Timeline of extinctions in the Holocene explained

This article is a list of biological species, subspecies, and evolutionary significant units that are known to have become extinct during the Holocene, the current geologic epoch, ordered by their known or approximate date of disappearance from oldest to most recent.

The Holocene is considered to have started with the Holocene glacial retreat around 11650 years Before Present (BC). It is characterized by a general trend towards global warming, the expansion of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) to all emerged land masses, the appearance of agriculture and animal husbandry, and a reduction in global biodiversity. The latter, dubbed the sixth mass extinction in Earth history, is largely attributed to increased human population and activity, and may have started already during the preceding Pleistocene epoch with the demise of the Pleistocene megafauna.

The following list is incomplete by necessity, since the majority of extinctions are thought to be undocumented, and for many others there isn't a definitive, widely accepted last, or most recent record. According to the species-area theory, the present rate of extinction may be up to 140,000 species per year.^[1]

10th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
10250-9180 BC^[2]	Page's crane	Grus pagei	Rancho La Brea, California, United States	Undetermined.
	La Brea owl	Oraristix brea	Southern California, United States
10210-9850 BC	Errant vulture	Neogyps errans	California, United States
10045-9905 BC^[3]	Eurasian cave lion	Panthera spelaea	Northern Eurasia and Beringia
10035-9845 BC	Dow's puffin	Fratercula dowi	Channel Islands of California, United States
9948-9306 BC^[4]	Northern glyptodont	Glyptotherium sp.	Florida and Texas to northeastern Brazil
9705-9545 BC	Patagonian panther	Panthera onca mesembrina	Patagonia
9690-9040 BC^[5]	Toronto subway deer	Torontoceros hypnogeos	Toronto, Canada
9610-9220 BC	Haiti pine forest ground sloth	Neocnus dousman	Hispaniola
9580-8860 BC^[6]	Dwarf pronghorn	Capromeryx minor	Southwestern United States and Mexico
9550 BC^[7]	Chinese cave hyena	Crocuta crocuta ultima	East Asia
9550 BC^[8]	Shrub-ox	Euceratherium collinum	Southwestern North America
	American mountain deer	Odocoileus lucasi	Oasisamerica^[9] and Mexico^[10]	Hunting?^[11]
	Stock's pronghorn	Stockoceros sp.	Mexico and Southwestern United States
c. 9515 BC^[12]	Southeastern giant tortoise	Hesperotestudo crassiscutata	Southern United States	Undetermined.
9500-9300 BC^[13]	Sardinian dhole	Cynotherium sardous	Corsica and Sardinia
9460-9350 BC^[14]	American lion	Panthera atrox	North America; Western South America?
9381-9281 BC^[15]	Macrauchenia	Macrauchenia patachonica	Southwestern South America	Hunting.
9350 BC^[16]	Long-nosed peccary	Mylohyus nasutus	Eastern United States	Habitat loss and competition with the American black bear.
9200-9350 BC^[17]	American mastodon	Mammut americanum	North America	Undetermined.
9190-8870 BC	Jefferson's ground sloth	Megalonyx jeffersonii	North America	Undetermined.
9130-9030 BC	Pygmy mammoth	Mammuthus exilis	Channel Islands of California, United States
9117-8793 BC	Highland gomphothere	Cuvieronius hyodon	Central America, northern and central Andes^[18]	Hunting?^[19]
9100-8380 BC	Californian turkey	Meleagris californica	California, United States	Undetermined.
c. 9050 BC	Wilson's tortoise	Hesperotestudo wilsoni	Southwestern United States
	Ryukyu tortoise	Manouria oyamai	Ryukyu, Japan
9050 BC^[20]	Cypriot genet	Genetta plesictoides	Cyprus
9050-8050 BC	Miyako roe deer	Capreolus tokunagai	Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
	Asphalt stork	Ciconia maltha	Americas
	Miyako long-tailed rat	Diplothrix miyakoensis	Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan
	Merriam's teratorn	Teratornis merriami	California, United States

9th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
8995-8845 BC	North American short-faced bear	Arctodus simus	North America	Competition with the grizzly bear.
8965-8875 BC^[21]	Mexican horse	Equus conversidens		Hunting.
8850-8750 BC^[22]	Flat-headed peccary	Platygonus compressus		Possibly vegetation changes induced by climate change and competition with the American black bear.
8800-8300 BC	Schneider's duck	Anas schneideri	Converse County, Wyoming, United States	Undetermined.
	Large-billed blackbird	Euphagus magnirostris	California to Venezuela and Peru
8470-8320 BC^[23]	Argentinian short-faced bear	Arctotherium tarijense	Argentina^[24]
8430-8130 BC	Stag-moose	Cervalces scotti	Eastern United States
8420 BC	Woodland muskox	Bootherium bombifrons	North America
8350-7550 BC	Shasta ground sloth	Nothrotheriops shastensis	Southwestern United States	Hunting.
8340-3950 BC	Giant Cape zebra	Equus capensis	Southern Africa	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[25]
8301-7190 BC	Giant pika	Ochotona whartoni	Northern North America; Eastern Siberia?	Undetermined.
8250-8150 BC	Giant beaver	Castoroides ohiensis	North America
8200-7660 BC	Vero tapir	Tapirus veroensis	Southern United States	Hunting.^[26]
8100 BC	Harrington's mountain goat	Oreamnos harringtoni	Southern Rocky Mountains
8059 BC^[27]	Smaller South American horse	Hippidion saldiasi^[28]	Eastern South America^[29]
8050-5845 BC	South American palmate-antlered deer	Morenelaphus brachyceros	Temperate South America	Undetermined.^[30]
8050 BC or less		Hipposideros besaoka	Northern coast of Madagascar	Undetermined.^[31]
8000 BC	Glossothere	Glossotherium sp.	South America

8th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 7950 BC^[32]	South American pointed-antlered deer	Antifer ultra	River Plate and central Chile	Undetermined.
7930 BC	North American pampathere	Holmesina septentrionalis	Southeastern United States
7830-7430 BC	Cuvier's small ground sloth	Catonyx cuvieri	Eastern South America
7820-7300 BC^[33]	Woolly rhinoceros	Coelodonta antiquitatis	Northern Eurasia	Shrinking of the mammoth steppe due to warmer and wetter climate conditions.^[34]
7800-7740 BC^[35]	Panamerican ground sloth	Eremotherium laurillardi^[36]	Southern United States to Brazil	Undetermined.
7615-7305 BC	North American sabertooth	Smilodon fatalis	Southern North America and northern South America	Prey loss.
7600-6245 BC^[37]	Asian ostrich	Struthio asiaticus	Greece and Eastern Europe through Kazakhstan to India and China^[38]	Undetermined.
7390-7320 BC		Xibalbaonyx oviceps	Quintana Roo, Mexico	Hunting.
7330-6250 BC ^[39]	Asian straight-tusked elephant	Palaeoloxodon namadicus	South and east Asia	Undetermined.
7330-7030 BC	South American sabertooth	Smilodon populator	Eastern South America	Competition with human hunters.
7250-5330 BC	American camel	Camelops hesternus	Western North America	Hunting.
7250-6750 BC^[40]	Scott's horse	Equus scotti		Hunting?
7160-6760 BC	Chilean scelidodont	Scelidodon chiliensis	Western South America^[41]	Undetermined.
7100-6300 BC^[42]	Columbian mammoth	Mammuthus columbi	Northern Mexico, western and southern United States	Hunting.
7043-6507 BC	Greater Cuban nesophontes	Nesophontes major	Cuba	Undetermined.
	Cuban pauraque	Siphonorhis daiquiri
7043-6503 BC	Giant ghost-faced bat	Mormoops magna

7th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
6833-6321 BC	Long-legged llama	Hemiauchenia macrocephala	North and Central America	Hunting.^[43]
6689 BC	Darwin's mylodon	Mylodon darwini	Pampas and Patagonia
6660-4880 BC	Larger South American horse	Equus neogeus	South America^[44]
6660-4880 BC^[45]	Common glyptodont	Glyptodon sp.	Eastern South America
6660-4880 BC	Brazilian glyptodont	Hoplophorus euphractus	Eastern Brazil	Undetermined.
	Stout-legged llama	Palaeolama major	North and east South America	Hunting.
	Eastern giant armadillo	Propraopus sulcatus	Eastern South America^[46]	Sección Paleontología, 15.	Undetermined.
6389-6060 BC	Pampean giant armadillo	Eutatus seguini	Northern Argentina and Uruguay^[47]	Undetermined.
6150-5750 BC^[48]	Yukon horse	Equus lambei	Eastern Beringia	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.
6130-3950 BC	Giant hartebeest	Megalotragus priscus	Southern Africa; Eastern Africa?
6050-5050 BC^[49]	Dire wolf	Aenocyon dirus	North America and western South America	Competition with the gray wolf.

6th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
5941-5596 BC	Kambuaya's triok	Dactylopsila kambuayai	New Guinea	Undetermined.
	New Guinea greater glider	Petauroides ayamaruensis
5790-5658 BC	Beringian wolf	Canis lupus	Northwestern North America	Prey loss.^[50] The eastern wolf, a descendant hybridized with coyotes, survives.^[51]
5740-5500 BC	Bond's springbok	Antidorcas bondi	Southern Africa	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.
5660-5540 BC^[52]	Narrow-headed ground sloth	Scelidotherium leptocephalum	Southern South America	Hunting?
5550 BC	Sardinian giant deer	Praemegaceros cazioti	Corsica and Sardinia^[53]	Undetermined.^[54]
5483-5221 BC	Unnamed South African caprine	?Makapania sp.	South African mountains	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period.
5295-4848 BC	Ibiza rail	Rallus eivissensis	Ibiza, Spain	Undetermined, but presumably a result of human colonization.^[55]
5271-5131 BC^[56]	Ancient bison	Bison antiquus	North America	Possibly hybridisation with western bison resulting in modern American bison.
5270-4310 BC^[57]	Giant ground sloth	Megatherium americanum	Temperate South America and the Andes	Hunting.
5120 BC		Neosclerocalyptus paskoensis	Southern South America	Undetermined.^[58]

5th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
4901-4831 BC^[59]	Irish elk	Megaloceros giganteus	Europe and southern Siberia	Reduction of grasslands after the end of the Last Glacial Period, and possibly hunting.^[60]
4855-4733 BC	North African horse	Equus algericus	Maghreb	Aridification.
4840-4690 BC	Majorcan giant dormouse	Hypnomys morpheus	Mallorca, Spain	Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.^[61]
4765-4445 BC^[62]	Club-tailed glyptodont	Doedicurus clavicaudatus	South American Pampas	Undetermined.
4691-4059 BC	Algerian giant deer	Megaceroides algericus	Northern Maghreb	Possibly habitat fragmentation.^[63]
4650-1450 BC	Toxodont	Toxodon platensis	South America	Undetermined.
4570 BC - 130 CE^[64]	Jamaican caracara	Caracara tellustris	Jamaica
4170-4050 BC^[65]	Lowland gomphothere	Notiomastodon platensis	South America	Hunting?
c. 4000 BC	North African aurochs	Bos primigenius africanus	North Africa	Aridification. Domestic descendants survive in captivity.
	North African zebra	Equus mauritanicus		Aridification.

4th millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
3570-3630 BC^[66]	Malagasy crowned eagle	Stephanoaetus mahery	Central and southern Madagascar	Possibly natural aridification or habitat degradation and prey loss caused by human activity.
3540-3355 BC^[67]	Kauaʻi mole duck	Talpanas lippa	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
3340-2890 BC^[68]	Radofilao's sloth lemur	Babakotia radofilai	Northern coast of Madagascar
3290-2730 BC	Smaller Cuban ground sloth	Parocnus brownii	Cuba	Hunting.^[69]
3060-2470 BC	Giant long-horned buffalo	Syncerus antiquus	Africa and the Arabian Peninsula^[70]	Aridification and competition with domestic cattle for water and pastures.
3050 BC	Sardinian shrew	Asoriculus similis	Sardinia, Italy	Undetermined.
	Buka Island mosaic-tailed rat	Melomys spechti	Buka Island, Papua New Guinea
	Buka Island solomys	Solomys spriggsarum
3040-1840 BC^[71]	Tilos dwarf elephant	Palaeoloxodon tiliensis	Tilos, Greece
3030-2690 BC	Balearic giant shrew	Nesiotites hidalgo	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Possibly disease spread by introduced rodents.

3rd millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
2830-2470 BC	Balearic cave goat	Myotragus balearicus	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Likely vegetation changes related to aridification or human activity.^[72] ^[73]
2550 BC	Bennu heron	Ardea bennuides	Arabian Peninsula	Wetland degradation.
2550-2450 BC^[74]	Steppe bison	Bison priscus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Hunting^[75] and habitat loss due to climate change.
2550-1550 BC	Niue night heron	Nycticorax kalavikai	Niue	Undetermined.
2508-2116 BC^[76]	Hispaniola monkey	Antillothrix bernensis	Hispaniola
2483-2399 BC	Lesser Haitian ground sloth	Neocnus comes
2280-2240 BC^[77]	Cuban giant sloth	Megalocnus rodens	Cuba
8134-1408 BC^[78]	Chatham raven	Corvus moriorum	Chatham Islands, New Zealand

2nd millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
1950-1050 BC^[79]	New Caledonian terrestrial crocodile	Mekosuchus inexpectatus	Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia	Hunting.
1935-1700 BC	Sumba Island giant rat	Raksasamys tikusbesar	Sumba Island, Indonesia	Undetermined.
1900-1600 BC	Noel's barn owl	Tyto noeli	Cuba, Jamaica, and Bermuda	Undetermined.
1800 BC	Indian aurochs	Bos primigenius namadicus	Indian Subcontinent	Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity and as feral populations.^[80]
1795-1675 BC^[81] ^[82] ^[83] ^[84]	Woolly mammoth	Mammuthus primigenius	Northern Eurasia and North America	Hunting^[85] and habitat loss due to climate change.
1750-1650 BC^[86]	Short-horned water buffalo	Bubalus mephistopheles	South, central, and east China^[87]	Undetermined.
1738-1500 BC	Puerto Rican ground sloth	Acratocnus odontrigonus	Puerto Rico
1738-1385 BC	Christensen's pademelon	Thylogale christenseni	New Guinea
1581 BC^[88]	Hawaiian eagle	Haliaeetus sp.	Hawaii, United States	Possibly deforestation, loss of prey, and predation of chicks by introduced rats and pigs.
1500 BC	New Caledonian giant megapode	Sylviornis neocaledoniae	Grande Terre and Isle of Pines, New Caledonia	Hunting.^[89]
c. 1500 BC	Puerto Rican flower bat	Phyllonycteris major	Puerto Rico and Antigua	Undetermined.^[90]
	Leeward Islands curlytail	Leiocephalus cuneus	Antigua and Barbuda
1294-1035 BC	European wild ass	Equus hydruntinus		Hunting and habitat fragmentation after the end of the Last Glacial Period.^[91]
1159-790 BC	Dune shearwater	Puffinus holeae	Canary Islands, Spain; mainland Portugal	Predation by introduced house mice.^[92]
c. 1050 BC	Mona Island tortoise	Chelonoidis monensis	Mona Island of Puerto Rico	Undetermined.
1050 BC	Alor Island giant rat	Alormys aplini	Alor Island, Indonesia
	Hooijer's giant rat	Hooijeromys nusantenggara	Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia
	Vanuatu terrestrial crocodile	Mekosuchus kalpokasi	Efate, Vanuatu	Hunting.
	Verhoeven's giant tree rat	Papagomys theodorverhoeveni	Flores, Indonesia	Undetermined.

1st millennium BC

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 950 BC	Noble megapode	Megavitiornis altirostris	Fiji	Hunting.^[93]
	Fiji giant iguana	Lapitiguana impensa
	Fiji terrestrial crocodile	Volia athollandersoni
900-750 BC	Tongan tooth-billed pigeon	Didunculus placopedetes	Tonga	Undetermined.
821-171 BC	Balsam shrew	Crocidura balsamifera	Nile gallery forests, Egypt	Habitat destruction.
820-680 BC	Eurasian muskox	Ovibos moschatus^[94]	Northern Eurasia	Hunting. The same species survived in North America and was reintroduced to Eurasia in the 20th century.^[95]
c. 810 BC	Vanuatu horned turtle	?Meiolania damelipi	Vanuatu and Viti Levu, Fiji	Hunting.^[96]
800-700 BC	Syrian elephant	Elephas maximus asurus	Mesopotamia	Hunting and habitat loss due to agriculture and aridification. However, it's been suggested that it was introduced by humans in the area, which would not make it a valid subspecies.^[97]
790-410 BC	MacPhee's shrew tenrec	Microgale macpheei	Southeastern Madagascar	Aridification.^[98]
787-320 BC	Jamaican ibis	Xenicibis xympithecus	Jamaica	Undetermined.
770-400 BC	Law's diving-goose	Chendytes lawi	Coastal California and Oregon, United States	Hunting.^[99] ^[100]
760-660 BC	Consumed scrubfowl	Megapodius alimentum	Tonga and Fiji
744-202 BC	Kaua'i stilt-owl	Grallistrix auceps	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
701-119 BC^[101]	Chatham coot	Fulica chathamensis	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals.
700-400 BC	Bahaman caracara	Caracara creightoni	Cuba and Bahamas	Undetermined.^[102]
550-50 BC	David's imperial pigeon	Ducula david	Ouvéa Island, New Caledonia	Hunting.
511-407 BC	Plate-toothed giant hutia	Elasmodontomys obliquus	Puerto Rico	Undetermined.^[103]
440-280 BC^[104]	Lena horse	Equus lenensis	Northern Siberia	Hunting.^[105]
412-199 BC	Gorilla lemur	Archaeoindris fontoynontii	Central Madagascar
404 BC^[106]	Wild dromedary camel	Camelus dromedarius	Arabian Peninsula	Desertification, hunting, and capture to replenish domestic herds. Domestic and feral descendants survive.^[107]
c. 350 BC	Tongan giant iguana	Brachylophus gibbonsi	Tonga and Fiji	Hunting.^[108]
348 BC - 283 BC	Corsican giant shrew	Asoriculus corsicanus	Corsica, France	Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.^[109]
	Sardinian pika	Prolagus sardus	Corsica and Sardinia	Hunting, predation and competition with introduced mammals.^[110] ^[111]
	Hensel's field mouse	Rhagamys orthodon		Introduced black rats and human-induced habitat loss.
	Tyrrhenian vole	Tyrrhenicola henseli
c. 240 BC	Imperial gibbon	Junzi imperialis	Shaanxi?, China	Possibly capture as pets and deforestation.^[112]
170 BC - 370 CE^[113]	Maui flightless ibis	Apteribis brevis	Maui, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
130 BC	Gran Canaria giant rat	Canariomys tamarani	Gran Canaria, Canary Islands	Hunting or predation by introduced dogs?^[114]
110 BC - 130 BC	Ancient coua	Coua primaeva	Madagascar	Undetermined.
50 BC	Buhler's coryphomys	Coryphomys buehleri	Timor
	Timor giant rat	Coryphomys musseri
49 BC - 125 BC	São Miguel scops owl	Otus frutuosoi	São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal	Introduced predators?^[115]

1st millennium CE

1st–5th centuries

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
1-1000^[116]	Eyles's harrier	Circus teauteensis	New Zealand	Prey loss and habitat alteration.^[117]
	South Island goose	Cnemiornis calcitrans	South Island, New Zealand	Undetermined.^[118]
54-68	Silphium	?Ferula sp.	Cyrenaica coast	Aridification, overgrazing, and overharvesting.^[119]
86-428	Powerful goshawk	Accipiter efficax	New Caledonia	Undetermined.
	Gracile goshawk	Accipiter quartus
	Kanaka pigeon	Caloenas canacorum	New Caledonia and Tonga; Vanuatu and Fiji?	Probably hunting.
	Pile-builder megapode	Megapodius molistructor	New Caledonia and Tonga	Undetermined.
	New Caledonian ground dove	Pampusana longitarsus	New Caledonia
	New Caledonian gallinule^[120]	Porphyrio kukwiedei
210^[121]	Giant fossa	Cryptoprocta spelaea	Madagascar
220^[122]	Western bison	Bison occidentalis	Alaska and Yukon
245-429	Ball-headed sloth lemur	Mesopropithecus globiceps	Southwestern Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.
c. 300	Atlas wild ass	Equus africanus atlanticus	North Africa	Undetermined. Domestic descendants survive in captivity.^[123]
300-1200	Marquesas cuckoo-dove	Macropygia heana	Nuku Hiva and Ua Huka, Marquesas Islands	Undetermined.
347-535	New Ireland forest rat	Rattus sanila	New Ireland, Papua New Guinea
370^[124]	North African elephant	Loxodonta africana pharaoensis	Northwest Africa	Hunting and aridification.^[125]
428-618	Southern Malagasy giant rat	Hypogeomys australis	Central and southern Madagascar	Undetermined.
439-1473	Jamaican monkey	Xenothrix mcgregori	Jamaica
440-639	Oʻahu moa-nalo	Thambetochen xanion	Oahu, Hawaii, United States
448-657^[126]	Chatham duck	Pachyanas chathamica	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	Hunting?
c. 450	New Caledonian horned turtle	Meiolania mackayi	New Caledonia	Hunting.^[127]

6th–10th centuries

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
530-590	Cuban spectacled owl	Pulsatrix arredondoi	Cuba	Undetermined.^[128]
530-860	Malagasy shelduck	Alopochen sirabensis	Madagascar	Possibly hunting and aridification.
535-876	Large baboon lemur	Hadropithecus stenognathus	Central and southern Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.
586-670	Horned crocodile	Voay robustus	Madagascar	Possibly overexploitation of eggs for consumption, environmental changes (natural or caused by human activity), and competition with the Nile crocodile.^[129]
600-765	Monkey-like sloth lemur	Mesopropithecus pithecoides	Central Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.
650-780	Forsyth Major's baboon lemur	Archaeolemur majori	Madagascar
650-869	Small O'ahu crake	Porzana ziegleri	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
664-773	Hildebrandt's elephant bird	Aepyornis hildebrandti	Central Madagascar	Deforestation.^[130]
666-857^[131]	Cayman Islands geocapromys	Geocapromys caymanensis	Cayman Islands	Undetermined.
	Cayman Islands nesophontes	Nesophontes hemicingulus
670-836	Malagasy dwarf hippopotamus	Hippopotamus lemerlei	Southwestern Madagascar^[132]	Deforestation, hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.
680-880	Lesser elephant bird	Mullerornis modestus	Central and southern Madagascar	Hunting, aridification, and deforestation.
687-880	Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus	Hippopotamus madagascariensis	Northwestern and central Madagascar	Deforestation, hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.
700-1150	Huahine starling	Aplonis diluvialis	Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia	Undetermined.
	Huahine gull	Chroicocephalus utunui
	Huahine rail	Gallirallus storrsolsoni		Possibly hunting and predation by introduced animals.
	Huahine cuckoo-dove	Macropygia arevarevauupa		Undetermined.
	Huahine swamphen	Porphyrio mcnabi		Possibly hunting and introduced predators.
760	Cuban cave rail	Nesotrochis picapicensis	Cuba	Undetermined.
771-952	Titan elephant bird	Vorombe titan	Central and southern Madagascar	Deforestation.
772-870	Insular cave rat	Heteropsomys insulans	Puerto Rico	Undetermined.
810-1025	Sinoto's lorikeet	Vini sinotoi	Marquesas and Society Islands, French Polynesia	Hunting.^[133]
	Conquered lorikeet	Vini vidivici	Marquesas, Society, and Cook Islands
865-965	Malagasy aardvark	Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis	Central and southern Madagascar	Undetermined.
c. 884	Grandidier's giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys grandidieri	Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.
890-990	Southern giant ruffed lemur	Pachylemur insignis	Southwestern Madagascar
900-1150	Giant aye-aye	Daubentonia robusta	Southern Madagascar	Hunting, expansion of grasses and deforestation caused by domestic cattle and goat grazing.
c. 950	Giant island deer mouse	Peromyscus nesodytes	Channel Islands of California, United States	Possibly habitat loss through overgrazing and erosion.^[134]
980-1170	Grandidier's koala lemur	Megaladapis grandidieri	Madagascar	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.

2nd millennium CE

11th-12th century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 1000	North Island adzebill	Aptornis otidiformis	North Island, New Zealand	Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.
1000-1600	Henderson archaic pigeon	Bountyphaps obsoleta	Henderson Island, Pitcairn	Undetermined.
	Henderson imperial pigeon	Ducula harrisoni		Probably hunting and predation by introduced animals.
	Henderson ground dove	Pampusana leonpascoi		Undetermined.
1015-1147	Puerto Rican nesophontes	Nesophontes edithae	Puerto Rico
1020-1260	Lava shearwater	Puffinus olsoni	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands	Predation by introduced black rats and cats.^[135]
1040-1380^[136]	Giant elephant bird	Aepyornis maximus	Southern Madagascar	Hunting, competition with, and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.
1046-1380	Nēnē-nui	Branta hylobadistes	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	Probably hunting or introduced predators.
1047-1280	Edwards' baboon lemur	Archaeolemur edwardsi	Central Madagascar^[137]	Hunting and changes to vegetation caused by livestock.
1057-1375	Maui Nui moa-nalo	Thambetochen chauliodous	Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States	Undetermined.
1057-1440	Maui stilt-owl	Grallistrix erdmani	Maui, Hawaii, United States
1059-1401	New Zealand swan	Cygnus sumnerensis/chathamicus	New Zealand? and the Chatham Islands	Hunting. It was suggested that the material from the main islands is conspecific with the extant black swan, while that from the Chathams represents a truly different, extinct species.
1100-1300	Tenerife giant rat	Canariomys bravoi	Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain	Hunting.^[138]
1170^[139]	Bahaman tortoise	Chelonoidis alburyorum	Bahamas	Undetermined.
1173-1385	Barbuda giant rice rat	Megalomys audreyae	Barbuda
1175-1295^[140]	Atalaye nesophontes	Nesophontes hypomicrus	Hispaniola
1183	New Zealand owlet-nightjar	Aegotheles novaezealandiae	New Zealand	Predation by introduced Polynesian rats.^[141]

13th-14th century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Causes
c. 1200	Abrupt giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys abrupta	Madagascar	Hunting and aridification.
	Ua Huka booby	Papasula abbotti costelloi	Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	Hunting and possibly also deforestation.
1200-1600	Chatham kaka	Nestor chathamensis	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.
1206-1427	Common koala lemur	Megaladapis madagascariensis	Madagascar	Hunting.
1234-1445	South Island adzebill	Aptornis defossor	South Island, New Zealand	Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.
1265-1400	St. Michel nesophontes	Nesophontes paramicrus	Hispaniola	Undetermined.
1270	Lava mouse	Malpaisomys insularis	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Canary Islands	Possibly disease spread by introduced rats.^[142]
1278-1415	Mantell's moa	Pachyornis geranoides	North Island, New Zealand	Hunting.^[143]
1286-1390	North Island giant moa	Dinornis novaezelandiae
1292-1630	Chinese gharial	Hanyusuchus sinensis	South China and Hainan	Extermination campaign.^[144]
1294-1438	Heavy-footed moa	Pachyornis elephantopus	Eastern South Island, New Zealand	Hunting.^[145]
1295-1430	Western Cuban nesophontes	Nesophontes micrus	Cuba	Undetermined.
	Haitian nesophontes	Nesophontes zamicrus	Hispaniola
c. 1300	Tabuai rail	Hypotaenidia steadmani	Tabuai, Austral Islands, French Polynesia
After 1300	Chatham penguin^[146]	Eudyptes warhami	New Zealand	Hunting.^[147]
	Dwarf yellow-eyed penguin	Megadyptes antipodes richdalei
1300-1422	Upland moa	Megalapteryx didinus	South Island, New Zealand
1300-1430	Edwards' koala lemur	Megaladapis edwardsi	Madagascar	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.
1300-1800	Eua rail	Hypotaenidia vekamatolu	Eua, Tonga	Undetermined.
1310-1420	Bush moa	Anomalopteryx didiformis	New Zealand	Hunting.^[148]
1320-1350	Eastern moa	Emeus crassus	South Island, New Zealand
	Haast's eagle^[149]	Hieraaetus moorei		Deforestation and loss of prey. Possibly also predation of nests by introduced pigs and rats.
1320-1630	Southern sloth lemur	Palaeopropithecus ingens	Southwestern Madagascar	Hunting and vegetation changes caused by livestock.
1320-1380	Hispaniola woodcock	Scolopax brachycarpa	Hispaniola	Undetermined.^[150]
1347-1529	Waitaha penguin	Megadyptes waitaha	Coastal South Island, New Zealand	Hunting.^[151]
1350	Scarlett's shearwater	Puffinus spelaeus	Western South Island, New Zealand	Predation by Polynesian rats.
1380-1500^[152]	Giant Hawaii goose	Branta rhuax	Hawai'i, Hawaii, United States	Probably hunting.
1390-1470	Great ground dove	Pampusana nui	French Polynesia and Cook Islands	Undetermined.
1396-1442	Crested moa	Pachyornis australis	Subalpine South Island, New Zealand	Hunting.

15th-16th century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1400-1450	Pico rail	Rallus montivagorum	Pico Island, Açores, Portugal		Undetermined.
1400-1500	Tenerife giant lizard	Gallotia goliath	Tenerife and La Palma, Canary Islands		Hunting.
1425-1660	Kauaʻi finch	Telespiza persecutrix	Kaua'i and Oahu, Hawaii, United States		Undetermined.
1451-1952 (1558-1728)^[153]	South Island giant moa	Dinornis robustus	South Island, New Zealand		Hunting.
1454-1626^[154]	South American wolf	Dusicyon avus	Argentina and Uruguay	2015	Possibly climate change, hunting, and competition with domestic dogs.^[155]
1460-1660	Dwarf thick-knee	Burhinus nanus	Bahamas		Undetermined.^[156]
1464-1637 (1542-1618)^[157]	Broad-billed moa	Euryapteryx curtus	North, South, and Stewart Island of New Zealand		Hunting.
1500-1600	Finsch's duck	Chenonetta finschi	New Zealand	2014	Hunting and predation by introduced Polynesian rats.^[158]
1502	Olson's petrel	Bulweria bifax	Saint Helena	1988	Hunting and introduced predators?^[159]
1503	Vespucci's giant rat	Noronhomys vespucii	Fernando de Noronha Island, Brazil	2008	Undetermined.^[160]
1520-1950	Galápagos giant rat	Megaoryzomys curioi	Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador		Possibly introduced predators.^[161]
1525	Puerto Rican hutia	Isolobodon portoricensis	Hispaniola and Gonâve; Introduced to Puerto Rico, Mona, and U.S. Virgin Islands	1994-2008	Possibly predation by introduced black rats.^[162]
1525-1625	Cayman Islands hutia	Capromys sp.	Cayman Islands		Possibly hunting, introduced predators, and habitat loss caused by introduced ungulates.
1550-1670	Hispaniolan edible rat	Brotomys voratus	Hispaniola	1994	Introduced rats.^[163]
1555	Ascension night heron	Nycticorax olsoni	Ascension Island		Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.

17th century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1600	Mauritian giant skink	Leiolopisma mauritiana	Mauritius	2021	Probably introduced predators.^[164] ^[165]
1600-1700	Hoffstetter's worm snake	Madatyphlops cariei		1994
	Hodgens's waterhen	Tribonyx hodgenorum	New Zealand	2014	Hunting and predation by Polynesian rats.^[166]
1601?	Rodrigues blue pigeon	Alectroenas payandeei	Rodrigues		Possibly predation by introduced rats.
1602	Mauritius white-throated rail	Dryolimnas sp.	Mauritius	1638	Hunting and predation by introduced mammals.
1603	Bermuda hawk	Bermuteo avivorus	Bermuda	2014	Possibly hunting and predation by introduced feral pigs and other animals.^[167]
1609-1610	Bermuda saw-whet owl	Aegolius gradyi		1623 2014 ^[168]	Habitat destruction and introduced predators.
	Bermuda towhee	Pipilio naufragus			Undetermined.
1610	Bermuda night heron	Nyctanassa carcinocatactes		2014	Possibly hunting and introduced predators.^[169]
1623	Bermuda flicker	Colaptes oceanicus		2014	Probably predation by introduced cats.
1627^[170]	Eurasian aurochs	Bos primigenius primigenius	Mid-latitude Eurasia	2008	Hunting, competition with, and diseases from domestic cattle. Domestic descendants survive worldwide, including feral populations.^[171]
c. 1640^[172]	Saint Helena rail	Aphanocrex podarces	Saint Helena	1988	Probably hunting^[173] and predation by introduced cats, rats, and other mammals.
	Saint Helena cuckoo	Nannococcyx psix			Possibly deforestation.
	Saint Helena petrel	Pterodroma rupinarum			Probably deforestation and introduced mammals.
	Saint Helena hoopoe	Upupa antaios			Possibly hunting and introduced predators.^[174]
	Saint Helena crake	Zapornia astrictocarpus			Probably introduced predators.^[175]
1656	Ascension crake	Mundia elpenor	Ascension Island		Possibly introduction of rats and cats, although it is not attested by the time they arrived in the 18th and 19th centuries.^[176]
1670-1950^[177]	Larger Malagasy hippopotamus	Hippopotamus laloumena	Eastern Madagascar		Increased human and cattle pressure after the introduction of prickly pear farming. Its specific separation from the common hippopotamus has been questioned.^[178]
1671-1672	Réunion blue pigeon	Alectroenas sp.	Réunion	1704	Probably hunting and predation by introduced cats.
	Réunion sheldgoose	Alopochen kervazoi		1710 1988	Hunting and habitat destruction.^[179]
	Réunion kestrel	Falco duboisi		2004	Undetermined.^[180]
1672	Réunion fody	Foudia delloni		2016	Probably predation by introduced rats.^[181]
1673-1675	Broad-billed parrot	Lophopsittacus mauritianus	Mauritius	1693 1988	Hunting.^[182]
1674	Réunion rail	Dryolimnas augusti	Réunion	2014	Probably hunting and introduced rats and cats.^[183]
	Réunion pigeon	Nesoenas duboisi		1988	Probably introduced rats and cats.^[184]
	Réunion night heron	Nycticorax duboisi			Hunting.^[185]
1675-1755	Giant vampire bat	Desmodus draculae	Eastern South America; Central America ^[186]		Undetermined.^[187]
1688	Dodo	Raphus cucullatus	Mauritius	1988	Hunting.^[188] ^[189]
1693	Mauritius sheldgoose	Alopochen mauritiana		1698 1988
	Red rail	Aphanapteryx bonasia		1988	Hunting and predation by introduced cats.^[190]
	Mascarene coot^[191]	Fulica newtonii	Mauritius and Réunion		Hunting.^[192]
	Mauritius night heron	Nycticorax mauritianus	Mauritius		Probably hunting.^[193]
1696	Mascarene teal	Anas theodori	Mauritius; Réunion?		Hunting.^[194]

18th century

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1700-1800	Imber's petrel	Pterodroma imberi	Chatham Islands, New Zealand		Hunting and predation by introduced cats.
1705	Mascarene reed cormorant	Phalacrocorax africanus nanus	Mauritius and Réunion		Probably hunting and predation by introduced cats.
1724	Guadeloupe parakeet	Psittacara labati	Guadeloupe	1988	Probably hunting.^[195]
1725-1726	Rodrigues petrel	Pterodroma sp.	Rodrigues		Predation by introduced cats and rats.
1726	Rodrigues rail	Erythromachus leguati		1988	Hunting.^[196]
	Rodrigues owl	Mascarenotus murivorus			Probably hunting, deforestation, and predation by introduced animals.^[197]
	Rodrigues starling	Necropsar rodericanus		1761 1988	Undetermined.^[198]
	Rodrigues pigeon	Nesoenas rodericanus		1988	Probably predation by introduced black rats.^[199]
	Rodrigues night heron	Nycticorax megacephalus		1761 1988	Hunting.^[200]
c. 1730	Mauritius wood pigeon	Columba thiriouxi	Mauritius	2014	Hunting, predation by introduced black rats, and deforestation.
	Mauritius turtle dove	Nesoenas cicur			Hunting, predation by introduced mammals, and deforestation.
	Réunion swamphen	Porphyrio caerulescens	Réunion	1988	Hunting.^[201]
c. 1735-1844?^[202]	Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise	Cylindraspis inepta	Mauritius	1994	Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.^[203] ^[204]
	Domed Mauritius giant tortoise	Cylindraspis triserrata
1742^[205]	Lesser Antillean macaw	Ara guadeloupensis	Guadeloupe		Undetermined.
1746		Corynanthe brachythyrsus	Cameroon	1998	Undetermined.^[206]
1760^[207]	Atlantic gray whale	Eschrichtius robustus	North Atlantic and the Mediterranean	2007	Whaling. The same species survives in the Pacific Ocean.^[208]
1761	Rodrigues parrot	Necropsittacus rodricanus	Rodrigues	1988	Hunting.^[209]
	Rodrigues solitaire	Pezophaps solitaria		1778 1988	Hunting and predation by introduced cats.^[210]
1762-1763	Steller's sea cow	Hydrodamalis gigas	Bering Sea	1768 1986	Hunting and reduction of kelp as a result of sea otter hunting, which caused proliferation of kelp-eating sea urchins.^[211]
1763	Réunion ibis	Threskiornis solitarius	Réunion	1988	Hunting.^[212] ^[213]
1764	Mauritius grey parrot	Lophopsittacus bensoni	Mauritius and Réunion
1770	Seychelles purple swamphen	Porphyrio sp.	Mahé, Seychelles
1773	Raiatea parakeet	Cyanoramphus ulietanus	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species.^[214]
1774	Tanna ground dove	Alopecoenas ferrugineus	Tanna, Vanuatu		Hunting?^[215]
	Raiatea starling	?Aplonis ulietensis	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1850 2016	Possibly predation by introduced rats.^[216]
1777	Tongatapu rail	Hypotaenidia hypoleucus	Tongatapu, Tonga		Undetermined.
	Moorea sandpiper	Prosobonia ellisi	Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988	Predation by introduced rats.^[217] ^[218]
	Tahiti sandpiper	Prosobonia leucoptera	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia
1779	Martinique amazon	Amazona martinicana	Martinique		Probably hunting.^[219]
	Guadeloupe amazon	Amazona violacea	Guadeloupe		Hunting.^[220]
1784	Tahiti crake	Zapornia nigra	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia		Possibly introduced predators.^[221]
1790	White swamphen	Porphyrio albus	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1834 1988	Hunting.^[222]
1793	Amsterdam wigeon	Mareca marecula	Amsterdam Island, French Southern and Antarctic Lands	1874 1988	Hunting and predation by introduced rats.
	Oceanic eclectus parrot	Eclectus infectus	Tonga and Vanuatu; Fiji?	2014	Probably hunting and predation by introduced mammals.^[223]
	Vava'u rail	Hypotaenidia sp.	Vava'u, Tonga		Possibly habitat destruction and introduced predators.
1799-1800	Bluebuck	Hippotragus leucophaeus	Overberg South Africa	1986 ^[224]	Vegetation change and disruption of migration routes after the Last Glacial Period, competition with domestic cattle, overhunting, and further habitat loss due to agriculture.

19th century

1800s-1820s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1800	Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise	Cylindraspis peltastes	Rodrigues	1994	Possibly hunting and introduced predators and competitors.^[225] ^[226]
	Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise	Cylindraspis vosmaeri
data-sort-value="1801"	19th century	Sooty crayfish	Pacifastacus nigrescens	San Francisco Bay, California, United States	2010	Invasive fish and crayfish species, and urban development^[227]
1802	Smooth handfish	Sympterichthys unipennis	Southeastern Tasmania?	2020	Fishing?^[228]
1806	Wynberg conebush	Leucadendron grandiflorum	Cape Peninsula, South Africa		Probably habitat destruction.^[229]
1807	St. Paul Island duck	Mareca sp.	Île Saint-Paul, French Southern and Antarctic Lands		Hunting.
1819^[230]	Kangaroo Island emu	Dromaius baudinianus	Kangaroo Island, Australia	1837 1988 ^[231]
1822^[232]	King Island emu	Dromaius minor	King Island, Australia	1988
1823	Spotted green pigeon	Caloenas maculata	Tahiti, French Polynesia?	2008	Hunting?^[233]
	Madeira finch	Goniaphea leucocephala	Madeira, Portugal	1853	Undetermined.
	Maupiti monarch	Pomarea pomarea	Maupiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988	Probably introduced species.^[234]
1825	Mysterious starling	Aplonis mavornata	Mauke, Cook Islands		Predation by introduced brown rats.^[235]
	ʻĀmaui	Myadestes woahensis	Oahu, Hawaii, United States		Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria.^[236]
1826^[237]	Mauritius blue pigeon	Alectroenas nitidissimus	Mauritius		Deforestation.
1827-1828	Kosrae crake	Zapornia monasa	Kosrae, Micronesia		Predation by introduced rats.^[238]
1828	Kosrae starling	Aplonis corvina		1880 1988	Probably predation by introduced rats.^[239]
	Bonin grosbeak	Carpodacus ferreorostris	Bonin Islands, Japan	1854 1988	Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats.^[240]
	Bonin thrush	Zoothera terrestris		1889 1988	Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.^[241]
c. 1829^[242]	Tonga ground skink	Tachygyia microlepis	Tonga	1996	Habitat loss and predation by introduced dogs, pigs, and rats.^[243]

1830s-1840s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1834	Delalande's coua	Coua delalandei	Nosy Boraha, Madagascar	1994	Deforestation.^[244]
	Mascarene parrot^[245]	Mascarinus mascarin	Réunion	1804 1988	Hunting.^[246]
	Atlas bear	Ursus arctos crowtheri	Northern Maghreb		Possibly habitat fragmentation.^[247] Two haplotypes are found in remains from the Vandal and Byzantine periods: one shared with Iberian bears that could have been introduced by humans, and another unique to Africa.^[248] It is not known which type survived until more recent times.
1835	Darwin's large ground finch	Geospiza magnirostris magnirostris	Floreana and San Cristóbal, Galápagos Islands	1838	Habitat destruction and introduced predators.
1837	Oʻahu ʻakialoa	Akialoa ellisiana^[249]	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	2016	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.^[250]
	Hoopoe starling	Fregilupus varius	Réunion	1988	Possibly introduced disease, hunting, and habitat degradation.^[251]
	Oʻahu ʻōʻō	Moho apicalis	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1890 1988	Habitat loss and introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos.^[252]
	Mauritius owl	Mascarenotus sauzieri	Mauritius	1859 1988	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced mammals.^[253]
1838-1841^[254]	Oʻahu nukupuʻu	Hemignathus lucidus	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	1890	Undetermined.
1839	Réunion slit-eared skink	Gongylomorphus borbonicus	Réunion		Probably predation by introduced snakes.
1839-1841	Large Samoan flying fox	Pteropus coxi	Samoan Islands	2020 ^[255]	Undetermined.
c. 1840	Réunion giant tortoise	Cylindraspis indica	Réunion	1994 ^[256]
1840	Dieffenbach's Rail	Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1872 1988	Possibly introduced predators and habitat loss from fire.^[257]
1842	Rodrigues giant day gecko	Phelsuma gigas	Rodrigues	1874	Possibly introduced Norway rats.^[258]
1844	Black-fronted parakeet	Cyanorhamphus zealandicus	Tahiti, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1988	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by introduced species.^[259]

1850s-1860s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1850	Daudin's giant tortoise	Aldabrachelys gigantea daudinii	Mahé, Seychelles		Undetermined.
	Floreana giant tortoise	Chelonoidis niger	Floreana, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1996	Probably hunting and introduced species. Hybrid descendants of C. niger and C. becki survive in nearby Isabela Island.^[260]
	Southern black rhinoceros	Diceros bicornis bicornis	Southwestern Africa		Undetermined.^[261]
	Christmas sandpiper	Prosobonia cancellata	Kiritimati, Kiribati	2014	Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.^[262]
1850	Turquoise-throated puffleg	Eriocnemis godini	Northern Ecuador		Habitat destruction.^[263]
	Spectacled cormorant	Phalacrocorax perspicillatus	Commander Islands, Russia; Northeast Japan (Pleistocene)^[264]	1882 1988	Hunting.^[265]
1850-1875^[266]	String tree	Acalypha rubrinervis	Central ridge of St Helena island	1998	Undetermined.^[267]
1851	Belido	Chitala lopis	Northwestern Java, Indonesia	2020	Overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction for agriculture and urban development.^[268]
	Tasmanian emu	Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis	Tasmania, Australia		Hunting.^[269]
	Norfolk kākā^[270]	Nestor productus	Norfolk Island, Australia	1988	Hunting^[271] and habitat destruction by introduced rabbits, pigs, and goats.
Before 1852	Letitia's thorntail	Discosura letitiae	Bolivia		Undetermined.
1852	Great auk	Pinguinus impennis	North Atlantic and western Mediterranean	1988	Hunting.^[272]
1853	Lord Howe pigeon	Columba vitiensis godmanae	Lord Howe Island, Australia
1856	Small Samoan flying fox	Pteropus allenorum	Upolu, Samoa	2020	Undetermined.^[273]
1859	Kioea	Chaetoptila angustipluma	Hawai'i, Oahu, and Maui, Hawaii, United States	1988	Possibly deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators.^[274]
c. 1860^[275]	Sea mink	Neovison macrodon	Atlantic coast of Canada and New England	2002	Hunting for the fur trade.^[276]
1860		Pseudoyersinia brevipennis	Hyères, France	2020 ^[277]	Undetermined.
	Gould's emerald	Riccordia elegans	Jamaica?	1988 ^[278]
	Jamaican poorwill	Siphonorhis americana	Jamaica		Predation by introduced black rats, brown rats, and small Indian mongooses.^[279]
1862^[280]	Small Mauritian flying fox	Pteropus subniger	Mauritius and Réunion	1988	Hunting and deforestation.^[281]
1863	Mbashe River buff	Deloneura immaculata	Eastern Cape Province, South Africa	1994	Undetermined.^[282]
1865	Cape lion	Panthera leo melanochaita	Cape Province, South Africa		Extermination campaign.^[283] Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation between the Cape lion and living lions in Eastern Africa; if placed in a single subspecies, it would be P. l. melanochaita because of being the older name.^[284]
1866^[285]	Siau scops owl	Otus manadensis siaoensis	Siau Island, Indonesia		Deforestation.
1867^[286]	Eastern elk	Cervus canadensis canadensis	Eastern North America	1880^[287]	Hunting. It's been argued (based on genetic data) that most or all elk subspecies in North America are actually the same, which would be C. c. canadensis due to being named first.^[288] ^[289]
1868^[290]	Kawaihae hibiscadelphus	Hibiscadelphus bombycinus	Kawaihae, Hawaii, United States^[291]	1998	Undetermined.
1869	Huahine warbler	Acrocephalus musae garretti	Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1921	Possibly predation by introduced rats.

1870s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1870	North Island snipe	Coenocorypha barrierensis	North Island, New Zealand	2014	Predation by introduced Polynesian rats and feral cats.^[292]
1870-1873	Raiatea warbler	Acrocephalus musae musae	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia		Undetermined.
1871	Spined dwarf mantis	Ameles fasciipennis	Tolentino, Italy	2020	Possibly habitat loss to agriculture.^[293]
	Cape warthog	Phacochoerus aethiopicus aethiopicus	Cape Province, South Africa		Undetermined.^[294]
1873	Tristan moorhen	Gallinula nesiotis	Tristan da Cunha	1988	Hunting, predation by introduced cats, rats, and pigs; and habitat destruction by fire.^[295]
	Samoan woodhen^[296]	Pareudiastes pacificus	Savai'i, Samoa		Hunting and predation by introduced cats, rats, pigs, and dogs.^[297]
Before 1874	Large Palau flying fox	Pteropus pilosus	Palau	1988	Possibly hunting and habitat degradation.^[298]
1874	Coues's gadwall	Mareca strepera couesi	Teraina, Line Islands, Kiribati	1924	Probably hunting and introduced predators.
	Percy Island flying fox	Pteropus brunneus	Percy Islands, Australia	1996	Possibly habitat loss.^[299]
1875	Newton's parakeet	Alexandrinus exsul	Rodrigues	1988	Probably habitat loss and hunting. The last pairs may have been killed by the 1876 cyclone season.^[300]
	North Island little spotted kiwi	Apteryx owenii iredalei	North Island, New Zealand		Hunting, habitat degradation, and predation by introduced mammals.
	Labrador duck^[301]	Camptorhynchus labradorius	Atlantic coast of Canada and New England	1988	Hunting, egg harvesting, and habitat loss.^[302]
	New Zealand quail	Coturnix novaezelandiae	New Zealand		Introduced diseases?^[303]
	Broad-faced potoroo	Potorous platyops	Western Australia	1982	Predation by feral cats and habitat loss.^[304]
1876	Falkland Islands wolf	Dusicyon australis	Falkland Islands	1986	Extermination campaign.^[305]
	Kermadec megapode	Megapodius sp.	Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand		Volcanic eruption.
	Himalayan quail^[306]	Ophrysia superciliosa	Uttarakhand, India		Hunting and habitat loss.^[307]
1877	Brace's emerald	Riccordia bracei	New Providence, Bahamas	1988	Undetermined.^[308]
	Jamaican rice rat	Oryzomys antillarum	Jamaica	2008	Competition with introduced rats, or predation by introduced mongooses.^[309]
1878	Navassa Island iguana	Cyclura cornuta onchiopsis	Navassa Island	2011	Probably hunting.^[310]
	Antioquia brown-banded antpitta	Grallaria milleri gilesi	Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia		Probably deforestation.
	Madeiran land snail	Leiostyla lamellosa	Madeira, Portugal	1996	Undetermined.^[311]
		Pseudocampylaea lowii			Undetermined.^[312]
1879	Macquarie Island banded rail	Hypotaenidia philippensis macquariensis	South Macquarie Island, Australia	1894	Predation by introduced cats, rats, weka, and overgrazing by introduced rabbits.
	Jamaican petrel^[313]	Pterodroma caribbaea	Jamaica; Dominica and Guadeloupe?		Hunting and predation by introduced rats, mongooses, pigs, and dogs.^[314]

1880s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1880-1889?	Parras characodon	Characodon garmani	Southern Coahuila, Mexico	1953^[315] 1988	Probably habitat loss.
c. 1881	Saint Lucia giant rice rat	Megalomys luciae	Saint Lucia	1994	Predation by introduced mongooses.^[316]
1881	Jamaican wood rail	Amaurolimnas concolor concolor	Jamaica		Possibly predation by introduced mongooses, cats, and rats.
1883^[317]	Quagga	Equus quagga quagga	Cape Province, South Africa	1889^[318] 1986 ^[319]	Hunting.
1884	Hawaiian rail	Zapornia sandwichensis	Eastern Hawai'i (and Molokai?), United States	1988	Possibly hunting and predation by introduced rats, cats, and dogs.^[320]
1886	Martinique house wren	Troglodytes aedon martinicensis	Martinique		Undetermined.
	Bennett's seaweed	Vanvoorstia bennettiana	Port Jackson, Australia	2003	Habitat loss and pollution.^[321]
c. 1889	Hokkaido wolf	Canis lupus hattai	Hokkaido, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Iturup and Kunashir^[322]		Extermination campaign.^[323]
1889	Cuban macaw	Ara tricolor	Cuba and Juventud	2000	Hunting for food and the exotic pet trade.
	Bonin wood pigeon	Columba versicolor	Bonin Islands, Japan	1988	Deforestation and predation by introduced cats and rats.^[324]
	Whiteline topminnow	Fundulus albolineatus	Huntsville, Alabama, United States	1986	Habitat destruction.
	Eastern hare-wallaby	Lagorchestes leporides	Interior southeastern Australia	1982	Possibly habitat loss due to livestock grazing and wildfires.^[325] ^[326]
	Bonin nankeen night heron	Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris	Chichi-jima and Nakōdo-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan		Undetermined.^[327] ^[328]
	Sturdee's pipistrelle	Pipistrellus sturdeei	Haha-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan	1994

1890s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1890^[329]	Portuguese ibex	Capra pyrenaica lusitanica	Portuguese-Galician border		Hunting.
1890	New Caledonian rail^[330]	Cabalus lafresnayanus	New Caledonia		Probably predation by introduced dogs, cats, pigs, and rats.^[331]
	Macquarie parakeet^[332]	Cyanoramphus erythrotis	Macquarie Island, Australia	1894	Increased predation by introduced cats and weka after rabbits were introduced, boosting their numbers.^[333]
	Kauaʻi nukupuʻu^[334]	Hemignathus hanapepe	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States		Undetermined.
1890-1899	New Zealand bittern	Ixobrychus novaezelandiae	New Zealand	1988 ^[335]
1891	Sulu bleeding-heart^[336]	Gallicolumba menagei	Tawi-tawi, Sulu archipelago, Philippines		Possibly deforestation and hunting.
	Raoul Island banded rail	Hypotaenidia sp.	Raoul, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand	1944	Predation by introduced cats or rats.
	Lesser koa finch	Rhodacanthis flaviceps	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1893 1988	Undetermined.^[337]
1892	Maui Nui ʻakialoa	Akialoa lanaiensis	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States	2016	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.^[338]
	ʻUla-ʻai-hawane^[339]	Ciridops anna	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1988	Undetermined.^[340]
	Nendo tube-nosed fruit bat^[341]	Nyctimene sanctacrucis	Santa Cruz Islands, Solomon Islands	1994	Undetermined. Could be conspecific with the Island tube-nosed fruit bat.^[342]
	St. Vincent pygmy rice rat	Oligoryzomys victus	St. Vincent	2008	Probably predation by introduced brown rats, black rats, and mongooses.^[343]
	Chatham fernbird	Poodytes rufescens	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1988	Possibly habitat loss and predation by introduced cats.^[344]
	Puerto Rican parakeet	Psittacara maugei	Puerto Rico and Mona Island		Possibly deforestation, hunting, and disease.
	Marianne white-eye	Zosterops semiflavus	Marianne Island, Seychelles	1940 2016	Deforestation, competition with introduced birds and predation by back rats.
1893-1895	Chatham rail	Cabalus modestus	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1988	Habitat destruction, predation and competition with introduced mammals.^[345]
1893	Harelip sucker	Lagochila lacera	Southeastern United States	1986	Possibly water siltation and pollution.
	Seychelles parakeet	Psittacula wardi	Seychelles	1906 1988	Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.^[346]
1894	Kona grosbeak	Chloridops kona	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1988	Undetermined.^[347]
	North Island takahē	Porhyrio mantelli	North Island, New Zealand	2000	Climate-induced reduction of grasslands and hunting.^[348]
1895	Hawkins's rail	Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	2005	Hunting.^[349]
	Lyall's wren	Traversia lyalli	New Zealand	1895 1988	Habitat loss and predation by introduced cats.^[350]
1896	Greater koa finch	Rhodacanthis palmeri	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1906 1988	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria.^[351]
	Newfoundland wolf^[352]	Canis lupus beothucus	Newfoundland, Canada		Hunting.^[353]
1896-1906	Madeiran wood pigeon	Columba palumbus maderensis	Madeira, Portugal	1924	Undetermined.^[354]
1897	Martinique giant rice rat	Megalomys desmarestii	Martinique	1994	Predation by introduced mongooses.^[355]
	Nelson's rice rat	Oryzomys nelsoni	Central María Madre Island, Mexico	1996	Competition with introduced black rats.^[356]
	Guadalupe towhee	Pipilio maculatus consobrinus	Guadalupe Island, Mexico	1954	Habitat destruction by introduced goats and predation by cats.
	Guadalupe wren	Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda		1906	Habitat destruction by introduced goats.
	Stephens Island piopio	Turnagra capensis minor	Stephens Island, New Zealand	1898	Predation by introduced cats.
1899	Culebra Island amazon	Amazona vittata gracilipes	Culebra Island of Puerto Rico	1912	Deforestation and persecution by crop farmers.
	Hawaii mamo	Drepanis pacifica	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1988	Hunting, habitat destruction, and introduced disease.^[357]

20th century

1900s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1900	Caucasian moose	Alces alces caucasicus	Northern Caucasus and Transcaucasian shore of the Black Sea^[358]		Hunting. The subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia recolonized the Caucasian moose's former range naturally over the 20th century.^[359]
	Saint Croix racer	Borikenophis sanctaecrucis	Saint Croix, United States Virgin Islands		Undetermined.^[360]
	Gravenche	Coregonus hiemalis	Lake Geneva	2008	Eutrophication and overfishing.^[361]
c. 1900-1950	Lord Howe long-eared bat	Nyctophilus howensis	Lord Howe Island, Australia	2020	Possibly predation by introduced owls and rats.^[362]
1900	Leafshell	Epioblasma flexuosa	Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio River systems, United States	1983	Undetermined.^[363]
1901	Car Nicobar sparrowhawk^[364]	Accipiter butleri butleri	Car Nicobar, Nicobar Islands	1995	Habitat destruction.
	Southern pig-footed bandicoot^[365]	Chaeropus ecaudatus	Interior Australia	1982	Predation by feral cats and red foxes.^[366]
	Tennessee riffleshell	Epioblasma propinqua	Tennessee, Cumberland, Wabash, and Ohio River systems, United States	1983	Undetermined.^[367]
	Greater ʻamakihi	Viridonia sagittirostris	Wailuku river, Hawai'i Island, United States	1988	Habitat destruction for sugarcane agriculture.^[368]
1902	Rocky Mountain locust	Melanoplus spretus	Rocky Mountains and North American Prairie	2014 ^[369]	Breeding habitat loss due to irrigation and cattle ranching.
	Auckland merganser	Mergus australis	South, Stewart, and Auckland Island, New Zealand	1910 1988	Hunting and predation by introduced animals.^[370]
	North Island piopio^[371]	Turnagra tanagra	North Island, New Zealand	1988	Possibly habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced cats and rats.^[372]
1903	Guadalupe caracara	Caracara lutosa	Guadalupe Island, Mexico		Extermination campaign.^[373]
	Stumptooth minnow	Stypodon signifer	Southern Coahuila, Mexico	1983	Habitat degradation and pollution.
1904	Choiseul pigeon	Microgoura meeki	Choiseul, Solomon Islands	1994	Predation by feral dogs and cats.^[374]
1905	Japanese wolf^[375] ^[376] ^[377]	Canis lupus hodophilax	Honshū, Shikoku and Kyūshū, Japan		Hunting and a rabies-like epidemic.
	South Island piopio^[378]	Turnagra capensis	South Island, New Zealand	1988	Possibly habitat destruction and predation by introduced rats.^[379]
1906	Chatham bellbird	Anthornis melanocephala	Chatham Islands, New Zealand	1938 1988	Possibly habitat destruction, predation by rats and cats, and overhunting by collectionists.^[380]
	Guadalupe flicker	Colaptes auratus rufipileus	Guadalupe Island, Mexico	1922	Habitat destruction and predation by introduced goats and cats.
1907	Black mamo	Drepanis funerea	Molokai and Maui, Hawaii, United States	1988	Habitat destruction by introduced cattle and deer, and predation by introduced rats and mongooses.^[381]
	Huia^[382] ^[383]	Heteralocha acutirostris	North Island, New Zealand		Hunting and deforestation of old growth forests to make pastures for livestock.
	Huia louse	Rallicola extinctus		1990	Extinction of its host.^[384]
1908	Assumption rail	Dryolimnas cuvieri abbotti	Assumption Island, Seychelles	1937	Hunting, habitat destruction, and predation by introduced rats.
	Siquijor hanging parrot	Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis	Siquijor, Philippines		Possibly deforestation and capture for the pet trade.
		Persoonia laxa	Sydney's Northern Beaches, Australia	2020	Probably habitat destruction.^[385]
	Alejandro Selkirk firecrown	Sephanoides fernandensis leyboldi	Alejandro Selkirk Island?, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile		Probably deforestation, predation and erosion caused by introduced cats, rats, goats, and rabbits, and competition of introduced plants with the nesting tree Luma apiculata.
1909	Cumberland leafshell	Epioblasma stewardsonii	Tennessee and Coosa River systems, United States	1983	Undetermined.^[386]
	Bogotá sunangel	Heliantelus zusii	Northern Andes?		Possibly deforestation.
	Tarpan	Equus ferus ferus	Europe		Hunting and hybridization with domestic horses.^[387]

1910s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1910	Southwestern thick-billed grasswren	Amytornis textilis macrourus	Southwest Australia		Drought and overgrazing by livestock and introduced mammals.
	Maui hau kuahiwi	Hibiscadelphus wilderianus	Maui, Hawaii, United States	1978	Undetermined.^[388]
	Yellowfin cutthroat trout	Oncorhynchus clarki macdonaldi	Twin Lakes, Colorado, United States		Hybridization with rainbow trout and competition with lake trout, both introduced.
	Slender-billed grackle	Quiscalus palustris	Lerma River and Xochimilco, Mexico	1988	Draining of marshlands.^[389]
1911	Iwo Jima rail	Amaurornis cinerea breviceps	Naka Iwo Jima and Minami Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands, Japan		Habitat clearance for agriculture and predation by introduced cats and rats.
	New Caledonian buttonquail	Turnix novaecaledoniae	New Caledonia		Hunting, habitat degradation and predation by introduced animals.^[390]
1912	Namoi Valley thick-billed grasswren	Amytornis textilis inexpectatus	Central New South Wales, Australia		Undetermined.
	Cape Verde giant skink^[391]	Chioninia coctei	Cape Verde	1996	Predation by feral cats.^[392]
	Guadalupe storm petrel	Oceanodroma macrodactyla	Guadalupe Island, Mexico		Predation by feral cats, and habitat degradation by goat grazing.^[393]
	Bornean Baillon's crake	Porzana pusilla mira	Borneo		Deforestation?
1913	Laysan millerbird	Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris	Laysan, Hawaii, United States	1923	Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits.
	New Caledonian lorikeet^[394]	Charmosyna diadema	New Caledonia	1998	Undetermined.^[395]
1914	Passenger pigeon^[396] ^[397]	Ectopistes migratorius	Eastern North America	1988	Hunting and habitat loss.
	Laughing owl^[398]	Ninox albifacies	New Zealand		Competition or predation by introduced stoats and cats.^[399]
c. 1915^[400]	Kenai Peninsula wolf	Canis lupus alces	Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, United States		Extermination campaign.
1915^[401]	New Caledonian owlet-nightjar	Aegotheles savesi	Southwestern New Caledonia		Undetermined.
1917	Cayenne nightjar	Antrostomus maculosus	Northwestern French Guiana
	Rodrigues day gecko	Phelsuma edwardnewtonii	Rodrigues	2021	Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced rats and cats.^[402]
1918	Dirk Hartog thick-billed grasswren	Amytornis textilis carteri	Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia		Predation by introduced rats.
	Lord Howe starling	Aplonis fusca hulliana	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1928 1988	Predation by introduced black rats.^[403] ^[404]
	Robust white-eye	Zosterops strenuus
	Carolina parakeet^[405]	Conuropsis carolinensis	Eastern and central United States	1988	Hunting, habitat loss, and competition with introduced bees.^[406]
	Lānaʻi hookbill	Dysmorodrepanis munroi	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States		Habitat destruction for pineapple agriculture, and predation by introduced cats and rats.^[407]
1918-1952^[408]	Bernard's wolf	Canis lupus bernardi	Banks Island, Canada		Undetermined. It's been suggested that Bernard's wolf should be merged with the extant arctic wolf or other wolves from the continent.
1919	Appalachian Barbara's buttons	Marshallia grandiflora	Henderson and Polk counties, North Carolina, United States	2020	Undetermined.^[409]

1920s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1920	Florida black wolf	Canis rufus floridanus	Eastern United States		Hunting and habitat loss.^[410]
1920	True fera	Coregonus fera	Lake Geneva	2008	Eutrophication and overfishing.^[411]
1922	Great Plains wolf^[412]	Canis lupus nubilus	North American prairie	1926^[413]	Extermination campaign. The Great Plains wolf has been later determined to be continuous morphologically^[414] and genetically^[415] with the still existing Mexican wolf, which would use the name C. l. nubilus if placed in the same subspecies, due to being the older one.
	Red-moustached fruit dove	Ptilinopus mercierii	Marquesas, French Polynesia	1994	Predation by introduced great horned owls, rats, and cats.^[416]
1923	Norfolk Island starling	Aplonis fusca fusca	Norfolk Island, Australia	1968 1988	Undetermined.
	Laysan honeycreeper	Himatione fraithii	Laysan, Hawaii, United States	2016	Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits.^[417]
	Nazareno	Monteverdia lineata	Western Cuba	2020	Possibly habitat degradation.^[418]
1924	Round combshell	Epioblasma personata	Tennessee, Wabash, and Ohio River systems, United States		Undetermined.^[419]
	Lord Howe fantail	Rhipidura fuliginosa cervina	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1928	Probably predation by introduced rats.
	California grizzly bear	Ursus arctos californicus	California, United States		Hunting.^[420]
1925	Bubal hartebeest	Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus	North Africa and Southern Levant		Hunting.^[421]
1926	Anthony's woodrat	Neotoma bryanti anthonyi	Isla Todos Santos, Mexico	2008	Predation by feral cats.^[422]
1927	Thick-billed ground dove	Alopecoenas salamonis	Solomon Islands	2005	Probably habitat destruction, hunting, and predation by introduced cats and rats.^[423]
	Caucasian wisent^[424]	Bison bonasus caucasicus	Caucasus Mountains		Hunting. Hybrid descendants exist in captivity, and have been reintroduced to the wild.^[425]
	Snake River sucker	Chasmistes muriei	Snake River, United States		Hybridization with the Utah sucker after dams changed the river's flow.
	Syrian wild ass	Equus hemionus hemippus	Near East		Hunting.^[426]
	Hawaii yellowwood	Ochrosia kilaueaensis	Hawai'i, Hawaii, United States	2020	Habitat degradation by introduced plants, goats, and fires.^[427]
	Cry pansy	Viola cryana	Cry, Yonne, France	2011	Overcollection by botanists and limestone quarrying.^[428]
1928	Utah Lake sculpin	Cottus echinatus	Utah Lake, Utah, United States		Increased water pollution and salinity caused by agriculture, and introduced fishes. The last individuals may have been killed by drought in the 1930s.
	Lord Howe gerygone	Gerygone insularis	Lord Howe Island, Australia	1936 1988	Predation by introduced rats.^[429]
	Ethiopian amphibious rat	Nilopegamys plumbeus	Northwestern Ethiopia		Habitat destruction.^[430] ^[431]
	Paradise parrot	Psephotellus pulcherrimus	Eastern Australia	1994	Probably habitat degradation.^[432]
	Eastwood's long-tailed seps	Tetradactylus eastwoodae	Limpopo, South Africa	1996	Habitat loss.^[433]
1929		Acalypha wilderi	Northwestern Rarotonga, Cook Islands	2014	Deforestation for agriculture and housing development. Doubts exist about it being distinct from still living A. raivavensis and A. tubuaiensis; if indeed the same, the older name A. wilderi prevails.^[434]
	St. Kitts bullfinch	Melopyrrha grandis	Saint Kitts	1972	Deforestation?
	Makira woodhen^[435]	Pareudiastes silvestris	Makira, Solomon Islands		Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.
		Scleria chevalieri	Western Senegal	2020	Draining of wetland habitat.^[436]

1930s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1930	Western rufous bristlebird	Dasyornis broadbenti littoralis	Southwestern Australia		Burning of shrublands for pasture and predation by introduced cats.
1930-1939	Tahiti rail	Hypotaenidia pacifica	Tahiti and Mehetia?, French Polynesia	1988	Probably predation by introduced cats and rats.^[437]
	Nuku Hiva monarch^[438]	Pomarea nukuhivae	Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	1972 2006	Probably habitat destruction and predation by introduced species.^[439]
1930	St Kilda house mouse	Mus musculus muralis	St Kilda, Scotland		Complete evacuation of St Kilda's human population, which it depended on.^[440]
	Darwin's Galápagos mouse	Nesoryzomys darwini	Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	1994	Competition, predation, and exotic pathogens from introduced black rats.^[441]
	Silver trout	Salvelinus agassizi	Dublin Pond and Christine Lake, New Hampshire, United States	1986	Overfishing and introduction of exotic fish.
1931	Bunker's woodrat	Neotoma bryanti bunkeri	Coronados Islands, Mexico	2008	Depletion of food resources and predation by feral cats.^[442]
1932	Roosevelt's giant anole	Anolis roosevelti	Virgin Islands		Possibly deforestation.^[443]
	Western Lewin's rail	Lewinia pectoralis clelandii	Southwest Australia	1980s	Drainage and burning of wetlands for agriculture and settlement.
	Heath hen	Tympanuchus cupido cupido	East Coast of the United States		Hunting, predation by feral cats, wildfires, and histomoniasis transmitted by domestic poultry.^[444] ^[445]
1933	Wolseley conebush	Leucadendron spirale	Breede River Valley, South Africa	2020	Habitat destruction for timber plantations and agriculture, competition with invasive plants.^[446]
1934	Lost shark	Carcharhinus obsoletus	Southern South China Sea		Fishing.^[447]
	Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō	Moho nobilis	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1988	Possibly habitat loss and disease.^[448]
	Indefatigable Galápagos mouse	Nesoryzomys indefessus	Santa Cruz and Baltra, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	2008	Introduction of black rats.^[449]
	Aguelmame Sidi Ali trout^[450]	Salmo pallaryi	Lake Aguelmame Sidi Ali, Morocco	2006	Introduction of the common carp.^[451]
1935^[452]	Desert rat-kangaroo^[453]	Caloprymnus campestris	Central Australia	1994	Predation by introduced red foxes and cats.^[454]
	Mogollon mountain wolf	Canis lupus mogollonensis	Arizona, United States		Hunting. The subspecific differences between extinct Great Plains wolf, Mogollon mountain wolf, Southern Rocky Mountain wolf, and surviving Mexican wolf have been denied on morphological grounds.
	Southern Rocky Mountain wolf	Canis lupus youngi	Southern Rocky Mountains
	Roque Chico de Salmor giant lizard	Gallotia simonyi simonyi	Off El Hierro, Canary Islands		Undetermined.^[455]
1936	Ryukyu wood pigeon	Columba jouyi	Ryukyu, Japan	1988 ^[456]	Possibly deforestation.
	Virgin Islands screech owl^[457]	Megascops nudipes newtoni	Virgin Islands		Deforestation for agriculture.
	Thylacine^[458] ^[459] ^[460] ^[461]	Thylacinus cynocephalus	Australia and New Guinea	1982 ^[462]	Competition with humans and dingos, extermination campaign (in Tasmania).
1937	De Winton's golden mole	Cryptochloris wintoni	Port Nolloth, South Africa		Habitat degradation.^[463]
	Bali tiger^[464]	Panthera tigris balica	Bali, Indonesia		Hunting and habitat loss. Genetics do not support a subspecific differentiation with the living Sumatran tiger.
	Marquesas swamphen	Porphyrio paepae	Hiva Oa and Tahuata, Marquesas, French Polynesia	2014	Probably hunting and predation by rats and cats.^[465]
1938		Banara wilsonii	Puerto Padre, Cuba	2020	Habitat destruction for sugarcane cultivation.^[466]
	McGregor's house finch	Carpodacus mexicanus mcgregori	San Benito Island, Mexico		Undetermined.
	Grand Cayman oriole^[467]	Icterus leucopteryx bairdi	Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands		Deforestation.
	Pahranagat spinedace	Lepidomeda altivelis	Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, United States	1986	Competition and predation by introduced common carps, mosquitofish, and American bullfrogs.
	Bougainville black-faced pitta	Pitta anerythra pallida	Bougainville Island, Papua-New Guinea		Undetermined.
	Eastern cougar^[468]	Puma concolor couguar	Eastern North America	2011^[469]	Hunting. Genetics do not support subspecies differentiation between the eastern cougar and living cougars in Florida and Western North America; if placed under a single subspecies, this would have the name P. c. couguar because of being older.
	Grass Valley speckled dace	Rhynichthys osculus reliquus	Lander County, Nevada, United States		Introduction of the rainbow trout.
	Daito varied tit	Sittiparus varius orii	Kitadaitōjima, Okinawa, Japan	1984-1986	Habitat destruction for agriculture and military infrastructure.
	Schomburgk's deer^[470]	Rucervus schomburgki	Central Thailand	1994	Hunting.^[471]
	Grand Cayman thrush	Turdus ravidus	Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands	1965 1988	Probably habitat loss.^[472]
	Mount Kenya potto	Perodicticus ibeanus stockleyi	Mount Kenya,Kenya		Most likely habitat loss for agriculture.^[473]
1939	New Caledonian nightjar	Eurostopodus exul	Northwestern New Caledonia		Undetermined.
	Toolache wallaby^[474]	Notamcropus greyi	Southeastern Australia	1982	Habitat loss to agriculture, hunting, and predation by introduced red fox.^[475]
		Roystonea stellata	Baracoa, eastern Cuba	2020	Habitat destruction for coffee cultivation.^[476]

1940s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1940	Sugarspoon	Epioblasma arcaeformis	Cumberland and Tennessee river systems, United States	1983	Damming.^[477]
1940	Lesser ʻakialoa	Akialoa obscura	Hawai'i Island, Hawaii, United States	1994	Possibly deforestation and introduced disease-carrying mosquitos.^[478]
	Cascade mountain wolf	Canis lupus fuscus	Continental Cascadia		Hunting.
	Las Vegas dace	Rhinichthys deaconi	Las Vegas Valley, Nevada, United States	1965 1986 (IUCN)	Habitat destruction.
	Javan lapwing	Vanellus macropterus	Java, Indonesia		Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.^[479]
c. 1941^[480]	Arabian ostrich	Struthio camelus syriacus	Arabian Peninsula and the Near East		Hunting.^[481]
1942	Texas gray wolf	Canis lupus monstrabilis	Texas, United States		Hunting. The Texas gray wolf has been at times included within either the extinct Great Plains wolf or the living Mexican wolf on morphological grounds.
	Chapin's crombec	Sylvietta leucophrys chapini	Lendu Plateau, Democratic Republic of the Congo		Deforestation.
1943		Eriocaulon inundatum	Senegal coast	2020	Habitat destruction for salt mining.^[482]
	Cebu hanging parrot^[483]	Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus	Cebu, Philippines		Deforestation.
	Barbary lion^[484]	Panthera leo leo	North Africa		Habitat loss from desertification and human activities, followed by extermination campaign. Hybrid descendants are believed to exist in captivity.^[485] However, genetics do not support subspecies differentiation with living wild lions in Asia, West and Central Africa, which would be named P. l. leo if placed within a single subspecies.
	Desert bandicoot^[486]	Perameles eremiana	Central Australia	1982	Predation by cats and foxes, competition with European rabbits, and changes to the fire regime after the British colonization of Australia.^[487]
1944	American ivory-billed woodpecker^[488] ^[489]	Campephilus principalis principalis	Southern United States		Logging and hunting.^[490]
	Laysan rail	Zapornia palmeri	Laysan, Hawaii, United States	1988	Habitat destruction by introduced rabbits and guinea pigs, and predation by introduced rats.^[491]
1944-1947	Aruba amazon	Amazona barbadensis canifrons	Aruba		Persecution by farmers and exotic pet trade.
1945	Wake Island rail	Hypotaenidia wakensis	Wake Island, United States	1988	Hunting and destruction caused by fighting in World War II.^[492]
1948	Ash Meadows killifish	Empetrichthys merriami	Ash Meadows, Nevada, United States	1986	Predation by introduced American Bullfrogs and red swamp crayfish.
1949	Sinú parakeet	Pyrrhura subandina	Sinú Valley, Córdoba, Colombia		Possibly hunting and habitat loss.
	Pink-headed duck^[493]	Rhodonessa caryophyllacea	Northeast India, Bangladesh, and northern Myanmar		Habitat loss to agriculture.^[494]

1950s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1950	Little Swan Island hutia	Geocapromys thoracatus	Little Swan Island, Honduras	1996	Introduced rats.^[495]
1950-1959		Barbus microbarbis	Lake Luhondo, Rwanda	2006	Introduced Tilapia and Haplochromis.^[496]
		Eriocaulon jordanii	Sierra Leone coast	2020	Possibly habitat destruction for rice cultivation.^[497]
	San Martín Island woodrat	Neotoma bryanti martinensis	Isla San Martín, Mexico	2008	Predation by feral cats.^[498]
	Tawi-tawi buttonquail	Turnix sylvaticus suluensis	Jolo and Tawi-tawi, Sulu, Philippines		Possibly deforestation and predation by introduced animals.
1951		Afrocyclops pauliani	Antananarivo, Madagascar	1996	Undetermined.^[499]
	Japanese sea lion^[500]	Zalophus japonicus	Japanese Islands and Korea	1994	Hunting.^[501]
1952	Niceforo's pintail	Anas georgica niceforoi	Central Colombia		Possibly hunting and habitat degradation.
	Deepwater cisco	Coregonus johannae	Lakes Michigan and Huron	1986	Overfishing, predation by introduced lampreys, and hybridization with more common ciscoes.
	Caribbean monk seal^[502]	Neomonachus tropicalis	Caribbean Sea, Bahamas, and Gulf of Mexico	1994 2008^[503]	Hunting.^[504]
	San Benedicto rock wren	Salpinctes obsoletus exsul	San Benedicto, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico		Eruption of the El Boquerón vent.
	New Mexico sharp-tailed grouse	Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi	New Mexico (and Colorado?), United States		Aridification and habitat destruction.
1953	Ilin Island cloudrunner^[505]	Crateromys paulus	Mindoro and Ilin Islands, Philippines		Deforestation?^[506]
	Raycraft Ranch killifish	Empetrichthys latos concavus	Pahrump Valley, Nevada, United States		Predation by introduced carps and bullfrogs.
		Faramea chiapensis	Selva Negra, Chiapas, Mexico	2020	Deforestation for agriculture.^[507]
	Negros fruit dove	Ptilinopus arcanus	Negros Island, Philippines		Deforestation?
		Schizothorax saltans	Talas River basin, Kazakhstan	2020	Water extraction, pollution, and fisheries.^[508]
1954	Maravillas red shiner	Cyprinella lutrensis blairi	Maravillas Creek, Texas, United States	1987	Introduction of plains killifish.
	Plateau chub	Evarra eigenmanni	Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico	1986	Habitat destruction and pollution.^[509]
1955^[510]	Itombwe nightjar	Caprimulgus prigoginei	Central Africa?		Deforestation?
1956	Coosa elktoe	Alasmidonta mccordi	Coosa River, Alabama, United States	2000	Impoundment of the Coosa River.^[511]
	Imperial woodpecker	Campephilus imperialis	North-Central Mexico		Hunting and habitat loss.^[512]
	Levuana moth^[513]	Levuana iridescens	Viti Levu, Fiji	1994 ^[514]	Introduction of the parasitic fly Bessa remota by coconut farmers, as a form of biological pest control. However, it's been argued that L. iridescens was not actually native to Fiji and that lack of post-1956 records is the result of diminished enthomological research after Fiji's independence.
	Crescent nail-tail wallaby^[515]	Onychogalea lunata	Western and central Australia	1982	Predation by introduced foxes and feral cats, human-induced habitat degradation.^[516]
1957	Thicktail chub	Gila crassicauda	California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay, United States	1986	Habitat destruction for agriculture and introduced fish.
	Scioto madtom	Noturus trautmani	Big Darby Creek, Ohio, United States	2013	Undetermined.^[517]
	Hainan ormosia^[518]	Ormosia howii	Hainan and Guangdong, China	1998	Possibly deforestation for agriculture.^[519]
1958	Pahrump Ranch poolfish	Empetrichthys latos pahrump	Nye County, Nevada, United States		Habitat destruction by excessive water pumping.
	Blue Pike	Stizostedion vitreum glaucum	Lake Erie, Ontario, and Niagara River	1983	Overfishing and hybridization with walleye.^[520]
	Sandhills crayfish	Procambarus angustatus	Sand Hills, Georgia, United States	2010 (IUCN)	^[521]
1959	Rennell Island teal	Anas gibberifrons remissia	Rennell Island, Solomon Islands		Competition with introduced Tilapia.
	Santa Barbara song sparrow	Melospiza melodia graminea	Santa Barbara Island, California, United States	1983	Wildfire.

1960s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1960	Lesser bilby	Macrotis leucura	Deserts of Australia	1982	Probably predation by introduced cats and red foxes, and changes to the fire regime.^[522]
1960	Candango mouse	Juscelinomys candango	Brasilia, Brazil	2008	Urban sprawl.^[523]
1960-1969		Pantanodon madagascariensis	Mahambo, Madagascar	2004	Introduced Gambusia.^[524]
	Syr Darya sturgeon	Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi	Syr Darya river		Draining of the Aral Sea.^[525]
1961	Northern white-winged apalis	Apalis chariessa chariessa	Lower Tana river, Kenya		Deforestation.
	Viesca mud turtle	Kinosternon hirtipes megacephalum	Southwestern Coahuila, Mexico		Aridification.^[526]
	Semper's warbler^[527]	Leucopeza semperi	St Lucia mountains		Predation by introduced Javan mongooses.^[528]
	Durango shiner	Notropis aulidion	Tunal river, Durango, Mexico	1990	Pollution and introduced species.
	Zacatecas Worthen's sparrow	Spizella wortheni browni	Northwest Zacatecas, Mexico	1991	Habitat destruction caused by agriculture, overgrazing, cattle-induced erosion, and decline of native herbivores.
1961-1963	Kākāwahie	Paroreomyza flammea	Molokai, Hawaii, United States	1979 1994	Probably habitat destruction and introduced disease.^[529]
1962	Du Toit's torrent frog	Arthroleptides dutoiti	Kenya-Uganda border		Possibly habitat degradation and chytridiomycosis.^[530]
	Red-bellied gracile opossum	Cryptonanus ignitus	Jujuy, Argentina	2008	Habitat loss to agriculture and industry development.^[531]
	Saint Helena darter	Sympetrum dilatatum	Saint Helena	1996-2021	Probably deforestation and predation by extinct aquatic carnivores including the African clawed frog.^[532]
1963	Eskimo curlew^[533]	Numenius borealis	Northwestern Canada and Alaska, and Southern Cone		Hunting and habitat destruction.^[534] ^[535]
		Ptychochromis onilahy	Onilahy River, Madagascar	2004	Overfishing, deforestation leading to increased sedimentation, and competition with introduced tilapias.^[536]
1964	Hawaii chaff flower	Achyranthes atollensis	The atolls Kure, Midway, Pearl and Hermes, and Laysan of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, United States	2003	Habitat loss due to the construction of military installations.^[537]
		Barbodes disa	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020	Overfishing and predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[538] ^[539] ^[540] ^[541] ^[542] ^[543]
	Katapa-tapa	Barbodes flavifuscus
	Kandar	Barbodes lanaoensis
	Bitungu	Barbodes pachycheilus
		Barbodes palata
	Bagangan	Barbodes resimus
	South Island snipe	Coenocorypha iredalei	South and Stewart islands, New Zealand	2014	Predation by introduced animals.^[544]
	Lake Ontario kiyi	Coregonus kiyi orientalis	Lake Ontario		Overfishing, introduction of exotic species, eutrophication, and water pollution.
	Goldman's yellow rail	Coturnicops noveboracensis goldmani	Lerma River, Mexico		Undetermined.
	Rio Grande bluntnose shiner	Notropis simus simus	Upper Rio Grande		Possibly habitat degradation and introduced species.
	Crested shelduck^[545]	Tadorna cristata	Primorye, Hokkaido, and Korea; Northeastern China?		Undetermined.^[546]
1965	Turgid blossom	Epioblasma turgidula	Southern Appalachians and Cumberland Plateau, United States		Damming and water pollution.^[547]
1966	Independence Valley tui chub	Gila bicolor isolata	Warm Springs, Nevada, United States		Predation by introduced species.
1967	Narrow catspaw	Epioblasma lenior	Tennessee River system, United States	1983-2000	Damming.^[548]
	Saint Helena earwig	Labidura herculeana	Saint Helena	2014	Predation by introduced animals.^[549]
	New Zealand greater short-tailed bat	Mystacina robusta	New Zealand	1988	Predation by introduced Polynesian and black rats.^[550]
1968	Amistad gambusia	Gambusia amistadensis	Goodenough Spring, Texas, United States	1986 1987	Flooding of the spring by the Amistad Reservoir, hybridization and predation.
	San Clemente wren	Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys	San Clemente, Channel Islands of California, United States		Vegetation destruction by introduced goats and sheep.
1969	Kauaʻi ʻakialoa	Akialoa stejnegeri	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	2016	Possibly habitat destruction and introduced disease.^[551]
	Blackfin cisco	Coregonus nigripinnis	Lakes Michigan and Huron	1996	Overfishing, predation by introduced sea lampreys, and hybridization with other ciscoes.
	Tubercled blossom	Epioblasma torulosa torulosa	Tennessee and Ohio River systems, United States		Impoundment, siltation, and pollution.^[552]
1969-1970^[553]	Kouprey	Bos sauveli	Northeastern Cambodia		Hunting.^[554]

1970s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
c. 1970	Socorro elf owl	Micrathene whitneyi graysoni	Socorro, Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico		Habitat degradation.
1970	Mexican dace	Evarra bustamantei	Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels, Valley of Mexico	1986	Habitat destruction and pollution.^[555] ^[556]
	Endorheic chub	Evarra tlahuacensis	Lake Chalco, Valley of Mexico
	Saudi gazelle	Gazella saudiya	Arabian Peninsula	2008	Hunting.^[557]
	Clear Lake splittail	Pogonichthys ciscoides	Clear Lake and its tributaries, California, United States	1986	Habitat destruction and pollution from agriculture.
1970-1979	Pagan reed warbler	Acrocephalus yamashinae	Pagan, Northern Mariana Islands	1981 2016	Habitat destruction and predation by introduced rats and cats.
	Acornshell	Epioblasma haysiana	Tennessee and Cumberland River systems, United States	1994	Exposure to domestic sewage.^[558]
	Western Turner's eremomela	Eremomela turneri kalindei	Southeast D. R. Congo and southwest Uganda		Deforestation.
	Nubian wild ass	Equus africanus africanus	Nubian Desert		Hunting and competition with livestock.^[559]
1970-1989		Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha	Lake Naivasha, Kenya	2004	Competition and predation by introduced fish.^[560]
1971	Ticao Tarictic hornbill	Penelopidis panini ticaensis	Ticao Island, Philippines		Habitat destruction.
1972	Tecopa pupfish	Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae	Tecopa Hot Springs, California, United States	1982	Habitat degradation and introduced bluegill sunfish and mosquito fish.
	Tropical acidweed	Desmarestia tropica	Galápagos Islands, Ecuador		Undetermined.^[561] ^[562]
	Mason River myrtle	Myrcia skeldingii	Mason River, Jamaica	1998
	Bushwren	Xenicus longipes	New Zealand	1994	Predation by introduced cats, rats, weasels, and stoats.
1973	Moorea reed warbler	Acrocephalus longirostris	Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1987	Possibly predation by introduced animals, deforestation, or avian malaria.
	Bitungu	Barbodes truncatulus	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[563]
	Bar-winged rail	Hypotaenidia poeciloptera	Fiji	1994	Predation by introduced cats and mongooses.^[564]
	Guadeloupe house wren	Troglodytes aedon guadeloupensis	Guadeloupe		Deforestation.
1974		Barbodes herrei	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[565]
	Vanua Levu long-legged thicketbird^[566]	Cincloramphus rufus cluniei	Vanua Levu, Fiji		Undetermined.
	Flores rail	Lewinia pectoralis exsul	South and west Flores, Indonesia
	Aragua robber frog	Pristimantis anotis	Henri Pittier National Park, Aragua, Venezuela		Chytridiomycosis?^[567]
1975	Bagangan	Barbodes clemensi	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[568] ^[569]
	Bitungu	Barbodes palaemophagus
	Round Island burrowing boa	Bolyeria multocarinata	Round Island, Mauritius?	1996	Habitat degradation by introduced goats and rabbits.^[570]
	Longjaw cisco	Coregonus alpenae	Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie	1986	Overfishing, predation by introduced sea lampreys, and hybridization with introduced ciscoes.^[571]
	Phantom shiner	Notropis orca	Rio Grande		Possibly habitat loss, hybridization with the bluntnose shiner, and introduction of exotic fishes.
1976		Barbodes tras	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[572]
	Jalpa false brook salamander	Pseudoeurycea exspectata	Cerro Miramundo, Jalapa, Guatemala		Possibly logging and cattle grazing.^[573]
	Mexican grizzly bear	Ursus arctos nelsoni	Aridoamerica		Hunting.^[574]
1977		Barbodes katolo	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020	Predation by introduced tank goby and ornate sleeper.^[575] ^[576]
		Barbodes manalak
	Gonâve eastern chat-tanager	Calyptophilus frugivorus abbotti	Gonâve Island, Haiti		Deforestation.
	Colombian grebe	Podiceps andinus	Bogotá wetlands, Colombia	1994	Habitat loss, pollution, hunting, and predation of chicks by introduced rainbow trout.^[577]
	Eiao monarch	Pomarea fluxa	Eiao, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia	2006	Possibly predation by introduced cats, black rats, and Polynesian rats; disease transmitted by introduced chestnut-breasted mannikin, and habitat loss due to grazing by sheep.^[578]
1978		Craugastor myllomyllon	Finca Volcán, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala	2020	Habitat destruction for agriculture.^[579]
	White-eyed river martin	Eurochelidon sirintarae	Central Thailand		Hunting and habitat loss.^[580]
	Little earth hutia	Mesocapromys sanfelipensis	Key Juan García, Cuba		Hunting, man-made fires, and competition with black rats.^[581]
1979	Yunnan lake newt	Cynops wolterstorffi	Kunming Lake, Yunnan, China	2004	Pollution, habitat destruction, and introduced fish and frog species.^[582]
	Caspian tiger^[583]	Panthera tigris virgata	Transcaucasia, Kurdistan, Hyrcania, Afghanistan, and Turkestan		Hunting and desertification. Genetics do not support subspecific differentiation with extant mainland tigers.
	Mount Glorious day frog	Taudactylus diurnus	Southeast Queensland, Australia	2002	Undetermined.^[584]

1980s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1980^[585]	Olomaʻo	Myadestes lanaiensis	Maui, Lana'i, and Molokai, Hawaii		Disease and habitat degradation caused by introduced pigs, axis deer, and mosquitos.^[586]
1980-1985	Roberts's lechwe	Kobus leche robertsi	Luongo and Kalungwishi drainage systems, Luapula, Zambia	1994	Undetermined.^[587]
1981		Anabarilius macrolepis	Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China	2011	Drying of the lake for 20 days, after excessive water abstraction for agriculture.^[588]
	Mariana mallard^[589]	Anas platyrhynchos oustaleti	Mariana Islands	2004	Hunting and habitat loss to agriculture.^[590]
	Yilong carp	Cyprinus yilongensis	Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China	1996	Drying of the lake after excessive water abstraction for agriculture.^[591]
	Canary Islands oystercatcher	Haematopus meadewaldoi	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, Spain; Senegal	1994	Overharvesting of intertidal invertebrates.^[592]
	Puhielelu hibiscadelphus	Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus	Lana'i, Hawaii, United States	1998	Predation by introduced axis deer.
	Bishop's ʻōʻō	Moho bishopi	Molokai, Hawaii, United States	2000	Habitat loss to agriculture and livestock grazing, followed by the introduction of black rats and disease-carrying mosquitos.^[593]
	Southern gastric-brooding frog	Rheobatrachus silus	Southeast Queensland, Australia	2002	Undetermined, possibly chytridiomycosis.^[594]
1982-1983	Galápagos damsel	Azurina eupalama	Galápagos Islands, Ecuador		1982-83 El Niño event.^[595]
1982	Pait	Barbodes amarus	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020	Predation by introduced fishes.^[596]
	Samaná eastern chat-tanager	Calyptophilus frugivorus frugivorus	Samaná Peninsula, Dominican Republic		Deforestation.
1983	San Marcos gambusia	Gambusia georgei	San Marcos spring and river, Texas, United States	1990	Reduced flow and pollution from agriculture, introduced fishes and plants (Colocasia esculenta), and hybridization with Gambusia affinis.^[597]
	24-rayed sunstar	Heliaster solaris	Galápagos Islands, Ecuador		1982-83 El Niño event.^[598]
	Japanese otter	Lutra nippon^[599]	Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku, Japan	2012	Hunting and habitat loss.^[600]
	Guam flycatcher	Myiagra freycineti	Guam	1994 2004	Predation by the introduced brown tree snake.^[601]
	Formosan clouded leopard^[602]	Neofelis nebulosa brachyura	Taiwan	2013	Hunting. Subspecific status has been denied on morphological and genetic grounds.
	Aldabra brush-warbler	Nesillas aldabrana	Malabar Island, Seychelles	1994	Possibly predation by introduced cats and rats, and habitat degradation by goats and tortoises.^[603]
	Guam bridled white-eye	Zosterops conspicillatus conspicillatus	Guam		Predation by introduced brown tree snakes.
1983-1986	Atitlán grebe	Podilymbus gigas	Lake Atitlán, Guatemala	1994	Predation and competition with introduced largemouth bass, water level fall after the 1976 Guatemala earthquake, and degradation of breeding sites due to reed-cutting and tourism development.^[604]
1984	Green blossom	Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum	Tennessee River system, United States		Impoundment, siltation, and pollution.
	Javan tiger	Panthera tigris sondaica	Java, Indonesia	1994	Hunting and habitat loss. Genetics do not support subspecies differentiation with the extant Sumatran tiger; if placed in the same subspecies, this would have the name P. t. sondaica due to being older.
	Guam rufous fantail	Rhipidura rufifrons uraniae	Guam		Predation by introduced brown tree snakes.
c. 1985	California condor louse	Colpocephalum californici	North America		Delousing of all surviving California condors before beginning their captive breeding program.
1985	Timucua heart lichen	Cora timucua	Florida, United States		Habitat destruction for urban development.^[605]
	Christmas Island shrew	Crocidura trichura	Christmas Island, Australia		Undetermined.^[606]
	Kāmaʻo^[607]	Myadestes myadestinus	Kaua'i, Hawaii, United States	2004	Habitat loss and disease spread by introduced mosquitos.^[608]
	Ua Pou monarch	Pomarea mira	Ua Pou, Marquesas, French Polynesia		Deforestation and predation by introduced black rats.^[609]
	Northern gastric-brooding frog	Rheobatrachus vitellinus	Mid-eastern Queensland, Australia	2002	Undetermined, possibly chytridiomycosis.^[610]
	Alaotra grebe^[611]	Tachybaptus rufolavatus	Lake Alaotra, Madagascar	2010	Hunting, accidental capture in nylon gillnets, predation and competition with introduced largemouth bass, striped snakehead, and Tilapia; habitat degradation from agriculture, and hybridization with the little grebe.^[612]
1986	Pass stubfoot toad	Atelopus senex	Central Costa Rica	2020	Possibly chytridiomycosis or climate change.^[613]
	Zanzibar leopard^[614]	Panthera pardus adersi	Unguja Island, Tanzania		Extermination campaign. The subspecies has been subsumed into the extant African leopard on morphological grounds.
	Eastern Canary Islands chiffchaff	Phylloscopus canariensis exsul	Lanzarote and Fuerteventura?, Canary Islands		Habitat loss?
	Banff longnose dace	Rhinichthys cataractae smithi	Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada	1987	Habitat degradation, competition and hybridization with introduced fishes.^[615]
1987	Dusky seaside sparrow^[616]	Ammospiza maritima nigrescens	Merritt Island and the St. Johns River, Florida, United States	1990	Flooding and draining of marshes to reduce mosquito population.^[617]
	Cuban ivory-billed woodpecker^[618]	Campephilus principalis bairdii	Cuba		Habitat loss.
	Kauaʻi ʻōʻō	Moho braccatus	Kauaʻi, Hawaii, United States	2000	Habitat loss and introduced black rats, pigs, and disease-carrying mosquitos. The last female was killed by Hurricane Iwa during the 1982-1983 El Niño event.^[619]
		Namibcypris costata	Southern Kaokoveld, Namibia	1996	Habitat destruction.^[620]
1988	Maui ʻakepa	Loxops ochraceus	Maui, Hawaii, United States		Undetermined.^[621]
	Bachman's warbler^[622]	Vermivora bachmanii	Southeastern United States and Cuba		Habitat destruction from swampland draining and sugarcane agriculture.^[623]
1989	Golden toad	Incilius periglenes	Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica	2020	Anthropogenic global warming, chytridiomycosis, and airborne pollution.^[624]
	Jamaican golden swallow	Tachycineta euchrysea euchrysea	Jamaica		Deforestation?
	Malabar large-spotted civet	Viverra civettina	Western Ghats, India		Possibly deforestation, hunting, and predation by domestic dogs.^[625]

1990s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
1990^[626]	Nechisar nightjar	Caprimulgus solala	Nechisar National Park, Ethiopia		Undetermined.
1990-1999^[627]	Magdalena tinamou	Crypturellus erythropus saltuarius	Magdalena River Valley, Colombia
1991	Baolan	Barbodes baoulan	Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippines	2020	Predation by introduced fishes.^[628]
	Alvarez's dwarf crayfish	Cambarellus alvarezi	Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico	2010	Water abstraction^[629]
1992	Splendid poison frog	Oophaga speciosa	Western Panama		Chytridiomycosis.^[630]
1993	Moroccan bustard	Ardeotis arabs lynesi	Western Morocco		Undetermined.
1994		Pachnodus velutinus	Mahé, Seychelles	2000	Hybridization with Pachnodus niger.^[631]
1995	Aguijan reed warbler	Acrocephalus nijoi	Aguijan, Mariana Islands	2000-2009 2016	Habitat destruction.
	Maui nukupu'u	Hemignathus affinis	Maui, Hawaii, United States		Undetermined.
1996	Chiriqui harlequin frog	Atelopus chiriquiensis	Talamanca-Chiriqui mountains, Costa Rica	2020	Chytridiomycosis.^[632]
	Norfolk Island boobook	Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata	Norfolk Island, Australia		Deforestation leading to increased competition for nest-hollows with honeybees and crimson rosellas. Descendants of hybrids with the New Zealand subspecies survive in the island.
	Barbary leopard	Panthera pardus panthera	Atlas Mountains		Hunting. The subspecies has been subsumed into the extant African leopard on morphological grounds.^[633]
	Swollen Raiatea Tree Snail^[634]	Partula turgida	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	1996	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.^[635]
1997	Green and red venter harlequin toad	Atelopus pinangoi	Mérida, Venezuela		Chytridiomicosis, habitat destruction, and predation by introduced trout.^[636]
	Sangihe dwarf kingfisher	Ceyx fallax sangirensis	Sangihe Islands, Indonesia		Habitat destruction.
	Sakaraha pygmy kingfisher	Corythornis madagascariensis dilutus	Southwestern Madagascar		Undetermined.^[637]
	Iberian lynx louse	Felicola isidoroi	Iberian Peninsula

3rd millennium CE

21st century

2000s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
2000	Pyrenean ibex^[638]	Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica	Pyrenees Cantabrian Mountains?^[639]	2000 ^[640]	Hunting, competition for pastures and diseases from exotic and domestic ungulates.^[641] ^[642]
2001	Glaucous macaw	Anodorhynchus glaucus	Border area of Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil, and Uruguay		Deforestation for agriculture and livestock grazing, particularly of the Yatay palm in which it fed.^[643]
	Slender-billed curlew	Numenius tenuirostris	Western Eurasia and northern Africa		Hunting and habitat destruction.
2002	Chinese river dolphin^[644]	Lipotes vexillifer	Middle and lower Yangtze, China	2007^[645]	Fishing, habitat destruction, and vessel strikes.^[646]
	Polynesian tree snail	Partula labrusca	Raiatea, Society Islands, French Polynesia	2007	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.^[647]
2003	Osgood's Ethiopian toad	Altiphrynoides osgoodi	South-central Ethiopian mountains		Habitat degradation.^[648]
	Saint Helena olive^[649]	Nesiota elliptica	Saint Helena	2004	Deforestation for fuel and timber, and use of the land for plantations of New Zealand flax, leading to inbreeding depression and fungal infections from reduced numbers.^[650]
	Chinese paddlefish	Psephurus gladius	Yangtze and Yellow River basins, China	2019	Overfishing and construction of the Gezhouba Dam blocking the anadromous spawning migration^[651] ^[652]
2004	Po'ouli	Melamprosops phaeosoma	Eastern Maui, Hawaii, United States		Introduced avian malaria and predators.^[653]
2006	Western black rhinoceros	Diceros bicornis longipes	South Sudan to Nigerian-Niger border area	2011	Hunting.^[654]
2007	South Island kōkako^[655]	Callaeas cinereus	South Island, New Zealand		Habitat destruction from logging and grazing ungulates, and predation by introduced black rats, brush-tailed possums, and stoats.^[656]
	Cryptic Treehunter	Cichlocolaptes mazarbarnetti	Northeastern Brazil	2019 (IUCN)	Extensive habitat loss due to logging and sugar cane production.^[657]
2009	Bramble Cay melomys	Melomys rubicola	Bramble Cay, Australia	2015 ^[658]	Sea level rise as a consequence of global warming.^[659]
	Christmas Island pipistrelle	Pipistrellus murrayi	Christmas Island, Australia	2017	Undetermined.^[660]

2010s

Last record	Common name	Binomial name	Former range	Declared extinct	Causes
2010	Vietnamese rhinoceros	Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus	South China and Indochina	2011	Hunting.^[661]
2011	Alagoas foliage-gleaner	Philydor novaesi	Alagoas and Pernambuco, Brazil	2019	Deforestation.
2012^[662]	Pinta Island tortoise	Chelonoidis abingdonii	Pinta, Galápagos Islands, Ecuador	2012 ^[663]	Hunting and overgrazing by introduced goats. Hybrid descendants exist in other Galapagos islands, as a result of human intervention.^[664]
2014^[665]	Christmas Island forest skink	Emoia nativitatis	Christmas Island, Australia	2017	Habitat loss to mining and predation by introduced Indian wolf snake and yellow crazy ant.^[666]
2016^[667] ^[668]	Rabbs' fringe-limbed treefrog	Ecnomiohyla rabborum	El Valle de Antón, Panama	2016	Chytridiomycosis.^[669]
2019^[670]	Oahu treesnail	Achatinella apexfulva	Oahu, Hawaii, United States	2019	Predation by introduced rosy wolfsnails.^[671]

See also

• List of extinct animals
• Extinction event
• Quaternary extinction event
• Holocene extinction
• Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
• Timeline of environmental history
• Index of environmental articles
• List of environmental issues

Notes and References

1. S.L. Pimm, G.J. Russell, J.L. Gittleman and T.M. Brooks, The Future of Biodiversity, Science 269: 347–350 (1995)
2. Tyrberg, T. (2008). The Late Pleistocene continental avian extinction—An evaluation of the fossil evidence. Oryctos, 7, 249-269.
3. A previously obtained 8580-8260 BCE date is considered dubious. Barnett . R. . Shapiro . B. . Beth Shapiro. Barnes . I. A. N. . Ho . S. Y. W. . Burger . J. . Joachim Burger. Yamaguchi . N. . Higham . T. F. G. . Wheeler . H. T. . Rosendahl . W. . Sher . A. V. . Sotnikova . M. . Kuznetsova . T. . Baryshnikov . G. F. . Martin . L. D. . Harington . C. R. . Burns . J. A. . Cooper . A. . Phylogeography of lions (Panthera leo ssp.) reveals three distinct taxa and a late Pleistocene reduction in genetic diversity . 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04134.x . Molecular Ecology . 18 . 8 . 1668–1677 . 2009 . 19302360. 2009MolEc..18.1668B . 46716748 .
4. Stinnesbeck, S.R. (2020) Mexican fossil ground sloths. A case study for Late Pleistocene megafaunal turnover in the Mexican Corridor. Doctoral dissertation.
5. Naughton, D. (2003). Annotated bibliography of Quaternary vertebrates of northern North America: with radiocarbon dates. University of Toronto Press, 539 pages.
6. Huenneke, L.F. & Mooney, H.A. (2012) Grassland structure and function: California annual grassland. Springer Science & Business Media, 222 pages.
7. A 5850 BCE datation needs further confirmation. Sheng, G.L. et al. (2014) Pleistocene Chinese cave hyenas and the recent Eurasian history of the spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta. Molecular Ecology, 23(3), 522-533.
8. Kropf, M., Mead, J. I., & Anderson, R. S. (2007). Dung, diet, and the paleoenvironment of the extinct shrub-ox (Euceratherium collinum) on the Colorado Plateau, USA. Quaternary Research, 67(1), 143-151.
9. Web site: Navahoceros fricki .
10. Bravo-Cuevas, V. M., & Jiménez-Hidalgo, E. (2018). Advances on the paleobiology of late Pleistocene mammals from central and southern Mexico. In The Pleistocene, Geography, Geology and Fauna, eds G. Huard and J. Gareau (New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers), 277-313.
11. Book: Martin, Paul S.. Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution. Klein, Richard G.. 1989. University of Arizona Press. 978-0-231-03733-4.
12. Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. A.G.J. Rhodin, P.C.H. Pritchard, P.P. van Dijk, R.A. Saumure, K.A. Buhlmann, J.B. Iverson, and R.A. Mittermeier, Eds. Chelonian Research Monographs (ISSN 1088-7105) No. 5, doi:10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015
13. Book: Turvey, Sam. Holocene extinctions. 2009. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-953509-5. 29 February 2012.
14. A previous datation to 8570-8270 BCE is considered dubious.
15. Prado, J. L., Martinez-Maza, C., & Alberdi, M. T. (2015). Megafauna extinction in South America: A new chronology for the Argentine Pampas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 425, 41-49.
16. A datation to 9050-7550 BCE is considered dubious. Koch, P. L., Hoppe, K. A., & Webb, S. D. (1998). The isotopic ecology of late Pleistocene mammals in North America: Part 1. Florida. Chemical Geology, 152(1-2), 119-138.
17. Woodman, N., & Athfield, N. B. (2009). Post-Clovis survival of American mastodon in the southern Great Lakes region of North America. Quaternary Research, 72(3), 359-363.
18. Mothé, D. et al. (2017). Sixty years after 'The mastodonts of Brazil': The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae). Quaternary International, 443, 52-64.
19. Correal Urrego, G. et al. (1990) Evidencias culturales durante el Pleistoceno y Holoceno de Colombia. Revista de Arqueología Americana, 1, 68-69.
20. Louys . J. . Braje . T. J. . Chang . C.-H. . Cosgrove . R. . Fitzpatrick . S. M. . Fujita . M. . Hawkins . S. . Ingicco . T. . Kawamura . A. . MacPhee . R. D. E. . McDowell . M. C. . Meijer . H. J. M. . Piper . P. J. . Roberts . P. . Simmons . A. H. . van den Bergh . G. . van der Geer . A. . Kealy . S. . O'Connor . S. . 2021 . No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 118 . 20 . e2023005118 . 10.1073/pnas.2023005118. 0027-8424 . 33941645 . 8157961 . 2021PNAS..11823005L . free .
21. Younger remains dated to 7250-6750 BCE could be E. conversidens or E. francisci. Toomey, R. S. (1993). Late Pleistocene and Holocene faunal and environmental changes at Hall's Cave, Kerr County, Texas (Doctoral dissertation).
22. Feranec, R.S., & Kozlowski, A.L. (2010) AMS radiocarbon dates from Pleistocene and Holocene mammals housed in the New York state museum, Albany, New York, USA. Radiocarbon, 52(1), 205-208.
23. Book: Haynes, Gary. American megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. 2009. Springer. 978-1-4020-8792-9. 28 February 2012.
24. Cione, A.L. et al. (2015). The GABI in southern South America. In The great American biotic interchange (pp. 71-96). Springer, Dordrecht.
25. Faith, J.T. (2014) Late Pleistocene and Holocene mammal extinctions on continental Africa. Earth-Science Reviews, 128, 105-121.
26. Mead, J.I. et al. (1986) Extinction of Harrington's mountain goat. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 83(4), 836-839.
27. Barnosky, A. D., & Lindsey, E. L. (2010). Timing of Quaternary megafaunal extinction in South America in relation to human arrival and climate change. Quaternary International, 217(1-2), 10-29.
28. Der Sarkissian, C. et al. (2015). Mitochondrial genomes reveal the extinct Hippidion as an outgroup to all living equids. Biology Letters, 11(3), 20141058.
29. Villavicencio, N. A., Corcoran, D., & Marquet, P. A. (2019). Assessing the causes behind the Late Quaternary extinction of horses in South America using Species Distribution Models. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 226.
30. Ubilla, M., et al. (2018) Mammals in last 30 to 7 ka interval (Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene) in southern Uruguay (Santa Lucía River Basin): last occurrences, climate, and biogeography. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 25(2), 291-300.
31. Samonds, K.E. 2007. Late Pleistocene bat fossils from Anjohibe Cave, northwestern Madagascar. Acta Chiropterologica 9(1):39–65.
32. Labarca, R., & Alcaraz, M. A. (2011). Presencia de Antifer ultra Ameghino (= Antifer niemeyeri Casamiquela)(Artiodactyla, Cervidae) en el Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno temprano de Chile central (30-35° S). Andean geology, 38(1), 156-170.
33. Kosintsev, P. (2007). Late Pleistocene large mammal faunas from the Urals. Quaternary International, 160(1), 112-120.
34. Wang, Y., Pedersen, M.W., Alsos, I.G. et al. Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics. Nature (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x
35. Dantas, M.A.T., & Cozzuol, M.A. (2016) The Brazilian intertropical fauna from 60 to about 10 ka BP: taxonomy, dating, diet, and Paleoenvironments. In Marine Isotope Stage 3 in Southern South America, 60 KA BP-30 KA BP, pages 207-226.
36. Cartelle, C., De Iuliis, G., & Pujos, F. (2015). Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund, 1842) (Xenarthra, Megatheriinae) is the only valid megatheriine sloth species in the Pleistocene of intertropical Brazil: A response to Faure et al., 2014. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 14(1), 15-23.
37. Routledge, J. (2020). Ostrich Eggshell from the Far Eastern Steppe: Stable Isotopic Exploration of Range, Commodification, and Extirpation (Doctoral dissertation, Trent University (Canada)).
38. Farmer, D. (2012) Avian Biology. Elsevier.
39. Turvey, S.T. et al. (2021). Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?. Quaternary Science Reviews, 252, p. 106740.
40. Remains assigned to Equus sp.; E. scotti is considered likely on the basis of size. A younger datation of E. scotti to 900-720 BCE is dubious according to Naughton (2003).
41. Miño-Boilini, A. R., Carlini, A. A., Chiesa, J. O., Lucero, N. P., & Zurita, A. E. (2009). First record of Scelidodon chiliense (Lydekker)(Phyllophaga, Scelidotheriinae) from the Lujanian stage (late Pleistocene-early Holocene) of Argentina. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie-Abhandlungen, 253, 373-381.
42. A younger datation to 3095-2775 BCE is considered dubious.
43. Tonni, E. P., Cione, A. L., & Soibelzon, L. H. (2003). The broken zig-zag: late Cenozoic large mammal and tortoise extintion in South America. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 5.
44. Machado, H., & Avilla, L. (2019). The diversity of south American Equus: did size really matter?. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 7, 235.
45. Younger datations to 5850-4350 BCE and 2350 BCE are considered unconfirmed and dubious by Tonni et al. (2003), respectively.
46. Cordeiro de Castro, M. (2015). Sistemática y evolución de los armadillos Dasypodini (Xenarthra, Cingulata, Dasypodidae). Revista del Museo de La Plata
47. Krmpotic, C.M., Carlini, A.A., & Scillato-Yané, G.J. (2009) The species of Eutatus (Mammalia, Xenarthra): Assessment, morphology and climate. Quaternary International, 210(1-2), 66-75.
48. 
    A younger datation to 3750 BCE is not confirmed. Murchie, T.J., et al. (2021) Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA. Nature Communications, vol. 12, no 1, p. 1-18.
49. Book: Kurtén, Björn. Pleistocene mammals of North America. Anderson, Elaine. 1980. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-03733-4. 29 February 2012.
50. Leonard, J. A., Vilà, C., Fox-Dobbs, K., Koch, P. L., Wayne, R. K., & Van Valkenburgh, B. (2007). Megafaunal extinctions and the disappearance of a specialized wolf ecomorph. Current Biology, 17(13), 1146-1150.
51. Wilson, Paul J.; Rutledge, Linda Y. (2021). "Considering Pleistocene North American wolves and coyotes in the eastern Canis origin story". Ecology and Evolution. 11 (13): 9137–9147.
52. Cruz, L. E., Bargo, M. S., Tonni, E. P., & Figini, A. J. (2010). Radiocarbon date on megafauna from the late Pleistocene-early Holocene of Córdoba province, Argentina: stratigraphic and paleoclimatic significance. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas, 27(3), 470-476.
53. Melis, S., Salvadori, S., & Pillola, G. L. (2010). SARDINIAN DEER: DERIVATIONS, FOSSIL DISCOVERIES AND CURRENT DISTRIBUTION. Present Environment & Sustainable Development, 4(2).
54. Benzi, V. et al. (2007). Radiocarbon and U-series dating of the endemic deer Praemegaceros cazioti (Depéret) from "Grotta Juntu", Sardinia. Journal of archaeological science, 34(5), 790-794.
55. Guerra Rodríguez, Carmen. "Avifauna del pleistoceno superior-holoceno de las Pitiusas: passeriformes y sus depredadores." (2015). Unpublished.
56. Díaz-Sibaja, R. et al. (2020) A fossil Bison antiquus from Puebla, Mexico and a new minimum age for the Valsequillo fossil area. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 103, 102766.
57. Gutiérrez, M.A. et al. (2010). Supervivencia diferencial de mamíferos de gran tamaño en la región pampeana en el Holoceno temprano y su relación con aspectos paleobiológicos. Zooarqueología a principios del siglo XXI: Aportes teóricos, metodológicos y casos de estudio. Ediciones del Espinillo, Buenos Aires, 231-242.
58. Zurita, A. E. (2007). Sistemática y evolución de los Hoplophorini (Xenarthra: glyptodontidae: hoplophorinae. Mioceno tardío-Holoceno temprano). Importancia bioestratigráfica, paleobiogeográfica y paleoambiental. (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad Nacional de La Plata).
59. Stuart, A. J., Kosintsev, P. A., Higham, T. F., & Lister, A. M. (2004). Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth. Nature, 431(7009), 684-689. Claims of survival to 600-500 BCE are based on dubious interpretations of Scythian art.
60. Lister, A. M., & Stuart, A. J. (2019). The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence. Quaternary International, 500, 185-203.
61. Bover, P. (2011). La paleontologia de vertebrats insulars de les Balears: la contribució de les excavacions recents. Endins: publicació d'espeleologia, 299-316.
62. A datation to 3023-2809 BCE is considered dubious. Soibelzon, L.H. et al. (2012) Un Glyptodontidae de gran tamaño en el Holoceno temprano de la región Pampeana, Argentina. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia, 15(1): 105-112.
63. Fernandez, P. et al. (2015). The last occurrence of Megaceroides algericus Lyddekker, 1890 (Mammalia, Cervidae) during the middle Holocene in the cave of Bizmoune (Morocco, Essaouira region). Quaternary International, 374, 154-167.
64. Olson, S. L. (2008). A new species of large, terrestrial caracara from Holocene deposits in southern Jamaica (Aves: Falconidae). Journal of Raptor Research, 42(4), 265-272.
65. Rodríguez-Flórez, C. D., Rodríguez-Flórez, E. L., & Rodríguez, C. A. (2009). Revisión de la fauna pleistocénica Gomphotheriidae en Colombia y reporte de un caso para el Valle del Cauca. Boletín Científico. Centro de Museos. Museo de Historia Natural, 13(2), 78-85
66. Goodman, S. M., & Muldoon, K. M. (2016). A new subfossil locality for the extinct large Malagasy eagle Stephanoaetus mahery (Aves: Falconiformes): implications for time of extinction and ecological specificity. The Holocene, 26(6), 985-989. Claims of survival to 1500-1600 CE are not confirmed.
67. Iwaniuk, A.N., Olson, S.L., & James, H.F. (2009). Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Zootaxa.
68. Burney, David A., et al. "A chronology for late prehistoric Madagascar." Journal of Human Evolution 47.1-2 (2004): 25-63.
69. Steadman . David W. . Martin . Paul S. . MacPhee . Ross D. E. . Jull . A. J. T. . McDonald . H. Gregory . Woods . Charles A. . Iturralde-Vinent . Manuel . Hodgins . Gregory W. L. . 16 August 2005 . Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 102 . 33 . 11763–8 . 10.1073/pnas.0502777102 . 16085711 . 1187974. 2005PNAS..10211763S. free .
70. Stewart, M. et al. A taxonomic and taphonomic study of Pleistocene fossil deposits from the western Nefud Desert, Saudi Arabia. Quaternary Research, 2020, vol. 95, p. 1-22.
71. Claims of survival to 1470-1445 BCE are based on interpretations of a painting from the Tomb of Rekhmire. Masseti, M. (2008). The most ancient explorations of the Mediterranean. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4th Ser, 59(Suppl I), 1-18.
72. Bover, P., et al. (2016). Closing the gap: new data on the last documented Myotragus and the first human evidence on Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean Sea). The Holocene, 26(11), 1887-1891.
73. Welker, F. et al. (2014). Analysis of coprolites from the extinct mountain goat Myotragus balearicus. Quaternary Research, 81(1), 106-116.
74. Markova, A. K., Puzachenko, A. Y., Van Kolfschoten, T., Kosintsev, P. A., Kuznetsova, T. V., Tikhonov, A. N., ... & Kuitems, M. (2015). Changes in the Eurasian distribution of the musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) and the extinct bison (Bison priscus) during the last 50 ka BP. Quaternary International, 378, 99-110.
75. Boeskorov, G. G. (2006). Arctic Siberia: refuge of the Mammoth fauna in the Holocene. Quaternary International, 142, 119-123.
76. Cooke, S. B., Mychajliw, A. M., Southon, J., & MacPhee, R. D. (2017). The extinction of Xenothrix mcgregori, Jamaica's last monkey. Journal of Mammalogy, 98(4), 937-949.
77. MacPhee, R.D., Iturralde-Vinent, M.A., & Vázquez, O.J. (2007). Prehistoric sloth extinctions in Cuba: Implications of a new "last" appearance date. Caribbean Journal of Science, 43(1), 94-98.
78. Survival to 1350 CE reported by Turvey is not confirmed.
79. Survival until 140-180 CE is not confirmed. Mead, J. I. et al. (2002) New extinct mekosuchine crocodile from Vanuatu, South Pacific. Copeia, 2002(3), 632-641.
80. Chen, S. et al. (2010) Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic. Molecular biology and evolution, 27(1), 1-6.
81. In Wrangel Island. Stuart, A.J. et al. (2002). The latest woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: a review of the current evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21(14-15), 1559-1569.
82. Last dated in continental North America at 6390-6270 BCE (Naughton, 2003), with another unconfirmed record at 3750 BCE (Murchie et al., 2021).
83. Last dated 3580-3480 BCE in Saint Paul Island. Graham, R.W. et al. (2016). Timing and causes of mid-Holocene mammoth extinction on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(33), 9310-9314.
84. Last dated 2150-1750 BCE in continental Eurasia (Wang et al., 2021).
85. Nogués-Bravo, D., Rodríguez, J., Hortal, J., Batra, P., & Araújo, M. B. (2008). Climate change, humans, and the extinction of the woolly mammoth. PLoS Biol, 6(4), e79.
86. Yang, D.Y. et al. (2008). Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(10), 2778-2785.
87. Stuart, A.J. (2021) Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age. University of Chicago Press, 288 pages.
88. Hailer, F., James, H.F., Olson, S.L., & Fleischer, R.C. (2015). Distinct and extinct: genetic differentiation of the Hawaiian eagle. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 83, 40-43
89. Anderson, A.; Sand, C.; Petchey, F.; Worthy, T. H. (2010). "Faunal extinction and human habitation in New Caledonia: Initial results and implications of new research at the Pindai Caves". Journal of Pacific Archaeology. 1 (1): 89–109. hdl:10289/5404.
90. Steadman, D. W., Pregill, G. K., & Olson, S. L. (1984). Fossil vertebrates from Antigua, Lesser Antilles: evidence for late Holocene human-caused extinctions in the West Indies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 81(14), 4448-4451.
91. Crees. Jennifer J.. Turvey. Samuel T.. May 2014. Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal. Quaternary Science Reviews. 91. 16–29. 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.03.003. 2014QSRv...91...16C. 0277-3791.
92. Rando, J. C., & Alcover, J. A. (2010). On the extinction of the Dune Shearwater (Puffinus holeae) from the Canary Islands. Journal of Ornithology, 151(2), 365-369.
93. Irwin, G. et al. (2011). Further investigations at the Naigani Lapita site (VL 21/5), Fiji: excavation, radiocarbon dating and palaeofaunal extinction. Journal of Pacific Archaeology, 2(2), 66-78.
94. Raufuss, I., & von Koenigswald, W. (1999). New remains of Pleistocene Ovibos moschatus from Germany and its geographic and stratigraphic occurrence in Europe. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 78(3), 383-394.
95. Gunn, A. . Forchhammer, M. . Ovibos moschatus . 2016 . 2008 . e.T29684A86066477 . 24 December 2019.
96. Hawkins, S. et al. (2016) Ancient tortoise hunting in the southwest Pacific. Scientific reports, 6(1), 1-6
97. Çakırlar, C., & Ikram, S. (2016). 'When elephants battle, the grass suffers.' Power, ivory and the Syrian elephant. Levant, 48(2), 167-183.
98. Goodman, S.M., Vasey, N., & Burney, D.A. (2007). Description of a new species of subfossil shrew tenrec (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae: Microgale) from cave deposits in southeastern Madagascar. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 120(4), 367-376.
99. Jones, T.L. et al. (2008) The protracted Holocene extinction of California's flightless sea duck (Chendytes lawi) and its implications for the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(11), 4105-4108.
100. Steadman . David W. . Pregill . Gregory K. . Burley . David V. . 19 March 2002 . Rapid prehistoric extinction of iguanas and birds in Polynesia . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 99 . 6 . 3673–7 . 10.1073/pnas.072079299 . 11904427 . 122582. 2002PNAS...99.3673S . free .
101. Survival to c. 1350 CE mentioned by Turvey not confirmed.
102. Oswald, J. A., Allen, J. M., Witt, K. E., Folk, R. A., Albury, N. A., Steadman, D. W., & Guralnick, R. P. (2019). Ancient DNA from a 2,500-year-old Caribbean fossil places an extinct bird (Caracara creightoni) in a phylogenetic context. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 140, 106576.
103. Turvey . S.T . Oliver . J.R . Storde . Y.M Narganes . Rye . P . 22 April 2007 . Late Holocene extinction of Puerto Rican native land mammals. . . 3 . 2 . 193–6 . 10.1098/rsbl.2006.0585 . 17251123 . 2375922.
104. It is unconfirmed if remains of Equus sp. found in Bolshoy Baranov Cape and dated to 701-900 CE belong to this taxon (Boeskorov, 2006).
105. Crowley, B. E. (2010). A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29(19-20), 2591-2603.
106. von den Driesch, A. et al. (2008). The hunt for wild dromedaries at the United Arab Emirates coast during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Camel bones from the excavations at Al Sufouh 2, Dubai, UAE. MOM Éditions, 49(1), 487-497.
107. https://www.theextinctions.com/articles-1/the-mysterious-origins-of-the-dromedary Thomsen, S. B. K. The Mysterious Origins of the Dromedary.
108. Pregill, G. K., & Steadman, D. W. (2014). The prehistory of terrestrial reptiles and birds in the Central Lau Group, Fiji. Bull. Fla. Mus. Nat. Hist., 53, 1-25.
109. Vigne, Jean-Denis, Salvador Bailon, and Jacques Cuisin. "Biostratigraphy of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals in Corsica and the role of man in the Holocene faunal turnover." Anthropologica 25.26 (1997): 587-604.
110. Smith, A.T. & Johnston, C.H.. Prolagus sardus. 2008. e.T18338A8103116. 2008. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18338A8103116.en.
111. Claimed survival until 1774 CE in Tavolara Island is based on the mention of 'giant burrow-making rats' by Francesco Cetti.
112. Samuel T. Turvey . Kristoffer Bruun . Alejandra Ortiz . James Hansford . Songmei Hu . Yan Ding . Tianen Zhang . Helen J. Chatterjee . 2018 . New genus of extinct Holocene gibbon associated with humans in Imperial China . Science . 360 . 6395 . 1346–1349 . 10.1126/science.aao4903 . 29930136 . 2018Sci...360.1346T . free .
113. James, H. F., Stafford, T. W., Steadman, D. W., Olson, S. L., Martin, P. S., Jull, A. J., & McCoy, P. C. (1987). Radiocarbon dates on bones of extinct birds from Hawaii. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 84(8), 2350-2354.
114. López-Jurado, L. F., & López Martínez, N. (1991). Presencia de la rata gigante extinguida de Gran Canaria (Canariomys tamarani) en una cueva de habitación aborigen.
115. Rando, J.C. et al. (2013) A new species of extinct scops owl (Aves: Strigiformes: Strigidae: Otus) from São Miguel island (Azores archipelago, north Atlantic ocean). Zootaxa, 3647(2), 343-357.
116. Wood, J.R., Scofield, R.P., Hamel, J., Lalas, C., & Wilmshurst, J.M. (2017). Bone stable isotopes indicate a high trophic position for New Zealand's extinct South Island adzebill (Aptornis defossor) (Gruiformes: Aptornithidae). New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 41(2), 240-244.
117. Sometimes reported to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1280, though there is no direct dating to confirm this (Turvey, 2009); or the 1870s, following dubious reports of observations by Europeans (Hume, 2017).
118. Claims of survival until Polynesian arrival c. 1280 not confirmed with direct dating (Turvey, 2009).
119. Parejko, K. (2003). Pliny the Elder's silphium: first recorded species extinction. Conservation Biology, 17(3), 925-927.
120. Unconfirmed live observation in 1860 (Turvey, 2009).
121. Meador, L.R., et al. (2019) Cryptoprocta spelea (Carnivora: Eupleridae): what did it eat and how do we know?. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 26(2), 237-251.
122. Zver, L., Toškan, B., & Bužan, E. (2021). Phylogeny of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Bison species in Europe and North America. Quaternary International, 595, 30-38.
123. Youcef, S. A. M. (2020). African origins of modern asses as seen from paleontology and DNA: what about the Atlas wild ass?. Geobios, 58, 73-84.
124. BollóK, Á., & Koncz, I. (2020). Sixth- and Seventh-Century Elephant Ivory Finds from the Carpathian Basin. The Sources, Circulation and Value of Ivory in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Archaeologiai Értesítő, Vol. 1: 39-68.
125. Espérandieu, G. (1996). Éléphant. Encyclopédie berbère, (17), 2596-2606.
126. Survival until Polynesian arrival c. 1350 not confirmed (Turvey, 2009).
127. Book: MacPhee, R.D. E.. Extinctions in near time: causes, contexts, and consequences. 1999. Springer. 978-0-306-46092-0. 19–28, 394. 29 February 2012.
128. Orihuela, J. (2019). An annotated list of Late Quaternary extinct birds of Cuba. Ornitología Neotropical, 30, 57-67.
129. Hekkala, E., et al. Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene “horned” crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus (2021). Communications Biology, vol. 4, no 1, p. 1-11.
130. Hansford, J.P. et al. (2021). Simultaneous extinction of Madagascar's megaherbivores correlates with late Holocene human-caused landscape transformation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 263, 106996.
131. Morgan, Gary S., et al. "Late Quaternary fossil mammals from the Cayman Islands, West Indies." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2019.428 (2019): 1-82.
132. Williams, E. (2017) Hippopotamus. Reaktion Books, 224 pages.
133. Steadman, D., & Rolett, B. (1996). A chronostratigraphic analysis of landbird extinction on Tahuata, Marquesas Islands. Journal of Archaeological Science, 23(1), 81-94.
134. Ainis, A. F., & Vellanoweth, R. L. (2012). Expanding the chronology for the extinct giant island deer mouse (Peromyscus nesodytes) on San Miguel Island, California, USA. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology, 7(1), 146-152.
135. Rando, J.C., & Alcover, J.A. (2008) Evidence for a second western Palaearctic seabird extinction during the last Millennium: the Lava Shearwater Puffinus olsoni. Ibis, 150(1), 188-192.
136. A commonly cited 1658 account by Étienne de Flacourt could as well be of Mullerornis, or based on second-hand reports of fossil eggs. Buffetaut, E. (2018). Elephant Birds Under the Sun King? Etienne de Flacourt and the Vouron patra. Boletim do Centro Português de Geo-História e Pré-História, 1, 1.
137. Tattersall, I. (1973) Cranial anathomy of the Archaeolemurinae (Lemuridae, Primates). American Museum of Natural History, 110 pages.
138. Morales, J. et al. (2009) The impact of human activities on the natural environment of the Canary Islands (Spain) during the pre-Hispanic stage (3rd–2nd Century BC to 15th Century AD): an overview. Environmental Archaeology, 14(1), 27-36.
139. Kehlmaier, C., Barlow, A., Hastings, A. K., Vamberger, M., Paijmans, J. L., Steadman, D. W., ... & Fritz, U. (2017). Tropical ancient DNA reveals relationships of the extinct Bahamian giant tortoise Chelonoidis alburyorum. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1846), 20162235.
140. MacPhee, Ross DE, Clare Flemming, and Darrin P. Lunde. ""Last occurrence" of the Antillean insectivoran Nesophontes: new radiometric dates and their interpretation. American Museum novitates; no. 3261." (1999).
141. Holdaway, R.N., Jones, M.D., & Athfield, N.R.B. (2002) Late Holocene extinction of the New Zealand owlet‐nightjar Aegotheles novaezealandiae. Journal of The Royal Society of New Zealand, 32(4), 653-667.
142. Rando, Juan Carlos, et al. "Chronology and causes of the extinction of the Lava Mouse, Malpaisomys insularis (Rodentia: Muridae) from the Canary Islands." Quaternary Research 70.2 (2008): 141-148.
143. Wood, J. R., and J. M. Wilmshurst. "Age of North Island giant moa (Dinornis novaezealandiae) bones found on the forest floor in the Ruahine Range." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 43.4 (2013): 250-255.
144. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2022.0085 Iijima, M. et al. (2022) An intermediate crocodylian linking two extant gharials from the Bronze Age of China and its human-induced extinction. The Royal Society Publishing.
145. Rawlence, N. J., and A. Cooper. "Youngest reported radiocarbon age of a moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) dated from a natural site in New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 43.2 (2013): 100-107.
146. A 1872 report of a pet penguin in the Chathams has been sometimes interpreted as a member of this species, but this is not confirmed (Hume, 2017).
147. Cole, Theresa L., et al. "Mitogenomes uncover extinct penguin taxa and reveal island formation as a key driver of speciation." Molecular biology and evolution 36.4 (2019): 784-797.
148. Jacomb, Chris, et al. "High-precision dating and ancient DNA profiling of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) eggshell documents a complex feature at Wairau Bar and refines the chronology of New Zealand settlement by Polynesians." Journal of Archaeological Science 50 (2014): 24-30
149. A dubious observation of giant eagles in the 1870s has been claimed sometimes to be either this, or Eyles's harrier (Hume, 2017).
150. Steadman, D. W., & Takano, O. M. (2013). A late-Holocene bird community from Hispaniola: refining the chronology of vertebrate extinction in the West Indies. The Holocene, 23(7), 936-944.
151. Rawlence, Nicolas J., et al. "Radiocarbon-dating and ancient DNA reveal rapid replacement of extinct prehistoric penguins." Quaternary Science Reviews 112 (2015): 59-65.
152. Paxinos, Ellen E., et al. mtDNA from fossils reveals a radiation of Hawaiian geese recently derived from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2002, vol. 99, no 3, p. 1399-1404.
153. "307±85 yr BP (95.4% AD 1451-1952)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)
154. In Tierra del Fuego. Last attested in the continent in 1232-1397 (Prevosti et al., 2015).
155. Prevosti. Francisco J.. Ramírez. Mariano A.. Schiaffini. Mauro. Martin. Fabiana. Udrizar Sauthier. Daniel E.. Carrera. Marcelo. Sillero-Zubiri. Claudio. Pardiñas. Ulyses F. J.. November 2015. Extinctions in near time: new radiocarbon dates point to a very recent disappearance of the South American fox Dusicyon avus (Carnivora: Canidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. en. 116. 3. 704–720. 10.1111/bij.12625. free. 11336/46106. free.
156. Oswald, J. A., & Steadman, D. W. (2018). The late Quaternary bird community of New Providence, Bahamas. The Auk: Ornithological Advances, 135(2), 359-377.
157. "370±38yr BP (95.4% AD 1464-1637)" (Rawlence & Cooper, 2013)
158. BirdLife International . 2017 . Chenonetta finschi . 2017 . e.T62239833A119205634 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62239833A119205634.en . 18 November 2021.
159. BirdLife International . Bulweria bifax . 2016 . e.T22728804A94997177 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728804A94997177.en . 15 January 2018.
160. Weksler, M. . Costa, L.M. . 2019 . Noronhomys vespuccii . 2019 . e.T136692A22333193 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136692A22333193.en . 18 November 2021.
161. Weksler. M.. Tirira. D.G.. 2019. Megaoryzomys curioi. 2019. e.T136657A22330270. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T136657A22330270.en.
162. Turvey, S.T. . Dávalos, L. . 2018 . Isolobodon portoricensis . 2018 . e.T10860A22186876 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10860A22186876.en . 18 November 2021.
163. Turvey, S. . Helgen, K. . 2016 . Brotomys voratus . 2016 . e.T3121A22205792 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3121A22205792.en . 18 November 2021.
164. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Leiolopisma mauritiana . 1996 . e.T11410A3277412 . 1996 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11410A3277412.en .
165. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22607/166933641 IUCN
166. BirdLife International . 2017 . Tribonyx hodgenorum . 2017 . e.T62274163A119207810 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62274163A119207810.en . 18 November 2021.
167. BirdLife International . 2017 . Bermuteo avivorus . 2017 . e.T62183030A119208276 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62183030A119208276.en . 13 November 2021.
168. BirdLife International . Aegolius gradyi . 2016 . e.T62184893A95192681 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62184893A95192681.en .
169. BirdLife International . Nyctanassa carcinocatactes . 2017 . e.T62286255A119207935 . 2017 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62286255A119207935.en . 13 January 2018.
170. In Poland. A possible but unconfirmed horncore dated to 1650-1750 was found in Bulgaria. Boev, Z. (2022) "The last Bos primigenius survived in Bulgaria (Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae)." Lynx, n.s., Vol. 52: 139-142 pgs.
171. Tikhonov, A. . Bos primigenius . 2008 . e.T136721A4332142 . 2008 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T136721A4332142.en .
172. Lewis, C. A. (2008). The Late Glacial and Holocene avifauna of the island of St Helena, South Atlantic Ocean. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 63(2), 128-144.
173. Atlantisia podarces . BirdLife International . BirdLife International . 2012 . 26 November 2013.
174. BirdLife International . 2016 . Upupa antaios . 2016 . e.T22728670A94993541 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728670A94993541.en . 12 November 2021.
175. BirdLife International . 2016 . Zapornia astrictocarpus . 2016 . e.T22728760A94995685 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728760A94995685.en . 12 November 2021.
176. BirdLife International . 2016 . Mundia elpenor . 2016 . e.T22728746A94995240 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728746A94995240.en . 18 November 2021.
177. A 1976 sighting is unconfirmed (Burney et al., 2004).
178. Van der Geer, A. et al. (2011) Evolution of Island Mammals: Adaptation and Extintion of Placental Mammals on Islands. John Wiley & Sons, 496 pages.
179. BirdLife International . 2016 . Alopochen kervazoi . 2016 . e.T22729490A95017764 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22729490A95017764.en . 18 November 2021.
180. BirdLife International . 2016 . Falco duboisi . 2016 . e.T22731930A95038951 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22731930A95038951.en . 18 November 2021.
181. BirdLife International . 2017 . Foudia delloni . 2017 . e.T103811601A119552278 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103811601A119552278.en . 18 November 2021.
182. BirdLife International . 2016 . Lophopsittacus mauritianus . 2016 . e.T22728847A94998733 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728847A94998733.en . 18 November 2021.
183. BirdLife International . 2017 . Dryolimnas augusti . 2017 . e.T62258591A119207514 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62258591A119207514.en . 18 November 2021.
184. Nesoenas duboisi . BirdLife International . BirdLife International . 2017 . 30 March 2021.
185. BirdLife International . 2016 . Nycticorax duboisi . 2016 . e.T22728781A94996515 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728781A94996515.en . 18 November 2021.
186. Arroyo-Cabrales, J., & Polaco, O.J. (2008) Fossil bats from Mesoamerica. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, 66(1), 155-160.
187. Pardiñas, U.F.J., & Tonni, E.P. (2000) A giant vampire (Mammalia, Chiroptera) in the Late Holocene from the Argentinean pampas: paleoenvironmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 160(3-4), 213-221.
188. Hume, Julian Pender, David M. Martill, and Christopher Dewdney. "Dutch diaries and the demise of the dodo." Nature 429.6992 (2004): 1-1.
189. BirdLife International . 2016 . Alopochen mauritiana . 2016 . e.T22728658A94993056 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728658A94993056.en . 18 November 2021.
190. BirdLife International . BirdLife International . Aphanapteryx bonasia . 2012 . e.T22728884A39099824 . 2012 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22728884A39099824.en .
191. Last reported in Mauritius in 1693 and in Réunion in 1672. http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/mascarene-coot-fulica-newtonii/text
192. BirdLife International . 2016 . Fulica newtonii . 2016 . e.T22728769A94996050 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728769A94996050.en . 18 November 2021.
193. BirdLife International . 2016 . Nycticorax mauritianus . 2016 . e.T22728777A94996372 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728777A94996372.en . 18 November 2021.
194. BirdLife International . 2016 . Anas theodori . 2016 . e.T22728662A94993214 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728662A94993214.en . 18 November 2021.
195. BirdLife International . 2016 . Psittacara labati . 2016 . e.T22728696A94993878 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728696A94993878.en . 18 November 2021.
196. BirdLife International . Erythromachus leguati . 2016 . e.T22728889A94999834 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728889A94999834.en .
197. BirdLife International . 2016 . Mascarenotus murivorus . 2016 . e.T22728856A94999047 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728856A94999047.en . 18 November 2021.
198. e.T22710836A94263302 . Necropsar rodericanus . BirdLife International . BirdLife International . 2016 . 24 March 2020.
199. BirdLife International . 2017 . Nesoenas rodericanus . 2017 . e.T22728722A119206485 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22728722A119206485.en . 18 November 2021.
200. BirdLife International . 2016 . Nycticorax megacephalus . 2016 . e.T22728787A94996659 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728787A94996659.en . 18 November 2021.
201. BirdLife International. BirdLife International. 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728726A94994728.en . Porphyrio caerulescens . August 23, 2018 .
202. Tortoises were found in Round Island in 1844 and one was captured and transported to Mauritius, where it had hatchlings. The species and fate of these animals is unknown (Cheke & Hume, 2009).
203. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . 1996 . Cylindraspis inepta . 1996 . e.T6062A12385198 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6062A12385198.en . 18 November 2021.
204. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . 1996 . Cylindraspis triserrata . 1996 . e.T6064A12390055 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6064A12390055.en . 18 November 2021.
205. A 1779 painting by Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton could depict this species (Hume, 2017).
206. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Pausinystalia brachythyrsum . 1998 . e.T36157A9978900 . 1998 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T36157A9978900.en . 16 December 2017.
207. In North America. Last remains in Europe date to 550 AD (Jones et al., 2012).
208. Jones, M.L. et al. (2012) The Gray Whale: Eschrichtius robustus. Academic Press, 600 pages.
209. Necropsittacus rodricanus . BirdLife International . BirdLife International . 2016 . e.T22728851A94998888 . 2 January 2020.
210. BirdLife International . 2016 . Pezophaps solitaria . 2016 . e.T22690062A93259685 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690062A93259685.en . 18 November 2021.
211. Domning, D. . 2016 . Hydrodamalis gigas . 2016 . e.T10303A43792683 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10303A43792683.en . 18 November 2021.
212. BirdLife International . 2017 . Threskiornis solitarius . 2017 . e.T22728791A119423949 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22728791A119423949.en . 18 November 2021.
213. BirdLife International . 2016 . Lophopsittacus bensoni . 2016 . e.T22728844A94998578 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728844A94998578.en . 18 November 2021.
214. BirdLife International . 2016 . Cyanoramphus ulietanus . 2016 . e.T22728673A94993704 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728673A94993704.en . 18 November 2021.
215. BirdLife International . Alopecoenas ferrugineus . 2016 . e.T22691052A93301514 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691052A93301514.en .
216. Raiatea Starling . BirdLife International . 2017 . 2017 . e.T22734867A119212332 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22734867A119212332.en .
217. BirdLife International . 2016 . Prosobonia ellisi . 2016 . e.T22728772A94996223 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728772A94996223.en . 18 November 2021.
218. BirdLife International . 2016 . Prosobonia leucoptera . 2016 . e.T22693330A93396439 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693330A93396439.en . 18 November 2021.
219. BirdLife International . 2016 . Amazona martinicana . 2016 . e.T22728705A94994181 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728705A94994181.en . 18 November 2021.
220. BirdLife International . 2016 . Amazona violacea . 2016 . e.T22728701A94994037 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728701A94994037.en . 18 November 2021.
221. BirdLife International . 2016 . Zapornia nigra . 2016 . e.T22728757A94995544 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728757A94995544.en . 18 November 2021.
222. BirdLife International . 2016 . Porphyrio albus . 2016 . e.T22692801A93370193 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692801A93370193.en . 18 November 2021.
223. BirdLife International . 2017 . Eclectus infectus . 2017 . e.T62307504A119208554 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62307504A119208554.en . 18 November 2021.
224. Kerley, G. . Child, M.F. . 2017 . Hippotragus leucophaeus . 2017 . e.T10168A50188573 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T10168A50188573.en . 18 November 2021.
225. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . 1996 . Cylindraspis peltastes . 1996 . e.T6063A12388776 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6063A12388776.en . 18 November 2021.
226. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . 1996 . Cylindraspis vosmaeri . 1996 . e.T6065A12391587 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6065A12391587.en . 18 November 2021.
227. Schuster, G.A. . Taylor, C.A. . Cordeiro, J. . 2010 . Pacifastacus nigrescens . 2010 . e.T15867A5247659 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T15867A5247659.en . 13 November 2021.
228. International). Graham Edgar (Conservation. Last (CSIRO). Peter. Tasmania). Rick Stuart-Smith (University of. 2018-05-01. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Sympterichthys unipennis. 2020-07-11.
229. Rebelo, A.G. . 2020 . Leucadendron grandiflorum . 2020 . e.T113168368A185558142 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113168368A185558142.en . 18 November 2021.
230. One egg was found in 1830, but it could have been from an Australian emu introduced in 1826, or a hybrid (Hume, 2017).
231. BirdLife International . 2016 . Dromaius baudinianus . 2016 . e.T22724449A94867311 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724449A94867311.en . 18 November 2021.
232. In captivity. Last recorded in the wild in 1805 (Hume, 2017).
233. Type specimen of unknown provenance. Birds of similar color were described by Tahiti natives in 1928, but were not observed by scientists. BirdLife International . 2016 . Caloenas maculata . 2016 . e.T22734732A95095848 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22734732A95095848.en . 18 November 2021.
234. BirdLife International . 2017 . Pomarea pomarea . 2017 . e.T22724444A119193265 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22724444A119193265.en . 18 November 2021.
235. BirdLife International . Aplonis mavornata . 2016 . e.T22710499A94248417 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710499A94248417.en .
236. BirdLife International . 2017 . Myadestes woahensis . 2017 . e.T22708564A111775767 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22708564A111775767.en . 18 November 2021.
237. Unconfirmed sighting from 1837. Hume, J. P. (2011). "Systematics, morphology, and ecology of pigeons and doves (Aves: Columbidae) of the Mascarene Islands, with three new species". Zootaxa. 3124: 1–62. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3124.1.1. ISBN 978-1-86977-825-5. S2CID 86886330.
238. BirdLife International . 2016 . Zapornia monasa . 2016 . e.T22692708A93366211 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692708A93366211.en . 18 November 2021.
239. BirdLife International . 2016 . Aplonis corvina . 2016 . e.T22710496A94248268 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710496A94248268.en . 18 November 2021.
240. There were unconfirmed reports from locals in 1890. BirdLife International . 2017 . Carpodacus ferreorostris . 2017 . e.T22720622A111776645 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720622A111776645.en . 18 November 2021.
241. BirdLife International . 2016 . Zoothera terrestris . 2016 . e.T22708535A94163698 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708535A94163698.en . 18 November 2021.
242. The Reptile Database. The only known specimens were collected by Jules Dumont d'Urville during the Astrolabe expedition, which returned to France in that year.
243. Allison, A., Hamilton, A. & Tallowin, O. . Tachygyia microlepis . 2012 . e.T21286A2775072 . 2012 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T21286A2775072.en .
244. BirdLife International . 2016 . Coua delalandei . 2016 . e.T22684143A93016420 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684143A93016420.en . 18 November 2021.
245. Captive individual. Last seen in the wild in 1775 (IUCN).
246. BirdLife International . BirdLife International . Mascarinus mascarin . 2016 . e.T22685258A93065531 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685258A93065531.en . (old version)
247. Hamdine, W. et al. (1998) "Histoire récente de l'ours brun au Maghreb". C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Vie / Life Sciences, Vol. 321, pp. 565-570.
248. Calvignac, S. et al. (2008) "Ancient DNA evidence for the loss of a highly divergent brown bear clade during historical times." Molecular Ecology, Vol. 17: 1962-1970.
249. Unconfirmed sightings in 1937 and 1940 (IUCN).
250. Web site: Oahu Akialoa . . International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) . 2022-07-04.
251. BirdLife International . 2016 . Fregilupus varius . 2016 . e.T22710840A94263439 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710840A94263439.en . 18 November 2021.
252. BirdLife International . 2017 . Moho apicalis . 2017 . e.T22704329A111776064 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22704329A111776064.en . 18 November 2021.
253. BirdLife International . 2016 . Mascarenotus sauzieri . 2016 . e.T22728861A94999192 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728861A94999192.en . 18 November 2021.
254. Unconfirmed reports by natives until 1860. Pyle, R.L., and P. Pyle. 2017. The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status. B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Version 2 (1 January 2017) http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/birds/rlp-monograph/pdfs/08-DREP/NUKU.pdf
255. Tsang, S.M. . 2020 . Pteropus coxi . 2020 . e.T84931267A95642285 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T84931267A95642285.en . 30 July 2020.
256. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . 1996 . Cylindraspis indica . 1996 . e.T6061A12383518 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T6061A12383518.en . 18 November 2021.
257. BirdLife International. Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii . 2016. e.T22692455A93354540 . 2016.
258. Cheke, A. & Hume, J.P. (2009) Lost land of the dodo: The ecological history of Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues. T & AD Poyser, London, 480 pages.
259. BirdLife International . 2016 . Cyanoramphus zealandicus . 2016 . e.T22685182A93061882 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685182A93061882.en . 18 November 2021.
260. van Dijk, P.P. . Rhodin, A.G.J. . Cayot, L.J. . Caccone, A. . 2017 . Chelonoidis niger . 2017 . e.T9023A3149101 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T9023A3149101.en . 18 November 2021.
261. Rookmaaker, L.C. & Groves, C.P. (1977) The extinct Cape rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis bicornis (Linnaeus, 1758). In Szugetierkundliche Mitteilwnge, pg. 117-126.
262. BirdLife International . 2017 . Prosobonia cancellata . 2017 . e.T62289108A119208101 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62289108A119208101.en . 18 November 2021.
263. There was an unconfirmed sighting in 1976. BirdLife International . 2020 . Eriocnemis godini . 2020 . e.T22687922A182244989 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22687922A182244989.en . 18 November 2021.
264. Watanabe, J., Matsuoka, H., & Hasegawa, Y. (2018). Pleistocene fossils from Japan show that the recently extinct Spectacled Cormorant (Phalacrocorax perspicillatus) was a relict. The Auk: Ornithological Advances, 135(4), 895-907.
265. BirdLife International . BirdLife International . 2016. e.T22696750A93584099 . Urile perspicillatus. 29 February 2020.
266. In captivity (IUCN).
267. Lambdon, P.W. & Ellick, S. . Acalypha rubrinervis . 2016 . e.T37854A67371775 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T37854A67371775.en .
268. Ng, H.H. . 2020 . Chitala lopis . 2020 . e.T157719927A89815479 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T157719927A89815479.en . 18 November 2021.
269. Some animals were said to survive in captivity until the 1870s, but these could have been imported from Australia (Hume, 2017).
270. Captive individual. Last sightings in the wild happened between 1825 and 1854 (Hume, 2017).
271. BirdLife International . 2016 . Nestor productus . 2016 . e.T22684834A93049105 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22684834A93049105.en . 18 November 2021.
272. BirdLife International.. BirdLife International . 2016 . Pinguinus impennis . 2016 . e.T22694856A93472944 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694856A93472944.en . 20 December 2020.
273. Tsang, S.M. . 2020 . Pteropus allenorum . 2020 . e.T84882966A84882990 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T84882966A84882990.en . 30 July 2020.
274. BirdLife International . 2016 . Chaetoptila angustipluma . 2016 . e.T22704348A93964400 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704348A93964400.en . 18 November 2021.
275. Reports from 1894 are likely of American mink expanding into the sea mink's former range (IUCN).
276. Helgen, K. & Turvey, S.T. . Neovison macrodon . 2016 . e.T40784A45204492 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T40784A45204492.en .
277. Battiston, R. . 2020 . Pseudoyersinia brevipennis . 2020 . e.T44792108A44798207 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T44792108A44798207.en . 18 November 2021.
278. BirdLife International . 2016 . Chlorostilbon elegans . 2016 . e.T22728709A94994346 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728709A94994346.en . 18 November 2021.
279. BirdLife International . 2020 . Siphonorhis americana . 2020 . e.T22689738A178420953 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22689738A178420953.en . 18 November 2021.
280. In Réunion. Last seen in Mauritius in 1859 (IUCN).
281. Mickleburgh, S. . Hutson, A.M.M. . Bergmans, W. . Howell, K. . amp . Pteropus subniger . 2008 . e.T18761A8580195 . 2008 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T18761A8580195.en . 12 January 2018.
282. Williams, M.C. . 2020 . Deloneura immaculata . 2020 . e.T6331A168301470 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T6331A168301470.en . 15 November 2021.
283. Rossi, L., Scuzzarella, C. M., & Angelici, F. M. (2020). Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation. In Problematic Wildlife II (pp. 393-417). Springer, Cham.
284. Kitchener, A. C. . Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. . Eizirik, E. . Gentry, A. . Werdelin, L. . Wilting, A. . Yamaguchi, N. . Abramov, A. V. . Christiansen, P. . Driscoll, C. . Duckworth, J. W. . Johnson, W. . Luo, S.-J. . Meijaard, E. . O'Donoghue, P. . Sanderson, J. . Seymour, K. . Bruford, M. . Groves, C. . Hoffmann, M. . Nowell, K. . Timmons, Z. . Tobe, S. . 2017 . A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group . Cat News . Special Issue 11 .
285. Only known by the holotype, though a scops owl of unknown species was filmed in Siau in 2017. http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/siau-scops-owl-otus-siaoensis/text
286. Annual Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (1897), p. 334.
287. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2016). "Cervus canadensis canadensis (Eastern Elk)" , fws.gov; retrieved 23 June 2017.
288. Brook, S.M. . Pluháček, J. . Lorenzini, R. . Lovari, S. . Masseti, M. . Pereladova, O. . Mattioli, S. . 2018 . Cervus canadensis . 2018 . e.T55997823A142396828 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T55997823A142396828.en . 18 November 2021.
289. http://pitchstonewaters.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/circle-ranch-are-elk-native.pdf Gill et al. (2013) Are elk native to Texas?
290. Hibiscadelphus bombycinus . 1998 . e.T30774A9577547 . 1998 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T30774A9577547.en .
291. Champion, J.H. (2020) Biogeography and phylogenetics of the Hawaiian endemic Hibiscadelphus, Hau Kuahiwi (Malvaceae).
292. BirdLife International . 2016 . Coenocorypha barrierensis . 2016 . e.T62178398A95191768 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T62178398A95191768.en . 18 November 2021.
293. Battiston, R. . 2020 . Ameles fasciipennis . 2020 . e.T44791445A170111359 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T44791445A170111359.en . 18 November 2021.
294. Grubb, P., & d'Huart, J.P. (2010) Rediscovery of the Cape warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus: a review. Journal of East African Natural History, 99(2), 77-102.
295. BirdLife International . 2016 . Gallinula nesiotis . 2016 . e.T22728763A94995836 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728763A94995836.en . 18 November 2021.
296. Two unconfirmed sightings in 2003 (IUCN).
297. BirdLife International . 2018 . Pareudiastes pacificus . 2018 . e.T22692854A129449004 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692854A129449004.en . 18 November 2021.
298. Bonaccorso. F.J.. Helgen. K.. Allison. A.. 2019. Pteropus pilosus. 2019. e.T18749A22086230.
299. Tsang, S.M. . 2020 . Pteropus brunneus . 2020 . e.T18718A22078015 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18718A22078015.en . 15 December 2020.
300. BirdLife International . BirdLife International . Psittacula exsul . 2016 . e.T22685465A93074571 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685465A93074571.en .
301. Unconfirmed kill in 1878. Web site: Renko. Amanda. EXTINCT: Seeking a bird last seen in 1878. Star Gazette. 23 June 2017.
302. BirdLife International . Camptorhynchus labradorius . 2016 . e.T22680418A92862623 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680418A92862623.en .
303. BirdLife International . 2016 . Coturnix novaezelandiae . 2016 . e.T22678955A92795779 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22678955A92795779.en . 18 November 2021.
304. Burbidge, A.A. . Woinarski, J. . 2016 . Potorous platyops . 2016 . e.T18103A21960570 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T18103A21960570.en . 18 November 2021. Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as extinct
305. Sillero-Zubiri, C. . 2015 . Dusicyon australis . 2015 . e.T6923A82310440 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T6923A82310440.en . 18 November 2021.
306. Unconfirmed sighting in 2010 (IUCN).
307. BirdLife International . 2018 . Ophrysia superciliosa . 2018 . e.T22679141A132051220 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679141A132051220.en . 18 November 2021.
308. BirdLife International . 2016 . Chlorostilbon bracei . 2016 . e.T22687333A93148138 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22687333A93148138.en . 18 November 2021.
309. Turvey, S.T. . Helgen, K. . 2017 . Oryzomys antillarum . 2017 . e.T136540A22388029 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T136540A22388029.en . 18 November 2021.
310. Powell . R. . Cyclura onchiopsis . 2011 . 1 June 2019.
311. Seddon, M.B. . 2011 . Leiostyla lamellosa . 2011 . e.T11459A3279758 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T11459A3279758.en . 12 November 2021.
312. Seddon, M.B. . Pseudocampylaea lowii . 2011 . 2019 .
313. Unconfirmed sighting in 1936 (Hume, 2017).
314. BirdLife International . Pterodroma caribbaea . 2018 . e.T22698097A132625182 . 2018 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698097A132625182.en .
315. Koeck, M. . 2019 . Characodon garmani . 2019 . e.T4530A3000349 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T4530A3000349.en .
316. Turvey, S.T. . Helgen, K. . 2017 . Megalomys luciae . 2017 . e.T12981A22377126 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12981A22377126.en . 18 November 2021.
317. In captivity. Last seen in the wild between 1860 and 1865 (Bryden, 1889).
318. Book: Bryden, H.. Kloof and Karoo. Longmans, Green and Co. 1889. B00CNE0EZC. London. 393–403.
319. Hack, M.A. . East, R. . Rubenstein, D.I. . 2008 . Equus quagga ssp. quagga . 2008 . e.T7957A12876306 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T7957A12876306.en . 18 November 2021.
320. BirdLife International . 2016 . Zapornia sandwichensis . 2016 . e.T22692693A93364994 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692693A93364994.en . 18 November 2021.
321. Millar, A.J.K. (Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, Australia) . Vanvoorstia bennettiana . 2003 . e.T43993A10838671 . 2003 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T43993A10838671.en .
322. Book: Walker, Brett. 2008. The Lost Wolves of Japan. University of Washington Press.
323. Knight, J. (1997) "On the extinction of the Japanese wolf." Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, Nº1.
324. BirdLife International . 2016 . Columba versicolor . 2016 . e.T22690218A93265793 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690218A93265793.en . 18 November 2021.
325. Burbidge, A.A. . Woinarski, J. . 2016 . Lagorchestes leporides . 2016 . e.T11163A21954274 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T11163A21954274.en . 11 January 2020.
326. Book: Tim Flannery . Peter Schouten . 2001 . A gap in nature . Atlantic Monthly Press . 9780871137975 . registration .
327. Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing, 560 pages.
328. Fukui, D. & Sano, A. . Pipistrellus sturdeei . 2020. e.T17365A22123157. 10 July 2020.
329. Acevedo, P., & Cassinello, J. (2009). Biology, ecology and status of Iberian ibex Capra pyrenaica: a critical review and research prospectus. Mammal Review, 39(1), 17-32.
330. Unconfirmed report in 1984 (IUCN).
331. BirdLife International . 2016 . Gallirallus lafresnayanus . 2016 . e.T22692388A93351848 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692388A93351848.en . 18 November 2021.
332. 1891 reports were based on hearsay (Taylor, 1979).
333. Taylor, R.H. (1979) "How the Macquarie Island parakeet became extinct." New Zealand Journal of Ecology, pp. 42-45.
334. Unconfirmed report from 2007. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103823616/125584125#geographic-range
335. BirdLife International . 2016 . Ixobrychus novaezelandiae . 2016 . e.T22697307A93607264 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697307A93607264.en . 18 November 2021.
336. Unconfirmed reports until 1995 (Hume, 2017).
337. BirdLife International . 2016 . Rhodacanthis flaviceps . 2016 . e.T22720745A94681389 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720745A94681389.en . 18 November 2021.
338. BirdLife International . Akialoa lanaiensis . 2017 . e.T103823431A119549974 . 2017 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823431A119549974.en . 15 January 2018.
339. Unconfirmed sighting in 1937 (IUCN).
340. BirdLife International . 2016 . Ciridops anna . 2016 . e.T22720840A94686158 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720840A94686158.en . 18 November 2021.
341. A 1907 sighting is considered erroneous (IUCN).
342. Leary, T. . Helgen, K. . Hamilton, S. . 2020 . Nyctimene sanctacrucis . 2020 . e.T14961A22008025 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T14961A22008025.en . 13 July 2020.
343. Turvey, S.T. . Dávalos, L. . 2019 . Oligoryzomys victus . 2019 . e.T15255A22357957 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T15255A22357957.en . 18 November 2021.
344. BirdLife International . 2016 . Poodytes rufescens . 2016 . e.T22728902A95000164 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728902A95000164.en . 18 November 2021.
345. BirdLife International . 2016 . Cabalus modestus . 2016 . e.T22728873A94999473 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728873A94999473.en . 18 November 2021.
346. BirdLife International . 2016 . Palaeornis wardi . 2016 . e.T22685437A93073309 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685437A93073309.en . 18 November 2021.
347. BirdLife International . 2016 . Chloridops kona . 2016 . e.T22728825A94998118 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728825A94998118.en . 18 November 2021.
348. BirdLife International . 2016 . Porphyrio mantelli . 2016 . e.T22728833A94998264 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728833A94998264.en . 18 November 2021.
349. BirdLife International . 2017 . Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi . 2017 . e.T22733394A119260892 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22733394A119260892.en . 18 November 2021.
350. BirdLife International . 2016 . Traversia lyalli . 2016 . e.T22698593A93691279 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22698593A93691279.en . 18 November 2021.
351. BirdLife International . 2016 . Rhodacanthis palmeri . 2016 . e.T22720749A94681538 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720749A94681538.en . 18 November 2021.
352. Unconfirmed sighting in 1911 (Glover, 1942).
353. Glover, A. (1942), Extinct and vanishing mammals of the western hemisphere, with the marine species of all the oceans, American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, pp. 205-206.
354. Web site: Prins, G . Columba palumbus maderensis . Zoological Museum Amsterdam . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717025326/http://ip30.eti.uva.nl/zma3d/detail.php?id=192&sort=taxon&type=family . 2011-07-17 . Retrieved 9 August 2010
355. Turvey, S.T. . Helgen, K. . 2017 . Megalomys desmarestii . 2017 . e.T12980A22377057 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12980A22377057.en . 18 November 2021.
356. Timm, R. . Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. . Lacher, T. . 2017 . Oryzomys nelsoni . 2017 . e.T15583A22388135 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15583A22388135.en . 18 November 2021.
357. BirdLife International . 2016 . Drepanis pacifica . 2016 . e.T22720848A94686625 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720848A94686625.en . 18 November 2021.
358. Boeskorov, G.G. (2003) The genetics of the modern moose and a review of its taxonomy. Cranium 20, Vol. 2: 31-45.
359. Sipko, T.P. & Kholodova, M.V. (2009) Fragmentation of Eurasian moose populations during periods of population depression. Alces, Vol. 45: 25-34
360. Platenberg R., Powell R.. Borikenophis sanctaecrucis. 2016. 2017. e.T40791A115177079. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T40791A71740001.en. 15 December 2017.
361. Freyhof, J. . Kottelat, M. . 2008 . Coregonus hiemalis . 2008 . e.T135671A4175929 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135671A4175929.en . 18 November 2021.
362. Lumsden. L.F.. Reardon. T.B.. 2020. Nyctophilus howensis. 2020. e.T15006A22009211.
363. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.108324/Epioblasma_flexuosa NatureServe Explorer
364. Unconfirmed report from 1977 (Hume, 2017).
365. Unconfirmed reports from natives until the 1950s (IUCN).
366. Burbidge, A.A. . Woinarski, J. . 2016 . Chaeropus ecaudatus . 2016 . e.T4322A21965168 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T4322A21965168.en . 18 November 2021.
367. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.117051/Epioblasma_propinqua NatureServe
368. BirdLife International . 2016 . Viridonia sagittirostris . 2016 . e.T22720784A94682950 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720784A94682950.en . 18 November 2021.
369. Hochkirch, A. . Melanoplus spretus . 2014 . 2014 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T51269349A55309428.en .
370. BirdLife International . 2016 . Mergus australis . 2016 . e.T22680496A92864737 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680496A92864737.en . 18 November 2021.
371. Unconfirmed reports until 1970 (IUCN).
372. BirdLife International . Turnagra tanagra . 2016 . e.T22728820A94997902 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728820A94997902.en . 15 January 2018.
373. BirdLife International . 2016 . Caracara lutosa . 2016 . e.T22728892A94999996 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728892A94999996.en . 18 November 2021.
374. BirdLife International . BirdLife International . Microgoura meeki . 2012 . e.T22691086A39248835 . 2012 . . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22691086A39248835.en .
375. Unconfirmed reports between 1910 and 1996. Yoshiyuki M., Imaizumi Y., Record of Canis hodophirax Temminck, 1839 captured in the garden of the Castle of Fukui, Fukui Prefecture, Japan.
376. Ishiguro, Naotaka; Inoshima, Yasuo; Shigehara, Nobuo (2009). "Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Japanese Wolf (Canis Lupus Hodophilax Temminck, 1839) and Comparison with Representative Wolf and Domestic Dog Haplotypes". Zoological Science. 26 (11): 765–70
377. Morita M., Yagi H., 2015, Size estimation of so-called "Chichibu wild dog" from photographs: comparison with known structures and application of super-impose method., ISSN 1345-1987, Animate (12), pp. 1–10 (pdf)
378. Unconfirmed reports until 1963 (IUCN).
379. BirdLife International . Turnagra capensis . 2016 . e.T22705595A94026176 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22705595A94026176.en . 15 January 2018.
380. BirdLife International . 2016 . Anthornis melanocephala . 2016 . e.T22728814A94997726 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728814A94997726.en . 18 November 2021.
381. BirdLife International . 2016 . Drepanis funerea . 2016 . e.T22720852A94686803 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720852A94686803.en . 18 November 2021.
382. Barrie, Heather; Robertson, Hugh (2005). The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand (Revised ed.). Viking.
383. Unconfirmed sighting in 1963. Higgins, Peter Jeffrey; Peter, John M; Cowling, SJ, eds. (2006). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Volume 7: Boatbill to Starlings, Part A: Boatbill to Larks. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
384. Mey, Eberhard (1990): Eine neue ausgestorbene Vogel-Ischnozere von Neuseeland, Huiacola extinctus (Insecta, Phthiraptera). Zoologischer Anzeiger 224(1/2): 49-73
385. Auld, T. . Weston, P. . 2020 . Persoonia laxa . 2020 . e.T113204000A113309830 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113204000A113309830.en . 18 November 2021.
386. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.118212/Epioblasma_stewardsonii NatureServe
387. In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 1879. Tadeusz Jezierski, Zbigniew Jaworski: Das Polnische Konik. Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei Bd. 658, Westarp Wissenschaften, Hohenwarsleben 2008
388. Hibiscadelphus wilderianus . 1998 . e.T30397A9536660 . 1998 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T30397A9536660.en.
389. BirdLife International . 2016 . Quiscalus palustris . 2016 . e.T22724314A94859972 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724314A94859972.en . 18 November 2021.
390. Turnix novaecaledoniae . BirdLife International . BirdLife International . 2012 . 2021-07-18.
391. Possible but unconfirmed remains were found in the excrement of a cat in 2005 (IUCN).
392. Vasconcelos, R. . 2013 . Chioninia coctei . 2013 . e.T13152363A13152374 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T13152363A13152374.en . 18 November 2021.
393. BirdLife International . 2018 . Hydrobates macrodactylus . 2018 . e.T22698530A132651919 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22698530A132651919.en . 18 November 2021.
394. Unconfirmed report in 1976 (IUCN).
395. BirdLife International . 2019 . Charmosyna diadema . 2019 . e.T22684689A156512185 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22684689A156512185.en . 18 November 2021.
396. In captivity. Last confirmed sighting in the wild in 1901. Greenberg, J. (2014) A Feathered River Across the Sky: The Passenger Pigeon's Flight to Extinction. New York: Bloomsbury USA. .
397. Unconfirmed sightings in the wild between 1902 and 1907. Fuller, E. (2014). The Passenger Pigeon. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. .
398. Unidentified calls heard in 1960 could be of this species. Williams, G. R. & Harrison, M. (1972): The Laughing Owl Sceloglaux albifacies (Gray. 1844): A general survey of a near-extinct species. Notornis 19(1): 4-19.
399. BirdLife International . 2016 . Sceloglaux albifacies . 2016 . e.T22689496A93232295 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22689496A93232295.en . 18 November 2021.
400. Bangs, E.E. et al. (1982) "Effects of increased human populations on wildlife resources of the Kenai Peninsula." In Transsactions of the Forty-Seventh North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, ed. Kenneth Sabol (Washington, D.C., 1982)
401. Unconfirmed sighting in 1998 (Hume, 2017).
402. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17432631/17432636 IUCN
403. Aplonis fusca . e.T22710511A94249210 . BirdLife International . BirdLife International . 2016 . 4 December 2020.
404. BirdLife International . 2016 . Zosterops strenuus . 2016 . e.T22714223A94406811 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714223A94406811.en . 18 November 2021.
405. In captivity. Last confirmed sighting in the wild in 1910, with unconfirmed reports until the 1930s (IUCN).
406. BirdLife International . 2016 . Conuropsis carolinensis . 2016 . e.T22685776A93087087 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685776A93087087.en . 18 November 2021.
407. BirdLife International . 2017 . Dysmorodrepanis munroi . 2017 . e.T22720738A111776369 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720738A111776369.en . 18 November 2021.
408. Carbyn, L.N. et al. (1995) Ecology and conservation of wolves in a changing world. University of Alberta Press, 620 pages.
409. http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Marshallia+grandiflora Marshallia grandiflora
410. Parker, W.T. (1990) Red Wolf Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 110 pages.
411. Freyhof, J. . Kottelat, M. . 2008 . Coregonus fera . 2008 . e.T135627A4165119 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T135627A4165119.en . 18 November 2021.
412. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/164113#page/180/mode/1up A Biological Survey of North Dakota
413. Web site: News Release. Cook. 6 July 1964. Fish and Wildlife Service. United States Department of the Interior. I. 26 January 2018. Extinct Mammals of the United States: Plains wolf, Canus lupus nubilus (1926) — Great Plains.
414. Chambers, S. M., Fain, S. R., Fazio, B., & Amaral, M. (2012). An account of the taxonomy of North American wolves from morphological and genetic analyses. North American Fauna, (77), 1-67.
415. 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02389.x. 15643947. FAST TRACK: Legacy lost: Genetic variability and population size of extirpated US grey wolves (Canis lupus). Molecular Ecology. 14. 1. 9–17. 2004. Leonard. Jennifer A.. Vilà. Carles. Wayne. Robert K.. 11343074.
416. BirdLife International . 2016 . Ptilinopus mercierii . 2016 . e.T22691495A93314660 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691495A93314660.en . 18 November 2021.
417. BirdLife International . Himatione fraithii . 2017 . e.T103829706A119553201 . 2017 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103829706A119553201.en .
418. Gonzalez-Oliva, L. . 2020 . Monteverdia lineata . 2020 . e.T147088627A149821996 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T147088627A149821996.en . 18 November 2021.
419. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110159/Epioblasma_personata NatureServe
420. Storer, T.I. & Tevis, L.P. (1996) California Grizzly. University of California Press, 335 pages.
421. Harper, F. (1945) Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Old World. American Committee for International Wild Life Protection, 850 pages.
422. Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. . Castro-Arellano, I. . 2018 . Neotoma bryanti ssp. anthonyi . 2018 . e.T14576A124171511 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14576A124171511.en . 18 November 2021.
423. BirdLife International . Alopecoenas salamonis . 2016 . e.T22691056A93301654 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691056A93301654.en . 15 January 2018.
424. Bashkirov, I. S. (1939). "Caucasian European Bison". Moscow: Central Board for Reserves, Forest Parks and Zoological Gardens, Council of the People's Commissars of the RSFSR: 1–72. [In Russian.]
425. Puzek, Z.; et al. (2002). European Bison Bison bonasus: Current State of the Species and an Action Plan for Its Conservation. Bialowieza: Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences.
426. News: Peter Maas . Equus hemionus hemippus . The Extinction Website . 2009-11-20 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100506003501/http://www.petermaas.nl/extinct/speciesinfo/syrianwildass.htm . 2010-05-06 .
427. Keir, M. . 2020 . Ochrosia kilaueaensis . 2020 . e.T33562A83804687 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T33562A83804687.en . 18 November 2021.
428. Juillet, N. . 2011 . Viola cryana . 2011 . e.T165210A5990668 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T165210A5990668.en . 18 November 2021.
429. BirdLife International . 2016 . Gerygone insularis . 2016 . e.T22704724A93982219 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704724A93982219.en . 18 November 2021.
430. Web site: Scientific Illustration. 2019-04-18. Scientific Illustration.
431. Kerbis Peterhans, J. . Lavrenchenko, L. . amp . Nilopegamys plumbeus . 2008 . e.T40766A10363474 . 2008 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40766A10363474.en .
432. BirdLife International . 2016 . Psephotellus pulcherrimus . 2016 . e.T22685156A93061054 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685156A93061054.en . 18 November 2021.
433. Bates, M.F. . Jacobsen, N. . 2018 . Tetradactylus eastwoodae . 2018 . e.T21663A115653635 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T21663A115653635.en . 12 November 2021.
434. de Lange, P. . Martin, T. . McCormack, G. . 2014 . Acalypha wilderi . 2014 . e.T199821A2612719 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T199821A2612719.en . 18 November 2021.
435. Unconfirmed report in 2002 (Hume, 2017).
436. Mesterházy, A. . 2020 . Scleria chevalieri . 2020 . e.T140414966A140414986 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T140414966A140414986.en . 18 November 2021.
437. BirdLife International. Hypotaenidia pacifica . 2016. 2016. 20 March 2019 .
438. Unconfirmed sightings in 1975 (IUCN).
439. BirdLife International . 2016 . Pomarea nukuhivae . 2016 . e.T22732936A95052074 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22732936A95052074.en . 18 November 2021.
440. Web site: People and nature on St Kilda . www.ihbc.org.uk . 12 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160313045527/http://www.ihbc.org.uk/context_archive/73/kilda.htm . 13 March 2016 . dead.
441. Tirira, D.G. . Weksler, M. . 2019 . Nesoryzomys darwini . 2019 . e.T14706A22390382 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T14706A22390382.en . 18 November 2021.
442. Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. . Castro-Arellano, I. . Lacher, T. . 2018 . Neotoma bryanti ssp. bunkeri . 2018 . e.T14577A124171652 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14577A124171652.en . 18 November 2021.
443. Platenberg, R. . de Queiroz, K. . Mahler, D.L. . 2020 . Anolis roosevelti . 2020 . e.T1319A18967413 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T1319A18967413.en . 18 November 2021.
444. BirdLife International . Tympanuchus cupido . 2016 . e.T22679514A92817099 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679514A92817099.en .
445. Rebecca Heisman (2016). "Tympanuchus cupido cupido (Heath Hen)" , jstor.org; retrieved 23 June 2017.
446. Rebelo, A.G. . Mtshali, H. . von Staden, L. . 2020 . Leucadendron spirale . 2020 . e.T113166006A185559739 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T113166006A185559739.en . 18 November 2021.
447. Dulvy, N.K. . Kyne, P.M. . Finucci, B. . White, W.T. . 2020 . Carcharhinus obsoletus . 2020 . e.T115696622A115696628 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T115696622A115696628.en . 18 November 2021.
448. BirdLife International . 2016 . Moho nobilis . 2016 . e.T22704342A93964244 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704342A93964244.en . 18 November 2021.
449. Tirira, D., Dowler, R., Boada, C. & Weksler, M. . Nesoryzomys indefessus . 2008 . e.T14708A4456597 . 2008 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14708A4456597.en .
450. Marini, A. & Talbi, M. (2008) Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on Mapping Desertification, Springer Science & Business Media, 274 pages.
451. Crivelli, A.J. . Salmo pallaryi . 2006 . e.T61190A12440688 . 2006 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61190A12440688.en . 22 December 2017.
452. Book: Bergman. C.. [{{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=uOhKYhvOb54C|page=256}} Wild Echoes: Encounters with the Most Endangered Animals in North America]. University of Illinois Press. 2003. 10 - Partial List of Extinctions. 256. 0-252-07125-5.
453. Unconfirmed sightings between 1977 and 2011 (IUCN).
454. Woinarski, J. . Burbidge, A.A. . 2016 . Caloprymnus campestris . 2016 . e.T3626A21961545 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T3626A21961545.en . 15 January 2020.
455. Salvador, A. (1985). Guía de campo de los anfibios y reptiles de la Península Ibérica, Islas Baleares y Canarias. Santiago García.
456. BirdLife International . 2016 . Columba jouyi . 2016 . e.T22690222A93265958 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690222A93265958.en . 18 November 2021.
457. Unconfirmed reports in 1985 (Hume, 2017).
458. Last dated in New Guinea in 3050 BCE. Louys . J. . Braje . T. J. . Chang . C.-H. . Cosgrove . R. . Fitzpatrick . S. M. . Fujita . M. . Hawkins . S. . Ingicco . T. . Kawamura . A. . MacPhee . R. D. E. . McDowell . M. C. . Meijer . H. J. M. . Piper . P. J. . Roberts . P. . Simmons . A. H. . van den Bergh . G. . van der Geer . A. . Kealy . S. . O'Connor . S. . 2021 . No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 118 . 20 . e2023005118 . 10.1073/pnas.2023005118. 0027-8424 . 33941645 . 8157961 . 2021PNAS..11823005L . free .
459. Last dated in mainland Australia in 1277-1229 BCE. White, L.C. et al. (2018) High-quality fossil dates support a synchronous, Late Holocene extinction of devils and thylacines in mainland Australia. Biology Letters, 14(1), 20170642.
460. Last confirmed wild sighting in Tasmania in 1931. Sleightholme, Stephen R.; Gordon, Tammy J.; Campbell, Cameron R. (2020). "The Kaine capture - questioning the history of the last Thylacine in captivity". Australian Zoologist. 41: 1–11.
461. Unconfirmed sightings between 1937 and 2000. Extinction of the Thylacine. 10.1101/2021.01.18.427214. 2021. Brook. Barry W.. Sleightholme. Stephen R.. Campbell. Cameron R.. Jarić. Ivan. Buettel. Jessie C.. 231714223.
462. Burbidge, A.A. . Woinarski, J. . 2016 . Thylacinus cynocephalus . 2016 . e.T21866A21949291 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21866A21949291.en . 18 November 2021.
463. Bronner, G. . 2015 . Cryptochloris wintoni . 2015 . e.T5748A21287143 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T5748A21287143.en . 12 November 2021.
464. Unconfirmed sighting in 1972 (Rossi, 2020).
465. BirdLife International . 2017 . Porphyrio paepae . 2017 . e.T62263064A119207668 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62263064A119207668.en . 18 November 2021.
466. Gonzalez-Oliva, L. . 2020 . Banara wilsonii . 2020 . e.T35254A149816104 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T35254A149816104.en . 18 November 2021.
467. Unconfirmed sighting in 1967 (Hume, 2017).
468. Unconfirmed sighting in 1992. Bolgiano, C. & Roberts, J. (2005) The Eastern Cougar: Historic Accounts, Scientific Investigations, and New Evidence. Stackpole Books, 246 pages.
469. Web site: Northeast Region, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
470. In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 1932 (IUCN).
471. Duckworth, J.W. . Robichaud, W. . Timmins, R. . 2015 . Rucervus schomburgki . 2015 . e.T4288A79818502 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-3.RLTS.T4288A79818502.en . 18 November 2021.
472. BirdLife International . 2018 . Turdus ravidus . 2018 . e.T22708835A129654803 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22708835A129654803.en . 18 November 2021.
473. Web site: Jong . Yvonne . October 28, 2017 . Mount Kenya potto, a 'lost' subspecies . Wild Solutions.
474. In captivity. Last confirmed wild sighting in 1924; unconfirmed sightings between 1943 and the 1970s (IUCN).
475. Burbidge, A.A. . Woinarski, J. . 2016 . 2018 . Macropus greyi . 2016 . e.T12625A128952836 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12625A21953169.en . 25 September 2021.
476. Verdecia, R. . Roystonea stellata . 2020 . e.T38690A87708976. 2020. 11 March 2021.
477. Bogan, A.E. . Mollusc Specialist Group . 2000 . Epioblasma arcaeformis . 2000 . e.T7863A12858623 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T7863A12858623.en . 18 November 2021.
478. BirdLife International . 2017 . Akialoa obscura . 2017 . e.T22728910A119550231 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22728910A119550231.en . 18 November 2021.
479. BirdLife International . Vanellus macropterus . 2018 . e.T22693962A129590644 . 2018 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22693962A129590644.en .
480. Unconfirmed sighting in 1966 (Boug & Islam, 2018).
481. Boug, A. & Islam, M.Z. (2018) "Dating Saudi Arabian Desert Surface Assemblages with Arabian Ostrich Struthio camelus syriacus Eggshell by C14: Propositions for Palaeoecology and Extinction". Biodiversity International Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 1: 107-113.
482. Mesterházy, A. . 2020 . Eriocaulon inundatum . 2020 . e.T140416589A140416594 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T140416589A140416594.en . 18 November 2021.
483. In captivity. Last confirmed sighting in the wild in 1929, a dubious one in 2004 (Hume, 2017).
484. Unconfirmed sighting in 1956 (Rossi, 2020).
485. Barnett, R. . Yamaguchi, N. . Barnes, I. . Cooper, A. . 2006 . Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion Panthera leo: Implications for its ex situ conservation . Conservation Genetics . 7 . 4. 507–514 . 10.1007/s10592-005-9062-0 . 2006ConG....7..507B . 24190889 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060824064412/http://abc.zoo.ox.ac.uk/Papers/consgen06_lion.pdf . 2006-08-24.
486. Unconfirmed sightings in the 1960s (IUCN).
487. Burbidge, A.A. . Woinarski, J. . 2016 . Perameles eremiana . 2016 . e.T16570A21965953 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T16570A21965953.en . 18 November 2021.
488. Unconfirmed recordings in 2008. 10.1121/1.3544370. 21428525. Putative audio recordings of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 129. 3. 1626–1630. 2011. Collins. Michael D.. 2011ASAJ..129.1626C. supplemental material
489. 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00230. 28194452. 5282651. Video evidence and other information relevant to the conservation of the Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis). Heliyon. 3. 1. e00230. 2017. Collins. Michael D.. free . 2017Heliy...300230C .
490. . Campephilus principalis. 2020. e.T22681425A182588014. 24 December 2020.
491. BirdLife International . 2016 . Zapornia palmeri . 2016 . e.T22692672A93363618 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692672A93363618.en . 18 November 2021.
492. BirdLife International . 2016 . Hypotaenidia wakensis . 2016 . e.T22692447A93354203 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692447A93354203.en . 18 November 2021.
493. Unconfirmed sighting in 2011 (IUCN).
494. BirdLife International . 2018 . Rhodonessa caryophyllacea . 2018 . e.T22680344A125558688 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680344A125558688.en . 18 November 2021.
495. Turvey, S. . Helgen, K. . amp . Geocapromys thoracatus . 2008 . e.T9003A12949306 . 2008 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T9003A12949306.en . 12 January 2018.
496. FishBase team RMCA. . Geelhand, D. . 2016 . Barbus microbarbis . 2016 . e.T61247A47242030 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61247A47242030.en . 12 November 2021.
497. Mesterházy, A. . 2020 . Eriocaulon jordanii . 2020 . e.T140416686A140416698 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T140416686A140416698.en . 18 November 2021.
498. Álvarez-Castañeda, S.T. . Castro-Arellano, I. . Lacher, T. . 2018 . Neotoma bryanti ssp. martinensis . 2018 . e.T14580A124171713 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T14580A124171713.en . 18 November 2021.
499. Reid, J.W. . 1996 . Afrocyclops pauliani . 1996 . e.T611A13066717 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T611A13066717.en . 14 November 2021.
500. Unconfirmed sighting in 1975 (IUCN).
501. Lowry, L. . 2017 . Zalophus japonicus . 2017 . e.T41667A113089431 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T41667A113089431.en . 18 November 2021.
502. Unconfirmed sighting in 1962. Adam, P.J. (2004) "Monachus tropicalis". Mammalian Species, Vol. 747, pp. 1-9.
503. Kyle Baker; Jason Baker; Larry Hanse; Gordon T. Waring (March 2008). "Endangered Species Act 5-Year Review Caribbean Monk Seal (Monachus tropicalis)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service.
504. Lowry, L. . Neomonachus tropicalis . 2015 . e.T13655A45228171 . 2015 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13655A45228171.en .
505. In Ilin. Last dated in Mindoro in 50 BCE (Louys et al., 2021).
506. Gerrie, R. . Kennerley, R. . amp . Crateromys paulus . 2016 . 2017 . e.T5501A115071934 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T5501A22415490.en.
507. Fuentes, A.C.D. . Martínez Salas, E. . Samain, M.-S. . 2020 . Faramea chiapensis . 2020 . e.T126612753A126613426 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T126612753A126613426.en . 18 November 2021.
508. Mamilov, N. . 2020 . Schizothorax saltans . 2020 . e.T169838762A169838772 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T169838762A169838772.en . 18 November 2021.
509. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Evarra eigenmanni . 1996 . e.T8432A12911760 . 1996 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8432A12911760.en . 16 December 2017.
510. Unconfirmed recording in 1997 (Hume, 2017).
511. Cummings, K. . Cordeiro, J. . 2011 . Alasmidonta mccordi . 2011 . e.T780A13078346 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T780A13078346.en . 18 November 2021.
512. BirdLife International . 2020 . Campephilus imperialis . 2020 . e.T22681417A179185354 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22681417A179185354.en . 18 November 2021.
513. https://biocontrol.ucr.edu/levuana-iridescens Hoddle, M. A critical analysis of the extinction of Levuana iridescens in Fiji by Bessa remota. Department of Enthomology at U.C. Riverside
514. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Levuana irridescens . 1996 . e.T11919A3315160 . 1996 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11919A3315160.en . As of 06/03/2020, IUCN's page lists this species name, last collection, and original range incorrectly.
515. Finlayson, H.H. (1961). "On central Australian mammals. Part IV-The distribution and status of central Australian species". Records of the South Australian Museum. 14: 141–191.
516. Burbidge, A.A. . Woinarski, J. . 2016 . Onychogalea lunata . 2016 . e.T15331A21957917 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T15331A21957917.en . 18 November 2021.
517. NatureServe . 2013 . Noturus trautmani . 2013 . e.T14908A19032932 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T14908A19032932.en . 18 November 2021.
518. Book: De-Yuan Hong . Stephen Blackmore . amp . 2015 . The Plants of China . . 407 . 978-1107070172 . May 1, 2015.
519. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Ormosia howii . 1998 . e.T32433A9706669 . 1998 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32433A9706669.en .
520. Web site: Endangered Species List Revisions: A Summary of Delisting and Downlisting.. CRS Report for Congress. Robert J.. Noecker. 11 March 2021. 17 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220517080457/https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs531/m1/1/high_res_d/98-32enr_1998Jan05.pdf. dead.
521. R. F. Thoma . J. Cordeiro . T. Jones . amp . 2010 . Procambarus angustatus . October 4, 2010.
522. Burbidge, A.A. . Woinarski, J. . 2016 . Macrotis leucura . 2016 . e.T12651A21967376 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12651A21967376.en . 18 November 2021.
523. Leite, Y. . Patterson, B. . amp . Juscelinomys candango . 2008 . e.T10946A3228892 . 2008 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10946A3228892.en . 11 January 2018.
524. Sparks, J.S. . 2016 . Pantanodon madagascariensis . 2016 . e.T15949A58297104 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T15949A58297104.en . 12 November 2021.
525. Nedoluzhko, A. V., Sharko, F. S., Tsygankova, S. V., Boulygina, E. S., Barmintseva, A. E., Krasivskaya, A. A., ... & Mugue, N. S. (2020). Molecular phylogeny of one extinct and two critically endangered Central Asian sturgeon species (genus Pseudoscaphirhynchus) based on their mitochondrial genomes. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-7.
526. Legler, J. & Vogt, R.C. (2013) The turtles of Mexico: Land and freshwater forms. University of California Press, 416 pages.
527. Unconfirmed sighting in 2015 (IUCN).
528. BirdLife International . 2020 . Leucopeza semperi . 2020 . e.T22721873A180049729 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22721873A180049729.en . 18 November 2021.
529. BirdLife International . 2017 . Paroreomyza flammea . 2017 . e.T22720823A119118273 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22720823A119118273.en . 18 November 2021.
530. Web site: Du Toit's Torrent Frog . . International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) . 2015-12-18 . 2022-07-04.
531. Flores, D.. 2016. e.T41320A22177809 . Cryptonanus ignitus . 30 January 2020.
532. Pryce, D. . 2021 . Sympetrum dilatatum . 2021 . e.T21226A193512121 . 16 November 2021.
533. Unconfirmed sighting in 2006 (Hume, 2017).
534. Web site: Eskimo Curlew Species Profile. 2020-10-07 . Alaska Department of Fish and Game .
535. Smith, A. (2007). Eskimo Curlew.
536. Sparks, J.S. . 2016 . Ptychochromis onilahy . 2016 . e.T44504A58308545 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T44504A58308545.en . 14 November 2021.
537. Bruegmann, M.M. & Caraway, V. . Achyranthes atollensis . 2003 . e.T44074A10847953 . 2003 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T44074A10847953.en .
538. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes disa . 2020 . e.T18888A192625192 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18888A192625192.en . 18 November 2021.
539. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes flavifuscus . 2020 . e.T18889A192625334 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18889A192625334.en . 18 November 2021.
540. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes lanaoensis . 2020 . e.T18892A192625785 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18892A192625785.en . 18 November 2021.
541. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes pachycheilus . 2020 . e.T4135A192624182 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4135A192624182.en . 18 November 2021.
542. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes palata . 2020 . e.T20687A192626734 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T20687A192626734.en . 18 November 2021.
543. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes resimus . 2020 . e.T12751A192624320 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12751A192624320.en . 18 November 2021.
544. BirdLife International . 2016 . Coenocorypha iredalei . 2016 . e.T22727515A94951415 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727515A94951415.en . 18 November 2021.
545. Unconfirmed sighting in 1971 (IUCN).
546. BirdLife International . Tadorna cristata . 2016 . e.T22680021A92839214 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680021A92839214.en .
547. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.112022/Epioblasma_turgidula NatureServe
548. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.116882/Epioblasma_lenior NatureServe
549. D. Pryce . L. White . amp . Labidura herculeana . 2014 . e.T11073A21425735 . 2014 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T11073A21425735.en .
550. IUCN. Mystacina robusta: O'Donnell, C. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 10.2305/iucn.uk.2008.rlts.t14260a4427606.en. 2008. free.
551. BirdLife International . Akialoa stejnegeri . 2017 . e.T103823250A119550506 . 2017 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T103823250A119550506.en . 14 January 2018.
552. Cummings, K. . Cordeiro, J. . 2012 . Epioblasma torulosa . 2012 . e.T62262A3111385 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T62262A3111385.en . 18 November 2021.
553. Unconfirmed sightings in 1982-1983. News: Search for the kouprey: trail runs cold for Cambodia's national animal. Phnom Penh Post, April 2006. 5 September 2016. 2 February 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090202125814/http://www.wildcattleconservation.org/WildCattleNews/wildcattlenews06.html#news052006. dead.
554. Bos sauveli . Timmins, R.J.. Burton, J. . Hedges, S. . amp . 2016 . e.T2890A46363360 . 1 May 2020.
555. Mejía Guerrero, O. . 2019 . Evarra bustamantei . 2019 . e.T8431A3145702 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T8431A3145702.en . 10 February 2020.
556. World Conservation Monitoring Centre . Evarra tlahuacensis . 1996 . e.T8433A12911859 . 1996 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8433A12911859.en . 16 December 2017.
557. IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group . 2016 . Gazella saudiya . 2016 . e.T8980A50187890 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8980A50187890.en . 18 November 2021.
558. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.110562/Epioblasma_haysiana Nature Serve
559. Moehlman . Patricia . 28 July 2010 . Ancient DNA from Nubian and Somali wild ass provides insights into donkey ancestry and domestication . Proceedings. Biological Sciences . 278 . 1702 . 50–57 . 10.1098/rspb.2010.0708 . 20667880 . 2992715 .
560. Hanssens, M. . 2004 . Aplocheilichthys sp. nov. 'Naivasha' . 2004 . e.T61225A12451418 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T61225A12451418.en . 12 November 2021.
561. Miller, K.A. . Garske, L. . Edgar, G. . 2007 . Desmarestia tropica . 2007 . e.T63585A12684515 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63585A12684515.en . 18 November 2021.
562. Kelly, D.L. . Myrcia skeldingii . 1998 . e.T33796A9805664 . 1998 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T33796A9805664.en . 21 December 2017.
563. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes truncatulus . 2020 . e.T15634A192624604 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T15634A192624604.en . 18 November 2021.
564. BirdLife International . 2016 . Hypotaenidia poeciloptera . 2016 . e.T22728740A94995068 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728740A94995068.en . 18 November 2021.
565. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes herrei . 2020 . e.T18890A192625464 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18890A192625464.en . 18 November 2021.
566. Unconfirmed sighting in 1990 (Hume, 2017).
567. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pristimantis anotis . 2020 . e.T56423A109538689 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T56423A109538689.en . 18 November 2021.
568. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes clemensi . 2020 . e.T18886A192625045 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18886A192625045.en . 18 November 2021.
569. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes palaemophagus . 2020 . e.T15633A192624463 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T15633A192624463.en . 18 November 2021.
570. Web site: Round Island Burrowing Boa . . International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) . 2020-01-29 . 2022-07-04.
571. Miller, R.R., Williams, J.D., & Williams, J.E. (1989). Extinctions of North American fishes during the past century. Fisheries, 14(6), 22-38.
572. Torres, A.G., Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S., Gimena, R.V., Eza, N.D., Kesner-Reyes, K., Villanueva, T.R., Alcantara, A.J. & Rebancos, C.M.. Barbodes tras . 2020 . e.T18901A90997500 . 2020 . 3 January 2021.
573. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group.. Pseudoeurycea exspectata . 2020. e.T59376A54381158. 17 July 2020.
574. Gallo-Reynoso, J.P. et al. (2008) "Probable occurrence of a brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Sonora, Mexico, in 1976." The Southwestern Naturalist, Vol. 53, Issue 2: 256-260 pages.
575. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes katolo . 2020 . e.T18891A192625645 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18891A192625645.en . 18 November 2021.
576. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes manalak . 2020 . e.T18904A192626589 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18904A192626589.en . 18 November 2021.
577. BirdLife International . 2016 . Podiceps andinus . 2016 . e.T22696615A93574182 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696615A93574182.en . 18 November 2021.
578. BirdLife International . 2016 . Pomarea fluxa . 2016 . e.T22732926A95051671 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22732926A95051671.en . 18 November 2021.
579. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . amp . Craugastor myllomyllon . 2020 . e.T56782A54369332 . 2020 .
580. BirdLife International . 2021 . Eurochelidon sirintarae . e.T22712042A203170332. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22712042A203170332.en. 30 October 2022.
581. Kennerley, R., Turvey, S.T., Young, R. & Borotto-Páez, R. . Mesocapromys sanfelipensis . 2019 . e.T13218A22186444 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T13218A22186444.en.
582. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Cynops wolterstorffi . 2020 . e.T59445A63869216 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T59445A63869216.en . 16 November 2021.
583. In captivity. Last confirmed sighting in the wild in 1972; unconfirmed in 2007 (Rossi, 2020).
584. Jean-Marc Hero, Sarah May, David Newell, Harry Hines, John Clarke, Ed Meyer . 2004 . Taudactylus diurnus . 2004 . e.T21530A9298760 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T21530A9298760.en . 18 November 2021.
585. Unconfirmed sighting in 2005 (IUCN).
586. BirdLife International . 2019 . Myadestes lanaiensis . 2019 . e.T22708574A155254449 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22708574A155254449.en . 18 November 2021.
587. Web site: Roberts' Lechwe . . International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) . 2022-07-04.
588. Zhou, W. . Anabarilius macrolepis . e.T166049A6178632 . 2011 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T166049A6178632.en . 5 January 2018.
589. In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1979. Reichel, James D.; Lemke, Thomas O. (April 1994). "Ecology and Extinction of the Mariana Mallard". The Journal of Wildlife Management. Wiley. 58 (2): 199–205
590. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2004/02/23/04-3784/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-removing-the-mariana-mallard-and-the-guam-broadbill federalregister.gov
591. Zhou, W. . Cyprinus yilongensis . 2011 . e.T6179A12546193 . 2011 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T6179A12546193.en . 14 January 2018.
592. BirdLife International . 2016 . Haematopus meadewaldoi . 2016 . e.T22693621A93415935 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693621A93415935.en . 18 November 2021.
593. BirdLife International . 2016 . Moho bishopi . 2016 . e.T22704335A93963979 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704335A93963979.en . 18 November 2021.
594. Ed Meyer, David Newell, Harry Hines, Sarah May, Jean-Marc Hero, John Clarke, Frank Lemckert . Rheobatrachus silus . 2004 . e.T19475A8896430 . 2004 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T19475A8896430.en .
595. Allen, G. . Robertson, R. . Rivera, R. . Edgar, G. . Merlen, G. . Zapata, F. . Barraza, E. . 3 . 2010 . Azurina eupalama . 2010 . e.T184017A8219600 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T184017A8219600.en .
596. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes amarus . 2020 . e.T18882A192624745 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18882A192624745.en . 18 November 2021.
597. NatureServe . 2013 . Gambusia georgei . 2013 . e.T8891A18233501 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T8891A18233501.en .
598. Alvarado, J.J. & Solis-Marin, F.A. (2012) Echinoderm research and diversity in Latin America. Springer Science & Business Media, 658 pages.
599. Conroy, J., Melisch, R., & Chanin, P. (1998). The distribution and status of the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) in Asia—a preliminary review. IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin, 15(1), 15-30.
600. Web site: Japanese river otter declared extinct . August 28, 2012 . Mainichi jp . The Mainichi Newspapers . Japan . https://web.archive.org/web/20120901105043/http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20120828p2a00m0na016000c.html . September 1, 2012 . August 28, 2012 . dead .
601. BirdLife International . 2016 . Myiagra freycineti . 2016 . e.T22707354A94119161 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22707354A94119161.en . 18 November 2021.
602. Unconfirmed sighting in 2019. News: Everington, K. . 2019 . 'Extinct' Formosan clouded leopard spotted in E. Taiwan . Taiwan News.
603. BirdLife International . 2016 . Nesillas aldabrana . 2016 . e.T22714587A94421643 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22714587A94421643.en . 18 November 2021.
604. BirdLife International . 2016 . Podilymbus gigas . 2016 . e.T22696577A93572322 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696577A93572322.en . 18 November 2021.
605. Dal Forno, M. . Kaminsky, L. . Lücking, R. . 2021 . Cora timucua . 2021 . e.T175711802A175712343 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T175711802A175712343.en . 18 November 2021.
606. Woinarski, J. . Burbidge, A.A. . Lumsden, L. . 2016 . Crocidura trichura . 2016 . e.T136379A22304640 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T136379A22304640.en . 18 November 2021.
607. Unconfirmed reports until 1991 (IUCN).
608. BirdLife International . 2016 . Myadestes myadestinus . 2016 . e.T22708559A94165256 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708559A94165256.en . 18 November 2021.
609. BirdLife International . Pomarea mira . 2016 . e.T22732931A95051873 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22732931A95051873.en .
610. Jean-Marc Hero. Keith McDonald. Ross Alford. Michael Cunningham. Richard Retallick. Rheobatrachus vitellinus . 2004 . e.T19476A8897826 . 2004 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T19476A8897826.en .
611. Unconfirmed sighting in 1988 (IUCN).
612. BirdLife International . 2016 . Tachybaptus rufolavatus . 2016 . e.T22696558A93570744 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696558A93570744.en .
613. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . amp . Atelopus senex . 2020 . e.T54549A54358350 . 2020 .
614. Unconfirmed recording in 2018 (Rossi, 2020).
615. https://species-registry.canada.ca/index-en.html#/species/71-0#species_summary Canada.ca
616. In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 1980 (Walter, 1992).
617. Walter, M.J. (1992) A Shadow and a Song: the struggle to save an endangered species. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 238 pages.
618. Unconfirmed sighting in 1998 (IUCN).
619. BirdLife International . Moho braccatus . 2016 . e.T22704323A93963628 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22704323A93963628.en .
620. Inland Water Crustacean Specialist Group . 1996 . Namibcypris costata . 1996 . e.T14316A4431325 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T14316A4431325.en . 12 November 2021.
621. BirdLife International . Loxops ochraceus . 2016 . e.T103824084A104236054 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103824084A104236054.en . 15 January 2018.
622. Book: South Florida Multi-species Recovery Plan. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Southeast Region . 1999 . Bachman's Warbler . 445–454 .
623. BirdLife International . 2020 . Vermivora bachmanii . 2020 . e.T22721607A180043024 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22721607A180043024.en . 18 November 2021.
624. Savage, J., Pounds, J. & Bolaños, F. . Incilius periglenes . 2008 . e.T3172A9654595 . 2008 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3172A9654595.en .
625. Mudappa, D. . Helgen, K. . Nandini, R. . 2016 . Viverra civettina . 2016 . e.T23036A45202281 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T23036A45202281.en . 19 November 2021.
626. Unconfirmed sighting in 2009 (Hume, 2017).
627. In captivity. Last confirmed sighting in the wild in 1943; unconfirmed sighting in 2008 (Hume, 2017).
628. Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes baoulan . 2020 . e.T18884A192624901 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18884A192624901.en . 18 November 2021.
629. Alvarez, F. . López-Mejía, M. . Pedraza Lara, C. . 2010 . Cambarellus alvarezi . 2010 . e.T153825A4550209 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T153825A4550209.en . 13 November 2021.
630. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. . amp . Oophaga speciosa . 2020 . e.T55201A54344718 . 2020 .
631. Gerlach, J. . 2009 . Pachnodus velutinus . 2009 . e.T40091A10304648 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T40091A10304648.en . 16 November 2021.
632. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . Savage, J. . amp . Atelopus chiriquiensis . 2020 . e.T54498A54340769 . 2020 .
633. Miththapala, S., Seidensticker, J., & O'Brien, S. J. (1996). Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards (Panthera pardus): molecular genetic variation. Conservation Biology, 10(4), 1115-1132.
634. In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1992 (IUCN).
635. Coote, T. . Partula turgida . 2009 . e.T16331A5603037 . 2009 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T16331A5603037.en .
636. La Marca, E. . García-Pérez, J.E. . Atelopus pinangoi . 2004 . e.T54542A11164544 . 2004 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54542A11164544.en .
637. https://www.mncn.csic.es/es/comunicacion/blog/un-piojo-que-podria-extinguirse-con-el-lince-iberico Martínez, C. (2019) Un piojo que podría extinguirse con el lince ibérico
638. A clone of the last individual was successfully produced in 2003, but died several minutes after birth due to a lung defect. Folch, J.; Cocero, M.J.; Chesné, P.; Alabart, J.L.; Domínguez, V.; Cognié, Y.; Roche, A.; Fernández-Árias, A.; Martí, J.I.; Sánchez, P.; Echegoyen, E.; Beckers, J.F.; Bonastre, A. Sánchez; Vignon, X. (2009). "First birth of an animal from an extinct subspecies (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) by cloning". Theriogenology. 71 (6): 1026–1034.
639. Ríu, J. U. (1959). El "mueyu", "capra pyrenaica" asturiana extinguida a comienzos del siglo pasado. Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología, (9), 361-375.
640. Herrero, J. . Acevedo, P. . Arnal, M.C. . Fernández de Luco, D. . Fonseca, C. . García-González, R. . Pérez, J.M. . Sourp, E. . 2021 . Capra pyrenaica . 2021 . e.T3798A195855497 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3798A195855497.en . 18 November 2021.
641. Book: Fandos, P. . Reig, S. . 1992 . Problems associated with mouflon and barbary sheep introductions in Spain . 83-85597-02-6. B. Bobek . K. Pierzanowski . W. Regelin . Global Trends in Wildlife Management . Świat . Krakow & Warsaw . 139–140.
642. Perez . Jesus M. . José E. Granados . Ramón C. Soriguer . Paulino Fandos . Francisco J. Márquez . Jean P. Crampe . Distribution, status and conservation problems of the Spanish Ibex . Mammal Review . 2002 . 32 . 1 . 26–39 . 10.1046/j.1365-2907.2002.00097.x. 10261/62905 . free .
643. BirdLife International . 2019 . Anodorhynchus glaucus . 2019 . e.T22685527A154380861 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22685527A154380861.en . 18 November 2021.
644. In captivity. Unconfirmed wild sighting in 2018. https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2019/02/the-search-for-the-river-goddess/
645. First human-caused extinction of a cetacean species?. Biology Letters. August 7, 2007. Turvey. Samuel T.. Pitman, Robert L. . Taylor, Barbara L. . Barlow, Jay . Akamatsu, Tomonari . Barrett, Leigh A. . Zhao, Xuijiang . Reeves, Randall R. . Stewert, Brent S. . Wang, Kexiong . Wei, Zhuo . Zhang, Xianfeng . Pusser, L.T. . Richlen, Michael . Brandon, John R. . Wang, Ding . amp . Royal Society Publishing. 10.1098/rsbl.2007.0292. 3. 537–40. 17686754. 5. 2391192.
646. Web site: Lipotes vexillifer (Baiji) . . International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) . 2017-08-20 . 2022-07-04.
647. Coote, T. . 2009 . Partula labrusca . 2009 . e.T16290A5597584 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T16290A5597584.en . 18 November 2021.
648. Web site: Osgood's Ethiopian Toad . . International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) . 2022-07-04.
649. In captivity. Last wild individual died in 1994 (IUCN).
650. Lambdon, P.W. . Ellick, S. . amp . Nesiota elliptica . 2016 . e.T37598A67372241 . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T37598A67372241.en .
651. Web site: Psephurus gladius (Chinese Paddlefish) . . International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) . 2009-10-24 . 2022-07-04.
652. Web site: The Chinese paddlefish was reevaluated to be extinct. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200823183129/https://www.iucn.org/commissions/ssc-groups/fishes/sturgeon-specialist-group/about-us/regional-activities. 2020-08-23. IUCN. 3 February 2016.
653. BirdLife International . 2019 . Melamprosops phaeosoma . 2019 . e.T22720863A153774712 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22720863A153774712.en . 18 November 2021.
654. Emslie, R. . 2020 . Diceros bicornis ssp. longipes . 2020 . e.T39319A45814470 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T39319A45814470.en . 18 November 2021.
655. An unconfirmed sighting and recorded call took place in 2021. Web site: Bird call raises hopes of finding the elusive kōkako . 12 January 2022 . Stuff . Amy . Ridout.
656. BirdLife International . 2019 . Callaeas cinereus . 2019 . e.T103730380A156237250 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T103730380A156237250.en . 18 November 2021.
657. Kirwan . Guy . March 25, 2022 . Cryptic Treehunter . Birds of the World.
658. Melomys rubicola . 2016 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T13132A97448475.en . 20 February 2019 . 2016 . e.T13132A97448475 . Woinarski . J. . Burbidge . A.A. .
659. Web site: Triple J Hack. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 February 2019. An Australian rodent has become the first climate change mammal extinction. James. Purtill. 21 February 2019.
660. Lumsden, L.F. . Racey, P.A. . Hutson, A.M. . 2017 . Pipistrellus murrayi . 2017 . e.T136769A518894 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T136769A518894.en . 18 November 2021.
661. News: Gersmann . Hanna . October 25, 2011 . Javan rhino driven to extinction in Vietnam, conservationists say . The Guardian . 25 October 2011.
662. In captivity. Last individual captured from the wild in 1971 (IUCN).
663. Cayot LJ, Gibbs JP, Tapia W, Caccone, A . Chelonoidis abingdonii . 2016 . e.T9017A65487433 . 2016 .
664. Web site: Galápagos experts find a tortoise related to Lonesome George. The Guardian. 2 February 2020. November 23, 2020.
665. In captivity. Last seen in the wild in 2010 (IUCN).
666. 2017. Cogger. H. Woinarski. J. Emoia nativitatis. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T178595A101749951.en.
667. In captivity. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/rabbs-tree-frog-extinct/
668. Call last heard in the wild in 2008 (IUCN).
669. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2019 . Ecnomiohyla rabborum . 2019 . e.T85341796A54357363 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T85341796A54357363.en . 18 November 2021.
670. In captivity. Last captured in the wild in 1997 (Bowler, 2019).
671. Web site: Lonely George – A Hawaiian Tree Snail – Has Died, Taking His Species with Him . 9 January 2019 .