Timeline of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season explained
The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. This Atlantic hurricane season saw a near-average number of named tropical storms,[1] though five of them became dangerous hurricanes of Category 4 intensity on the 5-level Saffir–Simpson scale, the most in a single season since 1886.[2] The season officially began on June 1, 1999 and ended on November 30, 1999. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical systems form.[3] This season's first storm, Tropical Storm Arlene, formed on June 11, while the last, Hurricane Lenny, dissipated on November 23.
Altogether, 12 tropical storms formed during the season, including eight hurricanes of which five intensified into major hurricanes.[1] There were also four tropical depressions that did not reach tropical storm strength.[2] The most significant hurricane of the season was Hurricane Floyd, which caused devastating flooding along the East Coast of the United States,[1] especially in North Carolina, which had been hit only ten days earlier by Hurricane Dennis.[4] Another strong hurricane, Hurricane Lenny became the strongest November Atlantic hurricane on record, and maintained a west-to-east track through the Caribbean for nearly its entire duration. Because of its unusual path, it developed the nickname "Wrong Way Lenny."[5] The deadliest tropical cyclone of the season was Tropical Depression Eleven, whose heavy rain and resultant flooding caused 400 deaths in Mexico.[2] Following the 1999 season, the names Floyd and Lenny were retired from reuse in the North Atlantic by the World Meteorological Organization.[6]
This timeline documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transitions, and dissipations during the season. It includes information that was not released throughout the season, meaning that data from post-storm reviews by the National Hurricane Center, such as a storm that was not initially warned upon, has been included.
By convention, meteorologists use one time zone when issuing forecasts and making observations: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), and also use the 24-hour clock (where 00:00 = midnight UTC).[7] In this time line, all information is listed by UTC first with the respective local time included in parentheses.
Timeline
June
June 1
- The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season officially begins.[3]
June 11
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Tropical Depression One forms about 535 mi (860 km) southeast of Bermuda.[8]
June 12
- 15:00 UTC (11:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Depression One strengthens into Tropical Storm Arlene about 510 mi (820 km) southeast of Bermuda.[9]
June 13
June 17
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, June 16)Tropical Storm Arlene weakens to a tropical depression east-southeast of Bermuda.[8]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Depression Arlene makes its closest approach to land at about 120 miles (190 km) east of Bermuda.[8]
June 18
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, June 17)Tropical Depression Arlene dissipates northeast of Bermuda.[8]
July
July 2
July 3
- 04:00 UTC (11:00 p.m. CDT, July 2)Tropical Depression Two makes landfall about 40 mi (65 km) south-southeast of Tuxpan, Veracruz with sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h).[11]
- 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT)Tropical Depression Two dissipates over the Sierra Madre Oriental.[11]
August
August 18
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT)Tropical Depression Three forms in the Bay of Campeche.[12]
August 19
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, August 18)Tropical Depression Four forms about 155 miles (250 km) east-southeast of the Cape Verde Islands.[13]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT)Tropical Depression Three strengthens into Tropical Storm Bret southeast of Tampico, Tamaulipas.[12]
August 20
- 1:00 pm EDT (1800 UTC) - Tropical Depression Four strengthens into Tropical Storm Cindy.[13]
August 21
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT, August 20)Tropical Storm Bret reaches hurricane strength[12] about 225miles east of Tampico.[14]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT)Hurricane Bret strengthens to a Category 2 hurricane.[12]
- 23:00 UTC (6:00 p.m. CDT)Hurricane Bret strengthens to a Category 3 hurricane about 175miles southeast of Brownsville, Texas.[15]
August 22
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT, August 21)Hurricane Bret rapidly strengthens to a Category 4 hurricane.[12]
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, August 21)Tropical Storm Cindy reaches hurricane strength about 450 mi (720 km) west of the Cape Verde Islands.[13]
- 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT)Hurricane Bret attains its peak intensity with winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 944 mbar (hPa; 27.88 inHg).[12]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. AST)Hurricane Cindy weakens to a tropical storm.[13]
August 23
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT, August 22)Hurricane Bret makes landfall on central Padre Island, Texas as a Category 3 hurricane with winds of 115 mph (185 km/h).[12]
- 13:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. CDT)Hurricane Bret weakens to a tropical storm about 40 mi (65 km) south-southwest of Alice, Texas.[16]
August 24
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT, August 23)Tropical Storm Bret weakens to a tropical depression north of Laredo, Texas and later dissipates in the mountains of northern Mexico.[12]
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, August 23)Tropical Depression Five forms about 220 mi (350 km) east of Turks Island.[17]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Depression Five strengthens into Tropical Storm Dennis east of Turks Island.[17]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Depression Six forms about 410 mi (670 km) east of the southern Windward Islands.[18]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Depression Six strengthens into Tropical Storm Emily.[18]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Tropical Storm Emily attains its peak intensity east of the Windward Islands with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1004 mbar (hPa; 29.65 inHg).[18]
August 26
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, August 25)Tropical Storm Cindy re-strengthens into a hurricane about 1,300 mi (2,000 km) southeast of Bermuda.[13]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AM AST)Tropical Storm Dennis strengthens to hurricane strength about 290 mi (465 km) east-southeast of Nassau, Bahamas.[19]
August 27
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Cindy strengthens to a Category 2 hurricane east-southeast of Bermuda.[13]
August 28
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, August 27)Hurricane Cindy strengthens to a Category 3 hurricane.[13]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Cindy strengthens to a category 4 hurricane.[13]
- 07:00 UTC (3:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Dennis moves through the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) and makes landfall on some on the islands.[17]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Cindy attains its peak intensity east-southeast of Bermuda with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 942 mbar (hPa; 27.82 inHg).[13]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDTHurricane Dennis strengthens to a Category 2 hurricane about 25miles northeast of Great Abaco Island.[20]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Storm Emily weakens to a tropical depression 770miles southeast of Bermuda, and is later absorbed by the much larger circulation of Hurricane Cindy.[18]
August 29
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Cindy weakens to a Category 3 hurricane east of Bermuda.[13]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Hurricane Cindy weakens to a Category 2 hurricane east of Bermuda.[13]
August 30
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Dennis attains its peak intensity about 115miles south of Wilmington, North Carolina with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 962 mbar (hPa; 28.41 inHg).[17]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Cindy weakens to a Category 1 hurricane west-southwest of the Azores.[13]
August 31
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 30)Hurricane Dennis weakens to a Category 1 hurricane about 120 mi (190 km) east of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.[21]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Cindy weakens to a tropical storm.[13]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Tropical Storm Cindy is absorbed by an extratropical low about 980 mi (1,570 km) west of the Azores..[13]
September
September 1
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. EDT, August 31)Hurricane Dennis weakens to a tropical storm[17] about 110miles east of Cape Hatteras.[22]
September 4
September 5
- 09:00 UTC (5:00 a.m. EDT)Tropical Storm Dennis weakens to a tropical depression about 20miles southwest of Rocky Mount, North Carolina.[23]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT)Tropical Depression Seven forms in the western Gulf of Mexico southeast of Tampico, Tamaulipas.[24]
September 6
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT, September 5)Tropical Depression Seven attains its peak intensity with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1006 mbar (hPa; 29.71 inHg).[24]
- 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. CDT)Tropical Depression Seven makes landfall south of La Pesca, Tamaulipas with winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and later dissipates over northern Mexico.[24]
September 7
- 17:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EDT)Tropical Depression Dennis becomes extratropical over the southern shore of Lake Ontario near Hilton, New York, and is subsequently absorbed into a larger extratropical low.[17] [25]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. AST)Tropical Depression Eight forms 1000miles east of the Lesser Antilles.[26]
September 8
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Depression Eight strengthens into Tropical Storm Floyd about 860 mi (1,390 km) east of the Leeward Islands.[26]
September 10
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Storm Floyd reaches hurricane strength about 210 mi (340 km) east-northeast of Barbuda in the Northern Leeward Islands.[27]
September 11
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Floyd strengthens to a Category 2 hurricane well to the northeast of the Leeward Islands.[26]
- 15:00 UTC (11:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Depression Nine forms about south of the Cape Verde Islands.[28]
September 12
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Floyd strengthens to a Category 3 hurricane about 365 mi (585 km) east of the Turks Islands.[29]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Depression Nine strengthens into Tropical Storm Gert roughly 470miles west of the Cape Verde Islands.[28]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Hurricane Floyd strengthens to a category 4 hurricane about 265 mi (425 km) east-northeast of Grand Turk Island.[30]
September 13
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Floyd attained its peak intensity about 195 mi (315 km) east of San Salvador Island, Bahamas, with sustained winds of near 155 mph (250 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 921 mbar (hPa; 27.20 inHg).[31]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Storm Gert reaches hurricane strength in the central Atlantic.[28]
September 14
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Floyd weakens to a Category 3 hurricane[26] about 55 mi (85 km) east of Eleuthera Island, Bahamas.[32]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Gert strengthens to a Category 2 hurricane in the central Atlantic.[28]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Floyd makes landfall on Eleuthera Island, Bahamas with winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) .[26]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Floyd re-strengthens to a borderline Category 34 hurricane[26]
- 19:00 UTC (3:00 p.m. EDT)Hurricane Floyd makes landfall on Great Abaco Island, Bahamas, with winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).[26]
September 15
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 14)Hurricane Gert strengthens to a Category 3 hurricane well east of the Lesser Antilles.[28]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Gert strengthens to a Category 4 hurricane.[28]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Floyd weakens to a Category 2 hurricane east of Jacksonville, Florida.[26]
September 16
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 15)Hurricane Gert attains its peak intensity with winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg).[28]
- 06:30 UTC (2:30 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Floyd makes landfall near Cape Fear, North Carolina with winds of 105 mph (169 km/h).[26]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Floyd weakens to a Category 1 hurricane roughly 15miles northeast of Washington, North Carolina.[26]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. EDT)Hurricane Floyd weakens to a tropical storm near the coast just north of Chincoteague, Virginia.[26]
September 17
- 09:00 UTC (5:00 a.m. EDT)Tropical Storm Floyd transitions to an extratropical low about 25miles west-southwest of Portland, Maine,[33] and subsequently merges with another extratropical low over the north Atlantic.[26]
September 18
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 17)Hurricane Gert weakens to a Category 3 hurricane.[28]
September 19
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Gert re-strengthens to a Category 4 hurricane.[28]
- 06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. CDT)Tropical Depression Ten forms about west-southwest of St. Petersburg, Florida in the Gulf of Mexico.[34]
September 20
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT, September 19)Tropical Depression Ten strengthens into Tropical Storm Harvey about west-southwest of St. Petersburg.[34]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Gert again weakens to a Category 3 hurricane.[28]
September 21
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 20)Hurricane Gert weakens to a Category 2 hurricane.[28]
- 08:00 UTC (4:00 a.m. EDT)Tropical Storm Harvey attains its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 994 mbar (hPa; 29.35 inHg).[34]
- 17:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EDT)Tropical Storm Harvey makes landfall near Everglades City, Florida with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).[34]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. AST)Hurricane Gert weakens to a Category 1 hurricane,[28] about 140miles east of Bermuda.[35]
September 22
- 03:00 UTC (11:00 p.m. EDT, September 21)Tropical Storm Harvey is absorbed by an extratropical low about 115miles northeast of Freeport, Bahamas.[36]
September 23
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, September 22)Hurricane Gert weakens to a tropical storm south-southwest of St. John's, Newfoundland.[28]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Storm Gert becomes extratropical southeast of St. John's, Newfoundland and later merges with another extratropical low.[28]
October
October 4
- 06:00 UTC (1:00 a.m. CDT)Tropical Depression Eleven forms in the Gulf of Mexico about east-northeast of Veracruz.[37]
October 5
- 00:00 UTC (7:00 p.m. CDT, October 4)Tropical Depression Eleven attains its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1002 mbar (hPa; 29.59 inHg).[37]
October 6
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, October 5)Tropical Depression Twelve forms east of the Lesser Antilles over the central tropical Atlantic Ocean.[38]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Depression Twelve attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 35 mph (55 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 1007 mbar (hPa; 29.74 inHg).[38]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. CDT)Tropical Depression Eleven dissipates north-northeast of Veracruz.[37]
October 8
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Tropical Depression Twelve dissipates north of the Lesser Antilles.[38]
October 13
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT)Tropical Depression Thirteen forms in the northwestern Caribbean Sea.[39]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT)Tropical Depression Thirteen strengthens into Tropical Storm Irene about 180miles west-southwest of Grand Cayman.[39]
October 14
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT)Tropical Storm Irene makes landfall on Isle of Youth, Cuba, with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h).[39]
- 19:00 UTC (3:00 p.m. EDT)Tropical Storm Irene made landfall on Batabano, Cuba with winds 70 mph (110 km/h).[39]
October 15
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT)Tropical Storm Irene reaches hurricane strength after emerging into the Florida Straits east of Havana.[39]
- 13:00 UTC (9:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Irene makes landfall on Key West, Florida with winds of 75 mph (120 km/h).[39]
- 20:00 UTC) (4:00 pm EDT)Hurricane Irene makes landfall near Cape Sable, Florida with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h).[39]
October 16
October 17
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Tropical Depression Fourteen forms about 700miles east of the southern Windward Islands.[41]
October 18
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Irene strengthens to a Category 2 hurricane[39] about 40miles east-southeast of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.[42]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Depression Fourteen strengthens into Tropical Storm Jose about 400miles east of the Windward Islands.[41]
- 08:00 UTC (4:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Irene attains its peak intensity about 70miles east-northeast of Cape Hatteras with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 958 mbar (hPa; 28.29 inHg).[39]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 pm EDT)Hurricane Irene weakens to a Category 1 hurricane.[39]
October 19
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Irene becomes extratropical south of Newfoundland and is subsequently absorbed by a much larger extratropical low.[39]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Tropical Storm Jose attains hurricane strength about 150miles east of the Leeward Islands.[41]
October 20
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Jose attained its minimum pressure of 979 mbar (hPa; 28.91 inHg).[41]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. EDT)Hurricane Jose strengthens to a Category 2 hurricane and attains its peak sustained winds of 100 mph (155 km/h).[41]
- 16:00 UTC (12:00 p.m. AST)Hurricane Jose weakens to a Category 1 hurricane as it makes landfall on Antigua with winds of 90 mph (155 km/h).[41]
October 21
- 11:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Jose weakens to a tropical storm as it makes landfall on Tortola with sustained winds of 70 mph (110 km/h).[41]
October 24
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Storm Jose regains hurricane strength east-southeast of Bermuda.[41]
October 25
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 pm AST, October 24)Hurricane Jose weakens again to a tropical storm east-northeast of Bermuda..[41]
- 09:00 UTC (5:00 a.m. AST)Tropical Storm Jose becomes extratropical about 575 mi (925 km) southeast of Halifax, Nova Scotia,[43] and is later absorbed by a large extratropical low.[41]
October 28
October 29
October 30
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, October 29)Tropical Storm Katrina makes landfall about 25 mi (40 km) southwest Puerto Cabeza with sustained winds of 40 mph (65 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 999 mbar (hPa; 29.5 inHg).[46]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. EDT)Tropical Storm Katrina weakens to a tropical depression, and is subsequently absorbed by a cold front just north of the Yucatan Peninsula.[44]
November
November 13
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST)Tropical Depression Sixteen forms about 170 mi (280 km) south of the Cayman Islands.[47]
November 14
- 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. EST)Tropical Depression Sixteen strengthens into Tropical Storm Lenny.[47]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST)Tropical Storm Lenny intensifies to hurricane strength about 150miles southwest of Kingston, Jamaica.[47]
November 15
- 12:00 UTC (7:00 a.m. EST)Hurricane Lenny strengthens to a Category 2 hurricane about 175 mi (280 km) south of Jamaica.[48]
- 18:00 UTC (1:00 p.m. EST)Hurricane Lenny weakens to a Category 1 hurricane.[47]
November 16
November 17
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, November 16)Hurricane Lenny strengthens to a Category 3 hurricane about 205 mi (330 km) southwest of San Juan, Puerto Rico.[50]
- 12:00 UTC (8:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Lenny strengthens to a Category 4 hurricane.[47]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Hurricane Lenny attains its peak intensity with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 933 mbar (hPa; 27.55 inHg), while simultaneously making landfall on St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands with winds of 155 mph (250 km/h).[47]
November 18
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Hurricane Lenny weakens to a Category 3 hurricane, while simultaneously making landfall on St. Martin with winds of 125 mph (205 km/h).[47]
November 19
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, November 18)Hurricane Lenny weakens to a Category 2 hurricane, while simultaneously making landfall on Anguilla with winds of 100 mph (155 km/h).[47]
- 06:00 UTC (2:00 a.m. AST)Hurricane Lenny weakens to a Category 1 hurricane, while simultaneously making landfall on St. Barthelemy with winds of 85 mph (140 km/h).[47]
- 18:00 UTC (2:00 p.m. AST)Hurricane Lenny weaken to a tropical storm.[47]
November 20
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, November 19)Tropical Storm Lenny makes landfall on Antigua with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h).[47]
November 21
- 00:00 UTC (8:00 p.m. AST, November 20)Tropical Storm Lenny weakens to a tropical depression while moving away from the Leeward Islands to the southeast, and subsequently dissipates in the central Atlantic Ocean.[47]
November 30
- The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season officially ends.[3]
External links
Notes and References
- Web site: Dolce. Chris. Top-10 Most Extreme Atlantic Hurricane Seasons in the Satellite Era. June 12, 2018. weather.com. The Weather Channel. Atlanta, Georgia. July 23, 2020.
- Lawrence. Miles B.. Avila. Lixion A.. Beven. Jack L.. Franklin. James L.. Guiney. John L.. Pasch. Richard J.. Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1999. Monthly Weather Review. 129. 12. December 2001. 3057–3084. American Meteorological Society. 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3057:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. 2001MWRv..129.3057L. July 23, 2020. free.
- Web site: Hurricane Season Information. Dorst. Neal. Frequently Asked Questions About Hurricanes. June 1, 2018. NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Miami, Florida. July 23, 2020.
- Web site: Herring. David. Hurricane Floyd Series: Hurricane Floyd's Lasting Legacy. March 1, 2000. NASA Earth Observatory, Goddard Space Flight Center. Greenbelt, Maryland. July 23, 2020.
- Web site: Mitchell. Chaffin. Remembering some of the most notorious November Atlantic hurricanes. November 29, 2019. accuweather.com. AccuWeather. State College, Pennsylvania. July 23, 2020.
- Web site: Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names. NOAA National Hurricane Center. miami, Florida. July 23, 2020.
- Web site: Understanding the Date/Time Stamps. NOAA National Hurricane Center. miami, Florida. July 14, 2020.
- Franklin. James. Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Arlene. July 7, 1999. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Guiney. John L.. Tropical Storm Arlene Advisory Number 4. June 12, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- The figures for maximum sustained winds and position estimates are rounded to the nearest 5 units (knots, miles, or kilometers), following the convention used in the National Hurricane Center's operational products for each storm. All other units are rounded to the nearest digit.
- Web site: Brief Information About Tropical Depression Two. Pasch. Richard J.. July 29, 1999. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Lawrence. Miles B.. Kimberlain. Preliminary report Hurricane Bret. February 26, 2001. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Preliminary Report Hurricane Cindy. Guiney. John. December 9, 1999. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Franklin. James. Tropical Storm Bret Intermediate Advisory Number 9A. August 20, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Avila. Lixion. Hurricane Storm Bret Intermediate Advisory Number 13A. August 21, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Lawrence. Miles B.. Tropical Storm Bret Intermediate Advisory Number 19B. August 23, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Preliminary Report Hurricane Dennis. Beven. Jack. January 11, 2000. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Avila. Lixion. Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Emily. September 30, 1999. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Beven. Jack. Hurricane Dennis Intermediate Advisory Number 9A. August 26, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Avila. Lixion. Hurricane Dennis Intermediate Advisory Number 18A. August 28, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Beven. Jack. Hurricane Dennis Intermediate Advisory Number 28A. August 30, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Beven. Jack. Hurricane Dennis Intermediate Advisory Number 32A. August 31, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Jarvinen. Brian R.. Tropical Depression Dennis Advisory Number 50. September 5, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Avila. Lixion. Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Seven. October 17, 1999. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Roth. David. Remnants of DENNIS Advisory Number 60. September 7, 1999. National Centers For Environmental Prediction Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, NWS. Camp Springs, Maryland. August 2, 2020.
- Pasch. Richard J.. Kimberlain. Todd B.. Stewart. Stacy R.. Preliminary Report Hurricane Floyd. November 18, 1999. Updated September 9, 2014. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Franklin. James. Hurricane Floyd Intermediate Advisory Number 11A. September 10, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Lawrence. Miles. Preliminary report Hurricane Gert. July 22, 2000. National Hurricane Center. August 2, 2020.
- Franklin. James. Hurricane Floyd Intermediate Advisory Number 19A. September 12, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Franklin. James. Hurricane Floyd Intermediate Advisory Number 20A. September 12, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Lawrence. Miles. Hurricane Floyd Intermediate Advisory Number 23A. September 13, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Guiney. John. Hurricane Floyd Intermediate Advisory Number 26A. September 14, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Guiney. John. Tropical Storm Floyd Advisory Number 39. September 17, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Preliminary Report Tropical Storm Harvey. Guiney. John. December 9, 1999. National Hurricane Center. miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Pasch. Richard J.. Tropical Storm Gert Intermediate Advisory Number 41A. September 21, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Guiney. John. Tropical Storm Harvey Advisory Number 12. September 21, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Beven. Jack. Brief Information about Tropical Depression Eleven. December 1, 1999. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Franklin. James. Preliminary Report Tropical Depression Twelve. November 9, 1999. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Avila . Lixion. Preliminary Report Hurricane Irene. November 22, 1999. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Beven. Jack. Guiney. John L.. Hurricane Irene Advisory Number 13. October 16, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Pasch. Richard J.. Preliminary Report Hurricane Jose. November 22, 1999. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Beven. Jack. Hurricane Irene Intermediate Advisory Number 20A. October 18, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Franklin. James. Tropical Storm Jose Advisory Number 31. October 25, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Preliminary report Tropical Storm Katrina. Lawrence. Miles. November 30, 1999. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Guiney. John L.. Tropical Depression Fifteen Intermediate Advisory Number 4A. October 29, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Franklin. James. Tropical Storm Katrina Intermediate Advisory Number 5A. October 29, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. July 31, 2020.
- Guiney. John. Preliminary Report Hurricane Lenny. December 9, 1999. modified February 22, 2000. National Hurricane Center. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Beven. Jack. Hurricane Lenny Intermediate Advisory Number 8A. November 15, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Beven. Jack. Hurricane Lenny Intermediate Advisory Number 12A. November 16, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.
- Pasch. Richard J.. Hurricane Lenny Intermediate Advisory Number 14A. November 16, 1999. National Weather Service. Miami, Florida. August 2, 2020.