Timeline of cannabis law explained

The list includes and details significant events that occurred in the global history of national-level implementations of, or changes made to, laws surrounding the use, sale, or production of the psychoactive drug cannabis.

1300s

• 1378: Soudoun Sheikouni, the Emir of the Joneima in Arabia, outlawed the use of cannabis across his jurisdiction. Sheikouni's prohibition is one of the earliest, if not the earliest, attested cannabis ban in the world.^[1]

1700s

• 1787: Madagascar's King Andrianampoinimerina took the throne, and soon after banned cannabis throughout the Merina Kingdom, implementing capital punishment as the penalty for its use.^[2]

1800s

• 1800: Shortly following Napoleon's invasion of Egypt and concerned by his troops' smoking of hashish and drinking of cannabis-based beverages, he banned the drug and the establishments that provided it.^[3]
• 1830: The Municipal Council of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, prohibited bringing cannabis into the city, and punished its use by any slave.^[4]
• 1840: The British colony of Mauritius banned cannabis.^[5]
• 1861: British Guiana passed a law entitled An Ordinance to Regulate the Sale of Opium and Bhang.^[6]
• 1867: The British colonial government of Sri Lanka introduced the Opium and Bhang Ordinance, restricting the sale of cannabis to licensed dealers only.^{[7] [8]}
• 1870: The British Natal Colony (now in South Africa) passed the Coolie Law Consolidation prohibiting: "the smoking, use, or possession by and the sale, barter, or gift to, any Coolies [Indian indentured workers] whatsoever, of any portion of the hemp plant (Cannabis sativa)..."^[9]
• 1877: The Ottoman government in Constantinople mandated that all hashish in Egypt be destroyed, and in 1879 importation of cannabis was banned by the Khedivate of Egypt.^{[10] [11]}
• 1890: Morocco's Sultan Hassan I instituted strict regulations on cultivation and trade, but also conferred clear cannabis production privileges on several Rif tribes.^[12]
• 1890: Greece banned the cultivation, importation, and use of cannabis.^[13]
• 1894: In British India the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission released its findings, concluding that "The moderate use practically produces no ill effects. In all but the most exceptional cases, the injury from habitual moderate use is not appreciable."^[14]

1900s

• 1913: Jamaica banned cannabis with the Ganja Law, supported by the white ruling class and the Council of Evangelical Churches in Jamaica.^[15]
• 1914: British East Africa Protectorate banned cannabis.^[16]
• 1920: Sierra Leone banned cannabis.^[17]
• 1920: Mexico banned the cultivation, sale, and recreational use of cannabis.^[18]
• 1922: South Africa banned cannabis nationally, under the Customs and Excises Duty Act.^{[19] [20]}
• 1923: Canada banned cannabis.^[21]
• 1923: Panama banned the cultivation and use of cannabis.^[22]
• 1923: In Italy, the Mussolini-Oviglio Law 396/23 banned the use of both marijuana and hashish.^[23]
• 1924: Sudan banned the cultivation and use of cannabis.^[24]
• 1925: The League of Nations signs the 1925 Opium Convention, for the first time adding pure cannabis extract among drugs under international control.^[25]
• 1925: At the Brussels Conference for the harmonization of pharmacopoeia, "Cannabis herb" extract and tinctures were added to the monographs.^[26]
• 1925: Trinidad and Tobago banned cannabis.^[27]
• 1926: Lebanon prohibited hashish.^{[28] [29]}
• 1926: Australia banned cannabis.^[30]
• 1927: Indonesia banned cannabis.^[31]
• 1928: The United Kingdom first prohibited cannabis as a drug, adding it as an addendum to the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920 (10 & 11 Geo. 5. c. 46).^{[32] [33]}
• 1928: Romania established laws for countering narcotics, including hashish and its preparations.^[34]
• 1934: The Irish Free State prohibited cannabis and cannabis resin with the Dangerous Drugs Act 1934.^[35]
• 1935: The Office international d'hygiène publique recommends adding preparations of cannabis (and not only pure extracts) under control of the 1925 Convention.
• 1935: Thailand criminalized cannabis.^[36]
• 1937: The United States passed the Marijuana Tax Act, effectively prohibiting most use of cannabis on a federal level due to the heavy burdens of the tax.
• 1939: Burma legalized and licensed the production and sale of cannabis.^[37]
• 1948: Japan adopted the Cannabis Control Law, establishing a licensing system for dealers, and punishments for unlicensed use or sale.^[38]
• 1951: Poland classified cannabis as a narcotic.^[39]
• 1953: Tunisia, under French rule, banned cannabis.^{[40] [41]}
• 1953: The Netherlands criminalized cannabis.^[42]
• 1956: Morocco becomes independent, and banned cannabis by royal decree.^[43]
• 1961: The United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs decreed: "The use of cannabis for other than medical and scientific purposes must be discontinued as soon as possible but in any case within twenty-five years..."
• 1965: New Zealand banned cannabis under the Narcotics Act.^[44]
• 1966: Finland prohibited cannabis.^[45]
• 1968: The government of the Republic of Vietnam "publicly condemned" the use or trafficking of cannabis, and instructed local chiefs to prevent its cultivation.^[46]
• 1969: Iceland & Denmark banned cannabis.^[47]
• 1970: The United States passed the Controlled Substances Act, prohibiting cannabis federally along with several other drugs and replacing the 1937 act.
• 1972: The Netherlands divided drugs into more- and less-dangerous categories, with cannabis being in the lesser category. Accordingly, possession of 30 grams or less was made a misdemeanor.^[48]
• 1973: Nepal canceled the licenses of all cannabis shops, dealers, and farmers, under pressure from the United States and the international community.^[49]
• 1973: Afghanistan's King Zahir Shah outlawed cannabis production, followed by genuine commitment to eradication, backed by $47 million in funding from the United States government.^[49]
• 1975: Comoros' Ali Soilih seized power, and among other radical reforms to gain the support of youth, legalized cannabis in Comoros.^[50]
• 1975: In Italy, hemp fields all but disappeared following the passage of the anti-drug Cossiga Law 685/75.^[51]
• 1976: South Korea passed the Cannabis Control Act.^[52]
• 1988: Paraguay decriminalized personal possession of 10 grams of cannabis or less.^{[53] [54]}
• 1989: Bangladesh banned the sale of cannabis.^[55]
• 1990: In Italy, the Presidential Decree DPR 309/90 was passed into law, regarding the discipline of narcotics and psychotropic substances, prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of the related stages of substance dependence, and it is reportedly responsible for 35% of the current national prison population.^[56]
• 1992: Lebanon banned and eradicates cannabis, under US pressure.^[57]
• 1993: In Italy, a referendum repealed criminal penalties for the personal use of soft drugs.^[58]
• 1996: California becomes the first jurisdiction in the United States to legalize cannabis for medicinal use (Proposition 215).^[59]
• 1997: Poland criminalized possession of cannabis.^[60]

2000s

• 2001: Luxembourg decriminalized cannabis.^[61]
• 2001: Canada legalized cannabis for medical use.^[62]
• 2001: Portugal decriminalized cannabis.^{[63] [64]}
• 2003: Belgium decriminalized cannabis.^[65]
• 2004: Russia decriminalized cannabis.
• 2005: Estonia decriminalized cannabis.^[66]
• 2005: Chile decriminalized cannabis.^[67]
• 2006: Brazil decriminalized possession and cultivation of personal amounts of cannabis.^[68]
• 2008: Austria legalized cannabis for medical use.^[69]
• 2009: Ukraine decriminalized cannabis cultivation up to 10 cannabis plants for personal use.^[70]
• 2009: Mexico decriminalized possession of up to 5 grams of cannabis.^[71]
• 2009: Argentina decriminalized cannabis.^[72]
• 2010: Czech Republic decriminalized cannabis.^[73]
• 2011: Denmark approves drugs containing synthetic-cannabinoids (dronabinol) for medical use.^{[74] [75]}
• 2012: Switzerland decriminalized possession of 10 grams or less to a fine.^[76]
• 2012: Colombia decriminalized possession of 20 grams or less.^[77]
• 2013: Croatia decriminalized possession of cannabis.^[78]
• 2013: Uruguay legalized cannabis.^[79]
• 2013: Italy legalized cannabis for medical use.^[80]
• 2013: Romania legalized cannabis for medical use.^[81]
• 2013: Czech Republic legalized cannabis for medical use.^{[82] [83]}
• 2013: France legalized synthetic-cannabinoids for medical use.^{[84] [85]}
• 2015: Malta decriminalized cannabis.^[86]
• 2015: Colombia legalized cannabis for medical use.^[87]
• 2015: Croatia legalized synthetic-cannabinoids for medical use.^[88]
• 2015: Jamaica decriminalized possession of up to 2 ounces of cannabis and legalized the cultivation for personal use of up to 5 plants.^[89]
• 2015: Spain decriminalized cannabis cultivation up to 10 cannabis plants for personal use.^[90]
• 2016: Austria decriminalized possession of small amounts of cannabis.^[91]
• 2016: North Macedonia legalized cannabis for medical use..^[92]
• 2016: Australia legalized cannabis for medical use.^[93]
• 2016: Poland legalized cannabis for medical use.^[94]
• 2016: Norway legalized cannabis for medical use.^[95]
• 2016: Georgia's Supreme Court ruled that imprisonment for possession of small amounts of cannabis is unconstitutional.^[96]
• 2017: Germany legalized cannabis for medical use.^[97]
• 2017: Cyprus legalized cannabis oil for advanced stage cancer patients.^[98]
• 2017: Belize decriminalized possession or use of 10 grams or less on private premises.^[99]
• 2017: Greece legalized cannabis for medical use.^[100]
• 2017: Peru legalized cannabis oil for medical use.^[101]
• 2017: Luxembourg legalized cannabis for medical use.^{[102] [103]}
• 2017: Lesotho legalized cannabis for medical use.^[104]
• 2017: Georgia decriminalized cannabis.^[105]
• 2017: Lithuania criminalized cannabis.^[106]
• 2017: Spain legalized cannabis.^[107]
• 2018: Denmark legalized synthetic-cannabinoids for medical use.^[108]
• 2018: Malta legalized cannabis for medical use.^[109]
• 2018: Portugal legalized cannabis for medical use.
• 2018: South Korea legalized cannabis for medical use.^[110]
• 2018: Zimbabwe legalized cannabis for medical use.^[111]
• 2018: Canada legalized cannabis.^[112]
• 2018: Thailand legalized cannabis for medical use.^[113]
• 2018: South Africa decriminalized cannabis.^[114]
• 2018: The United Kingdom legalized cannabis for medical use.
• 2018: The World Health Organization starts its first scientific assessment of cannabis for medical uses mandated under treaty law.^[115]
• 2019: Ireland legalized cannabis for medical use.^[116]
• 2019: Israel decriminalized cannabis.^[117]
• 2019: Trinidad and Tobago decriminalized cannabis allowing up to 30 grams per individual and cultivation of four plants per household.^[117]
• 2020: Australian Capital Territory legalized cannabis possession and growth for personal use.^[118]
• 2020: Malawi legalized cannabis for medical use.^[119]
• 2020: Lebanon legalized cannabis for medical use.^[120]
• 2020: United Nations partially deschedules cannabis by removing it from most restrictive substances list.^[121]
• 2021: Mexico officially decriminalizes adult use of cannabis, after years of de facto decriminalization.^[122]
• 2021: Rwanda legalizes cannabis for medical use.^[123]
• 2021: Malta legalized cannabis.^[124]
• 2022: Thailand legalized cannabis.^[125]
• 2023: Luxembourg legalized cannabis.^[126]
• 2023: Switzerland legalized cannabis on trial basis.^[127]
• 2023: Ukraine legalized cannabis for medical use.^[128]
• 2024: Germany legalized cannabis.^[129]

See also

• Cannabis rights
• Timeline of cannabis laws in the United States
• Legality of cannabis

External links

• Cannabis general timeline. Erowid.org

Notes and References

1. Book: Bankole A. Johnson. Addiction Medicine: Science and Practice. 10 October 2010. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-1-4419-0338-9. 303–. 23 March 2017. 20 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230420095938/https://books.google.com/books?id=zvbr4Zn9S9MC&pg=PA303. live.
2. Book: Gwyn Campbell. David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar". 3 April 2012. BRILL. 978-90-04-20980-0. 437–.
3. Book: Booth, M. . Cannabis: A History . St. Martin's Press . 2015 . 978-1-250-08219-0 . 76–77 . 2016-11-26 . 2023-04-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230420100010/https://books.google.com/books?id=ecITBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 . live .
4. Book: Robert Clarke. Mark Merlin. Cannabis: Evolution and Ethnobotany. 1 September 2013. University of California Press. 978-0-520-95457-1. 182–.
5. Book: A Collection of the Laws of Mauritius and Its Dependencies. 1867. By the authority of the Government. 541–. 2017-12-11. 2023-04-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20230420100007/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ktHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA541. live.
6. Book: The Laws of British Guiana. 1895. H. Hart. 88–.
7. Book: United Nations Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders. Drug control in Asia. 1989. UNAFEI. 128.
8. Book: C. G. Uragoda. A history of medicine in Sri Lanka from the earliest times to 1948. 1987. Sri Lanka Medical Association. 192.
9. Book: Brian M. Du Toit. Cannabis, alcohol, and the South African student: adolescent drug use, 1974-1985. 1991. Ohio University Center for International Studies. 978-0-89680-166-0. 2016-11-26. 2023-04-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20230420105947/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkdxAAAAMAAJ. live.
10. Book: India. Hemp Drugs Commission (1893–1894). Sir William Mackworth Young. Marijuana: Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1893–1894. 1969. Thos. Jefferson Publishing Company. 270.
11. Book: E.L. Abel. Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. 29 June 2013. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-1-4899-2189-5. 133–.
12. Book: Fredrik Söderbaum . Afro-regions: The Dynamics of Cross-border Micro-regionalism in Africa . Ian Taylor . Nordiska Afrikainstitutet . Stylus Pub Llc . 2008 . 978-91-7106-618-3 . 130 . 2022-04-20 . 2019-06-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190627194649/https://books.google.com/books?id=18_sAAAAMAAJ . live .
13. Book: E.L. Abel. Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years. 29 June 2013. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-1-4899-2189-5. 135–. 8 December 2016. 20 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230420100009/https://books.google.com/books?id=pGgzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135. live.
14. Web site: (298) Page 264 - India Papers > Medicine - Drugs > Report of the Indian Hemp Drugs Commission, 1894-1895 > Volume I - Medical History of British India - National Library of Scotland. nls.uk. 13 July 2015. 13 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150713185745/http://digital.nls.uk/indiapapers/browse/pageturner.cfm?id=74574662&mode=transcription. live.
15. Web site: The ganja law of 1913: 100 years of oppressive injustice - Columns . JamaicaObserver.com . 2013-12-02 . 2015-07-24 . 2015-07-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150725062712/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/columns/The-ganja-law-of-1913--100-years-of-oppressive-injustice_15548584 . dead .
16. Book: Kenya Gazette. 15 October 1913. 882–.
17. Book: Emmanuel Akyeampong. Allan G. Hill. Arthur Kleinman. The Culture of Mental Illness and Psychiatric Practice in Africa. 1 May 2015. Indiana University Press. 978-0-253-01304-0. 39–.
18. Book: Isaac Campos. Home Grown: Marijuana and the Origins of Mexico's War on Drugs. 2012. Univ of North Carolina Press. 978-0-8078-3538-8. 200–.
19. Book: Martin Chanock. The Making of South African Legal Culture 1902-1936: Fear, Favour and Prejudice. 5 March 2001. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-521-79156-4. 94–.
20. Book: Craig Paterson. Prohibition & Resistance: A Socio-political Exploration of the Changing Dynamics of the Southern African Cannabis Trade, C. 1850 - the Present. 2009. Rhodes University. . Cited in http://mg.co.za/article/2014-07-04-00-for-our-love-of-dagga-we-go-to-court
21. Book: Martin A. Lee. Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational and Scientific. 14 August 2012. Simon and Schuster. 978-1-4391-0260-2. 325–.
22. Book: Rowan Robinson. The Great Book of Hemp: The Complete Guide to the Environmental, Commercial, and Medicinal Uses of the World's Most Extraordinary Plant. 1996. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. 978-0-89281-541-8. 58–.
23. Book: Grimaldi A., and Mastagni S. . Canapa Italiana . 1997 . Millelire Stampa Alternativa . Rome .
24. Book: Sudan. Laws of the Sudan. 1975. Khartoum University Press. 230.
25. Web site: The cannabis problem: A note on the problem and the history of international action. 2022-02-21. Bulletin on Narcotics, XIV, 4, 27–31.. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. en. 2021-09-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20210903154047/https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1962-01-01_4_page005.html. live.
26. Riboulet-Zemouli . Kenzi . Krawitz . Michael Alan . 2022-01-01 . WHO's first scientific review of medicinal Cannabis: from global struggle to patient implications . Drugs, Habits and Social Policy . 23 . 1 . 5–21 . 10.1108/DHS-11-2021-0060 . 247421561 . 2752-6747.
27. Book: Axel Klein. Marcus Day. Anthony Harriott. Caribbean Drugs: From Criminalization to Harm Reduction. 13 November 2004. Zed Books. 978-1-84277-499-1. 58–.
28. Book: Robert Connell Clarke. Hashish!. 1998. Red Eye Press. 978-0-929349-05-3.
29. Book: France. Ministère des affaires étrangères. ... Rapport sur la situation de la Syrie et du Liban .... 1925. Imprimerie nationale.. 73. Par arrêté du Haut-Commissaire en date du 8 octobre 1925, la culture du haschich, qui était particulièrement intense dans la Békaa (Grand Liban), a été interdite à compter du ier janvier 1926.. 2016-11-30. 2023-04-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20230420100005/https://books.google.com/books?id=ks_mAAAAMAAJ. live.
30. Book: Alex Wodak. Alex Wodak. Ron Owens. Drug Prohibition: A Call for Change. January 1996. UNSW Press. 978-0-86840-175-1. 11–.
31. Book: Thomas H. Slone. Prokem. 2003. Masalai Press. 978-0-9714127-5-0. 26–.
32. Book: Paul Manning. Drugs and Popular Culture. 11 January 2013. Routledge. 978-1-134-01211-4. 136–.
33. Book: Bernard Porter. Empire Ways: Aspects of British Imperialism. 30 October 2015. I.B.Tauris. 978-0-85773-959-9. 58–.
34. Web site: EMCDDA | Country legal profiles . Emcdda.europa.eu . 2016-11-26 . 2021-07-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210718174929/https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index5174EN.html . dead .
35. Web site: Dangerous Drugs Act, 1934, Part II . . 7 December 2016 . 20 December 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081529/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/1934/act/1/enacted/en/print#partii . live .
36. พระราชบัญญัติกันชา พุทธศักราช ๒๔๗๗. Royal Thai Government Gazette. 5 May 1935. 52. 339–343. 6 December 2016. 4 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181004080008/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2478/A/339.PDF. dead.
37. Book: A. Wright. Opium and Empire in Southeast Asia: Regulating Consumption in British Burma. 21 November 2013. Springer. 978-1-137-31760-5. 82–.
38. Book: Minoru Shikita. Shinichi Tsuchiya. Crime and Criminal Policy in Japan: Analysis and Evaluation of the Showa Era, 1926–1988. 6 December 2012. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-1-4612-2816-5. 13–.
39. Book: Bołtryk, Piotr. KRYMINOLOGICZNE I PRAWNE ASPEKTY POSIADANIA NARKOTYKÓW W POLSCE (NA PRZYKŁADZIE POCHODNYCH KONOPI INNYCH NIŻ WŁÓKNISTE). UNIWERSYTET W BIAŁYMSTOKU. 2014. 188–195. pl. 2016-12-16. 2016-12-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084916/http://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/2597/1/P.Bo%C5%82tryk%20-%20rozprawa%20doktorska.pdf. live.
40. Book: United Nations. Commission on Narcotic Drugs. Summary of Annual Reports of Governments Relating to Opium and Other Narcotic Drugs. 1949. 2016-11-26. 2023-04-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20230420090936/https://books.google.com/books?id=GXMqAQAAMAAJ. live.
41. News: 2017-04-12. Some Arab governments are rethinking harsh cannabis laws. The Economist. 2021-06-11. 0013-0613. 2018-01-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20180131081029/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21720598-others-use-them-lock-up-restless-young-men-some-arab-governments-are-rethinking. live.
42. Book: Dirk J. Korf. Dutch Treat: Formal Control and Illicit Drug Use in the Netherlands. 1995. Thesis Publishers. 978-90-5170-369-6. 272.
43. Book: Africa Analysis: The Fortnightly Bulletin on Financial and Political Trends. 2000. Africa Analysis Limited. 36.
44. Book: Greg Newbold. Crime, Law and Justice in New Zealand. 3 June 2016. Routledge. 978-1-317-27561-9. 153–.
45. Web site: VKS:2006:1 Seuraamuksen määrääminen huumausaineen käyttörikoksesta. Finnish Office of the Prosecutor General. 6 December 2016. fi. 20 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082540/http://www.vksv.fi/fi/index/julkaisutjaohjeet/valtakunnansyyttajanyleisetohjeet/syyteharkinta/vks20061seuraamuksenmaaraaminenhuumausaineenkayttorikoksesta.html. dead.
46. Book: Vietnam Studies: Law at War: Vietnam 1964-1973. LLMC. 120–. GGKEY:L7BC9KNKENA.
47. News: Marihuana og LSD loks bannað hér!. 10 December 2016. 235. Tíminn. 25 October 1969. is. 21 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721073157/http://timarit.is/view_page_init.jsp?pageId=3378672. live.
48. Book: Martin Booth. Cannabis: A History. 1 June 2005. Picador. 978-0-312-42494-7. 338–.
49. Book: Martin Booth. Cannabis: A History. 30 September 2011. Transworld. 978-1-4090-8489-1. 325–.
50. http://www.niyel.net/docs/Dossier_1_fr.pdf Dossiers sur les 30 Chefs d'Etat ou de Gouvernements tués
51. Web site: Nasce la New Canapa Economy, aumentano di 10 volte i terreni coltivati . National farmers association Coldiretti . 9 May 2018.
52. Book: Korea News Review. 1988. Korea Herald, Incorporated. 44. 2016-12-07. 2023-04-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20230420100014/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmy6AAAAIAAJ. live.
53. Web site: Paraguay - Drug Law Reform in Latin America. TNI. 25 February 2016. 21 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721045343/http://www.druglawreform.info/en/country-information/latin-america/paraguay/item/206-paraguay. live.
54. Web site: En Paraguay, la posesión y consumo personal de la marihuana es legal. E'a. 25 February 2016. 21 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721044110/http://ea.com.py/v2/en-paraguay-la-posesion-y-consumo-personal-de-la-marihuana-es-legal/. live.
55. Web site: Drug Abuse: Where is The Way of Remedy? (Part II- Some Dangerous Silent Killers) . DhakaInsider . 2014-06-20 . 2016-11-15 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161115140731/http://dhakainsider.com/bangladesh-news/drug-abuse-where-is-the-way-of-remedy-part-ii-some-dangerous-silent-killers/ . 2016-11-15 .
56. News: Il referendum sulla cannabis fa male ai clan e salva i giovani . Corriere della Sera newspaper . 16 September 2021 .
57. Book: Réalités. May 1996. Spectacle du monde. 354. Les Américains ne lâchant pas prise, le gouvernement libanais interdisait officiellement la culture du pavot et du cannabis en 1992..
58. Inside Italy's Push To Decriminalize Recreational Cannabis . Forbes . 13 September 2021.
59. Web site: Law section. 2020-05-21. 2020-05-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20200520233523/https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=11362.5.&lawCode=HSC. live.
60. Book: Bołtryk, Piotr. KRYMINOLOGICZNE I PRAWNE ASPEKTY POSIADANIA NARKOTYKÓW W POLSCE (NA PRZYKŁADZIE POCHODNYCH KONOPI INNYCH NIŻ WŁÓKNISTE). UNIWERSYTET W BIAŁYMSTOKU. 2014. 196–197. pl. 2016-12-16. 2016-12-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084916/http://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/2597/1/P.Bo%C5%82tryk%20-%20rozprawa%20doktorska.pdf. live.
61. Book: David R. Bewley-Taylor. International Drug Control: Consensus Fractured. 22 March 2012. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-107-01497-8. 175–.
62. Web site: Marihuana Medical Access Regulations. 2001. Justice Laws Canada. 2018-10-18. 2018-10-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161726/https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2001-227/index.html. live.
63. Book: Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Home Affairs Committee. Drugs: Breaking the Cycle, Ninth Report of Session 2012-13, Vol. 2: Oral and Written Evidence. 10 December 2012. The Stationery Office. 978-0-215-05095-3. 135–.
64. Book: Robin Room. Cannabis Policy: Moving Beyond Stalemate. 2010. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-958148-1. 89–.
65. Web site: Federale politie - Police fdrale. Police fdrale - CGPR Webteam. 14 January 2015. 26 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226021500/https://www.politie.be//nl. live.
66. Web site: Mart. Kalvet. Decriminalization of Drug Use in Estonia . 2023-01-13 . 2023-01-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230113175812/https://harmreductioneurasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Mart-Kalvet_LUNEST.pdf . live .
67. Web site: Chile - Drug Law Reform in Latin America. TNI. 25 February 2016. 6 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181006123221/http://druglawreform.info/en/country-information/latin-america/chile/item/202-chile. live.
68. Book: Professor Anita Kalunta-Crumpton. Pan-African Issues in Drugs and Drug Control: An International Perspective. 28 June 2015. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. 978-1-4724-2214-9. 242–. 30 November 2016. 20 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230420100007/https://books.google.com/books?id=PlsdCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA242. live.
69. Web site: AFP: Austria allows cannabis for medical purposes . 2008-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080905104155/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gMXaMnzKEu6FxfDVlCHd4xMcmEbg . 2008-09-05 .
70. Web site: Ukraine Cannabis Law . 2023-01-03 . 2023-01-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103050941/https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1165-17/print1462851647388498#Text . live .
71. News: Mexico Legalizes Drug Possession . The New York Times . 21 August 2009 . 2010-04-04 . 2018-04-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180401103237/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/world/americas/21mexico.html . live .
72. Web site: Argentina - Drug Law Reform in Latin America. TNI. 25 February 2016. 1 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181001144340/http://druglawreform.info/en/country-information/latin-america/argentina/item/199-argentina. live.
73. Web site: Carney . Sean . Czech Govt Allows 5 Cannabis Plants For Personal Use From 2010 - Emerging Europe Real Time - WSJ . Blogs.wsj.com . 2009-12-08 . 2016-11-26 . 2011-04-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110407032943/http://blogs.wsj.com/new-europe/2009/12/08/czech-govt-allows-5-cannabis-plants-for-personal-use-from-2010/ . live .
74. [Danish Medicines Agency]
75. DR Nyheder (10 October 2016). BAGGRUND Derfor er cannabis-medicin faktisk lovligt . Retrieved 9 November 2016.
76. Web site: FF 2012 7539 . 2016-11-16 . 2020-05-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200517154324/https://www.admin.ch/opc/fr/federal-gazette/2012/7539.pdf . live .
77. Web site: Colombia decriminalizes cocaine, marijuana | Public Radio International . Pri.org . 2012-06-30 . 2016-11-26 . 2016-11-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161127025434/http://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-30/colombia-decriminalizes-cocaine-marijuana . live .
78. Web site: CROATIA TO DECRIMINALIZE DRUG POSSESSION - Encod.org . 2016-12-06 . 2012-08-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120817091744/http://www.encod.org/info/CROATIA-TO-DECRIMINALIZE-DRUG.html . dead .
79. Web site: Mic . One Year After Uruguay Legalized Marijuana, Here's What It's Become . 9 December 2014 . Mic . 2016-11-26 . 2016-11-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161126043300/https://mic.com/articles/106094/one-year-after-uruguay-legalized-marijuana-here-s-what-it-s-become#.yOxtyvDMv . live .
80. https://www.ibtimes.com/marijuana-legalization-italy-pot-laws-eased-growers-cultivating-medical-cannabis-2267841%3Famp%3D1?client=safari{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
81. News: Romania Legalizes Medical Marijuana, Becomes 10th EU Country To Permit Therapeutic Use. 14 October 2013. Novinite. 6 October 2013. 21 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180621015758/https://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=154315. live.
82. http://www.lidovky.cz/ve-zdravotnictvi-nabyva-ucinnosti-rada-zmen-lecba-konopim-legalni-104-/zpravy-domov.aspx?c=A130401_124139_ln_domov_hm Zdravotnictví prochází změnou. Léčba konopím je nyní legální | Zprávy z domova
83. http://www.radio.cz/en/section/news/news-2013-04-01#3 Radio Prague – News – 01-04-2013 21:30
84. News: Legalising or decriminalizing cannabis in France: not that easy. 15 December 2013. Euronews. 6 November 2013. Marie Jamet. 26 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226021356/https://www.euronews.com/2013/11/06/france-legalising-or-decriminalizing-cannabis-not-that-easy. live.
85. News: French law on pot-based medicine takes effect. 15 December 2013. The Local. 10 June 2013. Ann Törnkvist. 26 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226021452/https://www.thelocal.fr/20130610/legalized-cannabis-tea-could-be-on-drug-menu-for-french-patients-in-pharmacies. live.
86. Web site: New drugs reform law into force today– what has changed? . MaltaToday.com.mt . 2015-04-15 . 2016-11-26 . 2018-10-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181002205146/https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/51881/new_drugs_reform_law_into_force_today_what_has_changed#.WDYlVpLvhDq . live .
87. Web site: Paula Carrillo . Colombia legalizes medical marijuana . Yahoo.com . 2015-12-22 . 2016-11-18 . 2016-11-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161118101625/https://www.yahoo.com/news/colombia-legalizes-medical-marijuana-171023547.html?ref=gs . dead .
88. News: Croatia Legalises Marijuana for Medical Use. Balkan Insight. 30 November 2016. 30 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180930085345/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/croatia-first-balkan-county-to-legalize-medical-marijuana-10-15-2015-1. live.
89. News: Jamaica Lawmakers Decriminalize Small Amounts of 'Ganja'. 25 February 2015. ABC News. 25 February 2015. 11 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200511120921/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/jamaica-decriminalizes-small-amounts-ganja-29205668?singlePage=true. live.
90. Web site: EMCDDA . 2017 . Since 2015 cultivation for personal use in places visible to the public is considered an administrative offence . 2023-01-21 . EMCDDA . 2023-01-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230121204257/https://publications.europa.eu/resource/cellar/c0703c01-0d38-11e7-8a35-01aa75ed71a1.0001.03/DOC_1 . live .
91. Web site: "Legalisierung light": Cannabis in Kleinstmengen quasi straffrei. 13 November 2015. 16 December 2017. 11 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170611165648/http://www.salzburg24.at/legalisierung-light-cannabis-in-kleinstmengen-quasi-straffrei/4517780. live.
92. Web site: Macedonia: Parliament Legalizes Medical Marijuana. Eurasia Review. 22 April 2015.
93. News: Medical marijuana is now legal in Australia . Business Insider Australia . 24 February 2016 . 26 November 2016 . 24 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180624175418/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/medical-marijuana-is-now-legal-in-australia-2016-2 . dead .
94. News: Legalizacja marihuany jest prawnie niemożliwa - Służba zdrowia - rp.pl. 2016-12-02. 2016-12-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20161202171101/http://www.rp.pl/Sluzba-zdrowia/303089862-Legalizacja-marihuany-jest-prawnie-niemozliwa.html#ap-1. live.
95. Web site: Behandling med medisinsk cannabis innenfor dagens regelverk. Statens Legemiddelverk. 2017-12-15. 2017-12-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034430/https://legemiddelverket.no/nyheter/behandling-med-medisinsk-cannabis-innenfor-dagens-regelverk. live.
96. News: Norms envisaging imprisonment for marijuana use now null and void in Georgia. 25 December 2016. Agenda.ge. 24 December 2016. 30 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180730202603/http://agenda.ge/news/72349/eng. live.
97. Web site: Doctors rejoice as Germany kicks off medical marijuana prescriptions. 3 March 2017. 30 December 2017. 6 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210606111352/https://www.thelocal.de/20170303/doctors-rejoice-as-germany-kicks-off-medical-marijuana-prescriptions. live.
98. News: Tharoor. Avinash. Cyprus Set to Provide Cannabis Oil to Cancer Patients. November 15, 2017. Talking Drugs. February 1, 2017. December 2, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171202053215/http://www.talkingdrugs.org/cyprus-set-to-provide-cannabis-oil-to-cancer-patients. live.
99. News: Marijuana Decriminalization Legislation Passed By House. 23 October 2017. 7 News Belize. 20 October 2017. 23 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171023173840/http://7newsbelize.com/sstory.php?nid=42333. live.
100. News: Revesz. Rachael. Greece legalises marijuana for medical purposes. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/greece-marijuana-legal-medical-cannabis-weed-law-passes-a7821771.html . 2022-05-07 . subscription . live. November 19, 2017. The Independent. July 3, 2017.
101. Web site: Medical marijuana is now legal in Peru. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/medical-marijuana-legal-peru-parliament-politicians-south-america-cannabis-oil-a8012976.html . 2022-05-07 . subscription . live . Independent.co.uk. 21 October 2017.
102. Web site: Cannabis médical : l'Exemple de l'Allemagne | le Quotidien . 2018-01-02 . 2018-01-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180119201010/https://www.lequotidien.lu/a-la-une/cannabis-medical-lexemple-de-lallemagne/ . live .
103. Web site: Cannabis for medicinal purposes pilot project - Delano - Luxembourg in English. 8 November 2017. 2 January 2018. 31 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180331205841/http://delano.lu/d/detail/news/cannabis-medicinal-purposes-pilot-project/160906. live.
104. Web site: SA firm gets green light to grow marijuana in Lesotho . 2018-01-13 . 2017-12-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171231014416/http://ewn.co.za/2017/09/18/sa-firm-gets-green-light-to-grow-marijuana-in-lesotho . live .
105. Web site: Republic of Georgia Constitutional Court decriminalizes marijuana usage . December 2017 . 2017-12-30 . 2017-12-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171230230410/http://www.jurist.org/paperchase/2017/12/republic-of-georgia-constitutional-court-decriminalizes-marijuana-usage.php . live .
106. Web site: Lithuania. 2020-10-03. Eurasian Harm Reduction Association. en-US. 2021-09-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20210918195852/https://harmreductioneurasia.org/countries/lithuania/. live.
107. Web site: Baynes . Chris . 30 June 2017 . Catalonia legalises marijuana consumption, cultivation and distribution . 30 June 2017 . Independent . 29 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180629163654/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/catalonia-marijuana-legalise-cannabis-consumption-distribution-spain-region-petition-a7816981.html . live .
108. Web site: Kolding-virksomhed klar med første parti medicinsk cannabis. 2 January 2018.
109. Web site: Malta has officially legalised medical cannabis . 2018-04-08 . 2021-07-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210701160703/https://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/85616/malta_has_officially_legalised_medical_cannabis . live .
110. Web site: South Korea Legislature passes medical cannabis law, first in East Asia . MJ Biz Daily . 26 November 2018 . November 26, 2018 . 8 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230308143829/https://mjbizdaily.com/breaking-south-korea-becomes-first-country-in-east-asia-to-legalize-medical-cannabis/ . live .
111. News: Zimbabwe legalises marijuana for medical and scientific use. The Telegraph. 28 April 2018. 5 May 2018. 12 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190812201656/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/04/28/zimbabwe-legalises-marijuana-medical-scientific-use/. live.
112. News: Government Bill (House of Commons) C-45 (42-1) - Royal Assent - Cannabis Act - Parliament of Canada. 2018-09-18. en. 2018-09-20. https://web.archive.org/web/20180920040036/http://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/bill/C-45/royal-assent. live.
113. News: Thailand to Allow Medical Marijuana, a First in Southeast Asia. Paddock. Richard C.. 2018-12-26. The New York Times. 2020-01-21. en-US. 0362-4331. 2019-10-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20191015015420/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/26/world/asia/thailand-medical-marijuana.html. live.
114. News: South Africa legalises cannabis use. 2018-09-18. BBC News. 2018-09-18. en-GB. 2020-08-06. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806231238/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45559954. live.
115. Riboulet-Zemouli . Kenzi . Krawitz . Michael Alan . 2022-01-01 . WHO's first scientific review of medicinal Cannabis: from global struggle to patient implications . Drugs, Habits and Social Policy . 23 . 1 . 5–21 . 10.1108/DHS-11-2021-0060 . 247421561 . 2752-6747.
116. Web site: Access to cannabis for medical reasons is now allowed in Ireland under new law. Finn. Christina. TheJournal.ie. 26 June 2019 . en. 2019-12-13. 2019-07-15. https://web.archive.org/web/20190715035348/https://www.thejournal.ie/medicinal-cannabis-access-scheme-4697671-Jun2019/. live.
117. Web site: Partial decriminalization of public cannabis use takes effect Sunday night. staff. T. O. I.. www.timesofisrael.com. en-US. 2019-12-13. 2019-06-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20190609200544/https://www.timesofisrael.com/partial-decriminalization-of-public-cannabis-use-to-come-into-effect/. live.
118. Web site: Everything you need to know about new laws allowing Canberrans to possess and grow cannabis. 2020-01-31. 7NEWS.com.au. en. 2020-02-01. 2020-02-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20200201033341/https://7news.com.au/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/cannabis-possession-now-legal-in-act-c-673471. live.
119. Web site: Malawi legalises cannabis amid hopes of fresh economic growth. 2020-02-28. Guardian.com. en. 2020-07-18. 2020-02-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20200228232125/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/feb/28/malawi-legalises-cannabis-amid-hopes-of-fresh-economic-growth. live.
120. Web site: Lebanon legalizes cannabis farming for medicinal use. 2020-04-21. reuters.com. en. 2020-02-11. 2020-04-25. https://web.archive.org/web/20200425140244/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-cannabis/lebanon-legalizes-cannabis-farming-for-medicinal-use-idUSKCN2232YI. live.
121. Web site: 2020-12-02. UN commission reclassifies cannabis, yet still considered harmful. 2021-01-09. UN News. en. 2021-01-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20210107103046/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/12/1079132. live.
122. News: Mexico marijuana: Top court decriminalises recreational use of cannabis. BBC News. 28 June 2021. 10 September 2021. 1 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210901153623/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57645016. live.
123. News: Rwanda legalises medical use of Cannabis. The East African. 1 July 2021. 10 September 2021. 16 August 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214418/https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/rwanda-legalises-medical-use-of-cannabis--3456728. live.
124. Web site: Jaeger. Kyle. 2021-12-18. Malta Officially Legalizes Marijuana With President's Signature, Becoming First In Europe To End Cannabis Prohibition. 2021-12-20. Marijuana Moment. en-US. 2021-12-18. https://web.archive.org/web/20211218204524/https://www.marijuanamoment.net/malta-officially-legalizes-marijuana-with-presidents-signature-becoming-first-in-europe-to-end-cannabis-prohibition/. live.
125. News: Associated Press. ABC News. Thailand first in Asia to move to decriminalize marijuana: Thailand has become the first country in Asia to approve the de facto decriminalization of marijuana. CHALIDA EKVITTHAYAVECHNUKUL. January 25, 2022. April 26, 2022. April 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220426000537/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/thailand-asia-move-decriminalize-marijuana-82458865. live.
126. Web site: luxembourg-legalizes-cannabis-for-personal-use . .
127. Web site: Switzerland legalized cannabis on trial basis. CNBC . . 23 March 2023 .
128. Web site: Ukraine Legalized Cannabis For Medical use . .
129. Web site: Germany's Bundestag votes for cannabis legalization – DW – 02/23/2024 . 2024-02-25 . dw.com . en.