Timeline of Salem, Massachusetts explained

This is a timeline of the history of the city of Salem, Massachusetts, United States.

Timeline

17th century

• 1626
  • English settlers arrive.
• 1629
  • Town of Salem incorporated.

• 1636
  • First muster on Salem Common. This was the first time that a regiment of militia drilled for the common defense of a multi-community area,^[1] thus laying the foundation for what became the Army National Guard.^[2]
• 1644
  • Fort Pickering was established on Winter Island, Salem Harbor.

• 1649
  • Salem Custom House built. It collected taxes on imported cargoes. The 1st of what would be 13 Customs Houses in Salem. The final is located on Derby Wharf & built in 1819. Located on what is now the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, managed by the NPS and is open for tours.
• 1651
  • Pickering House built (approximate date). Constructed in the First Period Style architecture. Built on Broad Street in what is today the Chestnut Street District.
• 1655
  • • The Retire Becket House is built and later moved in 1924 to the campus of the House of the 7 Gables.^[3] Retire Beckett's ships were masterpieces and Cleopatra's Barge was the first oceangoing yacht built in the United States. It was built in 1816 at Salem, MA by shipbuilder Retire Becket for owner George Crowninshield Jr. 1664
  • Pickman House built. It is now owned by the Peabody Essex Museum & is not open to the public. First Period Style construction.
• 1665
  • Gedney House built on High Street in downtown, at Summer Street (approximate date). Operated as a non-profit museum by Historic New England. Rarely open to the public, though private tours can be arranged. Built in the First Period style.
• 1668
  • First phase on the original construction by Captain John Turner the 1st. Now the House of the Seven Gables It remained in his family for three generations, descending from John Turner II to John Turner III and then was sold to Captain Ingersol in 1782. After this Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote The House of the Seven Gables, a Gothic novel written beginning in mid-1850 by American author Nathaniel Hawthorne. Elizabeth Cate Upton (1840–1909) purchased the Turner-Ingersoll Mansion in 1883 and lived in the house with her family until 1908 when they sold the site to Caroline Emmerton.^[4] When a relative died in 1912, her obituary read: "She was the richest woman in Salem, well known for her charitable disposition and ever ready to extend a helping hand to those who were desirous of helping themselves, and to those who were unable to help themselves."^[5]
• 1675
  • Jonathan Corwin house completed. Now known as The Witch House.
  • Narbonne House is constructed on what is now the Salem Maritime National Historic Site
• 1680
  • What would be the 1st phase of The Neal House is constructed at 12 Broad Street. Jonathan Neil was a carpenter who owned a waterfront warehouse in Salem. Enlarged in 1767.
• 1682
  • The Hooper-Hathaway House at 23 Washington Street^{[6] [7]} (a former bakery) was spared demolition^{[8] [9]} moved next to the House of the 7 Gables (sparing demolition) in 1911 by a team effort of Caroline Emmerton and Historic New England.^[10]
  • John Ward House built. The house was moved to its present site in 1910 and restored by the Peabody Essex Museum. It is open for viewing on guided tour. Rooms on the first floor feature 17th-century furnishings.^[11]
• 1688
  • William Murray House built
• 1692
  • Salem witch trials begin.

18th century

• 1712
  • Sea Captain Richard Derby was born in Salem, father to Elias Hasket Derby.
• 1727
  • Crowninshield-Bentley House built (c. 1727 – 1730). A Colonial house in the Georgian style, located at 126 Essex Street, Salem, Massachusetts in the Essex Institute Historic District. It is now owned by the Peabody Essex Museum and open for public tours from June to October. Located in what is today the Essex Institute Historic District.
• 1739
  • Famous New England merchant, whose privateering ships took 150 prizes in the American Revolution, Elias Hasket Derby was born in Salem.
• 1745
  • Timothy Pickering was born in Salem. A prominent politician from Massachusetts who was in the United States Congress & the 3rd United States Secretary of State under George Washington.
• 1750
  • • Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace a wooden house built on Union Street and moved in 1958 to the House of the 7 Gables property and now a Historic District.^[12] On the 4th of July 1804 to 1808 Hawthorne lived. American author Nathaniel Hawthorne was born. It is located at 27 Hardy Street but accessible through 54 Turner Street, Salem, Massachusetts. The house is now a nonprofit museum along with the House of the Seven Gables 1757
  • Samuel McIntire (January 16, 1757 – February 6, 1811) American architect and craftsman, born in Salem. He built a simple home and workshop on Summer Street in 1786.
• 1760
  • The Salem Social Library, a (proprietary library) was established.
• 1762
  • Derby House built on what is today the Salem Maritime National Historic Site . The Derby House is the oldest brick house in Salem.
  • Derby Wharf (1762, extended 1806) – Salem's longest wharf (nearly 1/2-mile). When in active use, it was lined with warehouses of goods from around the world. The Derby Wharf Light (1871) remains at the end of the wharf.
• 1766
  • The Salem Marine Society was established in Salem & still holds meetings at the Hawthorne Hotel.
• 1768
  • Essex Gazette newspaper begins publication.
• 1773
  • Nathaniel Bowditch (March 26, 1773 – March 16, 1838) American mathematician, born in Salem.

• 1774
  • Royal governor General Thomas Gage moved the capital of Massachusetts to Salem in June 1774 as a result of protests resulting from The Boston Tea Party.
• 1775
  • On February 26, 1775, patriots raised the drawbridge at the North River, preventing British Colonel Alexander Leslie and his 300 troops of the 64th Regiment of Foot from seizing stores and ammunition hidden in North Salem. A few months later, in May 1775, a group of prominent merchants with ties to Salem, including Francis Cabot, William Pynchon, Thomas Barnard, E. A. Holyoke and William Pickman, felt the need to publish a statement retracting what some interpreted as Loyalist leanings and to profess their dedication to the Colonial cause.^[13]
• 1776
  • Fort Lee built for the American Revolutionary War & it was last garrisoned in 1898 during the Spanish-American War.
• 1780
  • May 19: New England's Dark Day, an unusual darkening of the day sky over the New England states and parts of Canada, so complete that candles were required from noon on. It is thought to have been caused by a combination of smoke from forest fires, a thick fog, and cloud cover, and did not disperse until the middle of the next night.^[14]
  • The Grand Turk (ship) was launched in Salem by Elias Hasket Derby. This was the first ship to trade using the Canton System & the Old China Trade.
  • Benjamin Hawkes House (a Federal mansion) built in the Derby Wharf Historic District on Derby Wharf.
• 1781
  • Salem Philosophical Library organized & in 1810 merged into the newly formed Salem Athenaeum.
• 1782
  • Peirce-Nichols House built. It is now a National Historic Landmark.
  • Cotting-Smith Assembly House built at 138 Federal Street as a Federalist Clubhouse in which balls, concerts, lectures, and other events might be held. It is now owned by the Peabody Essex Museum. George Washington attended a dance here. The original architect is unknown, but the house was later remodeled by Samuel McIntire for use as a private residence. The house is in the Federal style and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
  • The Captain Ingersol mansion, (now the house of the 7 Gables.) John Turner III lost every thing and the house was sold to another mariner, Samuel Ingersoll, in 1782.^[15]
  • Peirce-Nichols House, a Federal Mansion is built on Chestnut Street in what today is the Samuel McIntire Historic District.
• 1784
  • Joshua Ward House built
• 1785
  • Original court house of Essex County Court Buildings built at 32 Federal Street. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
• 1786
  • Salem Mercury newspaper begins publication.
• 1787
  • Rufus Choate House built. It is now in the National Register of Historic Places

• 1790
  • Salem Gazette newspaper begins publication.
  • Population: 7,921.
• 1791
  • Bakers Island Light established.
• 1795
  • Antique Colonial built in 1795, 15 Beckford Street in what is now the Historic McIntire District.
• 1796
  • Chestnut Street "laid out."^[16]
• 1797
  • Friendship of Salem built. She made 15 voyages during her career, to Batavia, India, China, South America, the Caribbean, England, Germany, the Mediterranean, and Russia; she was captured as a prize of war by the British in September 1812.
  • Salem and Danvers Aqueduct incorporated.
• 1799
  • The USS Essex (1799) was launched in Salem for the United States Navy. This is the first in a long proud line of Ships named Essex. Built by Salem shipbuilder Enos Briggs,
  • East India Marine Society established.

19th century

• 1800
  • Impartial Register newspaper begins publication.
  • Ebenezer Shillaber Mansion is constructed at 128 Federal Street.
• 1804
  • Gardner-Pingree House built by Samuel McIntire in a Federal style
  • American Novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne was born on the 4th of July 1804 in Salem.
• 1805
  • First Universalist congregation founded.
  • Hamilton Hall built in a Federal style in 1805 by Samuel McIntire and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.
  • Nathaniel Bowditch House built (circa 1805) at 9 North Street in the Federal Street District. It was once the home of Nathaniel Bowditch, the founder of modern navigation and author of The New American Practical Navigator.^[17] It is now a National Historic Landmark and listed in the National Register of Historic Places. It currently serves as the home of Historic Salem, Inc.
  • The Captain Jonathan Hodges constructed at brick Federal mansion at 12 Chestnut Street.
• 1806
  • Stephen Phillips House built. It is now in the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Derby Wharf extended. Salem's longest wharf (nearly 1/2-mile). When in active use, it was lined with warehouses of goods from around the world. (Originally constructed 1762.)
• 1808
  • First Universalist Church built. It is now in the National Register of Historic Places.
• 1809
  • Sophia Hawthorne was born in Salem, an American Painter & Illustrator. Wife to Nathaniel Hawthorne.
  • Thomas March Woodbridge House built
• 1810
  • Salem Athenaeum founded at 337 Essex Street in what is today the McIntire Historic District, named after woodcarver & architect Samuel McIntire.
  • Bible Society of Salem instituted.
• 1811
  • Joseph Story House built at 26 Winter Street for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Joseph Story. It is now a National Historic Landmark.
  • Bessie Monroe House built.
  • A large Federal Period house is built at 26 Winter Street.
  • Salem Charitable Mechanic Association organized.
  • Handel Society formed.
• 1812
  • During the War of 1812 Fort Lee was re armed & militia were posted.
• 1816
  • Salem Old Town Hall built. It is the earliest surviving municipal structure in Salem (dating from 1816 to 1817) and an outstanding example of Federal architecture. The second floor of the building, Great Hall, has always been used as a public hall. The first floor, originally a public market, now houses the Salem Museum. http://www.salemoldtownhall.com/
  • Cleopatra's Barge was the first oceangoing yacht built in the United States. Lauched on 21 October 1816 in Salem.
• 1818
  • Salem Evangelical Library formed.
• 1819
  • Salem Society for the Moral and Religious Instruction of the Poor formed.^[18]
  • Andrew–Safford House built, designed in the Federal style for a wealthy Russian fur merchant. It was reputed to have been the most costly house in the United States. It is now owned by the Peabody Essex Museum and listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
  • The Salem Customs House was built on what is now the Salem Maritime National Historic Site. This is the 13th Customs House in Salem; the first was built in 1649. Each collected taxes on imported cargoes.
• 1820
  • A round stone tower was added to the existing Bakers Island Light Lighthouse on Bakers Island.
• 1821
  • Essex Historical Society incorporated.
  • Haydn Society formed.
• 1823
  • Salem Observer newspaper begins publication.
• 1825
  • East India Marine Hall built.
  • Mozart Association organized.
• 1830
  • Salem Lyceum formed.
  • Bowker Place built.
• 1831
  • Salem Dispensary incorporated.
  • Salem Mercury newspaper begins publication.
• 1832
  • Samaritan Society formed.
  • Salem Advertiser and Argus newspaper begins publication.
  • Salem Glee Club formed.
• 1833
  • Essex County Natural History Society organized.
  • Seamen's Widow and Orphan Association formed.
• 1834
  • West Cogswell House, a historic set of row houses, built at 5–9 Summer Street in Salem, Massachusetts. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
• 1836
  • City of Salem incorporated.
  • Leverett Saltonstall becomes mayor.
• 1838
  • City Hall built.
  • Service on the Eastern Railroad from Salem to East Boston began on August 27, 1838, with fares half that of competing stagecoaches.^{[19] [20]}

• 1839
  • Salem Children's Friend Society organized.
  • Salem Social Singing Society organized.
  • The railroad in Salem received much more traffic than expected, and a branch line from Salem to Marblehead opened on December 10, 1839
• 1840
  • Harmony Grove Cemetery established.
• 1841
  • Female Washington Total Abstinence Society formed.
  • The Old Granite Courthouse built in the Greek Revival architectural style. Also known (circa 1862) as the County Commissioner's Building,
• 1844
  • A large Federal Period house is built at 24 Winter Street.
• 1845
  • A large Federal Period house is built at 16 Winter Street.
• 1846
  • Salem Academy of Music formed.
• 1848
  • Essex Institute established.

• 1849
  • Salem Philharmonic Society formed.
  • 1850
  • Salem native Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes The Scarlet Letter.
  • A small house is built at 14 Burnside Street.
  • A large Federal Period houses are built at 2 & 3 Winter Street.
• 1851
  • Nathaniel Hawthorne's The House of the Seven Gables, a novel set in Salem, is published.
  • The Shepard Block built in the Greek Revival style at 298–304 Essex Street in the Chestnut Street District. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
• 1852
  • John Tucker Daland House built.

• 1854
  • Salem Normal School established.
  • With direct Railroad connections to most of the major cities of northeastern Massachusetts by 1850, Salem became a major railroad junction.
• 1855
  • Salem Choral Society organized.
  • Salem Musical Education Society formed.
• 1857
  • Plummer Hall built.
• 1858
  • Salem Willows public park established
• 1860
  • A mixed use commercial & multi residential building is constructed at 116 Boston Street.
• 1866
  • An Incredible high style Victorian is constructed at 170 Federal Street.
  • Caroline Emmerton^[21] was born in Salem and in 1908 would purchase the House of the 7 Gables, The Hooper-Hathaway House (1682) was moved to the property in 1911. The Retire Becket House (1655) was saved in 1924.
  • John P. Peabody House built at 15 Summer Street
• 1868
  • Peabody Academy of Science organized.
  • Salem Oratorio Society formed.

• 1871
  • Derby Wharf Light built.

• 1873
  • A Stunning Victorian is built at 7 Winter Street.
• 1876
  • November: Boston-Salem telephone demonstration.^[22]
• 1878
  • Salem Schubert Club organized.
  • By the 1870s, a roundhouse, coaling tower, and water tank were located inside the wye to serve the three lines from the west.^{[23] [24]} The roundhouse was later rebuilt with more stalls and access from the south to serve commuter trains.^[25]
• 1881
  • North Street Fire Station built.

• 1882
  • On April 7, 1882, a fire resulting from an explosion of a can of fusees destroyed the wooden trainshed, although the granite facade and towers were intact. A wooden replacement was built around the burnt section.^[26] On December 2, 1884, the Eastern was acquired by the B&M.<ref name=BradleeEastern /> For several decades until the 1930s, Salem was the turnback point for a limited number of short turn trains.^[27]
• 1883
  • Parker Brothers was founded by George S. Parker and Frederick Huntington "Fred" Parker in Salem. Parker Brothers is an American toy and game manufacturer and brand.
• 1889
  • Wesley Methodist Church building. It is now in the National Register of Historic Places.
• 1897
  • Society of St. Joseph founded.
• 1898
  • YMCA in Salem built at 284–296 Essex Street in the Downtown Salem District.

20th century

• 1901
  • St. Nicholas Orthodox Church and Rectory is founded. It is now in the National Register of Historic Places.
• 1903
  • St. John the Baptist Parish founded.
• 1906
  • Parker Brothers publishes the game Rook. It quickly became the best-selling game in the country, and remains their most successful card game to this day.
  • Salem Laundry building built. It is now on the National Register of Historic Places.
• 1907
  • The Salem Athenaeum's new building, at 337 Essex Street, dedicated. The Athenaeum was founded in 1810 and is one of the oldest private library organizations in the United States. In 1905, the Athenæum sold the building at 132 Essex Street to the Essex Institute (now the Peabody Essex Museum), and constructed its new building.
• 1908
  • Caroline Emmerton bought the Turner-Ingersoll house from the successful Upton family who sold the property after they moved to the Salem Willows neighborhood.^[15] today the Upton neighborhood of 1908 is the Salem Willows Historic District. Emerton hired Joseph Everett Chandler as the architect.^[28] Caroline O. Emmerton formed the House of Seven Gables Settlement Association & during a two-year restoration with Joseph Everett Chandler built back the exterior to have seven gables like the book. Clifford Pyncheon is Hepzibah's brother and Judge Pyncheon's cousin and for this designed a secret passage from the 1st floor, with a false wall inside a closet off the first floor dining room. The secret staircase goes up two full floors and is cut inside a center chimney to represent part of the book The House of the Seven Gables, Caroline O. Emmerton built a secret staircase inside the House of the Seven Gables as a secret passageway for the character Clifford Pyncheon. Hepzibah Pyncheon has a candy shop on the first floor facing Turner Street in representation with the book. An office for Colonel Pyncheon is on the 2nd floor.^{[15] [29]} The House of the Seven Gables opened to the public in April 1910 and has seen millions of visitors since.^[29]
• 1909
  • Registry of Deeds is built at 36 Federal Street.^[30] Salem Probate and Family Court wins Build New England.^[31]
• 1914
  • Great Salem Fire of 1914
• 1915
  • Peabody Museum of Salem formed.
• 1925
  • Palmer's Cove Yacht Club formed^[32] in Salem Harbor. It sponsors the Bowditch Race each August in the Harbor.
• 1930
  • Pioneer Village living history museum opens.

• 1932
  • The Salem Post Office built at 2 Margin Street in downtown Salem.
• 1933
  • Salem Willows Yacht Club is incorporated.Home. It provides clubhouse facilities, dock, launch service, gas pump and dinghy storage.
  • Derby Wharf Light is wired for electricity.
• 1935
  • Coast Guard Air Station Salem established Feb.15 by the U.S. Coast Guard on Winter Island as a new seaplane facility because there is no space to expand the Gloucester Air Station at Ten Pound Island.
  • The Misery Islands in Salem Sound established as a nature reserve managed by the Trustees of Reservations.
  • Parker Brothers publishes the board game Monopoly. Monopoly, which evolved in the public domain before its commercialization, has seen many variants. The game is licensed in 103 countries and printed in 37 languages.^{[33] [34]}
• 1938
  • Salem Maritime National Historic Site,^[35] now managed by the National Park Service was created (Match 17), a 9-acre park, the first National Historic Site in the United States.^[36]
• 1944
  • Coast Guard Air Station Salem officially designated as the first Air-Sea Rescue station on the eastern seaboard. The Martin PBM Mariner, a hold-over from the war, became the primary rescue aircraft. In the mid-1950s helicopters came as did Grumman HU-16 Albatross amphibious flying boats (UFs).
• 1956
  • Formation of the Salem Redevelopment Authority.^[37]
• 1958
  • The B&M extended the Salem tunnel to the south, and soon after built a station in the southern approach span.^[38] However, the station lacked modern elements like parking capacity and elevators to make the below-ground-level platforms handicapped accessible. In 1987, the MBTA abandoned the station and built the present station at the north end of the tunnel. The 1959 station building remains at 89 Margin Street; it has been converted into a private school.^[39] The platforms remain extant in the tunnel approach, as do rusted pieces of staircases from Mill Street and a pedestrian overpass behind the station building.^[40]
• 1962
  • Facing the ongoing drain of massive shopping centers off of nearby Route 128, leaders form the Salem Redevelopment Authority.^[41]
• 1964
  • Hawthorne Cove Marina^[42] established, a 110-slip marina on Salem Harbor near the Salem ferry terminal.
• 1965
  • The Nathaniel Bowditch House declared a National Historic Landmark.
  • By this time, urban renewal – a growing trend of redeveloping economically blighted areas in cities – had destroyed 87 buildings and displaced 160 families when Ada Louise Huxtable ran a feature in The New York Times titled "Urban Renewal Threatens Historic Buildings in Salem, Mass." The article was credited a decade later with spotlighting the loss of history in downtown Salem and the turning around and redeveloping of Salem's downtown core.^[37]
• 1968
  • John Ward House added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Peirce-Nichols House made a National Historic Landmark.
• 1969
  • Fort Pickering Light, also known as Winter Island Light, built in 1871, discontinued by the Coast Guard.
  • Pickman House restored by Historic Salem^[43] and listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
• 1970
  • Hamilton Hall added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Coast Guard Air Station Salem moved to Cape Cod.
  • Gardner-Pingree House added to the National Historic Register
  • 30-acre Winter Island park opened to the public.

• • Forced to recognize the cost of urban renewal in downtown Salem, the Salem Redevelopment Authority retools its focus and starts focusing on preservation of the city's history downtown. By this time, 87 buildings had been destroyed, mostly 18th and 19th century homes.^[37]
• 1972
  • Old Town Hall Historic District added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Essex Institute Historic District added to the National Register of Historic Places.
• 1973
  • Salem City Hall added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Joseph Story House, a National Historic Landmark, added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Fort Pickering added to the National Register of Historic Places.
• 1974
  • The Gedney and Cox Houses, historic houses at 21 High Street, added to the National Historic Register.
• 1975
  • Thomas March Woodbridge House added to the National Historic Register.
  • Charter Street Historic District added to the National Register of Historic Places.
• 1976
  • Essex County Court Buildings added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Bakers Island Light added to the National Register of Historic Places
  • Derby Waterfront District added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Salem Common added to the National Register of historic Places.
• 1977
  • Dodge Wing completed at the Peabody Essex Museum^[44]
• 1978
  • 'Joshua Ward House added separately to the National Register of Historic Places.
• 1979
  • Salem City Hall was expanded to house city archives.
• 1981
  • Chestnut Street District created. Containing 407 buildings, this is the city's largest district.

• 1982
  • Rufus Choate House was added to the National Register of Historic Places

• 1983
  • Fort Pickering Light was relit as a private aid to navigation by the City of Salem in 1983.
  • John P. Peabody House is a historic house at 15 Summer Street was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Stephen Phillips House was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 & is now owned and operated as a historic house museum by Historic New England and is open for public tours.
  • West Cogswell House, a historic set of row houses located at 5–9 Summer Street and was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Wesley Methodist Church was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Downtown Salem District was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Crombie Street District was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Shepard Block, located at 298–304 Essex Street and added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • First Universalist Church is added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Salem Laundry was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • YMCA is Salem is added to the National Register of Historic Places
  • Bessie Monroe House was added to the National Register of Historic Places
  • Bowker Place was added to the National Register of Historic Places
  • Federal Street District features Early Republic and Late Victorian architecture and was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
  • Parker Brothers in Salem, Massachusetts spent US$15 million establishing a book publishing branch;^[45] their first titles featured the American Greetings franchises, Care Bears and Strawberry Shortcake.^{[45] [46]} The branch published twelve titles by February 1984; sales of these books totalled 3.5 million units.^[47]

Notes and References

1. Web site: The National Guard – Guard celebrates 373rd First Muster on Salem Common . ng.mil . https://web.archive.org/web/20120607092441/http://www.ng.mil/news/archives/2010/04/041310-salem.aspx . 2022-08-23. 2012-06-07 .
2. Web site: January 10, 2013 . Statement by the Press Secretary on Bills Signed on January 10, 2013 . 2022-12-09 . whitehouse.gov . en.
3. Web site: The Retire Beckett House | John Beckett | Salem Shipbuilders .
4. Web site: Upton Family Crest .
5. Web site: Organization History .
6. Web site: Hooper Hathaway House – SalWiki .
7. The sign reads "Hathaways Bread Cake Pastry Store."
8. Web site: Hooper-Hathaway House | Historic New England | Colonial Revival Style .
9. Web site: The House of the Seven Gables .
10. Web site: Old bakery, Hooper Hathaway House, 21 Washington Street, Salem, Mass., undated .
11. Web site: National Registrar Of Historic Places All Data. 2013-03-14 . 2010-12-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101204052104/http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natreg/docs/All_Data.html . dead .
12. Web site: Nathaniel Hawthorne Birthplace .
13. Book: The Loyalists of Massachusetts and the Other Side of the American Revolution, James H. Stark, James H. Stark, Boston, 1910 . 2012-11-10. 1907 . Stark . James Henry . J.H. Stark . 9780722276792 .
14. Book: Bradford, Alden . New England Chronology . Boston . S.G. Simpkins . 1843 . Alden Bradford .
15. Web site: The House of the Seven Gables | John Turner | Samuel Ingersoll .
16. Web site: McIntire Historic District Walking Trail . National Park Service . 2011-11-02 .
17. Web site: Nathaniel Bowditch House, featured in Maritime History of Massachusetts—A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary .
18. Book: Massachusetts state record and year book of general information: 1848 . 1848 . J. French . Boston . 2011-11-02 .
19. Book: Boardman Crowninshield Bradlee, Francis . The Eastern Railroad: A Historical Account of Early Railroading in Eastern New England . 1917 . Essex Institute . Internet Archive.
20. Book: Karr, Ronald Dale . The Rail Lines of Southern New England . Branch Line Press . 1995 . 0942147022 . 251–254.
21. Web site: Preserving a Muse . April 15, 2016 .
22. Book: Kurin, Richard. Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects. 2013. Penguin . 978-1-101-63877-4 . Richard Kurin.
23. Web site: Part of Ward 4, Salem . G.M. Hopkins & Co. . Atlas of the City of Salem, Massachusetts . 1874 . Ward Maps.
24. News: Dalton. Tom. Railroad past lies beneath Salem train station. 2012-02-29. The Salem News. February 16, 2012.
25. Web site: City of Salem: Parts of Wards 4–6 . Atlas of The City of Salem . 1911 . Walker Lithograph & Publishing Co. . Ward Maps.
26. Book: Vanderslice Meeks, Carroll Louis . The Railroad Station: An Architectural History . registration . 1907 . Yale University Press . 0300007647 . 50, 54–55.
27. Book: Boston's Commuter Rail: The First 150 Years . Humphrey . Thomas J.. Clark . Norton D. . Boston Street Railway Association . 1985 . 9780685412947 .
28. Book: Emmerton. Caroline. The Chronicles of Three Old Houses. 1935. The House of Seven Gables Settlement Association. 30.
29. Web site: Caroline Emmerton – Preserving the Gables . August 31, 2021 .
30. Web site: Redevelopment of Salem's Historic Courthouses | salemma .
31. Web site: W.T. Rich – Salem Probate and Family Court .
32. Web site: History The PCYC Story . https://web.archive.org/web/20120215113454/http://www.pcyc-salem.com/history . 2012-02-15 .
33. [History of the board game Monopoly]
34. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions about MONOPOLY.
35. News: Celebrating the National Park Centennial. July 3, 2016. The New York Times.
36. Web site: A Brief History of the National Park Service. National Park Service. 2016-04-10.
37. Web site: Huxtable article, key to Salem history, turns 50 today. October 12, 2015 . The Salem News. 2018-11-21.
38. News: McGregor. Amanda. Salem Depot still missed, 50 years after its doom. 2012-03-02. The Salem News. July 31, 2008. dead. https://archive.today/20130202001500/http://www.salemnews.com/local/x1150907017/Salem-Depot-still-missed-50-years-after-its-doom. 2013-02-02.
39. Book: A Field Guide to Southern New England Railroad Depots and Freight Houses . Roy, John H. Jr. . Branch Line Press . 2007 . 9780942147087 . 184–186.
40. Web site: Salem's Secret Railroads and Tunnels. April 28, 2014. November 9, 2016. November 10, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161110054838/https://salemsecretunderground.wordpress.com/2014/04/27/salems-secret-railroads-and-tunnels/. dead.
41. Web site: Salem Redevelopment Authority. November 21, 2018.
42. Web site: Welcome to Brewer Hawthorne Cove Marina . 2013-04-29 . 2013-05-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130505230446/http://www.byy.com/MAMarinas/Salem/Welcome.aspx . dead .
43. Web site: Historic Salem, Inc.. HISTORIC SALEM INC.
44. Web site: Rick Mather to design £130 million Massachusetts museum extension. Mark. Wilding . Building Design.
45. Book: Wojahn, Ellen. Playing by Different Rules. Fold. 217. 0-8144-5861-0. 1988. American Management Association (amacom). https://archive.org/details/playingbydiffere0000woja/page/217.
46. News: Parker Bros. adding book publishing line. Dougherty. Philip H.. New York Times News Service. February 8, 1983. 2010-08-05. The Miami News. 8A.
47. Web site: 28th Annual Salem Maritime Festival – Salem, MA. 2016-10-07. 2016-10-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20161007075713/http://salem.org/event/salem-maritime-festival-2016/. dead.
48. Web site: Salem Maritime Festival – Essex National Heritage Area. 2016-10-07. 2016-10-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20161009192554/http://www.essexheritage.org/salem-maritime-festival. dead.
49. Web site: The Salem Maritime Festival – Salem Maritime National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service).
50. Web site: Sister City – Ota, Japan . City of Salem . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141215235535/http://www.salem.com/Pages/SalemMA_Council/ota . December 15, 2014 .
51. Web site: The Pedrick Store House . streetsofsalem . May 20, 2011 . 2022-08-23.
52. Web site: The Schooner Fame ~ The Salem Privateer – Harbor Cruises in Salem, MA . schoonerfame.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20120921072949/http://www.schoonerfame.com/main.html . 2022-08-23. 2012-09-21 .
53. Book: Peabody Essex Museum Collections. Susan S.. Bean. Frederic Alan. Sharf. January 1, 1999. Peabody Essex Museum. Google Books. 9780883891117.
54. Web site: Yin Yu Tang. Peabody Essex Museum . 2013-03-15 . 2013-03-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130318141739/http://pem.org/visit/yin_yu_tang.php . dead .
55. Web site: Homeless Shelters & Services in MA . Lifebridge North Shore . 2022-08-23.
56. Web site: Lifebridge Sells St. Mary's Church. March 2012.
57. Web site: Meet the Mayors . . Washington, D.C. . 2013-03-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080627104834/http://www.usmayors.org/meetmayors/mayorsatglance.asp . 2008-06-27 .
58. News: Tourism on the rise this year in Salem. WickedLocalSalem.com. Salem Gazette. November 18, 2010. Brendan. Davis.
59. Web site: Salem gets $1M for waterfront . Salem, Massachusetts . SalemNews.com . December 18, 2006 . 2012-09-03 . dead . https://archive.today/20130202015507/http://www.salemnews.com/local/x1150826975/Salem-gets-1M-for-waterfront/print . 2013-02-02 .
60. Web site: Salem Arts Association website . 2011-11-02 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111014041303/http://www.salemartsassociation.org/discover . 2011-10-14 .
61. Web site: Salem, Massachusetts, Offers Haunted Passport Targeted for Halloween - Yahoo Voices - voices.yahoo.com . voices.yahoo.com . https://web.archive.org/web/20140729035000/http://voices.yahoo.com/salem-massachusetts-offers-haunted-passport-targeted-458726.html . 2022-08-23. 2014-07-29 .
62. Web site: National Register of Historic Places Listings: April 13, 2007. National Park Service. 2007-06-26.
63. Web site: Rigging shed will be demolished . March 26, 2013 .
64. Web site: Pedrick Store House: Construction Updates – Salem Maritime National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) .
65. Web site: Pedrick Store House . . https://web.archive.org/web/20150113133703/http://www.nps.gov/sama/historyculture/pedrick.htm . 2015-01-13.
66. Web site: Officials hope Pedrick House will revitalize Derby Wharf as hub of history . https://web.archive.org/web/20140122230936/http://www.wickedlocal.com/salem/news/x23524698/Officials-hope-Pedrick-House-will-revitalize-Derby-Wharf-as-hub-of-history#axzz2OLEyffdk . 2014-01-22 . Sarah . Phelan . 2009-10-27.
67. Web site: City of Salem, Massachusetts – City to purchase Blaney Street parcel today . Salem.com . 2012-09-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120517040714/http://www.salem.com/Pages/SalemMA_PressReleases/I02CF1FBC . 2012-05-17 .
68. Web site: It's finally official: Salem State University . October 26, 2010 .
69. News: Salem Harborwalk opens amid appreciative crowd . Stacie N. . Galang . . Community Newspaper Holdings, Inc. . July 16, 2010 .
70. News: Grants will transform Peabody Street lot into park, harbor walk destination . Meaghan . Glasset . . . November 8, 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121113044454/http://www.wickedlocal.com/salem/news/x9493533#axzz1KqwbTVMT . November 13, 2012 .
71. Web site: Salem State University: Construction on New Residence Hall Begins . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006112134/http://www.salemstate.edu/7242.php . 2022-08-23. 2014-10-06 .
72. Web site: Sneak peek at 'stunning' new courthouse . November 2, 2011 .
73. Web site: A SECOND CYCLE . SalemNews.com . August 30, 2012 . 2012-09-03.
74. Web site: Salem pier work under way . SalemNews.com . August 30, 2012 . 2012-09-03.
75. Web site: Salem Harbor Power Station To Close In 2014 . CBS Boston . May 11, 2011 . 2012-09-03.
76. Web site: Plan calls for amphitheater, other fixes at Winter Island . SalemNews.com . August 30, 2012 . 2012-09-03.
77. Web site: Patrick-Murray Administration Creates Ports of Massachusetts Compact . Massachusettsgov . April 30, 2012 . 2012-09-03.
78. Web site: THE ELIAS HASKET DERBY FEDERAL CARVED MAHOGANY SIDE CHAIR | CARVING ATTRIBUTED TO SAMUEL MCINTIRE (1757–1811), SALEM, MASSACHUSETTS, 1790–1798 . Christies.com . 2012-09-03.
79. Web site: World Auction Records At Christie'S . Antiquesandartireland.com . January 26, 2011 . 2012-09-03.
80. Web site: State awards $1.75M to Blaney Street wharf project . SalemNews.com . August 30, 2012 . 2012-09-03.
81. Web site: Salem's court buildings on the block. March 31, 2015 .
82. Web site: District court demolition may run into tourism season. July 5, 2019 .
83. Web site: Salem Installs Vehicle Charging Stations . December 18, 2012 .
84. Web site: Green Communities Division | Mass.gov. www.mass.gov.
85. Web site: Mayor's Biography | salemma .
86. Web site: Dominick Pangallo . 2024-08-16 . www.mass.gov . Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
87. Web site: Coming soon: SSU's new library . February 16, 2013 .
88. Web site: Government Contracting Pipeline .
89. Web site: New Dorm Coming to Salem State University . March 10, 2013 .
90. Web site: New dorm on tap at SSU . March 8, 2013 .
91. Web site: Salem Council Green Lights New Senior Center . March 15, 2013 .
92. Web site: How the senior center was saved . March 16, 2013 .
93. Web site: Senior center gets final OK . March 29, 2013 .
94. Web site: Salem Harbor Power Station Plant Revitalization Task Force - Coal-Fired Power Plant Decommissioning Subcommittee - Final Report . 2014-02-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170928030437/http://www.mass.gov/eea/energy-utilities-clean-tech/salem-harbor/decom-subcommittee-final-report.pdf . 2017-09-28.
95. Web site: Salem MBTA garage will open Friday . Neil H.. Dempsey. salemnews.com. October 23, 2014 . 2017-03-31.
96. Web site: MBTA > About the MBTA > Transit Projects. mbta.com. 2017-03-31. 2017-02-08. https://web.archive.org/web/20170208193739/http://mbta.com/about_the_mbta/t_projects/default.asp?id=18255. dead.
97. Web site: Footprint Power Gets Final $1B Financing for Gas Plant – Law360 .
98. Web site: Salem's Footprint power plant secures financing . January 9, 2015 .
99. Web site: Officials hold groundbreaking for Salem's $1B Footprint power plant. Dustin. Luca. June 2, 2015 .
100. Web site: A $1B "Transformation" for Salem, Mass. | NECN. necn.com. June 2, 2015 . 2017-03-31.
101. Web site: Media Kit – Salem, MA. Salem, Massachusetts, is a destination recognized around the world for its rich history... Today more than one million people visit Salem annually, generating more than $100 million in tourism spending.. 2016-02-12. 2016-02-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20160216134025/http://salem.org/media. dead.
102. Web site: Boutique Hotel in Salem MA :: Salem MA hotels -. themerchantsalem.com. 2017-03-31.
103. Web site: Ward House in Salem to host chic hotel | Local News | salemnews.com. salemnews.com. August 16, 2015 . 2017-03-31.
104. News: Gorgeous looks for fall, photographed in a chic Salem hotel . The Boston Globe. 2017-03-31.
105. Web site: City board signs off on PEM expansion plans | Local News | salemnews.com. salemnews.com. August 24, 2016 . 2017-03-31.
106. Web site: TAXI! Shuttle service comes to Salem Harbor . Dustin. Luca. July 13, 2016 .
107. Web site: Salem Water Taxi – Seasonal Mooring Rentals & Launch Service. 2016-07-29. 2016-09-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20160903180625/http://www.salemmoorings.com/. dead.
108. Web site: New Salem Harbor Shuttle boat serves visitors, locals . The Boston Globe. 2017-03-31.
109. Web site: Sea Shuttle: Contact us in Salem, MA. https://web.archive.org/web/20160802180135/http://www.sea-shuttle.com/sea-shuttle-salem-ma.html. dead. August 2, 2016.
110. Web site: Salem Harbor shuttle schedule. Salem News. July 13, 2016 .
111. Web site: Registry of Deeds slated to move to old courthouse | Local News | salemnews.com. salemnews.com. January 4, 2017 . 2017-03-31.
112. Web site: Register of Deeds balks at moving back to downtown Salem | Local News | salemnews.com. salemnews.com. May 30, 2016 . 2017-03-31.
113. Web site: New Lark Hotel to Open in Salem, MA. Broadway World. 2017-03-31.
114. Web site: New Hotel with Rooftop Restaurant May Come to Salem | Boston Restaurant Talk. bostonrestaurants.blogspot.com. October 27, 2015. 2017-03-31.
115. Web site: New hotel may breathe life into pedestrian mall | Local News | salemnews.com. salemnews.com. October 26, 2015 . 2017-03-31.
116. Web site: Salem State Launches Public Phase of $25 Million Dollar Fundraiser. April 14, 2014.
117. Web site: Ready for its debut; Opening night approaches for new Salem State theater . eagletribune.com. March 26, 2017 . 2017-03-31.
118. Web site: Opening night approaches for new Salem State theater. salemnews.com. March 18, 2017 . 2017-03-31.
119. Web site: Salem State postpones John Legend appearance | Local News | gloucestertimes.com. gloucestertimes.com. March 21, 2017 . 2017-03-31.
120. Web site: Groundbreaking for the Sophia Gordon Center – Salem State . www.salemstatereasons.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141007041600/http://www.salemstatereasons.com/news-and-events/groundbreaking-ceremony-held-sophia-gordon-center/ . 2014-10-07.
121. Web site: The Sophia Gordon Center for Creative and Performing Arts Itemlive . www.itemlive.com . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170419102141/http://www.itemlive.com/tag/the-sophia-gordon-center-for-creative-and-performing-arts/ . 2017-04-19.
122. Web site: Salem State meets $25 million fundraising goal. December 5, 2016 .
123. Web site: John Legend Honored by Salem State with Advocate for Social Justice Award. May 3, 2017.
124. Web site: Salem State Series Featuring John Legend Salem State University . www.salemstate.edu . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080953/https://www.salemstate.edu/calendar/salem-state-series-featuring-john-legend . 2018-05-13.
125. Web site: User account | City of Salem MA.
126. Web site: New bike share program spins into Salem Tuesday. Dustin. Luca. May 11, 2017 .
127. Web site: City of Salem, MA – Zagster Bike Share . 2017-05-18 . 2017-11-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171116040120/http://bike.zagster.com/salem/ . dead .
128. Web site: City of Salem Receives $3.4 Million Federal Grant for 2nd Ferry | City of Salem MA.
129. Web site: South Shore ferry service gets $9 million federal grant. May 5, 2018.
130. Web site: 110-Room Hampton Inn Planned for Downtown Salem. July 21, 2016.
131. Web site: Work begins on new Salem hotel | Maine Course Hospitality Group. Matthew. Butterfield.
132. Web site: Adam Sandler is on the North Shore to film Netflix movie 'Hubie Halloween'.
133. Web site: Weather Delays Salem Filming for Adam Sandler Movie. July 15, 2019.
134. Web site: Photos: Halloween arrived early on the North Shore thanks to Adam Sandler's 'Hubie Halloween' filming.
135. Web site: We Finally Understand Why Shaquille O'Neal Has Been in So Many Adam Sandler Movies . September 20, 2021 .
136. Web site: Adam Sandler's New Flick, Filmed on North Shore, Comes Out Today . October 7, 2020 .
137. Web site: Where Was 'Hubie Halloween' Filmed? . October 7, 2020 .
138. Web site: Hubie Halloween (2020) . .
139. Web site: Tour the Peabody Essex Museum's new expansion. September 12, 2019.
140. Web site: Check Out the Peabody Essex Museum's New Wing—For Free!. September 12, 2019.
141. Web site: Wicked Local: Local News in Boston, MA. Wicked Local.
142. Web site: Peabody Essex Museum Announces Expansion Plans. July 10, 2015.
143. Web site: PEM expansion to open in later half of 2019. February 22, 2019 .
144. Web site: Diamond Sinacori and Urban Spaces break ground on 61-unit BRIX – Designed by Tise Design; constructed by Groom Construction.
145. Web site: Urban Spaces/Diamond Sinacori Break Ground on Salem Condo Complex. September 25, 2019.
146. Web site: Condo project at former Salem court breaks ground. Dustin. Luca. Salem News. September 20, 2019 .
147. Web site: Hampton Inn Salem Boston .
148. Web site: Hampton by Hilton Salem/Boston now open in downtown Salem, MA .
149. Web site: StackPath. 2022-01-13. www.masstransitmag.com. December 11, 2020 .
150. Web site: December 9, 2020. City of Salem launches the Salem Skipper: on-demand transit for residents, commuters. 2022-01-13. Via Transportation. en-US.
151. Web site: Salem Skipper – Apps en Google Play .
152. Web site: StackPath. 2022-01-13. www.masstransitmag.com.
153. Web site: Salem Redevelopment Authority, Government Agency .
154. Web site: Winn brings downtown Salem plans to community . July 12, 2021 .
155. Web site: Renderings Released for Massive Downtown Salem Development Project .
156. Web site: Salem Affordable Housing Lottery – Brix Condominiums .
157. Web site: Project of the Month: Groom Construction Co., Inc. Completes 61-unit, mixed-use BRIX Condominiums in Salem, MA .
158. Web site: New Luxury Condo Building BRIX Comes to Salem This Fall . September 17, 2021 .
159. Web site: Urban Spaces, Diamond/Sinacori Complete Salem Mixed-Use Condo Development . December 20, 2021 .
160. Web site: SSU BOLD | Salem State University .
161. Web site: Salem State gets $30 million grant to launch major campus redesign . April 15, 2022 .
162. Web site: Salem now required to provide ballots in Spanish . June 9, 2022 .
163. Web site: New amenities online at Salem Willows . July 3, 2022 .
164. Web site: House of 7 Gables gets state grant for coastal resilience plan . September 24, 2022 .
165. Web site: Wind partnership buys Footprint land for $30M. Dustin. Luca. Salem News. October 6, 2022 .
166. https://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2022/10/05/crowley-closes-purchase-of-salem-harbor-site.html Crowley Closes Purchase of Salem Harbor Site
167. Web site: Crowley buys Massachusetts acreage to create offshore wind port terminal. October 6, 2022. Ocean Energy Resources.
168. Web site: Offshore wind design work now underway. Dustin. Lucas. July 6, 2022 .
169. Web site: Salem in bid for offshore wind. Dustin. Lucas. October 2021 .
170. Web site: SLIDESHOW: Salem Mayor Kim Driscoll wins the Democratic nomination for Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts. Jaime. Campos. Salem News. September 6, 2022 .
171. Web site: Healey declares victory, Diehl concedes in race for Mass. governor. November 10, 2022. WCVB.
172. Web site: Gov.-elect Healey holding inaugural celebration at TD Garden in Boston. Alison. Kuznitz. December 7, 2022. masslive.
173. Web site: Salem Mayor Kim Driscoll wins Democratic lieutenant governor primary. www.wbur.org. September 6, 2022 .
174. Web site: Kim Driscoll wins Dem. lieutenant governor race, will run with Healey in November. www.boston.com.
175. News: Massachusetts Governor Election Results. The New York Times . November 8, 2022. NYTimes.com.
176. Web site: Salem mayor takes win in Lt. Gov. primary. Christian M. . Wade . Salem News. September 6, 2022 .
177. Web site: TD Garden to host basketball-themed inauguration party for Healey, Driscoll team. sports.yahoo.com. December 7, 2022 .
178. Web site: Driscoll to resign after delivering last State of City . December 13, 2022 .
179. Web site: Kim Driscoll: 'Together We Have Changed Salem for the Better' . January 5, 2023 .
180. Web site: Robert McCarthy Chosen as Salem Acting Mayor Through Special Election . January 5, 2023 .
181. Web site: Salem Mayor Kim Driscoll Breaks Barriers as the Next Lieutenant Governor . January 5, 2023 .
182. Web site: As Driscoll resigns, McCarthy takes over as 51st mayor to lead Salem . January 4, 2023 .
183. Web site: Salem mayor talks local impacts of the increasing Halloween visitors . October 20, 2023 .
184. Web site: 'It's out of control': Salem seeks solution to homeless encampment .
185. Web site: Salem weighs 'no camping' order to ban homeless people's tents .
186. Web site: Salem takes up ordinance to address homeless encampment . March 28, 2024 .
187. Web site: Salem weighs anti-camping law as homeless encampment residents face removal . March 27, 2024 .
188. Web site: Salem Encampment Ban Passes with Fines Option for Homeless Stricken . April 26, 2024 .
189. Web site: Derby Wharf to get major repairs this summer, fall . May 22, 2024 .
190. Web site: Wharf Stabilization and Repair Project – Salem Maritime National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service) .
191. Web site: South Salem Commuter Rail Stop Project Neighborhood Meeting | salemma. www.salemma.gov.
192. Web site: Next Stop On The South Salem Commuter Rail Station Express. June 6, 2024. Salem, MA Patch.
193. Web site: City to get over $2M to advance new rail stop. Buck Anderson | Staff. Writer. July 1, 2024. Salem News.
194. https://www.wcvb.com/article/groundbreaking-held-in-salem-for-states-second-major-off-shore-wind-port/61885451
195. https://wbznewsradio.iheart.com/content/officials-in-salem-break-ground-on-new-offshore-wind-farm/
196. https://ktla.com/business/press-releases/cision/20240815FL85202/massachusetts-leaders-join-crowley-to-celebrate-groundbreaking-of-salem-offshore-wind-terminal/
197. https://www.mass.gov/news/healey-driscoll-administration-city-of-salem-and-crowley-celebrate-groundbreaking-of-second-offshore-wind-terminal
198. https://whdh.com/news/state-officials-help-break-ground-in-salem-for-new-offshore-wind-terminal/
199. News: Parker Brothers giving [children's] music market a spin|date=February 9, 1984|access-date=2010-09-21|url-access=registration|work=The Boston Globe|quote=Parker's move comes on the heels of its 1983 entry into children's books. Its 12 books about Care Bears and Strawberry Shortcake sold an unprecedented 3.5 [million units].|archive-date=2013-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414134707/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/662693231.html?dids=662693231%3A662693231&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&type=current&date=Feb+09%2C+1984&author=Lynda+Gorov+Globe+Staff&pub=Boston+Globe+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=PARKER+BROTHERS+GIVING+CHILDRENS%27+MUSIC+MARKET+A+SPIN&pqatl=google|url-status=dead}} Parker Brothers also operated a record label around the same time; one of its releases, based on Coleco's Cabbage Patch Kids and involving Tom and Stephen Chapin, was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in July 1984.1984
     • The entire area of Winter Island was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Winter Island Historic District and Archeological District
     • 1986
       • The Salem Post Office is added to the National Register of Historic Places.
     • 1987
     • Derby Wharf Light Station is added to the National Register of Historic Places.
     • 1988
     • Salem held its first^[47] annual^[48] Salem Maritime Festival^[49] the Salem Maritime National Historic Site
     • 1990
       • William Murray House was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
     • 1991
       • Sister city relationship established with Ōta, Tokyo, Japan.^[50]
     • 1992
       • Peabody Essex Museum was formed by mergeding with the Essex Institute to form the Peabody Essex Museum. Included in the merger was the legacy of the East India Marine Society, established in 1799 by a group of Salem-based ship captains.
     • Phillips Library established.
     • 1994
       • Winter Island Light is a constituent part of the Winter Island Historic District and Archeological District, which was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 14, 1994, reference number 94000335.
       • Fort Lee was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
       • Salem Willows Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
       • St. Nicholas Orthodox Church and Rectory is added to the National Register of Historic Places.
     • 1997
       • Construction of the rigging shed (80-by-16-foot wooden building) at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site, a carpentry workshop and storage space since for The Friendship.
     • 1999
       • The Salem Diner was added to the National Register of Historic Places.

     21st century

     • 2000
       • Friendship of Salem is a 171-foot replica of a 1797 East Indiaman, built in the Scarano Brothers Shipyard in Albany, New York, in 2000. The ship usually functions as a stationary museum during most of the year, however the ship is a fully functioning United States Coast Guard certified vessel capable of passenger and crew voyages, and will set sail during various times of the year. The first American National Historic Site is run by the National Park Service at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site where the Friendship of Salem is docked.
     • 2001
       • Pickering Wharf Marina opens as a full-service marina in Salem Harbor.
       • Salem Water Taxi is founded in Salem Harbor.
     • 2002
       • Bridge Street Neck Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
     • 2003
       • The National Park Service acquired the Pedrick Store House from the town of Marblehead, this 1770 warehouse was built in Marblehead, just across the harbor from Salem, in 1770 by Thomas Pedrick, a successful member of the merchant community in pre-Revolutionary War Marblehead.^[51]
       • The original Fame was a fast Chebacco fishing schooner that was reborn as a privateer when war broke out in the summer of 1812. She was arguably the first American privateer to bring home a prize, and she made 20 more captures before being wrecked in the Bay of Fundy in 1814. The new Fame is a full-scale replica of this famous schooner. Framed and planked of white oak and trunnel-fastened in the traditional manner, the replica of Fame was launched in 2003. She is now based at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site at Pickering Wharf Marina, where she takes the paying public for cruises on historic Salem Sound.^[52]
       • Pioneer Village underwent a major renovation from 2003 until Spring 2008 when Gordon College (Massachusetts) took over its management along with Old Town Hall An Immersive Salem Witch Trials Experience.
     • • The Peabody Essex Museum completed a massive $100 million renovation and expansion resulting in the opening a new wing designed by Moshe Safdie, more than doubling the gallery space to 250,000 square feet (23,000 m²); this allowed the display of many items from its extensive holdings, which had previously been unknown to the public due to lack of capability to show them. At this time, the museum also opened to the public the Yin Yu Tang House, an early 19th-century Chinese house from Anhui that had been removed from its original village and reconstructed in Salem.^[53]
       • Yin Yu Tang House^[54] Yin Yu Tang, was built around 1800 in China. Over 200 years after construction the Yin Yu Tang House was disassembled in China, shipped to America and then reassembled in 2003 inside the Peabody Essex Museum.
     • 2005
       • A homeless shelter opens in downtown Salem.^[55] as a result of the Catholic Archdiocese of Boston sex abuse scandal, a church is sold off and turned into a homeless shelter.^[56] The Archdiocese of Boston closed the parish in 2003, according to Historic Salem Inc. "In 2005, the Salem Mission bought the closed St. Mary's Italian Church on Margin Street from the Archdiocese of Boston,"
     • 2006
     • • Kimberley Driscoll becomes mayor.^[57]
       • The Salem Ferry a 92feet high-speed catamaran that travels from Salem to Boston in 50 minutes from May to October and had its maiden voyage on June 22, 2006.^[58]
       • Waterfront redevelopment – The first step in the redevelopment was in 2006, when the State of Massachusetts gave Salem $1,000,000.^[59] The bulk of the money – $750,000 – was earmarked for acquisition of the Blaney Street landing, the private, 2acres site off Derby Street used by the ferry. Another $200,000 was approved for the design of the new Salem wharf, a large pier planned for the landing, which officials said could be used by small cruise ships, commercial vessels and fishing boats.
     • 2007
       • Salem Arts Association incorporated.^[60]
       • Doyle Sailmakers expanded into a new 31,000 square foot loft in Salem, Massachusetts
       • The City of Salem launched the Haunted Passport program which offers visitors discounts and benefits from local tourist attractions and retailers from October to April.^[61]
       • On March 29, 2007, the House of the Seven Gables Historic District was designated a National Historic Landmark.^[62]
       • Pedrick Store House, a three-story building, constructed around 1770, is a historic rigging and sail loft, which the Park Service relocated from Marblehead to Salem in 2007 & construction began in the rebuilding of the Pedrick Store House, which had been in storage for many years disassembled – current location is Derby Wharf at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site.^{[63] [64] [65] [66]}
     • 2008
       • Joseph Fenno House-Woman's Friend Society was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 17, 2008.
     • 2009
       • Start of the Salem Farmers Market, taking place every Thursday – starting in June and going thru to October at Derby Square on Front Street Salem Farmers' Market
     • 2010
       • The City of Salem's plans call for a total build-out of the current Blaney Street pier, known as the Salem Wharf project. When finished, the Blaney Street pier will be home to small to medium-sized cruise ships, commercial vessels and the Salem Ferry. This project is fully engineered and permitted.^[67]
       • On July 28, 2010, Governor of Massachusetts Deval Patrick signed into law today a bill that transforms Salem State College into Salem State University. Salem and eight other Massachusetts state colleges have collectively formed a new Massachusetts state university system.^[68]
       • Salem Harborwalk opened in July 2010 to celebrate the rebirth of the Salem waterfront as a source of recreation for visitors as well as the local community. The 1100feet walkway extends from the area of the Salem Fire Station to the Salem Waterfront Hotel.^{[69] [70]}
       • The $57.5 million, 525-student residence hall on Central Campus at Salem State University opened.^[71]
     • 2011
       • Opening of the $109 million J. Michael Ruane Judicial Centerin Salem, located at 56 Federal Street.^[72]
       • A bike program called Salem Spins, that offers bicycles, free of charge, with a fleet of 20 bicycles, split between two hubs, at Salem State University and downtown, near the Hawthorne Hotel.^[73]
       • Waterfront redevelopment – construction crews were building a long seawall at the Blaney Street landing, which runs from the edge of the ferry dock back toward Derby Street and along an inner harbor. This is one of the early and key pieces of the Salem Pier, which the city hopes to have completed by 2014 and is the key to eventually bring cruise ships to Salem.^{[74] [75]}
       • A master plan was developed for Winter Island in Salem, with help from the planning and design firm The Cecil Group of Boston and Bioengineering Group of Salem, and the City of Salem paid $45,000 in federal money.^[76] In the long term the projected cost to rehabilitate just the barracks is $1.5 million. But in the short term, there are multiple lower-cost items like a proposed $15,000 for a kayak dock or $50,000 to relocate and improve the bathhouse. This is a very important project since Fort Pickering guarded Salem Harbor as far back as the 17th century.^[77]
       • In 2011, a mahogany side chair with carving done by Samuel McIntire sold at auction for $662,500.^[78] The price set a world record for Federal furniture. McIntyre was one of the first architects in the United States, and his work represents a prime example of early Federal-style architecture. Elias Hasket Derby, Salem's wealthiest merchant and thought to be America's first millionaire, and his wife, Elizabeth Crowninshield, purchased the set of eight chairs from McIntire.^[79] Samuel McIntyre's house and workshop were located at 31 Summer Street in what is now the Samuel McIntire Historic District.
     • 2012
       • Waterfront redevelopment – In June 2012, the $1.75 million was awarded by the state of Massachusetts and will launch a first phase of dredging and construction of a 100feet extension of the pier; a harborwalk to improve pedestrian access; and other lighting, landscaping and paving improvements. Dredging will allow the city to attract other ferries, excursion vessels and cruise ships of up to .^[80]
       • The District, superior courthouses have was emptied and remained so since 2019 when the building was demolished.^{[81] [82]}
     • 2013
       • President of the United States Barack Obama on January 10, 2013, signed executive order HR1339 "which designates the City of Salem, Massachusetts, as the birthplace of the U.S. National Guard.
       • Salem has eight stations where drivers can charge their electric cars. Four are located at the Museum Place Mall near the Peabody Essex Museum and the other four are in the South Harbor garage across the street from the Salem Waterfront Hotel.^[83] The program started in January 2013 and will be free of charge for two years, allowing people to charge their electric cars and other electric vehicles for up to six hours. This program was paid for by a grant from the state of Massachusetts due to Salem's status as a Massachusetts Green Community.^[84]
       • Dominick Pangallo was the Salem Chief of Staff for Salem from 2013 until 2023.^{[85] [86]}
       • Salem State University campus – $74 million, 122,000-square-foot library at.^[87] The new library will have more than 150 public computers and 1,000 seats of study space, from tables and desks to lounge chairs scattered throughout the building.
       • Salem State University campus – $15 million 40,000-square-foot, two-story, glass-walled facility at the existing athletic O’Keefe Center complex. The new fitness facility will provide—in addition to more exercise equipment, two basketball courts, a yoga studio, and a conference/lecture hall that can accommodate an audience of 1000—a place where students can gather, connect and find a bit of respite from the rigors of their academic studies.^[88]
       • Salem State University campus – Construction announcement of a $36 to $42 million Dorn for 350 to 400 students. A construction start in the spring of 2014 is the goal and to have the new residence hall open in 2015.^{[89] [90]}
       • Salem will be getting a new state-of-the-art, 20,000-square-foot Senior Center. In March 2013, The Salem Senior Center was finalized in March 2013 by the Mayor of Salem & the Salem city councilors it is official with a $4.9 million bond – the final OK needed to build a community/senior center as part of a private/public development at Boston and Bridge streets.^{[91] [92]} The Salem Senior Center will include parking for 374 automobiles.^[93]
     • 2014
       • The Coal-Fired Power Plant is Decommissioned, paving the way for a total transformation of the harbor in Salem.^[94]
       • In October 2014, the much anticipated Salem MBTA Parking Garage opened.^[95] "This project has been 20 years in the making," said Mayor Kim Driscoll. "I was an intern in the planning department, this would've been 1988 ... people were talking about it then. Seriously, that long ago. That's a long time ago." The 714-space garage, built on a former MBTA parking lot, is just one part of the $44 million project to remake the station that began in July 2013.^[96] The 714-space garage, built on a former MBTA parking lot, is just one part of the $44 million project to remake the station that began in July 2013 "This project has been 20 years in the making," said Mayor Kim Driscoll. "I was an intern in the planning department, this would've been late 1988.
     • 2015
       • Footprint Power has cleared the last major hurdle on its way to building a $1 billion natural gas-fired plant on Salem Harbor.^{[97] [98]}
       • In June, officials hold groundbreaking for Salem's $1B Footprint power plant.^{[99] [100]}
       • Tourists from all over the world make up the over one million people visit Salem annually, and bring in over $100 million annually in tourism spending.^[101]
       • Joshua Ward House, a historic Federal style brick house,^[102] built in 1784 and interior woodwoork was done by noted Salem builder and woodworker Samuel McIntire^[103] is turned into an 11-room boutique^[104] Hotel. The building is owned by Salem residents Kimberly and Todd Waller.
     • 2016
       • Peabody Essex Museum's $49 million expansion proposal got critical support from the Design Review Board Wednesday night as the project draws closer to breaking ground.^[105]
       • Salem Harbor has four stops for 2016 new Salem Water Shuttle: Blaney Street, Congress Street, Salem Willows and Winter Island.^{[106] [107] [108] [109] [110]}
     • 2017
       • The Registry of Deeds is proposed to be moved to the old Superior Court and County Commissioner buildings downtown.^[111] But the proposal has opposition.^[112]
       • A Boutique 44-room hotel to open on the pedestrian mall in downtown with a roofdeck restaurant and street level café & bowling alley and a ground-floor coffee shop in the hotel's lobby with seasonal outdoor seating off the Essex Street entrance.^{[113] [114] [115]}
       • Salem State University will open its $18 million Sophia Gordon Center^[116] for the Creative and Performing Arts on April 2.^{[117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122]}
       • John Legend was honored by Salem State University with an Advocate For Social Justice Award.^{[123] [124]} Based on his extensive efforts to make a difference in the lives of others, Legend will be the inaugural recipient of the Salem Advocate for Social Justice award, presented by Salem Award Foundation for Human Rights and Social Justice.
       • The City of Salem launched a new and improved bike sharing program with Zagster.^{[125] [126] [127]}
     • 2018
       • The City of Salem received a federal grant for $3,400,000 for a second ferry to operate out of Salem Harbor.^[128] The grant was provided by the United States Department of Transportation^[129]
       • A$50 million development project on the corner of Washington and Dodge Streets to build a 110-Room Hampton Inn^[130] City officials estimate a $200,000 boost in new hotel occupancy tax revenues from the project with City Planning Director Tom Daniel said Maine Course Hospitality Group is seeking foundation and building permits for the project, which is being built on property bordering Dodge and Washington streets.^[131]
     • 2019
       • The comedy film Hubie Halloween was filmed in Salem for Netflix^{[132] [133] [134]} starring Adam Sandler, & directed by Steven Brill.(Hubie Halloween also filmed in multiple towns on Massachusetts' North Shore, shooting scenes in Beverly, Danvers & Marblehead.) The original screenplay was written by Adam Sandler and Tim Herlihy. The film has an all star cast with^[135] Shaquille O'Neal, Adam Sandler, Ray Liotta, Kevin James, Julie Bowen, Rob Schneider, June Squibb, Kenan Thompson, Vivian Nixon, Steve Buscemi, Maya Rudolph, Michael Chiklis, Tim Meadows, Karan Brar, Paris Berelc, China Anne McClain, Colin Quinn, Kym Whitley, Lavell Crawford, Mikey Day, Blake Clark, Tyler Crumley & George Wallace as the Mayor.^{[136] [137] [138]}
       • Opening of the Peabody Essex Museum's $200 million^[139] ‘Gallery Expansion Project.’ the PEM opened the 40,000-sq-ft Wing and 13 New Galleries and Exhibitions in September 2019,^{[140] [141] [142]} allocated from the museum's ambitious $650 million Advancement Campaign, launched in 2011.^[143]
       • Urban Spaces/Diamond Sinacori Break Ground on Salem Condo Complex is a $20 million project titles^[144] 'BRIX' will have 61 Residences and a mix of Retail to Former Courthouse location at 65 Washington Street, a few minute walk to the Salem Commuter Rail Station with train and bus service to Boston.^{[145] [146]}
     • 2020
       • Hilton Hotels & Resorts under the brand Hampton Inn Salem with apartments opens in downtown.^{[147] [148]}
       • The City of Salem launched a microtransit network called the Salem Skipper in December 2020.^{[149] [150]} an on-demand transit network is operated by Via allowing riders to share the same vehicle for approximately the same price as a MBTA bus ticket. Passengers can hail a ride on their mobile device with the Salem Skipper app, or by calling a dispatcher.
     • 2021
       • An on-demand transit network is operated by Via and allows riders to share the same vehicle for approximately the same price as a MBTA bus ticket. Passengers can hail a ride on their mobile device with the Salem Skipper app, or by calling a dispatcher.^[151] a brand new ridesharing service serving the entire historic city.^[152]
       • Salem's historic courthouse and commissioner's building, as well as plans to add 110 units of housing in an 8-story building next to the Salem MBTA Commuter Rail station. Winn won a bid awarded by the Salem Redevelopment Authority to revitalize and incorporate Salem's historic courthouse buildings in the redevelopment project.^{[153] [154]}

     ^[155] Recent documents submitted to the Community Preservation Committee show the entire project – the court buildings, crescent lot, and everything between – will cost more than $63 million to build.

     • • A New Luxury Condo Building named BRIX opens with a lottery for the 6 affordable homeownership units being built at Brix Condominiums.^{[156] [157] [158] [159]}
     • 2022
       • The Governor of Massachusetts, Charlie Baker, made a statement that $30 million^[160] will go to Salem State University to redesign the campus and modernize areas.^[161]
       • The City of Salem now required to provide ballots in Spanish with 20% of the population Spanish speaking, a first for the Witch City.

     "The director of the Census has determined that the city of Salem is subject to the bilingual election requirements of Section 203 of the Voting Rights Act ... with respect to persons of Hispanic heritage," wrote Bert Russ, a deputy chief at the DOJ, in a recent letter to the city.^[162]

     • • Pickleball is now at the Salem Willows with new tennis courts and covered parking.^[163] This project was funded paid by the Witch City's $30 million "Signature Parks" program that was launched in 2020 to boost Salem's most prominent Open space reserve ahead of its 400th anniversary in 2026.
       • The House of Seven Gables on Turner Street received a state grant on a coastal resilience plan thanks to the Governor of Massachusetts Charlie Baker. This $509,919 grant "Preserving History: Assessments and Climate Adaptations at the House of Seven Gables".^[164]
       • In October 2022^[165] 42 acres on the Salem waterfront is sold for $30 million. This is latest milestone toward the development of the state's second major offshore wind port terminal.^{[166] [167]} The Salem Harbor Wind Terminal is a public-private partnership between Crowley and the City of Salem, with AVANGRID serving as the port's anchor tenant for Offshore wind power construction. Commonwealth Wind and Park City Wind projects are the main companies.^{[168] [169]}
       • In November^[170] Kim Driscoll the Mayor of Salem^[171] won a desk on Beacon Hill^[172] as Massachusetts Brand New^[173] Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.^{[174] [175] [176] [177]} Gov.-elect Maura Healey and Lt. Gov.-elect Kim Driscoll had their inaugural celebration at TD Garden on the evening of the 5th January 2023.
     • 2023
       • Robert McCarthy, a three-time City Council president became the acting Salem Mayor. This City position was vacated by^[178] Kim Driscoll.^[179] because of resignation to become lieutenant governor of Massachusetts.^{[180] [181] [182]} Salem Mayor Robert McCarthy was the 51st and then Dominick Pangallo was voted in, 52nd Mayor of Salem on May 16, 2023.
       • October tourism in Salem 2023 was up 35% from 2019. about one million people visited Historic downtown Salem.^[183]
     • 2024
       • In April^[184] of 2024, a city^[185] ordinance^[186] banning camping on public property passed the^[187] City Council.^[188] "It’s had an undeniable impact on the surrounding community, and it’s been a significant impact on city resources," Mayor Dominick Pangallo said.What started in the spring of 2023 has grown out of control. "Police. Fire. Medical response. Public works for cleanup on the regular. But most importantly, it’s been bad for the people who live there." The Salem City Council passed the ban on camping on city property by a 10–1 vote but removed fines for unhoused individuals. At the end of June 2024 the Salem Police with the assistance of the Massachusetts State Police cleared the homeless tent encampment.
       • The Derby Wharf stabilization and repair project is being funded by the National Park Service.^{[189] [190]} The wharf stabilization and repair project will make repairs necessary to stabilize Derby and Central wharves and provide additional protection against future erosion. Work on this project is scheduled to begin on May 28 along the east side bulkhead of Derby Wharf and will continue throughout the summer and early fall. The project is anticipated to be completed by winter 2024. Derby Wharf, built in 1762, and Central Wharf, constructed in 1790, are on the National Register of Historic Places and are National Historic Landmarks.
       • The Salem station on the Newburyport/Rockport Line is the busiest commuter rail station outside of Boston. In order to grow, The City of Salem is securing funding to build 2nd^[191] Commuter Rail station in South Salem.^[192] A pre construction estimate of 25 million to build a station is sure to increase once site preparation takes place. The proposed station will be situated between Canal Street and Jefferson Avenue, close proximity to Salem State University & Mass General Brigham Salem Hospital. This area of Salem has 30 acres of underutilized property that can support transit-oriented development.^[193]
       • The City Council looked at all the walking tours & the tsunami of tourists every October. The Mayors Office with the City Council increased the yearly fee 35x from a nominal $10 to $350. Trip Advisor has 78 tours listed & The City Council needs financial assistance to monitor this growing industry.
       • In August, a Ground-breaking took place for an offshore wind port. This is going to be the 2nd for the State of Massachusetts.^[194] Governor Maura Healey stated “the site will be ^{[195] [196]} critical for creating jobs ^[197] and helping Massachusetts reach its goal of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.“^[198]

     See also

     • Salem history
     • List of mayors of Salem, Massachusetts
     • Timeline of the Salem witch trials
     • Timelines of other municipalities in Essex County, Massachusetts: Gloucester, Haverhill, Lawrence, Lynn, Newburyport

     Bibliography

     Published in the 19th century

     • • Book: Anne Newport Royall . Sketches of History, Life, and Manners, in the United States . New Haven . 1826. Salem . https://archive.org/stream/sketcheshistory00royagoog#page/n353/mode/2up . 356+ . New Haven, Printed for the author . Anne Newport Royall .
     • Book: William Blackwood . 1830 . Edinburgh . Edinburgh Encyclopædia . David . Brewster . Salem . https://archive.org/stream/edinburghencyclo17edinuoft#page/526/mode/1up . Edinburgh Encyclopædia .
     • Book: Salem Directory and City Register . 1842 . Henry Whipple . Salem, Massachusetts . .
     • Book: Salem Directory and City Register . 1846 . Henry Whipple . Salem, Massachusetts .
     • Book: Hayward, John . Gazetteer of Massachusetts . Boston . J.P. Jewett & Co. . 1849 . Salem . 2027/mdp.39015078325076 .
       • Historical Collections of the Essex Institute . . Salem . 15 . 1878 . Historical Events of Salem, from its Early Settlements to the Present Time . 2027/nyp.33433081909636 .
       • Book: Pocket Guide to Salem, Massachusetts . 1885. H.P. Ives . Salem .
     • Book: Salem Directory . 1886 . Sampson, Murdock & Co. . Boston .
     • George M. . Whipple . 1886 . A sketch of the musical societies of Salem . Essex Institute Historical Collections . 23 . .

     Published in the 20th century

     • Book: Chambers's Encyclopaedia . London . https://archive.org/stream/chambersencyclop09lond#page/105/mode/1up . Salem . 1901 . Chambers's Encyclopaedia .
     • Book: Municipal History of Essex County in Massachusetts . Benjamin F. . Arrington . New York . Lewis Historical Publishing Company . 1922 . 1 . City of Salem . 2027/uva.x000924219 .
       • • + Chronology
     • Book: Salem in the nineties and some of the people who lived there . James Duncan Phillips . Boston . 1937 . Thomas Todd company . (fulltext via HathiTrust)
       • • Book: Trudy Ring . Robert M. Salkin . Americas . International Dictionary of Historic Places . 1995 . Routledge. 978-1-134-25930-4 . Salem . 577+ . https://books.google.com/books?id=zTL_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA577 .

     Published in the 21st century

     • Dane Anthony Morrison and Nancy Lusignan Schultz, eds., Salem: Place, Myth, Memory (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2004)
     • Web site: Massachusetts Historical Society . Object of the Month . Washington Mazurkerwitz and Veronica Ryewhiskey: Recollections of the Polish Community in Salem . March 2013 . .

     External links

     • Web site: Salem Collection . Salem Public Library . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080106160654/http://www.noblenet.org/salem/reference/salcoll.html . 2008-01-06 .
     • Works related to Salem, Massachusetts, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America).
     . Gorov. Linda.