Timeline of San Juan, Puerto Rico explained

The following is a timeline of the history of the municipality of San Juan, Puerto Rico.

16th–18th centuries

• 1511 – August 8: First Catholic Diocese in the Americas established in San Juan.^[1]
• 1513
  • Construction of a wooden cathedral in the Islet of San Juan begins.^[2]
  • Escuela de gramática established by bishop Alonso Manso.^[3]
• 1521
  • August 15: Ciudad de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico officially founded by Spanish colonists after abandoning nearby Caparra.
  • Construction of Casa Blanca for the Ponce de León family begins.
  • Platting and construction of several streets in Old San Juan including Plaza de Armas and Plaza de la Catedral.
• 1523 – Convento de Santo Tomas de Aquino founded.
• 1524 – Nuestra Señora de la Concepción Hospital built.
• 1526 – October 4: St. Francis Hurricane occurs.
• 1528 – San José Church construction begins.^[4]
• 1529 – October 18: Harbor attack by Caribs.
• 1530
  • August 5: Hurricane occurs.
  • Casa Blanca built.
• 1533 – Construction of La Fortaleza begins by orders from King Charles I of Spain.^[5]
• 1540 – La Fortaleza built.
• 1542 – Cathedral of San Juan Bautista construction begins.
• 1560 – City wall construction begins.
• 1560s – San Antonio Bridge built across Condado Lagoon.
• 1568
  • September 7: Hurricane occurs.
  • Fortín San Antonio is built to protect the eastern entrance to the San Juan Islet.
• 1580 – San Juan becomes the capital of the Captaincy General of Puerto Rico.
• 1582 – Population: 850 (approximate estimate).
• 1591 – Castillo San Felipe del Morro construction begins.^[6]
• 1594 – Witch-hunt, the first of its kind in the Americas, occurs in what is now Puerta de Tierra by orders of bishop and inquisitor Don Nicolás Ramos.^[7]
• 1595 – November 22: Battle of San Juan begins.
• 1598 – June: San Juan taken by British forces; Boquerón battery sacked.
• 1605 – Cabildo constructed in Plaza de San Juan.
• 1615 – September 12: Hurricane occurs.
• 1625 – September 24: Town besieged by Dutch forces.
• 1651 – Monasterio del Señor San José de la Orden de nuestra Señora del Carmen founded by Doña Ana Lanzós.
• 1733 – Palacio Episcopal construction begins (approximate date).
• 1750 – establishment of the first advance defense line on the eastern end of the San Juan Islet.
• 1756 – Church of Saint Francis of Assisi established by the Third Order of Franciscans.
• 1760 – Santurce founded as San Mateo de Cangrejos.^[8]
• 1769 – San Gerónimo Powderhouse built.
• 1770 – Miraflores Powderhouse built.
• 1780 – Capilla del Santo Cristo de la Salud built.
• 1783 – Castillo de San Cristóbal built.
• 1787
  • May 2: 1787 Boricua earthquake causes considerable damage to the city fortifications.^{[9] [10]}
  • May 3: Fiesta de Cruz begins.
• 1791 – Fortín de San Gerónimo is built.
• 1797 – April: San Juan besieged by British forces.
• 1800 – construction of the Arsenal de San Juan begins.

19th century

• 1806 – Gaceta de Puerto Rico newspaper begins publication.^[11]
• 1810 – Construction of a Camino Real between San Juan and Río Piedras (today the Ponce de León Avenue).
• 1813 – Sociedad Económica de Amigos del País en Puerto Rico founded.
• 1820 – Population: 7,658.
• 1822 – Board of charity established.^[12]
• 1823 – Sociedad Filarmónica (philharmonic society) formed.^[13]
• 1832
  • Church of San Mateo de Cangrejos of Santurce built.
  • established.
  • Teatro Municipal (theatre) opens.
• 1840 – Colegio de Abogados founded.
• 1845 – Town divided into barrios San Francisco, San Juan, Santa Barbara, Santo Domingo, and Ballajá.
• 1846 – Castillo San Felipe del Morro lighthouse is built.^[14]
• 1847 – San Juan Waterworks established in Río Piedras.
• 1848 – Cafe de La Mallorquina in business.
• 1850 – Real Intendencia Building constructed.
• 1853
  • Cataño-San Juan steamship begins operating.
  • Marketplace built in Santa Barbara barrio.
• 1854 – Paseo de la Princesa established.
• 1858 – Telegraph service is established in San Juan and Santurce.^[15]
• 1859 – Barrios De la Marina and Puerta de Tierra become part of San Juan.
• 1863
  • Santurce becomes part of San Juan.
  • Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery established.
• 1864 – Ballajá Barracks built.
• 1865 – Colegio de Párvulos built.
• 1867 – November 18: a 7.5 earthquake heavily damages portions of the city wall, prompting the demolition of its southeastern portion afterwards.^[16]
• 1873 – March 22: Slavery officially abolished in Puerto Rico.
• 1876 – April 30: Ateneo Puertorriqueño (cultural entity) founded.
• 1877 – Cárcel de la Princesa (prison) built.^[17]
• 1878 – steam tramway service established between San Juan and Río Piedras.
• 1879 – José Ramón Becerra y de Gárate becomes mayor.^[18]
• 1882 – Ponce de León statue erected in the .^[19]
• 1883 – Auxilio Mutuo Hospital established.
• 1884 – October: González Padín, the first department store in Puerto Rico, opens its first store in San Juan.
• 1885 – Civil Hospital built.
• 1888 – La Carbonera barrio becomes part of San Juan.
• 1893
  • October 5: Sociedad Anónima de Economías y Préstamos (later Banco Popular de Puerto Rico) founded.
  • Christopher Columbus statue erected in the Plaza Colón at the site of the former Puerta de Tierra city gate.
  • Electric street lighting established.^[20]
• 1894 – Population: 23,414.^[21]
• 1897 – Phone infrastructure established.
• 1898
  • May 12: Bombardment of San Juan by United States forces.
  • June 22: Second Battle of San Juan.
  • June 28: Third Battle of San Juan.
  • August 12: End of hostilities between US and Spanish military forces. United States Military Government begins.
  • October: Francisco del Valle becomes mayor.
  • Carretera Central (Ponce-San Juan Road) built.
  • San Juan News begins publication.
  • Railway built (approximate date).
• 1899
  • March 12: Mission of St. John the Baptist, the first Episcopal mission in Puerto Rico, is established.
  • April 11: Town becomes part of United States-annexed Puerto Rico per Treaty of Paris.
  • Chamber of commerce founded.
  • Population: 32,048.
• 1900
  • May 1: Foraker Act comes into force, civil government for Puerto Rico begins. United States Military Government ends.
  • Supreme Court of Puerto Rico and Puerto Rico Department of Education headquartered in San Juan.
  • Insane asylum established.
  • Modern La Perla settlement begins (approximate date).

20th century

1900s–1950s

• 1901
  • Trolley de San Juan begins operating.
  • San Juan High School opens.^[22]
• 1902 – City government formed into legislative and executive branches.^[23]
• 1903
  • March 12: University of Puerto Rico established in Rio Piedras as Escuela Normal.
  • Barriada Miranda, the first official public residential area, is built in Puerta de Tierra.
  • Roberto H. Todd Wells becomes mayor.
• 1904 – Camp Las Casas established by the US Army.^[24]
• 1907 – José Julián Acosta School, the first public elementary school, is built in Puerta de Tierra.
• 1909 – Harbor enlarged.
• 1910
  • March 6: Puerto Rico Ilustrado begins publication.^[25]
  • Dos Hermanos Bridge opens.
  • First Lutheran and Methodist churches in San Juan open in Puerta de Tierra.
  • Santurce marketplace is established.
  • Tres Banderas Theater opens, the first of many theaters to be established in an area known as Broadway of Puerto Rico during the 1910s and 1920s.
  • Population: 48,716.
• 1913 – Cine Luna opens.^[26]
• 1914 – Jose V. Toledo Federal Building and United States Courthouse is built.
• 1915
  • March 25: the first shot of World War I fired against the Central Powers by the regular armed forces of the United States is shot by Lieutenant Teófilo Marxuach in the San Juan Bay.^{[27] [28]}
  • December 8: Church, school and convent of San Agustín are officially opened.^[29]
  • Carnegie Library, the first purpose-built library in Puerto Rico, is built.
• 1917 – July 24: Antiguo Casino de Puerto Rico is officially inaugurated.
• 1918 – October 11: 1918 San Fermín earthquake.
• 1919
  • October 16: Condado Vanderbilt Hotel in business.
  • San Juan Asamblea Municipal (municipal assembly) and Concejo de Administración (administrative council) created.
• 1920 – Population: 70,707.^[30]
• 1921 – September 21: Academia del Perpetuo Socorro founded.
• 1922 – December 3: WKAQ radio begins broadcasting.
• 1923
  • U.S. military Fort Buchanan established.
  • Mansion Georgetti (residence) built.
• 1925
  • Academia San Jorge founded.
  • Loaiza Cordero Institute for Blind Children, the first of its kind in Puerto Rico, is founded.
• 1926 – School of Tropical Medicine established by Bailey Ashford.
• 1928
  • September: San Felipe Segundo Hurricane occurs.
  • Luis Muñoz Rivera Park laid out.
  • Workers protest at Puerta de Tierra and its docks.
• 1929
  • January 1: Women's suffrage begins in Puerto Rico.
  • February 11: Capitol of Puerto Rico building constructed.
• 1930
  • February: Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Baptist is built.
  • Population: 114,715.
• 1931 – San Juan Custom House built.
• 1932 – September–October: San Ciprian hurricane.
• 1934 – Luis Muñoz Rivera Park opens to the public.
• 1935
  • May 28: Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration headquartered in San Juan.
  • November 12: Estadio Sixto Escobar opened.
  • Universidad del Sagrado Corazón is established.
• 1937 – Puerta de Tierra Tenement Group Project A, today known as El Falansterio de Puerta de Tierra, is built.
• 1939 – Martín Peña Bridge built.
• 1940
  • United States Naval Air Station Isla Grande (Isla Grande Airport) established.^[31]
  • Population: 169,247.
• 1942 – October 10: Normandie Hotel opens.
• 1943 – March 3: Fort Brooke is established by the US Army.
• 1945 – January 2: Roberto Sánchez Vilella becomes Mayor of San Juan.
• 1946 – January 2: Felisa Rincón de Gautier becomes Mayor of San Juan.
• 1947 – WAPA, WIAC, WITA, and WRSJ radio begin broadcasting.
• 1948 – design adopted.
• 1949
  • February 4: San Juan National Historic Site established by the National Park Service.
  • December 9: Caribe Hilton Hotel built.
• 1950
  • October 30: San Juan Nationalist revolt.
  • Residencial Las Casas housing complex built.
  • Population: 224,767.
• 1951
  • July 1: Río Piedras becomes part of San Juan municipality.^[32]
  • Museum of History, Anthropology and Art of the University of Puerto Rico, the first purpose-built museum in Puerto Rico, officially opens.^[33]
• 1952 – City officially becomes capital of newly created Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
• 1953
  • San Juan Cruise Port officially established.
  • Sha'are Zedeck, the first synagogue in Puerto Rico, opens in Santurce.^[34]
• 1954
  • May: WAPA-TV and WKAQ-TV (television) begin broadcasting.
  • Ballets de San Juan founded.^[35]
• 1955
  • June: Institute of Puerto Rican Culture and Archivo General de Puerto Rico headquartered in city.
  • Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport opens.
• 1956 – Casals Festival of classical music begins.
• 1958
  • December: La Concha Resort opens.
  • Supreme Court Building officially inaugurated by U.S. Supreme Court chief justice Earl Warren.
  • Casa del Libro established.^{[36] [37]}
• 1959
  • May 11: Puerto Rico Metropolitan Bus Authority established.
  • June: U.S. National Governors Association meets in San Juan.^[38]
  • The San Juan Star English-language newspaper begins publication.^[39]

1960s–1990s

• 1960
  • Office of Secretario de la Asamblea Municipal (secretary of the municipal assembly) created.
  • Conservatory of Music of Puerto Rico opens in the former Colegio de las Madres del Sagrado Corazón.
  • Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Juan de Puerto Rico formed.^[40]
  • Cataño Ferry regular service is established by the Puerto Rico Ports Authority.
  • Population: 451,658.
• 1962
  • January 27: Hotel El Convento is opened on the former Carmelite monastery.
  • Hiram Bithorn Stadium is opened.
• 1963 – October 4: Puerto Rico Sheraton Hotel (today the San Juan Marriott Resort & Stellaris Casino) opens.
• 1965 – Hato Rey central business district (Milla de Oro) established with the construction of gubernamental and financial high-rises such as Banco Popular headquarters.^[41]
• 1966
  • July: 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games held.
  • September: Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico and San Juan Children's Choir established.
  • Albizu University established by Carlos Albizu Miranda at the former psychiatric asylum.
  • University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus founded.
• 1967 – August 24: El Monte Mall, the first climate controlled indoor mall in Puerto Rico, opens.^[42]
• 1968
  • February 28: Center for Advanced Studies on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean founded by Pablo Casals, Luis Muñoz Marín, Roberto Busó Carrasquillo and Jaime Benítez.
  • September 12: Plaza Las Américas shopping mall in business.
• 1969 – January 2: Carlos Romero Barceló becomes Mayor of San Juan.
• 1970
  • January: San Sebastián Street Festival established.
  • Population: 452,749.
• 1971 – March 10: San Juan Botanical Garden inaugurated.^[43]
• 1973
  • February 1: Roberto Clemente Coliseum opened.
  • April 11: Puerto Rico National Library headquartered in city.
• 1974 – April: Association of Caribbean Historians organized during meeting in San Juan.^[44]
• 1976 – June: 2nd G7 summit held in Dorado near city.
• 1977
  • January 12: Hernán Padilla becomes Mayor of San Juan.
  • San Juan Police Department is officially established.
• 1979 – July: 1979 Pan American Games held.
• 1981
  • April 9: Centro de Bellas Artes (opera house) opens.
  • First mosque in Puerto Rico is established in Río Piedras.^[45]
• 1983 – December: La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• 1984
  • October 4: Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art established.
  • October 12: Pope John Paul II pastoral visit to San juan.
• 1985 – January 2: Baltasar Corrada del Río becomes Mayor of San Juan.
• 1986
  • June: U.S. Conference of Mayors held in San Juan.
  • December 31: Dupont Plaza Hotel arson.
  • San Juan Philharmonic Chorale formed.
• 1988 – Archivo Histórico Arquidiocesano de San Juan (historical archives) established.
• 1989
  • January 2: Héctor Luis Acevedo becomes Mayor of San Juan.
  • September 18: Hurricane Hugo.
  • Sociedad Puertorriqueña de Genealogía headquartered in San Juan.^[46]
• 1991 – Autonomous Municipalities Act of 1991 created.
• 1992
  • Plaza del Quinto Centenario built to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the European discovery and Spanish conquest of Puerto Rico and the Americas.
  • Museo de Las Américas established in the former Ballajá Barracks.^[47]
• 1994 – Teodoro Moscoso Bridge opens.
• 1997 – January 2: Sila María Calderón becomes Mayor of San Juan.
• 1998 – Nuevo Milenio State Forest is proclaimed to protect the last remaining karst hills from urban sprawl in San Juan.
• 2000
  • June 30: Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico established at the former civil hospital.
  • August 3: San Patricio State Forest proclaimed.

21st century

• 2001 – January 2: Jorge Santini becomes Mayor of San Juan.
• 2004
  • September 4: José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum opened.
  • September 15: Hurricane Jeanne occurs.
  • December 17: Tren Urbano, the first rapid transit system of the Caribbean, begins operating.
• 2005 – the Puerto Rico Convention Center is officially opened.
• 2006 – December 15: San Juan Natatorium is opened.
• 2008 – September: Hurricane Kyle occurs.
• 2009 – May: Economic protest.^[48]
• 2010
  • December 24: largest earthquake to directly impact the San Juan metropolitan area since 1975.^[49]
  • Population: 395,326.^[50]
• 2011 – 2010–2011 University of Puerto Rico strikes
• 2012 – November 6: Territorial Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012 held.
• 2013 – January 14: Carmen Yulín Cruz becomes Mayor of San Juan.
• 2017 – September 20: Hurricane Maria occurs and is covered extensively by CBS journalist David Begnaud^[51]
• 2019 – July 8 - August 12: Protests throughout San Juan in response to Telegramgate^[52]
• 2020 – March 13: first case of COVID-19 in Puerto Rico reported in San Juan
• 2021 – January 11: Miguel Romero becomes Mayor of San Juan.
• 2023 – January 15: San Juan Puerto Rico Temple, the third LDS temple of the Caribbean and first in Puerto Rico, is officially dedicated.^[53]

See also

• San Juan history
• List of mayors of San Juan, Puerto Rico
• List of bishops of San Juan, since 1511
• Subdivisions of San Juan, Puerto Rico
• National Register of Historic Places listings in metropolitan San Juan, Puerto Rico
• Timelines of other municipalities in Puerto Rico: municipalities in Puerto Rico: Bayamón, Hormigueros (in Spanish), Mayagüez, Ponce

Bibliography

Published in 17th–19th centuries

in English

• • • Web site: In Porto Rico's Capital . January 18, 1891 . William Drysdale . New York Times .
• Book: Colonial Business Directory of the Island of Puerto Rico . M. de Magalhães . 39940968 . New York . 1898. San Juan. https://archive.org/stream/colonialbusiness00maga#page/26/mode/2up.

in Spanish

• • • • • Book: Diccionario enciclopédico hispano-americano de literatura, ciencias y artes . Barcelona . Montaner y Simon . es. San Juan de Puerto Rico. 18. 1896. Diccionario enciclopédico hispano-americano de literatura, ciencias y artes . 2027/mdp.35112203983350 .

in other languages

• • Book: Arnoldus Montanus . The New and Unknown World: or Description of America and the Southland . De Nieuwe en Onbekende Weereld . Antwerp . J. Meurs . 1671 . Porto Rico . http://www.wdl.org/en/item/518/view/1/232/. . Arnoldus Montanus . De Nieuwe en Onbekende Weereld .

Published in 20th century

in English

• Book: Library of Congress. A.P.C. Griffin . List of Books (with References to Periodicals) on Porto Rico. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington DC . 1901 . (Includes bibliographic information relevant to San Juan, p. 53+ etc.)
• Book: Official Commercial Directory of Cuba, Porto Rico and the Entire West Indies, with Bermuda . Spanish-American Directories Company . New York . 1901 . Porto Rico: San Juan . 340+.
  • • Book: Commercial Guide and Business Directory of Porto Rico . F.E. Platt . New York . 1910 . San Juan. 17–66.
• San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico . 24 . 151 . 1910 . . 1.
  • • • Puerto Rico in the 1830s; The Journal of Edward Bliss Emerson . Frank Otto Gatell . The Americas . 16 . 1959.
• Social Organization of a Musical Event: The Fiesta de Cruz in San Juan, Puerto Rico . Martha Ellen Davis . Ethnomusicology . 16 . 1972. . Martha Ellen Davis (ethnomusicologist) .
• The Pulperos of Caracas and San Juan during the First Half of the Nineteenth Century . Jay Kinsbruner . Latin American Research Review . 13 . 1978. .
• Caste and Capitalism in the Caribbean: Residential Patterns and House Ownership among the Free People of Color of San Juan, Puerto Rico, 1823–46 . Jay Kinsbruner . Hispanic American Historical Review . 70 . 1990. .
• Book: Infrastructure of Puerto Rico in the 19th Century . Joseph P. Sanchez . Second International Symposium on Historic Preservation in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean . Lectures . 1991 . San Juan, Puerto Rico . U.S. National Park Service, San Juan National Historic Site. 2027/wu.89074121823 . .
• Socio-Economics and Trade in Viejo San Juan, Puerto Rico: Observations from the Ballaja Archaeological Project . J. W. Joseph . Stephen C. Bryne . Historical Archaeology . 26 . 45–58 . 1992. . 10.1007/BF03374159 . 160583426 .
• Ramón Grosfoguel . World Cities in the Caribbean: The Rise of Miami and San Juan . Review . 17 . 351–381 . 3 . 1994 . Fernand Braudel Center, State University of New York . 40241296 . (Abstract)
• Book: Forts of Old San Juan: San Juan National Historic Site, Puerto Rico . Handbook ;151 . United States National Park Service . Washington, D.C. . c. 1998 . . 2027/pur1.32754067979769 . 9780912627625 .

in Spanish

• Book: Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administracion de España, sus colonias, Cuba, Puerto-Rico y Filipinas, estados hispano-americanos y Portugal . 4 . 1908. Bailly-Bailliere e Hijos . Madrid . es . Puerto Rico: San Juan . https://books.google.com/books?id=L68pAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA347 . (Directory)
• Book: Adolfo de Hostos . Historia de San Juan, ciudad murada . History of San Juan: Walled City, 1521–1898 . San Juan . 1966 . 1948 . 243313 . es. Adolfo de Hostos .
• Geografía histórica de la Ciudad de San Juan, Puerto Rico . José Seguinot Barbosa . Boletín de la Real Sociedad Geográfica . Madrid . 0210-8577 . 128 . es . 1992 .

Published in 21st century

in English

• • • Book: Arleen Pabón-Charneco. Arleen Pabón-Charneco. Architecture of San Juan de Puerto Rico: Five centuries of urban and architectural experimentation. 2017. Routledge . 978-1-317-42358-4. .

in Spanish

• Book: De vuelta a la ciudad: San Juan de Puerto Rico 1997–2001 . Back to the city: San Juan de Puerto Rico 1997–2001 . Silvia Álvarez Curbelo . Aníbal Sepúlveda-Rivera . San Juan, P.R. . Fundación Sila M. Calderón . 2011 . es . 9780982080603. Silvia Álvarez Curbelo . http://cpprbib.wordpress.com/2011/09/21/fundacion-sila-m-calderon-presenta-su-primer-libro/

External links

• Items related to San Juan, various dates (via University of Puerto Rico's Biblioteca Digital Puertorriqueña)
• Web site: (San Juan) . .
• Web site: Indice de Temas: (San Juan (P.R.)) . Topic Index . Conuco: Indice de Puerto Rico . 772645549 . Nancy Abreu Báez . etal . es . (Includes bibliographic information on San Juan history)
• , ca.1766–2003
• Materials related to San Juan, Puerto Rico, various dates (via U.S. Library of Congress, Prints & Photos Division)
• Works related to San Juan, PR, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America).
• Map of San Juan, 1982
• Map of San Juan, 1940
• Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20120713031504/http://www.lmsj.org/sanjuan.htm . July 13, 2012 . dead . Breve Historia del Desarrollo Urbano de la Ciudad de San Juan Bautista, Ciudad Capital de Puerto Rico . Brief History of Urban Development of the City of San Juan Bautista, City Capital of Puerto Rico . Legislatura Municipal de San Juan . es .
• Web site: Archivo Histórico Arquidiocesano . es . Arquidiocesano de San Juan . Historical Archive of the Archdiocese of San Juan . Located in the Palacio Arzobispal on Calle San Sebastián
• Digitized materials related to San Juan in the Archivo Histórico Nacional of Spain, records of the Ministerio de Ultramar; via Portal de Archivos Españoles

Notes and References

1. Web site: Matovina . Timothy . American Latino Theme Study: Religion (U.S. National Park Service) . NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service) . March 4, 2016 . July 30, 2019.
2. Book: Mari Mut, José A. . Los Pueblos de Puerto Rico y Las Iglesias de Sus Plazas [The Pueblos of Puerto Rico, and the Churches of its Plazas] ]. 2013-08-28 . 202–203 . es . 2021-09-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201214203116/http://edicionesdigitales.info/PueblosPR/pueblospr.pdf . 2020-12-14 . live.
3. "Hispanic Firsts", By; Nicolas Kanellos, publisher Visible Ink Press; ; p.40
4. Felices Sanchez . Fernando Benicio . 2005 . Iglesia de San José . August 7, 2023 . Revista del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña Segunda serie, Año 6 número 11. 2005. . Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña . San Juan, Puerto Rico . 10-19.
5. Web site: April 4, 2023 . Justificación para una historia militar de Puerto Rico . January 19, 2024 . Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia . 250–51 . Spanish.
6. . Retrieved May 24, 2017
7. Web site: Historia de Puerta de Tierra (San Juan) . 2022-02-01 . www.puertadetierra.info.
8. Web site: December 5, 2013 . Parroquia San Mateo/ Santurce – Arquitectura Histórica de Puerto Rico . October 10, 2020 . es.
9. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php Earthquake History of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands
10. http://www.noticiasonline.com/D.asp?id=23279 El Morro, San Cristobal y San Geronimo en peligro en caso de terremoto
11. Web site: US Newspaper Directory: Puerto Rico: San Juan . Washington DC . . Library of Congress . May 13, 2017 .
12. Book: Annual Report of the Insane Asylum of San Juan Porto Rico 1906 . NY . 2027/mdp.39015068580359 . San Juan . Puerto Rico .
13. Book: Malena Kuss . Music in Latin America and the Caribbean: an Encyclopedic History . . 978-0-292-78498-7 . 2007 . Puerto Rico . 151–188 .
14. Web site: Lighthouse Friends- Puerto San Juan . 2009-04-01.
15. Gilberto Aponte Torres, San Mateo de Cangrejos: Notas para su Historia (1985)
16. Web site: Historia de Puerta de Tierra . Johnny Torres Rivera.
17. Book: Tesauro de datos historicos . Adolfo de Hostos . Adolfo de Hostos . Oficina del Historiador Oficial . Official Historian of Puerto Rico . es . Imprenta del Gobierno de Puerto Rico . San Juan . 1949 .
18. Encyclopedia: Municipalities: San Juan: Mayors . Encyclopedia of Puerto Rico . . 234072526 . en, es . San Juan . May 20, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160427053506/http://enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=07122101&page=3 . April 27, 2016 . dead .
19. Book: Paul G. Miller. Historia de Puerto Rico. 1922. Rand, McNally . es .
20. Gilberto Aponte Torres, San Mateo de Cangrejos: Notas para su Historia (1985)
21. Book: Statesman's Year-Book . 1895 . London . Macmillan and Co.. Spain: Colonies: Cuba and Porto Rico . Statesman's Year-Book . 2027/njp.32101072368325 .
22. Book: Annual Report of the Governor of Porto Rico . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1902 . Washington DC . Governor. Puerto Rico.
23. Web site: Breve historia de la Asamblea Municipal . 25 January 2016 . Brief history of the Municipal Assembly . es . Legislatura Municipal de San Juan . May 24, 2017 .
24. "Historia Militar de Puerto Rico"; by Héctor Andrés Negroni; pg. 370;
25. Book: Nelson Chesman & Co.'s Newspaper Rate Book . 1922 . USA . Porto Rico . https://books.google.com/books?id=n1oyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA285.
26. Web site: Movie Theaters in San Juan, Puerto Rico . CinemaTreasures.org . Cinema Treasures LLC . Los Angeles . July 6, 2013 .
27. News: April 7, 1915 . CALLS ODENWALD AFFAIR AN ATTACK; Fired On Without Warning Shot, Germany Asserts, Contradicting San Juan Commander. SAYS SHE WAS UNDULY HELD Violated Clearance to Elude Enemy Cruisers That Had Been Warned She Was About to Sail. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201003180211/https://www.nytimes.com/1915/04/07/archives/calls-odenwald-affair-an-attack-fired-on-without-warning-shot.html . October 3, 2020 . 2008-08-10 . The New York Times.
28. "US Naval Institute Proceedings"; "A Breach of Neutrality"; by: Lt. Isaiah Olch, US Navy; Vol. 62; July - December 1936
29. Web site: 2014-09-18 . San Juan: Parroquia San Agustín - EnciclopediaPR . 2023-08-28 . en-US.
30. Book: Statesman's Year-Book . 1921 . London . Macmillan and Co.. United States of America: Outlying Territories: Porto Rico . Statesman's Year-Book . 2027/njp.32101072368440 .
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