . Associated Press . Boston Globe. 3 April 2012.
16. News: Mali Tuareg rebels enter Timbuktu after troops flee. 1 April 2012. BBC News. 1 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120401151348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17576725. 1 April 2012. live. dmy-all.
17. News: UN Council Hammers out Condemnation of Mali Conflict . 3 April 2012 . Agence France-Presse . 3 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130201201303/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jZ9grPfu0TWqNu4VZE6rRlTWKRCA?docId=CNG.18f2de9d4c145d61a54efeb26eb8e9ae.131 . 1 February 2013 . dead . dmy-all .
18. News: Les rebelles touareg en guerre contre Al Qaida au Maghreb islamique ? . Le Monde . 5 April 2012 . 9 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120408192345/http://afrique.blog.lemonde.fr/2012/04/05/les-rebelles-touareg-en-guerre-contre-al-qaida-au-maghreb-islamique/ . 8 April 2012 . live . dmy-all .
19. Web site: Mali Tuareg rebels declare independence in the north. 6 April 2012 . BBC News. 21 July 2012. live. https://archive.today/20120721031845/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-17635437. 28 August 2012.
20. News: New north Mali Arab force seeks to "defend" Timbuktu . Bate . Felix . Adama . Diarra . Reuters . 10 April 2012 . 2 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131019185110/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/10/ozatp-mali-north-idAFJOE83901120120410 . 19 October 2013 . dead . dmy-all .
21. News: Timeline: The war for Mali. 24 January 2013. Washington Post. 17 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130130034047/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/mali-war-timeline/index.html. 30 January 2013. live. dmy-all.
22. Web site: Rebels burn Timbuktu tomb listed as U.N. World Heritage site . 6 May 2012 . CNN . 4 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131226070957/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/05/05/world/africa/mali-heritage-sites/index.html?hpt=hp_t3 . 26 December 2013 . live . dmy-all .
23. Web site: Mali Separatists Send Group to Talk to Protestors . 15 May 2012 . Voice of America . 16 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120519015159/http://www.voanews.com/content/mali_separatists_send_group_to_talk_to_protesters/666619.html . 19 May 2012 . live . dmy-all .
24. News: Rice. Xan. Mali timeline. 24 January 2013. Financial Times. 13 January 2013.
25. Web site: Mali rebel groups 'clash in Kidal'. 8 June 2012. BBC News. 20 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20121223052848/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-18377168. 23 December 2012. live. dmy-all.
26. News: Mali: 2 Killed in Anti-Rebel Protest. 26 June 2012. Reuters. The New York Times. 28 February 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180124135739/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/27/world/africa/mali-2-killed-in-anti-rebel-protest.html?ref=africa&gwh=88F2CF108C92A05F914F188CC9DADA14. 24 January 2018. live. dmy-all.
27. News: Mali Islamists 'oust' Tuaregs from Timbuktu . 29 June 2012 . News 24 . Agence France-Presse . 29 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120701222736/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Mali-Islamists-oust-Tuaregs-from-Timbuktu-20120629 . 1 July 2012 . live . dmy-all .
28. Web site: Trouble in Timbuktu as Islamists extend control . Zoe Flood . 29 June 2012 . The Daily Telegraph . 30 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120713114918/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/mali/9365390/Trouble-in-Timbuktu-as-Islamists-extend-control.html . 13 July 2012 . live . dmy-all .
29. News: Islamists in North Mali Stone Couple to Death . Adam Nossiter . 30 January 2012 . The New York Times . 30 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120731040440/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/31/world/africa/couple-stoned-to-death-by-islamists-in-mali.html . 31 July 2012 . live . dmy-all .
30. Web site: Mali 'thief's' hand amputated by Islamists in Ansongo . 9 August 2012 . BBC News . 9 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120809182025/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19195985 . 9 August 2012 . live . dmy-all .
31. News: Islamist rebels gain ground in Mali, seize control of Douentza, ousting former allied militia . 1 September 2012 . The Washington Post . 11 December 2018 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181211071817/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/islamist-rebels-gain-ground-seize-control-of-douentza-in-northern-mali/2012/09/01/04a88536-f433-11e1-b74c-84ed55e0300b_story.html . 2 September 2012.
32. Web site: Massacre of preachers in Mali sign of broken army . 2013-01-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141217222733/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/massacre-preachers-mali-sign-broken-army . 2014-12-17 . live .
33. News: Mali's secular Tuareg rebels splinter, new group says independence unrealistic . Brahima Ouedraogo . 24 September 2012 . Associated Press . The Star Tribune . 26 May 2024 . https://archive.today/20240526074614/https://www.webcitation.org/6BRQo1tFn?url=http://www.startribune.com/world/171061311.html%3Frefer=y . 15 October 2012 . dead .
34. Web site: Security Council paves way for possible intervention force in northern Mali . United Nations . 12 October 2012 . 13 October 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121022152127/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43281&Cr=+mali+&Cr1=#.UHnwscWHJ8E . 22 October 2012 . live . dmy-all .
35. News: U.N. Security Council asks for Mali plan within 45 days. 13 October 2012. Reuters. 12 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121013082928/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/12/us-mali-crisis-un-idUSBRE89B17U20121012. 13 October 2012. live. dmy-all.
36. Web site: New fighting breaks out in northern Mali . France 24 . 16 November 2012 . 12 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121220012412/http://www.france24.com/en/20121116-malian-tuaregs-Gao-MNLA- . 20 December 2012 . live . dmy-all .
37. https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j6dnx4NTM3B9w2ZubUbVNiHw-0Kg?docId=CNG.52abdac0e7976e9d4a137aa05c36be57.11 "North Mali clashes kill dozens, some unarmed: source"
38. Web site: UN Security Council Resolution 2085 . United Nations . 20 December 2012 . 14 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130112201935/http://www.un.org/en/sc/documents/resolutions/2012.shtml . 12 January 2013 . live . dmy-all .
39. News: Mali Islamists capture strategic town, residents flee . Reuters . 10 January 2013 . 10 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130111125901/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/10/us-mali-rebels-idUSBRE90912Q20130110 . 11 January 2013 . live . dmy-all .
40. News: Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes . 12 January 2013 . Le Monde . 2013-01-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130113085550/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/la-france-demande-une-acceleration-de-la-mise-en-place-de-la-force-internationale-au-mali_1816033_3212.html . 13 January 2013 . live . dmy-all .
41. News: Mali : après la mort rapide d'un officier, l'opération militaire s'annonce compliquée . Le Monde . 12 January 2013 . 2013-01-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130113102858/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/12/mali-apres-la-mort-rapide-d-un-officier-l-operation-militaire-s-annonce-tres-dure_1816237_3212.html . 2013-01-13 . live .
42. News: Britain to send aircraft to Mali to assist French fight against rebels . The Guardian . 12 January 2013 . 12 January 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130910002547/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/12/mali-somalia-france-rebels-islamist-francois-hollande . 10 September 2013 . live . dmy-all .
43. Web site: Le Figaro . Mali: attaque des islamistes sur la route de Bamako . 14 January 2013 . 2013-01-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130120042440/http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2013/01/14/97001-20130114FILWWW00457-mali-attaque-des-islamistes-sur-la-route-de-bamako.php . 2013-01-20 . live .
44. News: Cole. Alison. Mali and the ICC: what lessons can be learned from previous investigations?. 19 January 2013. The Guardian. 17 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130924183951/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2013/jan/17/mali-icc-lessons-learned-investigations. 24 September 2013. live. dmy-all.
45. Web site: Mali conflict: French 'fighting Islamists in Diabaly'. BBC News. 18 January 2013. 16 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130117211244/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21038856. 17 January 2013. live. dmy-all.
46. Web site: Mali: Le Drian dément des combats au corps à corps... Vote du Parlement si l'opération française va au-delà de quatre mois, selon Hollande. 20 Minutes.fr. 18 January 2013. 17 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130119020452/http://www.20minutes.fr/article/1080907/direct-mali-premiers-combats-corps-a-corps-francais. 19 January 2013. dead. dmy-all.
47. News: Mali army retakes key towns from rebels. 18 January 2013. Al Jazeera English. 18 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130118150228/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/01/2013118122039129487.html. 18 January 2013. live. dmy-all.
48. News: Mali conflict: French troops 'enter Diabaly'. 21 January 2013. BBC News. 21 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130121185437/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-21121262. 21 January 2013. live. dmy-all.
49. News: L'armée malienne affirme avoir repris le contrôle de Konna. 18 January 2013. Le Monde. 18 January 2013. French. https://web.archive.org/web/20130118195357/http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2013/01/18/l-armee-malienne-affirme-avoir-repris-le-controle-de-konna_1818883_3212.html. 18 January 2013. live. dmy-all.
50. News: Mali Army Secures Central Town of Konna. 18 January 2013. Bloomberg. 18 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130121103356/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-18/mali-army-secures-central-town-of-konna.html. 21 January 2013. live. dmy-all.
51. News: Residents in northern Malian town lynch Islamist: sources. 20 January 2013. Reuters. 19 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130120054411/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/01/19/us-mali-crisis-lynching-idUSBRE90I0IM20130119. 20 January 2013. live. dmy-all.
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53. Web site: Islamists kill Nigerian soldiers heading to Mali . 21 January 2013 . 2013-01-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150114212845/http://www.irinnews.org/report/97301/islamists-kill-two-nigerian-troop-members-headed-for-mali . 2015-01-14 . live .
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56. News: Two customs officers killed in Mali 'jihadist' attack. News 24. 25 January 2018. 20 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180620203739/https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/two-customs-officers-killed-in-mali-jihadist-attack-20180125. 20 June 2018. live. dmy-all.
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58. News: Talataye (Gao) : 4 éléments du MSA tués et 3 blessés suite au passage de leur véhicule sur une mine. Kibaru. 1 July 2018. 5 July 2018. fr. https://web.archive.org/web/20180701195349/https://kibaru.ml/fr/art/jdaxd. 1 July 2018. live. dmy-all.
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61. News: Twenty wounded in northern Mali rocket attack on U.N. base . . January 9, 2020 . Tiemoko . Diallo . Twenty people were wounded on Thursday in northern Mali’s restive Kidal region, including 18 U.N. peacekeepers from Chad, in a rocket attack on a military base for U.N., French and Malian forces, a U.N. spokesman said..
62. News: 19 Killed in Attack on Mali Army Base Near Mauritania Border. The Associated Press . The Associated Press . . January 26, 2020 .
63. News: Mali plans to increase the size of its army to rein in jihadists . . Mali will increase the size of its army by about 50% in a recruitment drive this year aimed at uprooting jihadist groups, Prime Minister Boubou Cisse said on Wednesday. . Tiemoko . Diallo . Edward . McAllister . Timothy . Heritage . January 29, 2020 . January 30, 2020.
64. News: Mali deploys reconstituted battalions to the north . Jeremy . Binnie . February 19, 2020 . Jane's Information Group.
65. Web site: Mali : les FAMa reprennent leurs quartiers à Labbezanga, à la frontière avec le Niger. 17 May 2020.
66. Web site: Mali: Security forces kill Al-Qaeda leader in Kidal region on June 3. 6 June 2020.
67. News: Islamist militants in Mali kill hundreds, displace thousands in eastern advance . Reuters . 14 October 2022 . Diallo . Tiemoko .
68. News: Associated . Press . 2 peacekeepers killed, 4 wounded in attack in Mali, UN says . .
69. News: IS Jihadists Take Key Northeastern Village in Mali . The Defence Post. 12 April 2023.
70. Web site: Mali's army says it's captured rebel stronghold of Kidal . . 15 November 2023.