Timeline of Sussex history explained

This is a timeline of Sussex history. To read about the background to these events, see History of Sussex. See also the list of monarchs of Sussex.

Centuries: 1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12th13th14th15th16th17th18th19th20th 21st

1st century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
c. 15 Verica succeeds Eppillus as king of the southern Atrebates (approximately modern Sussex and south-east Hampshire) with a capital at or close to what went on to become the Roman Noviomagus Reginorum (modern Chichester)
by 42 Caratacus, king of the Catuvellauni tribe, conquers the southern Atrebatic kingdom and expels Verica.
c.43 Romans land on Sussex coast as part of the Roman conquest of Britain, perhaps in support of Verica. Under Roman rule the client kingdom of the Regni or Regnenses is created from the southern Atrebatic kingdom for Cogidubnus that includes much of what is to become Sussex.
c.75 The largest Roman residence north of the Alps is built close to what is now Chichester Harbour
c.80 Kingdom of Regni or Regnenses, becomes a Roman canton or civitas with its capital at Noviomagus Reginorum (modern Chichester).

2nd century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
121/122A stone statue, perhaps the largest in Roman Britain, is erected at what is now Chichester Harbour[1]
c.150 Ptolemy's Geography mentions several places in what was to become Sussex including Magnus Portus, Noeomagus (Noviomagus Reginorum), Novus Portus and the Flavius Trisantona (River Arun).[2]
c.190 Construction begins on a Romano-British villa just north of the South Downs, close to Stane Street

3rd century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
c.200-250 Beachy Head Lady buried at East Dean, the first known person of sub-Saharan origin in Britain.
c.293-300 The Romans build the Saxon Shore fort of Anderitum at Pevensey[3]

5th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
c.410Romans leave Britain
460s onwards Hoard of coins deposited at what is now Patching.[4]
c.477 Aelle arrived at Cymenshore; Aelle goes on to become the first king of Sussex and the first Bretwalda.[5]
485 Battle of Mercredesburne[6]
491 Siege of Anderitum in modern Pevensey.[7]

6th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
c.500 The beginning of the Heptarchy, which includes the Kingdom of Sussex.

7th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
607 Ceolwulf of Wessex fights the South Saxons[8]
661 King Æthelwealh of Sussex becomes Christian and his territory expands westwards to include the Meon Valley and the Isle of Wight.[9]
c. 679 Sussex is affected by famine.
681 St Wilfrid arrives in Sussex.[10]
c.681 Selsey Abbey founded.
685-686 Cædwalla of Wessex invades Sussex, killing King Æthelwealh of Sussex.[11]
686 South Saxons attack Hlothere, king of Kent, in support of Hlothere's nephew Eadric.
c.7th century Sussex appears in the Tribal Hidage.[12]

8th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
c.700 Parts of Sussex are mentioned in the Ravenna Cosmography including Nouiomago or Nauimago regentium (Chichester) and Anderito (Pevensey).[13]
710 King Nunna of Sussex and King Ine of Wessex clash with King Geraint of Dumnonia (Devon and Cornwall).
c.715 Eadberht, Abbot of Selsey is consecrated the first bishop of the South Saxons.
771 King Offa of Mercia defeats the Haestingas and adds their kingdom to the Kingdom of Sussex.

9th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
c.827 Sussex annexed by Kingdom of Wessex[14]
828Historia Brittonum is written, which refers to the "Night of the Long Knives" in which Sussex is ceded by sub-Roman authorities to Saxons.
839Æthelstan becomes "King of the Dwellers in Kent, of the East Saxons, of the South Saxons and of Surrey" on the authority of his father, Æthelwulf of Wessex.
858Æthelwulf of Wessex buried at Steyning.[15]
860Æthelberht of Wessex becomes king of Wessex. Sussex, together with Essex, Kent and Surrey, is fully subsumed as part of this kingdom.
885 King Alfred meets his biographer, Asser, for the first time at Alfred's royal estate at Dean in Sussex.

10th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
After 915The Burghal Hidage lists five burhs (fortified towns or forts) in Sussex at Chichester, Burpham, Lewes, Hastings and Eorpeburnan
927 Æthelstan styles himself as King of the English, becoming the first king to do so.
930 3 April England-wide Royal Council (Witenagemot) takes place at Lyminster, included King Æthelstan and his councillors.
994 Vikings commanded by Olaf Tryggvason and Sweyn Forkbeard raid the coast of Sussex.

11th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
1011 The last Viking raid on Sussex takes place at Hastings. Later in the same year, Sussex is ruled by the Danes
1049 Sweyn Godwinson abducts his cousin Beorn at Bosham and later murders him.
1064 Harold Godwinson sets sail for Normandy from Bosham.
1066 September William of Normandy lands at Pevensey.
1066 14 October Battle of Hastings at Senlac Hill.
1075 The Council of London decrees that the bishopric for Sussex should be moved from Selsey Abbey to a new cathedral at Chichester.
1088 Rebellion of 1088

William II captures the rebel leader Odo of Bayeux in a six-week siege at Pevensey Castle.

[16]
1090First mention of Church in the wood Hollington, Saint Leonards on Sea

12th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
1107 Henry I of England grants Bishop Ralph de Luffa the right to hold a fair in Chichester, which becomes known as the Sloe Fair.[17]
1108 Chichester Cathedral is consecrated under Bishop Ralph de Luffa.[18]
1139 Siege of Arundel - part of the events of the Anarchy.
1155 Earliest known charter of the Cinque Ports, included Hastings and later Rye, Winchelsea and Seaford.
1187 Fire destroys Chichester Cathedral and much of the city of Chichester.
1194 While Richard the Lionheart is held captive in France, King John's forces lay siege to Chichester Castle.
1199 Chichester Cathedral is re-consecrated under Bishop Seffrid II.

13th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
1208 King John confiscates Bramber Castle from the de Braose family, after suspecting them of treachery.
1215 22 January While King John visits Knepp Castle for 4 days, confederated barons assemble in London to determine how best to check the career of this vicious king.[19]
1216 in part of the First Barons' War, Rye and Winchelsea open their gates to Prince Louis of France in an unsuccessful bid to take the crown from the hated King John
1216 Chichester Castle is attacked and occupied by Prince Louis of France.
1217 A force of Wealdsmen led by William of Cassingham ambushes Prince Louis of France and his men at Lewes, pursuing them to Winchelsea.
1225 Chichester Castle is demolished so that it cannot be used again by French forces
1250-1262 The Rape of Chichester is created, the last of Sussex's six sub-divisions, known as Rapes.[20]
1262 Pope Urban IV canonises St Richard of Chichester, former bishop of Chichester and now Sussex's patron saint.
126414 May
1287February Old Winchelsea completely destroyed by flood.

14th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
1315 The Great Famine of 1315–17 brings a relatively large increase in mortality in Sussex and across much of northern Europe.
1336 Edward III decides to site the county court for Sussex at Chichester.[21]
1338 Start of the English Channel naval campaign, part of the Hundred Years' War, saw the unwalled Hastings burnt to the ground.
1348 Over the next 20 years the Black Death kills perhaps half of the population of Sussex.[22]
1350 29 August
1353 Chichester is named as the staple port for Sussex in the Statute of the Staple.
137710 December Bishop William Reade receives permission to fortify Amberley Castle.
1381Peasants' Revolt

people from Sussex participate in riots in London; Lewes Castle is sacked;

[23] [24]
1385[25]

15th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
1406 James I of Scotland is imprisoned in Pevensey Castle, where Henry IV of England provided for his education.
1419 Joan of Navarre, dowager Queen of England, is imprisoned in Pevensey Castle for the next three years after her step-son Henry V accuses her of planning to destroy the king by sorcery
1450 June Rebels involved in Jack Cade's Rebellion assemble outside London.[26]
1450 12 July Jack Cade fatally wounded at Cade Street.
1451 Easter week John and William Merfold indicted after publicly inciting the killing of the nobility, clergy, the deposition of King Henry VI and advocating rule by common people.

16th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
1504 A statute is passed to alternate the court of the High Sheriff of Sussex between Chichester and Lewes.
1538 20 December Shrine of St Richard destroyed following a royal order from Henry VIII.
1545 20 July After the Battle of the Solent, the French Navy landed at Brighton and Newhaven but is repulsed.[27]
1555-1557 As part of the Marian Persecutions, a significant number of men are martyred for their Protestant faith, including 17 men burnt alive in Lewes.[28]
c.1562 First Huguenot community arrived at Rye, arriving at Winchelsea the following year.[29]
1588 1 October Ralph Crockett and Edward James executed in Chichester for being Catholic priests.

17th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
1611 24 March The first known reference to cricket being played by adults is recorded at Sidlesham on the Manhood peninsula.
1611 First recorded use of the emblem of Sussex in John Speed's Theatrum Imperii Maganae Britanniae[30]
1624 10 September Jasper Vinall becomes the first person recorded to have died as a result of an incident in a game of cricket
1642 December English Civil War

Battle of Muster Green in Haywards Heath results in the deaths or fleeing of 200 Royalists

1642 22–27 December English Civil War

Siege of Chichester

[31]
1643 14 April -
1 May 		English Civil War

Siege of Arundel Castle

[32]
1643 13 December English Civil War

Battle of Bramber Bridge

1643-1644 19 December 1643 – 6 January 1644 English Civil War

Siege of Arundel

1655 George Fox preaches at Ifield and as a result the first weekly Quaker meeting in Sussex is held; the first Quaker Friends meeting house in Sussex is built in 1676.[33]
1690 10 July Battle of Beachy Head.[34]

18th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
1743 27 August Henry Pelham, one of the two MPs elected to the county of Sussex constituency, becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain.[35]
1745 Sussex Weekly Advertiser first published.[36]
1748 February The brutal murders take place of William Galley and Daniel Chater by the Hawkhurst Gang of smugglers.
1749 16 January At a special Assize in Chichester, seven men were convicted of smuggling and their part in murders carried out by the Hawkhurst Gang.
1768 19 February Thomas Paine moves to Lewes, where he develops his political ideas, particularly as part of the Headstrong Club.
1794 Sussex Yeomanry founded when there was a threat of invasion in the Napoleonic Wars.

19th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
1801 27 November Prince Augustus Frederick becomes Duke of Sussex[37]
1804 3 June Birth of Richard Cobden, statesman and co-founder of the Anti-Corn Law League[38] [39]
1804Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond, gets royal permission for the title 'Sussex' to be transferred from the 25th Regiment of Foot to the 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot. This regiment was replaced by the Royal Sussex Regiment 180 years later in 1881.[40]
1813Ashburnham blast furnace is closed, the last in the Weald as iron production is produced more cheaply in the Midlands and the north of England using coke.[41]
1822Gideon Mantell discovers dinosaur teeth in Tilgate Forest that he later names as a new genus of dinosaur found 'iguanadon', the second named genus of dinosaur.
1823Sussex's first pier, the Chain Pier, is built in Brighton.
182811 June Sussex County Hospital (now Royal Sussex County Hospital) opens in Brighton [42]
1830Captain Swing riots take place across Sussex and England.
1832The Petworth Emigration Scheme is set up by the Earl of Egremont. Over the next five years around 1,800 working-class people from Sussex and neighbouring counties emigrate to Upper Canada to escape poverty.
1835John Sparshott is hanged in Horsham, becoming the second to last person in England to be put to death for homosexuality[43]
183627 December Lewes avalanche kills 8 people.
183727 March Death of Maria Fitzherbert, longtime companion of the future King George IV of the United Kingdom at her home in Steine House, Brighton.[44]
18391 March Sussex County Cricket Club formed, the first county cricket club.
184011 May The first railway line in Sussex, from Brighton to Shoreham opens.
1853Lewes Prison, the local prison for male prisoners in Sussex, is opened.
186125 August Clayton Tunnel rail crash results in 23 deaths.
186425 July Ebernoe Horn Fair is revived after a long lapse.
1865The County of Sussex Act 1865 confirms the sub-division of Sussex into east and west areas for purposes of administration.
1884
1889County Councils were established for Sussex's eastern and western divisions.
1893An outbreak of typhoid fever in Worthing results in 188 fatalities.
1894Administration of the south of Tunbridge Wells and south of Lamberhurst is transferred to Kent County Council[45]
1896The National Trust acquires its first property, Alfriston Clergy House in Alfriston.

20th century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
1907 "Sussex by the Sea", written by William Ward-Higgs from his South Bersted home, is published for the first time.[46]
1910 An airfield is established at Shoreham Airport making it one of the world's first airports.[47]
1916 24 March Without warning a German submarine mistakenly torpedoes the SS Sussex, a cross-channel ferry, 13miles south of Dungeness resulting in 80 deaths.[48]
191630 June Battle of the Boar's Head, known as "the Day Sussex Died"[49]
191813 October At a meeting at Danny House in Hurstpierpoint, the Imperial War Cabinet agrees terms of the armistice to be offered to Germany at the end of World War I.[50]
1925The Administration of Estates Act 1925 abolishes the custom of 'borough English' or ultimogentiture, a practice that prevailed more extensively in Sussex than elsewhere in England.
192611 May Angry confrontations known as Battle of Lewes Road take place in Brighton during the 1926 United Kingdom general strike.
19349 October Fascists and anti-Fascists clash at the Battle of South Street in Worthing.
1940September Operation Sea Lion planned by Nazi Germany to land on the Sussex coast and part of the coast of Kent and invade the United Kingdom.[51]
1940German air raids on Sussex begin, those in Brighton being known as the Brighton Blitz.
1942Dieppe Raid launched from Newhaven.
1943Deception plan Operation Fortitude launched to convince Nazis that invasion would come from First United States Army Group based in Sussex and Kent to invade the Pas-de-Calais department of northern France.
1944Ports of Shoreham and Newhaven used as embarkation points for the D-Day landings.[52]
19458 MayVE Day marks the end of the war in Europe.[53]
194515 August VJ Day marks the end of World War II.[54]
19467 September Teddy Donaldson establishes a new official airspeed world record of 615.78mph in a Gloster Meteor F.4 over Littlehampton.[55]
1946New Towns Act 1946 designates Crawley as the site of a new town.[56]
19537 September Neville Duke establishes a new official world air speed record of 727.63mi/h, flying Hunter WB188.[57]
1961August Charter granted to the University of Sussex, the first university in Sussex.[58]
1962Chichester Festival Theatre opens.[59]
196514 June Bishop David Cashman is made the first bishop of the Roman Catholic diocese of Arundel and Brighton.[60]
1966Sussex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty was designated; it was revoked in 2010 upon the establishment of the South Downs National Park.
1967The first Brighton Festival and Brighton Fringe are held
1967The first South of England Show is held at Ardingly.[61]
19674 November Iberia Flight 062 crashes into the southern slope of Blackdown killing all 37 people on board
1968Sussex Police is formed.[62]
1970A team at the Institute of Development Studies and the Science Policy Research Unit at the University of Sussex publishes the Sussex Manifesto at the request of the United Nations.
1971Chichester Harbour Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is set up by an Act of Parliament.
1972JulyThe South Downs Way is established as Sussex's first National Trail and the UK's first long-distance bridleway.
1972October Sussex Gay Liberation Front holds a demonstration in favour of gay rights, a precursor to the annual Brighton Pride event[63]
1974As part of the Local Government Act 1972 the Lord Lieutenancy of Sussex replaced with one each for East and West Sussex which are made ceremonial counties.[64]
1980Wilton Park is used as a venue for South African leaders including Jacob Zuma and the ruling National Party to meet behind closed doors.[65]
1982At a meeting of the International Whaling Commission in Brighton, delegates vote for a moratorium on commercial whaling.[66]
198322 October BBC Radio Brighton is relaunched as BBC Radio Sussex.[67]
198328 October High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is confirmed.[68]
1983The Sussex Border Path is devised. The main path is 222km (138miles) long and stays close to Sussex's borders with Hampshire, Surrey and Kent, connecting Thorney Island to Rye.[69]
198412 October Brighton bombing assassination attempt on Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher[70]

21st century

TITTY Year TITTY Date Event Reference
2000 -Brighton and Hove is granted city status, becoming Sussex's second city
Sir Charles Burrell, 10th Baronet begins the process of rewilding land at what went on to become Knepp Wildland, the first lowland rewilding project in England[71]
2002 7 October Piers Sellers becomes the first native of Sussex to journey into outer space.[72]
2003 Thousands of Chagossians settle in Crawley following their earlier forced eviction by the UK Government from Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean[73]
2005 5 December The first civil partnership formed under the Civil Partnership Act 2004 takes place between Matthew Roche and Christopher Cramp at St Barnabas Hospice, Worthing[74]
2007 16 June Sussex Day, Sussex's county day is celebrated for the first time.[75]
2009 14 March Finance ministers and central bankers of the G20 meet at South Lodge Hotel in Lower Beeding in advance of the 2009 G20 London summit.
2011 1 April South Downs National Park becomes fully operational.[76]
20 May Flag of Sussex registered by Flag Institute.[77]
201221 November Katy Bourne is elected as the first Sussex Police and Crime Commissioner[78]
2013Summer Protests against fracking take place in Balcombe[79]
21 November Beachy Head West, Kingmere and Pagham Harbour are made the first Marine Conservation Zones in Sussex waters.[80]
2014UNESCO designates land between the Rivers Adur and Ouse to be the Brighton and Lewes Downs Biosphere Reserve, Sussex's first UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.[81]
201522 August A Hawker Hunter T7 military aircraft participating in the Shoreham Airshow crashes onto the A27 dual carriageway outside of Shoreham Airport, killing 11 people and injuring 16 others.[82]
15 December Timothy Peake becomes the first British European Space Agency astronaut as well as the first person from Sussex to board the International Space Station.
2016MayThe South Downs National Park is granted International Dark Sky Reserve status, to restrict artificial light pollution above the park; it is the second such area in England and the 11th in the world.[83]
23 JuneThe people of Sussex vote to leave the EU by a margin of 50.23% to 49.77% or 4,413 votes in the referendum on UK membership of the EU.[84] [85]
2018The Rampion Wind Farm becomes operational, a wind farm that lies off the Sussex coast between Worthing and Seaford.[86]
3 October Prince Harry and Meghan Markle make their first official visit to Sussex as Duke and Duchess of Sussex[87]
201931 MayDEFRA designate "Selsey Bill and the Hounds" as a Marine Conservation Zone. The zone is an inshore site which covers an area of approximately and is located by the town of Selsey. The site adjoins the Bracklesham Bay Site of Special Scientific Interest. [88]
20206 February The first case in Sussex of COVID-19 was reported when a man who returned from Singapore and France to the Brighton on 28 January[89] [90] [91]
2021MarchDEFRA announces a bylaw first proposed by the Sussex IFCA to prevent trawling on of sea bed off the coast of Sussex. The law should help the rewilding and regeneration of the Sussex kelp forest.[92] [93] [94]

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

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  4. Sally White. The Patching hoard published in Medieval Archaeology. pp. 88-93
  5. ASC Parker MS. 477AD."Her cuom Ęlle on Bretenlond 7 his .iii. suna, Cymen 7 Wlencing 7 Cissa, mid .iii. scipum on þa stowe þe is nemned Cymenesora, 7 þær ofslogon monige Wealas 7 sume on fleame bedrifon on þone wudu þe is genemned Andredesleage."
  6. ASC Parker MS. 485AD.
  7. ASC Parker MS. 491AD.
  8. ASC Parker MS. AD607.
  9. Book: Keys, Jim. The Dark Ages. 97. 2010. Lulu.com. 9781445229850.
  10. Bede.HE.IV.13
  11. Bede.HE.IV.15
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  68. Web site: Facts and figures. High Weald AONB. 21 February 2015.
  69. 50.949°N 0.729°W
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  71. Web site: Background. Knepp Wildland.
  72. Web site: Sussex astronaut Dr Piers Sellers looks back on the Space Shuttle. The Argus. 25 June 2011. 20 February 2015.
  73. Web site: Lost in exile: The forgotten Chagos Islanders. New Internationalist. Alexi. Demetriadi. 22 June 2017. 8 October 2018.
  74. News: 6 December 2005. 'Gay wedding' man dies of cancer . BBC News. 14 May 2006.
  75. Web site: Sussex Day. West Sussex County Council. 31 August 2012.
  76. Web site: 'Historic day' for South Downs National Park. BBC. 1 April 2011. 20 February 2015.
  77. Web site: Teenager unveils Sussex County flag. English County Flags. 6 June 2011. 20 February 2015.
  78. Web site: Improved Turnout at this Year's Sussex PCC Election. Bexhill Observer. 6 May 2016. 9 May 2016.
  79. News: Goals Collide in Drilling Protests. 8 August 2013. The New York Times. 7 August 2013. Stanley Reed.
  80. Web site: Marine conservation zone designations in England. GOV.UK. 19 February 2016.
  81. Web site: Brighton & Lewes Downs. UNESCO. 6 October 2018.
  82. Web site: Shoreham Airshow crash: Pilot in critical condition. TV News Room. 23 August 2015. https://archive.today/20150823211045/http://tvnewsroom.org/newslines/world/shoreham-airshow-crash-pilot-in-critical-condition-97709/. 23 August 2015. dead. dmy-all.
  83. Web site: South Downs National Park wins 'dark sky reserve' status. BBC. 10 May 2016. 16 September 2019.
  84. Web site: RESULT: Sussex votes to leave by majority of just 4,400 votes. West Sussex County Times. 24 June 2017. 24 January 2018.
  85. Web site: EU referendum: Sussex votes narrowly for Brexit. BBC. 24 June 2017. 24 January 2018.
  86. Web site: Rampion Offshore Wind Farm Hits Full Stride. Offshore Wind.biz. 6 October 2018.
  87. Web site: Harry and Meghan visit Sussex as duke and duchess. BBC. 3 October 2018. 6 October 2018.
  88. Web site: DEFRA. Marine conservation zone designations in England. GOV.UK. 4 March 2024.
  89. Spiteri. Gianfranco. Fielding. James. Diercke. Michaela. Campese. Christine. Enouf. Vincent. Gaymard. Alexandre. Bella. Antonino. Sognamiglio. Paola. Sierra Moros. Maria José. Riutort. Antonio Nicolau. Demina. Yulia V.. 5 March 2020. First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020. Eurosurveillance. 25. 9. 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.9.2000178. 1025-496X. 7068164. 32156327.
  90. News: Boseley. Sarah. First British national to contract coronavirus had been in Singapore. 6 February 2020. The Guardian. 26 February 2020. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200207020202/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/06/third-person-in-uk-confirmed-as-having-coronavirus. 7 February 2020. Campbell. Denis. Murphy. Simon.
  91. News: Mohdin. Kim Willsher Aamna. Coronavirus: British nine-year-old in hospital in France. 8 February 2020. The Observer. 27 February 2020. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200226161959/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/08/coronavirus-five-new-cases-in-france-are-british-nationals. 26 February 2020. Madrid. and Sam Jones in. 0029-7712.
  92. Web site: Trawl fishing banned off Sussex coastline to restore kelp forests. Oceanographic Magazine. 6 April 2021.
  93. Web site: Kelp. Sussex Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority. 6 April 2021. 11 November 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191111083252/https://www.sussex-ifca.gov.uk/kelp. dead.
  94. Web site: Trawl fishing ban off Sussex coast aims to restore seaweed forests. . 22 March 2021. 6 April 2021.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Timeline of Sussex history".

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