Timeline of Richmond, Virginia explained
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Richmond, Virginia, United States
Pre-European Era
- Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Great Indian Warpath had a branch that led from present-day Lynchburg to present-day Richmond.
- By 1607, Chief Powhatan had inherited the so known as the chiefdom of about 4–6 tribes, with its base at the Fall Line near present-day Richmond and with political domain over much of eastern Tidewater Virginia, an area known to the Powhatans as "Tsenacommacah."
17th century
1600s-1610s
- 1607 (May) – Capt. Christopher Newport leads a party of Englishmen on an exploration and they first visit "Pawatah", one of the capitals of the Powhatan Confederacy, at Shockoe hill overlooking the falls.
- 1608 (September) – Newport returns to the falls with 120 soldiers, to explore the Monacan country upriver.[1]
- 1609 (September) – Captain John Smith, now President of Virginia Colony, sends another force of 120 men under Francis West to settle "West's Fort" in what is now the Rockett's neighborhood; Smith then purchases the Powhatan village from the chief Parahunt and renames it "Nonsuch", however, the native inhabitants resist the settlers, forcing them to return to Jamestown.
- 1610–1614 – First Anglo-Powhatan War resulting in a seven-year "Peace of Pocahontas" between the English and the Powhatan confederacy.
- 1610 (Fall) – Lord De La Warr, brother of Francis West and now colony governor, makes another attempt to establish a fort at the falls, but it too is abandoned in early 1611. He ultimately established West and Sherley Hundred in 1613.[2]
- 1611 – The English establish Henricus a few miles downstream and make no further attempt to occupy the falls of the James for the time being.
- 1612 – Sir Thomas Dale and 350 others[3] move to the upper James with intent on developing a settlement outside Jamestown.
- 1613 – Sir Thomas Dale establishes Charles City Point at the confluence of the Appomattox and James rivers and remarks how this area (Bermuda Hundred) resembles the newly settled Virginia colony of Bermuda.[4]
- 1614 – On April 5, John Rolfe marries Pocahontas and they move to Varina Farms (across the James River from Henricus). For the next two years, they develop Nicotiana tabacum tobacco as a viable cash crop.[5] Their son Thomas Rolfe is born here in 1615.
- 1617 – Rector and charter colonist of Henricus Alexander Whitaker drowns in the James River.[6]
- 1619
1620s-1640s
- March 1622 – Henricus abandoned after Indian Massacre of 1622
- From 1622 to 1632 the Second Anglo-Powhatan War made living away from Jamestown treacherous for colonial settlers. Attempts to continue settlement at Henricus continued, but only 22 inhabitants and 10 "dwelling houses" were there in May 1625.[7]
- 1634 – The Virginia shire system is established, with most of Central Virginia included in Henrico Shire.[8] with the county seat at Varina
- 1635 – Captain Thomas Harris plants a tobacco farm at Curles Neck
- 1636 – Fur trader Captain Henry Fleet drove the Appomattoc away from the falls of the Appomatox River, built a fort, and thereby opened that area for settlement.[9]
- 1637 – William Farrar finally receives patent for the 2,000-acre tract around Henricus that he had abandoned in 1622. This ownership bestowed the family name to Farrar's Island.[10]
- 1644–1645 – Third Anglo-Powhatan War
- 1645 – To secure the border between the English and the Native Americans, the English built Fort Charles built at falls of the James and Fort Henry (commanded by Abraham Wood) at the falls of the Appomattox River.
- 1646
- 1647 – Location of Fort Charles moved across the James River to "Manastoh", now Southside Richmond.[12]
- 1649 – Necotowance dies, leaving Totopotomoi as the chief of the Pamunkeys.
1650s-1670s
- 1654 – New Kent County was created from York County. The county's name originated because several prominent inhabitants, including William Claiborne, recently had been forced from their settlement at Kent Island, Maryland by Lord Baltimore upon the formation of Maryland.[13]
- 1656
- 1658—The first Indian reservation in the New World, the Pamunkey Indian Reservation, is established east of present-day Richmond.[15] [16]
- 1660 -- Theodorick Bland of Westover marries Anne Bennett,[17] the daughter of the former Puritan governor Richard Bennett. (Bennett had been appointed colonial governor under Oliver Cromwell April 30, 1652, to March 31, 1655.)[18]
- 1663 – Henry Randolph I builds Swift Creek Mill (widely believed to be one of the first grist mills in the United States.[19] [20])
- 1670s – between May and July, John Lederer leads an expedition from Fort Charles (now Richmond) exploring the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the Catawba River near what is now Charlotte [21] He returns in July to Fort Henry (now Petersburg).
- 1670s – Nathaniel Bacon arrives from England and purchases land in the frontier of Virginia: at Curles Neck Plantation[22]
- 1673 – William Byrd I is granted lands at the falls and establishes a trading post and small settlement.
- 1675 – Wood's son-in-law, Peter Jones commands Fort Henry and opens a trading post nearby, known as Peter's Point. (~75 years later, Peter's Point would be merged with nearby Blandford and incorporated as Petersburg, Virginia)
- 1676
- 1677 – Charles II of England signs the Treaty of 1677, making peace with Virginia Indians, including such Richmond-area tribes as the Monicans (west of the falls) and the Appomattoc (near modern-day Tricities, Virginia).
1680s-1690s
18th century
1700s-1740s
- 1702
- 1703 – Prince George County was formed from a portion of Charles City County south of the James River. It was named in honor of Prince George of Denmark, husband of Anne, Queen of Great Britain. (Anne reigned over Great Britain starting in 1702)
- 1704 William Byrd II inherits his father's estates
- 1710 William Randolph's 2nd son Thomas begins building Tuckahoe Plantation near Manakin Town.
- 1719 – Hanover County was created on November 26, 1719, from the area of New Kent County called St. Paul's Parish.
- 1728
- 1730 -
- 1733 – Richmond named by William Byrd II, after Richmond upon Thames, England.[29]
- 1735
- 1737 – Street grid laid out.
- After George Whitefield's 1739–1740 tour (particularly his 1739 sermon at Williamsburg[30]), the First Great Awakening takes hold in Virginia.
- 1741
- 1742 – Town of Richmond incorporated.
- 1744
- 1748 – Samuel Davies becomes the first non-Anglican minister licensed by the Virginia Governor's Council,[32] and ministers to several non-Anglican churches in the area including Byrd Presbyterian Church (founded 1748) in Goochland, Polegreen Church (founded 1743) in Hanover County, and Providence Presbyterian Church (founded 1747) in Louisa County).
- 1749
1750s-1790s
- 1750
- 1751 – After Beverley Randolph dies, his brother Peter Randolph carries through plans to sell lots and create the town of Westham, Virginia. Westham provides merchants an upriver storage alternative to Byrd III's warehouse at the falls.[34]
- 1752
- 1755 – On October 3, Samuel Davies and regional presbyterian leaders founded the Hanover Presbytery[36]
- 1756–1761 – William Byrd III serves in the French and Indian War and rises to command the Virginia Regiment
- 1762 – Petersburg expands by adding a 28-acre parcel of land north of the Appomattox River (this north parcel was known in 1749 as Wittontown and in 1752 as Pocahontas). For this reason, the original area of Petersburg became known as "Old Town."
- 1765 – Peter Randolph, William Byrd III, and Thomas Jefferson form a company to build a canal around the James River.[37]
- 1768 – William Byrd III sells off many Richmond-area lots in a land lottery in a failed bid to cover his gambling debts. (He went broke and committed suicide in 1777)[38]
- 1775
- 1777 – In May 1777, the Virginia General Assembly created Powhatan County out of land from the eastern portion of Cumberland County between the Appomattox and James rivers.
- 1780
- 1781
- January 1 – 19, 1781—Turncoat Benedict Arnold sets fire to the city and area plantations during his infamous Raid of Richmond
- On April 25, 1781, the British, under the command of MG William Phillips defeat Baron Von Steuben, Peter Muhlenberg and 1000 men at the Battle of Blandford in the Petersburg area.
- Later on, in May, the Marquis de Lafayette defends Richmond from the British.
- May 20, Cornwallis reached Petersburg on May 20 and begins to pursue Lafayette around Central Virginia just prior to the culminating battle in Yorktown that occurred in October 1781.
- On June 3, 1781, Tarleton departs from his camp on the North Anna River and heads towards Charlottesville to capture the Virginia State government that was in hiding there. Yankee Jack Jouett makes his famous 40-mile ride from Cuckoo Tavern to warn the Virginia government.
- 1785
- 1786 – Richmond Theatre opens.
- 1788
- Virginia Ratifying Convention meets at Richmond's theater in Court End from June 2 through June 27 and agrees to ratify the US Constitution.
- Amicable Society organized.
- Legislative acts take Nottoway Parish, a district of Amelia County, and establish a new county, Nottoway County.
- Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalome forms the first Jewish congregation in Virginia and the sixth oldest congregation in the United States. The congregation would not build a synagogue until 1822.[41]
- 1790
- 1790s – Gallego Flour Mills starts up.
- 1795 – Bushrod Washington purchased William Byrd III's former estate, Belvidere, from outgoing Governor Light-Horse Harry Lee and lives there until his appointment to the Supreme Court in 1798[42] [43] [44]
- 1799 - The City of Richmond purchased two parcels of land, for the main purpose of becoming the city's municipal burying grounds. Land acquired on the northern end of Shockoe Hill was originally intended for white interments (see Shockoe Hill Cemetery and Shockoe Hill Burying Ground Historic District). Land acquired in Shockoe Valley was used to establish the Burial Ground for Negroes, for the interment of free people of color and the enslaved.[45] It is now referred to as the Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground.
- 1800
19th century
1800s-1810s
- 1803 – James T. Callender drowns in the James River. The controversial Scottish-American journalist was editor of the Federalist "Richmond Recorder" newspaper and had been slated to testify in the People v. Croswell case. Callender had also reported in a series of articles that Thomas Jefferson had fathered children by his slave Sally Hemings.[46] [47]
- 1804
- Thomas Ritchie bought out the Republican newspaper the Richmond Enquirer in 1804, and as editor and publisher for 41 years, made it a financial and political success. Thomas Jefferson said of the Enquirer, "I read but a single newspaper, Ritchie's Enquirer, the best that is published or ever has been published in America."[48]
- a turnpike from Midlothian opens (although it does not reach the falls of the James until 1807).
- Abraham B. Venable becomes founding president of the Bank of Virginia
- 1807
- 1810
- Theatre built.
- Major John Clarke and prominent lawyer William Wirt build the Bellona Foundry near the Midlothian coal mines on the James River above the rapids. (In 1816, the Bellona Arsenal would be built here by the US Government.)[49]
- 1811
- 1812 – Lawyer and businessman John Wickham builds his house on Clay Street in the fashionable Court End neighborhood.
- 1813 – June 16, 1813–11-year Society of the Cincinnati president and former governor (1796–1799) James Wood dies in Richmond.
- 1814 – Monumental Church (designed by architect Robert Mills) built in Court End on the site of the 1811 theater fire.
- 1815
- 1816
- The "Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground" was established by the City of Richmond on Shockoe Hill at 5th and Hospital Street. It was referred to at the time as the "Burying Ground for Free People of Colour" and the "Burying Ground for Negroes" (the enslaved) on the city's 1816 plan.
- The "Shockoe Bottom African Burial Ground" (or African Burial Ground in Shockoe Bottom) historically known as the "Burial Ground for Negroes" in Shockoe Valley (Shockoe Bottom) was closed upon the opening of the Shockoe Hill African Burying ground.
- 1818 – Dr. John Brockenbrough, Scottish-born president of the Bank of Virginia, builds a house in Court End.
1820s-1830s
- 1820
- 1823
- 1824
- 1826 – a turnpike opens between Manchester (modern day downtown Richmond) and Petersburg, Virginia
- 1828 – Virginia Randolph Cary publishes "Letters on Female Character, Addressed to a Young Lady, on the Death of Her Mother," an influential advice book.
- 1830 – Population: 6,056.[54]
- 1831
- 1832 – Richmond College opens.
- 1833 – Petersburg Railroad opens, connecting Petersburg to the North Carolina border in Garysburg, North Carolina
- 1834
- 1835 -- Bosher Dam built across the James River and several Lock-Keeper's Houses built as part of the continued construction of the James River and Kanawha Canal.
- 1836
- Midlothian Coal Mining Company is organized with A. S. Wooldridge as president.[55] Four shafts are Pump Shaft, Middle Shaft, Grove Shaft, and Wood Shaft.[56]
- Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad opens from Richmond to Hazel Run in 1836. It would not reach Fredericksburg until January 23, 1837, and reach the rest of the way to the Potomac River at Aquia Creek until September 30, 1842.[57]
- 1837 – Tredegar Iron Works in business.
- 1838
1840s-1850s
- 1840
- 1841
- 1842
- 1843 – Saint John's German Lutheran Evangelical Church founded.
- 1844 – Robert Lumpkin purchases what would become an infamous a slave jail in Shockoe Bottom.
- 1845
- Second Presbyterian Church founded.
- The Medical Department of Hampden-Sydney College (later known as Medical College of Virginia) builds its first permanent structure, the Egyptian Building in Court End.
- 1847 – On March 9, 1847, the Richmond and Danville Railroad is chartered. Andrew Talcott began construction in 1849, reached Coalfield Station in 1850, and completed work to Danville in 1856.[66]
- 1849 – Hollywood Cemetery established.
- 1850 – Population: 27,570.
- Shockoe Hill Burying-ground is increased by 14 acres. Five acres were added to the walled Shockoe Hill Cemetery for white interments, and 9 acres, plus the grounds of the City Hospital were added to the portion of the Burying-ground for Coloured People (a.k.a. the Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground). (Common Council Minutes 1848–1852, January 16, 1850)
- 1851
- 1852
- Gesangverein Virginia formed.[67]
- Virginia State Agricultural Society organized.
- 1853 – Richmond and York River Railroad connects to York River port of West Point, Virginia
- 1854
- 1856
- 1858
1860s-1870s
- 1860 - Population:37,910.
- 1861
- 1862
- 1863 – April 2: Bread riot.
- 1864
- 1864–1865 – Richmond-Petersburg Campaign
- 1865 -
- 1866 – Richmond National Cemetery established.
- 1867
- 1868
- 1870
- A tragic collapse at the Virginia State Capitol occurs as the overly large crowd seeks remove Reconstruction Era mayor George Chahoon. Sixty-two people were killed and 251 injured.
- Mann Valentine II formulates "Valentine's Meat Juice" to cure his ailing wife and begins to market it aggressively throughout the 1870s.
- Population:51,038.
- 1871 – Life Insurance Company of Virginia forms in Petersburg and eventually moves to Richmond.
- 1873
- 1874
- P.H. Mayo & Bros. open a cigarette-manufacturing tobacco company in 1874, further expanding the city's economic importance to the tobacco industry.
- Richmond's Board of Alderman approves the construction of Chimborazo Park which is completed over the following decade.[73]
- 1875 – The city begins to acquire land that would become Byrd Park and construct a new municipal waterworks system around it.
- 1876 P.H. Mayo & Bros. have a tobacco display in the agricultural building at the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's Centennial Exposition, the first official World's Fair in the United States[74]
- 1877
- 1879 - The Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground was closed to new burials due to overcrowded conditions.
1880s-1890s
- 1880
- 1881 – C&O completes its Peninsula_Extension (Richmond's Fulton Yard and Church Hill Tunnel are part of this development). The line enables West Virginia Coal to be shipped through Richmond to Newport News shipyards. It opens just in time for the Yorktown Centennial.
- 1882
- 1883 – Hartshorn Memorial College opens.
- 1884
- 1885
- Miller, Rhoads, & Gerhart in business.
- The Robert E. Lee Camp, No. 1 Confederate Soldier Home opens (current site of VMFA.[76]
- Chiswell Langhorne (tobacco auctioneer and railroad industrialist) moves family to Richmond. Langhorne's daughter Irene, would marry illustrator Charles Dana Gibson in 1895 and become one of the first Gibson Girl models.
- 1886 – Richmond Daily Times begins publication.
- 1887
- 1888
- 1889
- 1890
- 1891
- 1892 – Randolph-Macon Academy prep school opens in Ashland
- 1894
- 1895
- 1896 – Sons of Confederate Veterans is formed in Richmond. Confederate Museum opens in Court End.
- 1898
- 1899
- 1900
- Population: 85,050.
- James H. Dooley, veteran of several rail mergers in the South, helps organize the Seaboard Air Line Railroad and serves as chairman of SAL's executive council.[80]
- Seaboard Airline constructs part of its railroad tracks on top of the Shockoe Hill African Burying Ground, immediately south of the Bacon's Quarter Branch. This track connects directly to Main St. Station.[81]
20th century
1900s-1910s
1920s-1930s
- 1920
- 1922
- 1923
- Chesterfield annexes the Henricus site from Henrico County.[98]
- Richmond farmers form the Virginia Seed Service that would be renamed "Southern States Cooperative" in the 1930s
- Virginia Transit Co. begins implementing buses to augment its network of trolley lines.[99]
- National Theater built on Broad Street downtown.[100]
- 1924 -- John Fulmer Bright begins his 16-year stint as mayor.
- 1925
- 1926
- 1927
- Richard Evelyn Byrd Flying Field dedicated.
- After a decade of road improvements, the Jefferson Davis Highway officially opens as a major automobile thoroughfare[101] [102] [103]
- WRNL radio begins broadcasting.
- DuPont purchases land near Ampthill/Bellwood for a large rayon and cellophane plant known as "Spruance Plant"[104]
- Inter-state traffic along Jefferson Davis Highway and its James River toll bridge leads to Belt Boulevard bypass development by 1933.
- The Italian community dedicates a statue to Christopher Columbus in Byrd Park
- Richmond Shriners open Acca Temple Shrine near Monroe Park, also known as "The Mosque" (later changed to the Landmark Theater in the 1990s and then the Altria theater in the 2010s).
- 1928
- After four years of planning and site selection, construction of the Virginia World War I Memorial Carillon began in Byrd Park in 1928. It was dedicated in 1932.[105]
- Byrd Theatre opens.
- Loew's Theatre opens.
- 1929
- 1930
- 1932 – Forest Hill Amusement Park (that includes carousel, roller coaster, fun house, dance hall, penny arcade, and golf course) closes dues to impacts of the Great Depression; the city would purchase the property and raze the dilapidated amusements in 1933.
- 1934
- Tri-State Gang members (Walter Leganza, Bobby Mais, and others) terrorize Richmond by hijacking a federal reserve truck behind Broad Street Station.[106] [107] They were executed in Richmond in 1935. The three-state crime spree was later dramatized in the 1950 film Highway 301
- Parker Field is built on the site of the state fairgrounds.
- The New York Deli (founded in 1929) moves to its current location in Carytown. The Sailor sandwich would be invented there in 1943.[108]
- Eighteen months after it was announced, the original Lee Bridge was dedicated November 4, 1934. The issue of whether the city should charge tolls would not be settled until July 1935 when the city negotiated with Richmond Bridge Corporation and the Virginia Electric and Power Company (VEPCO) to make the bridge toll-free.[109]
- 1935 – Gottfried Krueger Brewery sells the first canned beer on January 24, 1935[110]
- 1936
- 1937 – The Ukrop family opens their first of many Richmond-area grocery stores
- 1938
- 1939 – June 27 – July 2 – Richmond hosts the 30th annual conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People at The Mosque, with welcome by Mayor John Fulmer Bright, Richmond NAACP President Jesse M. Tinsley, and keynote addresses by William H. Hastie and Sam Solomon. The conference also featured in-person appearance[114] by Eleanor Roosevelt presenting the Spingarn Medal to Marian Anderson as it was broadcast over NBC and CBS stations.[115]
1940s-1950s
- 1940
- US War Department re-establishes Camp Lee for the purpose of training Quartermaster soldiers for World War II.
- Richmond, Virginia's two newspapers, the Times-Dispatch and News Leader, merged to form a quickly-growing media company known as Richmond Newspapers (now Media General).
- 1941
- 1946
- 1947 – Philanthropist Lillian Thomas Pratt donates Fabergé eggs and other Russian objects to the VMFA.[119]
- 1948 – WTVR-TV begins broadcasting.
- 1949
- The last of Richmond's electric trolleys are replaced by buses
- Samuel S. Wurtzel opens his first retail electronics store ("Wards") that would grow to become Circuit City.
- Douglas Southall Freeman steps down as editor of the Richmond News Leader.
- 1950 – Population: 230,310.
- 1952 – Wilton House Museum opens.
- 1954 – Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County is decided as part of the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education ruling (officially overturned racial segregation in U.S. public schools). the Davis case was the work of Richmond civil rights attorneys Oliver Hill and Spottswood William Robinson III who took on the state's law firm of Hunton & Williams, also based in Richmond.
- 1955
- Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane occur.
- Virginia War Memorial installed.
- VMFA, under the leadership of Leslie Cheek Jr, constructs a 500-seat proscenium stage known as the "Virginia Museum Theater" to feature the arts of drama, acting, design, music, and dance alongside the static arts of the galleries.
- 1956
- 1957 -
- 1958 – Richmond-Petersburg Turnpike opens to include the I-95 James River Bridge.
1960s-1970s
1980s-1990s
21st century
2000s
- 2001
- Richmond's First Fridays Art Walk is initiated by area galleries[158] with primary funding support from the Ukrop family[159]
- On September 11, 2001, Rudy McCollum is sworn in as Richmond's 77th Mayor after being elected by his fellow city council members.
- 2002
- MeadWestvaco is created from a merger and moves their headquarters to Richmond.
- Convention Center opens.
- Virginia Commonwealth University hires Jeff Capel III as the head coach of its men's basketball team and during the 2003–04 season leads the team to the NCAA tournament for the first time since 1996.
- HBO movie Iron Jawed Angels films in the Richmond area Fall 2002.[160]
- Virginia State Route 895 opens, shortening by 11 minutes the drive time between Chippenham Parkway to Richmond Airport.
- Beltway snipers strike in Ashland
- 2003
- Stony Point Fashion Park and Short Pump Town Center both open.
- Hurricane Isabel knocks out power in Richmond for up to 10 days.
- In February, the Greater Richmond Convention Center opened[161]
- Philip Morris USA moved headquarters from New York to Richmond.
- Rod Lurie films a short-lived Sopranos-style gang drama based in Richmond called Line of Fire.
- Sixth Street Marketplace torn down to make room for hotels and convention center developments[162]
- CSX Corporation headquarters moved to Jacksonville, Florida, and the president John Snow is appointed Secretary of the Treasury.
- Main Street Station re-opens train service after a multimillion-dollar renovation.
- Sa'ad El-Amin (city councilman from 1998 to 2003[163]) resigns from city council after he is convicted of felony count of "conspiracy to attempt or evade taxes."[164]
- 2004
- 2005
- 2006
- 2007
- 2008
- Inaugural Richmond Folk Festival takes place[178]
- Cloverleaf Mall closes
- Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc. (HDL) is founded in Richmond Biotech park[179]
- The University of Richmond opens UR Downtown campus to house three main programs: the Richmond Families Initiative, the Harry L. Carrico Center for Pro Bono Service and the Family Law Clinic[180]
- Richmond Kickers Academy established
- The National concert venue opens on Broad Street
- The financial panic of 2008 and subsequent Great Recession puts several regional employers out of business including Circuit City, Qimonda, LandAmerica[181]
- 20-something Aaron Kremer founds Richmond BizSense on January 1, 2008, to cover Richmond business news.[182] [183] [184]
- 2009
2010s
- 2010
- Population: 204,214. (1,208,101 in the Richmond Metro Area) [194]
- Ukrop family sells their chain of grocery stores to Giant foods; stores are renamed "Martin's"[195]
- In May, the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts completes its largest expansion in the museum's history, a four-year project that resulted in 165,000 more square feet, a new sculpture garden, the BEST cafe and Amuse Restaurant, and a 600-car parking deck.[196]
- Richmond Raiders indoor football team established
- University of Richmond completes its on-campus football stadium, E. Claiborne Robins Stadium, and vacates City Stadium.
- Venture Richmond partners with Martin Agency, the VCU Brandcenter, and local PR firms to promote "RVA Downtown/RVA Creates" concept. This logo leads to the development the ubiquitous[197] [198] RVA Sticker[199] in 2011.[200] [201]
- After the Richmond Braves relocated to Atlanta suburbs in 2009, the Richmond Flying Squirrels began playing in 2010. While the Flying Squirrels play at The Diamond, team management expects Richmond to build a replacement stadium.
- 2011
- 2012
- Virginia Repertory Theatre formed.[206]
- Peter Chang establishes restaurant presence in Richmond[207]
- Musician Matthew E. White earns accolades, including Paste magazine's Best New Act of 2012,[208]
- Beer Boom in Scott's Addition begins: Virginia changes its blue laws to permit breweries to sell beer on site without offering food, and the "Virginia Beer Boom" begins in Richmond, particularly in Scott's Addition. By 2018, VinePair named Richmond the world's top beer destination for 2018.[209]
- 2013
- 2014
- 2015
- 2016
- Lucy Dacus, a Richmond area native, releases her debut album No Burden, signs to Matador Records, and rises to national attention (performing at Lollapalooza, CBS This Morning, and NPR's Tiny Desk Concert[227]).
- In January, Winter Storm Jonas dumps 16 inches of snow on Richmond,[228] cancelling all flights out of Richmond International Airport on January 23,[229] and causing the Greater Richmond Transit Company (GTRC) bus system to take the rare step of suspending all routes on January 24.[230]
- In February, Stone Brewing Co. opens its first brewery on the East Coast, in Rockett's Landing.[231]
- In June, the 29-story art deco skyscraper Central National Bank building reopens as "Deco at CNB"
- December 2 -- The T. Tyler Potterfield Memorial pedestrian bridge opens, connecting Brown's Island to the James River Parks System on the Manchester side of the river.
- 2017
- On January 7, Levar Stoney is sworn in as Richmond's youngest ever mayor. He is 35 years old.[232]
- In the wake of the Unite the Right rally violence incidents in Charlottesville, protestors including Antifa and Black Lives Matter gathered on Monument Avenue to stage an anti-racist counter-demonstration on August 14. A CBS6 cameraman was injured in the fracas.[233] A month later, when local confederate groups announced a rally on Monument Avenue for September 17, a significant police presence and counter-demonstration staged opposition and continued the debate over Monument Avenue's confederate statues.[234]
- In October, Facebook announces plans to construct a $1 billion, 970,000-square-foot data center on about 330 acres of White Oak Technology Park.[235]
- In November, Mayor Stoney announces a major downtown development plan involving replacing the Richmond Coliseum with a 17,500-seat arena[236] and redeveloping the surrounding area.[237]
- 2018
- On Sunday January 7, a cold snap sends temperatures plummeting to negative 3 degrees Fahrenheit, the coldest recorded temperature in 33 years. Pipes break across the city including flooding of I-95 downtown.[238]
- Richmond Grocery Wars:[239] [240] In the wake of the disappearance of Martin's and Ukrops, grocery chains such as Lidl, Publix, Wegmans, and Aldi continue to open stores in the Richmond area, squeezing existing stores like Kroger, Walmart, and Food Lion.[241] [242] [243]
- June 24—the GRTC Pulse (bus rapid transit system) opens, connecting Rocketts Landing to Scott's Addition to Willow Lawn.[244] [245] Mayor Stoney states that the $65 million project will generate $1 billion in economic activity over the next 20 years, resulting in a $15 return on investment for every dollar invested.[246]
- As Hurricane Florence made landfall and moved through North Carolina, low-topped supercells developed from this system remnants that had moved north to the Richmond area. This system created 10 tornadoes (ranging from EF0 to EF2) that hit the greater Richmond region in the course of the afternoon of Monday September 17, killing one[247] and damaging multiple buildings on the Southside.[248] Many area schools sheltered students in place in some cases until 6:30PM.[249]
2020s
- 2020
- On June 1, Richmond Police fired tear gas on violent protestors and rioters vandalizing the Robert E. Lee Monument.[250]
See also
- History of Richmond, Virginia
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond, Virginia
- Neighborhoods of Richmond, Virginia
- List of mayors of Richmond, Virginia
- Timelines of other cities in Virginia: Alexandria, Hampton, Lynchburg, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Roanoke, Virginia Beach
Bibliography
Published in 18th-19th century
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- Book: Chataigne's Directory of Richmond, Va. . 1881 . Internet Archive . [Richmond, Va.] : Baughman Bros. .
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- Book: Bibliotheca Americana . . New York . 1888 . 13972268 . 17 . Richmond, Virginia . https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofbook17sabi#page/250/mode/2up . New York : Joseph Sabin .
Published in 20th century
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- Directory of Business and Professional Women. 1921
- City of Richmond, Virginia . The Modern City . League of American Municipalities . 7 . November 1922 .
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- Michael B. Chesson. Richmond after the War, 1865–1890. Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1981.
- Peter J. Rachleff. Black Labor in the South: Richmond, Virginia, 1865–1890. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.
- Patricia C. Click. The Spirit of the Times: Amusements in Nineteenth-Century Baltimore, Norfolk, and Richmond. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989.
- Marie Tyler-McGraw. At the Falls: Richmond, Virginia, and Its People. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994.
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- Book: . Encyclopedia of the United States in the Nineteenth Century . Charles Scribner's Sons . 0-684-80500-6 . 2000. Richmond. Peter Wallenstein. .
Published in 21st century
- Book: Richmond, Virginia . Elvatrice Parker Belsches. Arcadia . Charleston, South Carolina . Black America . 2002.
- Encyclopedia: Richard Pillsbury . Geography . 2 . New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture . University of North Carolina Press . 910189354. 2006. Richmond. 195.
- Book: David Goldfield. Encyclopedia of American Urban History. 2007. Sage. 978-1-4522-6553-7. Richmond, Virginia.
External links
Notes and References
- Helen Rountree, Pocahontas's People 1990 p. 48.
- Web site: English Settlements . Charlescity.org . December 22, 2015.
- Book: Boiled Peanuts and Buckeyes – Lee Holland – Google Books . December 22, 2015. 978-1-933916-66-8 . Holland . Lee . 2006 . Nelson Publishing&Marketing .
- Web site: Contributed by Emily Jones Salmon . Bermuda Hundred during the Colonial Period . Encyclopediavirginia.org . December 22, 2015.
- Web site: Tobacco in Colonial Virginia. Emily Jones. Salmon. Encyclopedia Virginia.
- Book: Holland, Lee. Boiled Peanuts and Buckeyes. January 1, 2006. Nelson Publishing&Marketing. 978-1-933916-66-8. en.
- Web site: History of Henricus (1611 Settlement) . henricus.org . January 25, 2019 . Subsequent efforts to reestablish the town of Henricus failed. In May 1625, more than three years after the devastating attack, only 22 inhabitants were reported residing in ten “dwelling-houses” at Henricus..
- Web site: Virginia: Individual County Chronologies . Atlas of Historical County Boundaries . Scholl Center for American History and Culture . . Chicago . June 30, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170305011359/http://publications.newberry.org/ahcbp/ . March 5, 2017 . dead .
- Book: Seagrave, Ronald R. . Dinwiddie County, Virginia: A Brief History . 2012-10-02 . Arcadia Publishing . 978-1-61423-714-3 . en.
- Web site: History of Henricus (1611 Settlement) . henricus.org . January 25, 2019 . In 1637, fifteen years after the uprising, the site was included in a 2,000 acre tract patented by William Farrar. Because it was owned by William Farrar, Sr., the peninsula became known as Farrar’s Island...
- Web site: History Lesson. Richmond Times-Dispatch. September 30, 2009 .
- Web site: The Messenger Newsletter (published by the CHESTERFIELD HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF VIRGINIA) Volume #86 July2008 "Chesterfield's major town and the tenth largest city in Virginia was incorporated in 1769 with the name of Manchester. The Indians had called the area "Manastoh,"".
- 1923023. William Claiborne of Kent Island. The William and Mary Quarterly. 1. 2. 74–99. Claiborne. J. Herbert. 1921. 10.2307/1923023.
- Web site: The Battle of Bloody Run | Church Hil People's News . Chpn.net . December 2, 2014 . December 22, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141216195644/http://chpn.net/news/2014/12/02/the-battle-of-bloody-run_38689/ . December 16, 2014 . dead .
- Web site: pamunky.text. www.cynthiaswope.com.
- http://www.jessicacrabtree.com/journal1/2010/09/first-indian-reservation "Pamunkey-Mattaponi Reservation(Virginia, 1658) The first colonial record of an Indian reservation comes from the Virginia colony, where in 1658 – a hundred years before New Jersey's Lenape reservation was formed – the Virginia General Assembly voted on a land reserve for the Pamunkey and Mattaponi tribes."
- Web site: Gundersen. Joan. Dictionary of Virginia Biography. Anna Bennett Bland (d. 1687). Encyclopedia Virginia. March 2, 2016.
- Web site: Fausz. J. Frederick. Dictionary of Virginia Biography. Richard Bennett (bap. 1609–ca. 1675). Encyclopedia Virginia. March 2, 2016. He served from April 30, 1652, to March 31, 1655.
- Web site: McConnell . Jim . Looking Back . Chesterfield Monthly . December 22, 2015.
- Web site: History . Swiftcreekmill.com . December 22, 2015.
- https://www.jstor.org/pss/1925298 Cunz, Dieter (1942), "John Lederer: Significance and Evaluation"
- https://books.google.com/books?id=aqI1CQAAQBAJ&dq=Bacons+rebellion+in+Richmond&pg=PT23 "he purchased a plantation at Curles Neck, on the James, forty Mules above Jamestown, and a tract of land at the site of Richmond, on what was then the frontier."
- Web site: Tate. Thad W.. Dictionary of Virginia Biography. James Blair (ca. 1655–1743). Encyclopedia Virginia. March 2, 2016.
- "At the beginning of the eighteenth century, dissenting congregations were rare in Virginia, and the long-established Anglican Church remained comfortably dominant." Web site: Kidd. Thomas S.. Act of Toleration (1689). Encyclopedia Virginia. March 2, 2016.
- Web site: The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. James Blair American colonial educator. Encyclopædia Britannica. March 2, 2016.
- Web site: Earl Gregg Swem Library Special Collections . Swem.wm.edu . September 26, 2008.
- Book: Young. Chester Raymond. Westward into Kentucky: The Narrative of Daniel Trabue. 1981–2004. The University PRess of Kentucky. Lexington, KY. 978-0-8131-9119-5. 160. paperback. February 28, 2018. By a letter dated March 18, 1699/1700, King William III ordered Governor Francis Nicholson of Virginia to make grants of land to a group of French Reugees and to help settle them. ... The Virginia Council decided on August 8, 1700 that the necomers should be seated in Henrico (now Powhatan) county at Manakin Town..
- Book: Lambert. David. The Protestant International and the Huguenot Migration to Virginia. 2010. Peter Lang. New York, Washington DC/Baltimore, Bern, Frankfurt, Berlin, Brussels, Vienna, Oxford. 978-1-4331-0759-7. –162. February 28, 2018. With the arrival of the fifth – and final – ship, the William and Elizabeth, in Virginia on 9 August 1701, the total migration of these French Protestant and Vaudois refugees was thereby completed..
- Web site: Richmond Virginia, United States. Encyclopedia Britannica. en. June 7, 2019.
- Web site: Road to Revolution Heritage Trail . Roadtorevolution.com . December 22, 2015.
- Web site: William Byrd III.
- Web site: Road to Revolution Heritage Trail --.
- Book: Sidbury, James . Ploughshares Into Swords: Race, Rebellion, and Identity in Gabriel's Virginia, 1730-1810 . 1997-10-13 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-59860-6 . en.
- Book: Hendricks, Christopher E. . The Backcountry Towns of Colonial Virginia . 2006 . Univ. of Tennessee Press . 978-1-57233-543-1 . en.
- Book: Kernodle, Louise Nurney . Guide Book of the City of Richmond: With Views and Map of the City, Also, Description and Map of Battlefields . 1918 . Central Publishing Company, Incorporated . en.
- Web site: This Day in Presbyterian History · Samuel Davies . Thisday.pcahistory.org . December 22, 2015.
- Book: The Backcountry Towns of Colonial Virginia – Christopher E. Hendricks – Google Books . December 22, 2015. 978-1-57233-543-1 . Hendricks . Christopher E. . 2006 . Univ. of Tennessee Press .
- Web site: The Honorable Colonel William Byrd's Lottery: How It Came About | Mount Vernon's Mystery Midden . Mountvernonmidden.org . April 2, 2014 . December 22, 2015.
- Web site: Chronology of US Historical Documents . . March 22, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170324082524/http://www.law.ou.edu/ushistory/index.shtml . March 24, 2017 . dead .
- Web site: Early Coal Pits Mid-Lothian Mines and Railroad Foundation – Midlothian, Virginia. Midlothian Mines Park. February 28, 2018. "The first mines discovered in this vicinity, were the old Black Heath pits, Buck & Cunliffe's, Ross & Curry's, Wooldridge's, Railey's, and the Green Hole." (owned eventually by Colonel "Harry" Heth).
- Web site: Richmond . 2023-09-07 . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- Web site: To George Washington from Bushrod Washington, 13 March 1798 . Founders.archives.gov . September 29, 2015 . December 22, 2015.
- Book: Richmond: The Story of a City – Virginius Dabney – Google Books . October 5, 2012. December 22, 2015. 978-0-8139-3430-3 . Dabney . Virginius . University of Virginia Press .
- Book: The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789–1800 ... - Maeva Marcus – Google Books . December 22, 2015. 978-0-231-08870-1 . Marcus . Maeva . Perry . James R. . 1985 . Columbia University Press .
- Web site: African Burial Ground . Smith . Ryan K. . Richmond Cemeteries.
- [#refMiller1977|Miller 1977]
- Gordon-Reed, Annette. Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy. University of Virginia Press (April 1997), pp. 59–61.
- Web site: Thomas Jefferson to William Short, September 8, 1823 . September 30, 2006 .
- Book: Salmon. John S.. A Guidebook to Virginia's Historical Markers. 1994. University of Virginia Press -- Virginia Department of Historic Resources. Charlottesville and London. 120. February 21, 2018. 978-0-8139-1491-6.
- Web site: US Newspaper Directory . Washington, D.C. . Chronicling America . Library of Congress . September 18, 2012.
- Web site: --Richmond: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary.
- Web site: American Libraries before 1876 . Davies Project . Princeton University . September 18, 2012.
- . May 1850 . American Colonization Society .
- Book: American almanac and repository of useful knowledge for the year 1832 . Virginia . https://archive.org/stream/americanalmanacr1832adam#page/218/mode/2up . Boston . Gray and Bowen, and Carter and Hendee . 1832 .
- Book: Lewis. Ronald L.. Black Coal Miners in America: Race, Class, and Community Conflict, 1780–1980. 1987–2009. The University Press of Kentucky. Lexington, Kentucky. 978-0-8131-9274-1. 5. February 28, 2018. By the late 1830s, many coal companies were operating in the Richmond Basin. One of the largest of them was the famous Midlothian Mining Company, chartered in 1836. According to the president of the company, A. S. Wooldridge....
- Web site: Mid-Lothian Coal Mining. Midlothian Mines Park website. February 28, 2018.
- Web site: Rogers . J. P. . 2012-11-04 . Aquia Creek Landing . 2023-09-07 . Oliver Cromwell Case . en.
- Web site: History – History – VCU School of Medicine . Medschool.vcu.edu . April 23, 2014 . December 22, 2015.
- Web site: Bosher's Dam. Richmond Outside. February 21, 2018.
- Web site: History – Richmond College. rc.richmond.edu. University of Richmond. March 13, 2017. en.
- Web site: Tredegar's parallel decline continued until 1841 when the owners hired twenty-eight year old Joseph R. Anderson, an ex-army officer, to take charge of the company's affairs.. https://web.archive.org/web/20080908111324/http://srnels.people.wm.edu/antrichf95/bumgard.html. dead. September 8, 2008.
- Web site: Virginia Memory: Tredegar Strike . https://web.archive.org/web/20100501110240/http://www.virginiamemory.com/online_classroom/shaping_the_constitution/doc/tredegarstrike . 2010-05-01 . dead . Virginia Memory . . December 22, 2015.
- https://bethahabah.org/heritage/history/# "A growing number of German and Eastern European Jews immigrated to Richmond and joined the congregation, but soon longed for their more familiar form of Ashkenazic worship. In 1841, they founded Congregation Beth Ahabah – House of Love – as an offshoot of K.K. Beth Shalome. "
- Web site: Henrico Historical Society. Henrico History.
- Web site: Full text of "Charles Dickens in America". 1911.
- Web site: Map of the Richmond & Danville Railroad system in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, & Texas. Library of Congress. February 28, 2018. Chartered in 1847 and completed to Danville in 1856..
- Web site: Gesangverein Virginia . September 18, 2012.
- Web site: Encyclopedia Virginia . Charlottesville, Virginia . Virginia Foundation for the Humanities . September 18, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170503103811/http://encyclopediavirginia.org/ . May 3, 2017 . dead .
- Web site: Burned District in Richmond. January 22, 2015.
- Web site: Elizabeth Van Lew . American Civil War Stories.
- Web site: Freedmen's Education in Virginia, 1861–1870.
- Web site: An early history of the building of Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O Railroad) into West Virginia (WV).. wva-usa.com. June 11, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20120216063934/http://www.wva-usa.com/history/mthope/cando.php. February 16, 2012. dead.
- The Richmond Whig, October 27, 1874, page 3, The Richmond Whig, November 10, 1874, page 3, Source: GenealogyBank.com.
- Web site: Centennial Collection . Libwww.library.phila.gov . December 22, 2015.
- Web site: Little Known Black History Fact: Bill 'Bojangles' Robinson. D.L. Chandler. October 5, 2014. Black America Web.
- Web site: About the Robert E. Lee Camp Confederate Soldiers' Home Applications for Admission Database . Lva.virginia.gov . December 22, 2015.
- Web site: Chicago Historical Society Northwestern University Wet With Blood.
- Web site: Chicago Historical Society Northwestern University Wet With Blood.
- Web site: page 40.
- Web site: Harris, Robert B., "The life of Major James Henry Dooley" (1936). Honors Theses. Paper 262. pp. 9–10 "In 1889 he was one of the organizers and directors of the great Seaboard Airline Company" "During the years 1900, 1901, and 1902, Mr. Dooley was chairman of the executive council of the Seaboard Airline Railway Company".
- Map of Henrico County, Virginia, Richmond, VA : A. Hoen & Co., 1901., Library of Congress
- Web site: The Triple Crossing . American-rails.com . December 22, 2015.
- Web site: Richmond's Triple Crossing.
- Book: Jessie Carney Smith . Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture . 2010. ABC-CLIO. 978-0-313-35797-8 . Timeline . https://books.google.com/books?id=10rEGSIItjgC&pg=PR47 .
- Web site: The St Luke Penny Savings Bank - Maggie L Walker National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service). Mailing Address: 3215 E. Broad Street. Richmond. VA 23223 Phone:226-5041 x0 Contact. Us. www.nps.gov.
- Web site: Index Map. Historic Map Works LLC..
- Web site: Richmond Public Library History . September 18, 2012.
- Web site: GC24MY0 Ashland Trolley Line Returns (Traditional Cache) in Virginia, United States created by Images4U & RiverRain . Geocaching.
- Web site: Maps and Formation Information: Richmond . Library of Virginia . County And City Records . March 16, 2017 .
- Book: Griggs, Walter S. . Hidden History of Richmond . . August 28, 2012 . 95. 978-1-61423-665-8 .
- Web site: Richmond's part in the early automobile and racing industries . Virginia Historical Society's Blog. August 27, 2012 .
- Web site: The Kline Kar of York, Pennsylvania, and Richmond, Virginia . March 7, 2013 .
- Web site: Battle Abbey . Virginia Historical Society . September 18, 2012.
- Web site: Three Chopt Road Historic District registration form . National Register of Historic Places . January 22, 2015.
- Web site: Our History . Westhampton College (University of Richmond) . University of Richmond . January 22, 2015.
- Web site: page 49.
- Web site: The Shockoe ExaminerBlogging the History of Richmond, Virginia . Ray Bonis -- Selden Richardson. . November 18, 2010 .
- Web site: Henrico County's History . Henrico Historical Society . January 25, 2019 . an annexation in 1922 by Chesterfield County that claimed the site of Henricus, changing the boundary of Henrico to what it is today..
- Web site: Asked and Answered. Style Weekly. April 22, 2014.
- Web site: Archived copy . June 29, 2015 . September 24, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924011155/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Richmond/127-0178_National_Theater_2003_Final_Nomination.pdf . dead .
- http://cdn.loc.gov/master/pnp/habshaer/va/va1700/va1729/data/va1729data.pdf
- Web site: Full text of "Southern good roads". 1910. Lexington, N.C., Southern Good Roads Pub. Co.
- Book: The Goodrich . B.F. Goodrich Company. 1913 .
- Web site: Archived copy . June 5, 2015 . March 7, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307015306/http://chesterfieldhistory.com/pdf/messenger/messenger%20jan%202013%20s.pdf . dead .
- Web site: Archived copy . July 6, 2015 . September 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120927033401/http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Cities/Richmond/127-0387_Virginia_War_Memorial_Carillon_1984_Final_Nomination.pdf . dead .
- Web site: Why is a murderous gangster buried in a Virginia woman's yard?. WTVR.com. July 18, 2012.
- Web site: The Tri-State Gang in Richmond: Murder and Robbery in the Great Depression.
- Web site: Richmond's Very Own Sandwich. Richmond Times-Dispatch. September 15, 2010.
- News: Kappatos . Nicole . From the Archives: The old Lee Bridge . September 27, 2018 . Richmond Times Dispatch . The bridge was dedicated on November 4, 1934 as the Robert E. Lee Memorial Bridge..
- Jan. 24, 1935: First Canned Beer Sold. January 24, 2011. WIRED.
- https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19460607&id=m9xLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hIoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2928,492508&hl=en Fredericksburg Freelance Start Friday June 7, 1946 "New Park Named for Pocahontas" "the area was begun as a park in 1935 by the Old Civilian Conservation Corps. It was opened in 1938 but had been closed to all but military groups because of the war."
- Web site: Saving Jewish Germans during WWII at a Virginia farm. Denise Watson. July 25, 2011. Virginian-Pilot.
- https://books.google.com/books?id=SVehZdFh39YC "Thalhimer became determined to aid Jews fleeing from Germany, and he eventually met a representative of Gross Breesen, a German-Jewish agricultural training institute. The mission of Gross Breesen, and eventually Thalhimer, was to train young Jews in agriculture in hopes that the expertise gained would ensure the students' successful emigration from Germany. Thalhimer purchased a farm, Hyde Farmlands, in Burkeville, Virginia to give the students a home in Virginia."
- Book: Arsenault, Raymond . The Sound of Freedom: Marian Anderson, the Lincoln Memorial, and the Concert That Awakened America . 2010-01-19 . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . 978-1-60819-056-0 . en.
- Web site: The Crisis. July 1939.
- Web site: Belgium's Loss, Richmond's Gain: Virginia Union's Friendship Building. RVANews. July 6, 2015.
- Web site: Pocahontas State Park marks 75 years in county. Richmond Times-Dispatch. April 8, 2008 .
- Book: Ewing, Sharon B. . Virginia State Parks . 2011-04-11 . Arcadia Publishing . 978-1-4396-4166-8 . en.
- Web site: Fabergé and Russian Decorative Arts – Virginia Museum of Fine Arts |. vmfa.museum.
- http://www.nbc12.com/story/12269580/15-years-and-counting-for-richmonds-abandoned-azalea-mall It's been more than 10 years since the barren expanse of asphalt appeared in Richmond's Northside where the Azalea Mall used to be... Azalea Mall opened in 1962 and closed in 1995... The opening of Virginia Center Commons in 1991 – located seven miles north – was the symbolic end of Azalea Mall..."
- Web site: School Busing.
- Web site: In 1970, cross-town busing was court mandated to enforce school desegregation in Richmond, Virginia. Unitary status was declared in Richmond when cross-town busing ended in 1986..
- Web site: A Different Kind of Education. richmondmagazine.com. September 8, 2011.
- Web site: Why Richmond, Why?!? History of Cloverleaf Mall. Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 19, 2011 .
- Web site: Richmond Interstates and Expressways. www.roadstothefuture.com.
- News: Bruno . Lesley Howson . Why Richmond, Why?!? Powhite Parkway . June 15, 2018 . Richmond Times Dispatch . Media General . July 5, 2011 . The Powhite Parkway opened in 1973 and covered the 3.4 miles between Carytown and the Chippenham Parkway. It was the first of a series of road projects to be completed by the Richmond Metropolitan Authority (RMA) and provided a valuable link between the north and south sides of the river. It was completely repaved in 2008, when the new Powhite Toll Plaza was finished. The RMA uses asphalt. The Downtown Expressway, another RMA project, opened in 1976 and connected interstates 95 with the recently completed 195, effectively creating a loop around the city. The concrete portion of the Downtown Expressway, however, is owned by VDOT. The Powhite Extension was completed in 1988 by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) and connects the Powhite Parkway with VA-288 in Chesterfield County. VDOT roads are concrete..
- Web site: Cigarette making still going strong in South Richmond. Richmond Times-Dispatch. August 30, 2013 .
- https://www.kingsdominion.com/media-center/park-history " On May 3, 1975, after less than two years of construction, Kings Dominion opened its gates to the public."
- Web site: Near 40, Brandermill aims for reinvention. Richmond Times-Dispatch. March 4, 2013 .
- Web site: Rampage: The Briley brothers terrorized Richmond area. Richmond Times-Dispatch. May 30, 2009 .
- http://www.richmond.com/entertainment/music/article_d157fc60-d168-11e3-862b-001a4bcf6878.html
Looking Back at 30 Years of Friday Cheers in Richmond by Colleen Curran "May 21, 2014... Friday Cheers is turning 30 this year. Where it all began ... At Sixth Street Marketplace."
- Web site: Innsbrook After Hours 30 year Anniversary – richmondmagazine.com. richmondmagazine.com. April 29, 2015.
- News: Kappatos . Nicole . From the Archives: The old Lee Bridge . September 27, 2018 . Richmond Times Dispatch . In 1985, the bridge was completely rebuilt as part of a $32 million project (and ended up costing more than $43.5 million). The new bridge created a six-lane replacement for the then-51-year-old bridge. The new bridge was dedicated in November 1988..
- Book: Annual Report. 1997. Richmond Metropolitan Authority. 18. February 21, 2018.
- Web site: BTSR » History. BTSR.
- News: COMPANY NEWS; SIGNET BANKING TO SPIN OFF CREDIT CARD BUSINESS. New York Times. July 28, 1994. February 9, 2014.
- Web site: Signet renames credit card subsidiary Capital One. Baltimore Sun. David Conn. October 12, 1994. February 9, 2014. February 22, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140222015450/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1994-10-12/business/1994285071_1_signet-credit-card-card-loans. dead.
- Web site: CAPITAL ONE REPORTS FIRST QUARTER EARNINGS. PR Newswire. April 19, 1995. February 9, 2014.
- News: Stone. Mike. Anniversary of the 1996 blizzard. March 3, 2016. WTVR news. January 6, 2013.
- News: WAGNER. STUART T.. PHOTOS: The snowstorm of 1996. March 3, 2016. Richmond Times Dispatch.
- News: Springston. Rex. From the archive: Who remembers the snowstorm of '96?. March 3, 2016. Richmond Times dispatch. January 8, 1996.
- Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/19961220050714/http://www.ci.richmond.va.us/ . Richmond on the James . 1996-12-20 . .
- McLean. Bethany. The True Story of the Comey Letter Debacle. June 9, 2017. Vanity Fair. March 2017.
- Inside the FBI Investigation of Hillary Clinton's E-Mail. Massimo. Calabresi. Time.
- News: A worthy New York prosecutor (Op-Ed) . . December 1, 2001.
- https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/government/comey-bio.html Deputy Attorney General James B. Comey
- News: Suntrust to Grow With Purchase of Crestar . . July 21, 1998 . subscription.
- Web site: Backgrounder – Anthem Richmond Marathon. Rebecca L Morrison – Portfolio.
- http://www.xterraplanet.com/uploadedfiles/XTERRA%20East%20Championship%20Proposal.pdf
- Web site: Former Richmond mayor Young to seek Morrissey's seat. Richmond Times-Dispatch. March 16, 2015 .
- https://www.census.gov/statab/ccdb/cit1020r.txt
- https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t3/tables/tab01.pdf
- Web site: Richmond named one of top 10 cities for filmmakers. February 23, 2011.
- Web site: Hannaford Stores to Close. July 29, 2000 .
- Web site: SEC approval Filing May 2000.
- Web site: Newsroom | Alcoa Corporation.
- Web site: Richmond Times-Dispatch: Former Reynolds Employees Form New Company. December 6, 2021 .
- Web site: artspacegallery.org/2001/pressreleases/september 21/First Friday, On & Off Broad.
- Web site: Broad Street Revivalists. Style Weekly. January 6, 2010 .
- Web site: TV Preview: 'Iron Jawed Angels' takes fresh look at the women's movement.
- Web site: Empty Promises. Style Weekly. February 28, 2007 .
- Web site: Requiem for a Dream. Style Weekly. June 27, 2007 .
- Web site: Archived copy . June 22, 2015 . February 28, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210228053222/http://www.richmondgov.com/CityClerk/documents/CityCouncilList1948_Present_HistorySheet.pdf . dead .
- Web site: Ex-councilman challenges felony disenfranchisement. Richmond Times-Dispatch. July 25, 2012 .
- Web site: - River City Sports & Social Club RCSSC.
- Web site: Monday Q&A: Sean Small looks to expand his field of play. Richmond BizSense. January 16, 2012.
- Web site: New sports club bounces into Richmond. Richmond BizSense. October 13, 2014.
- Web site: GiveRichmond.org.
- Web site: Gallery 5 . September 18, 2012.
- Web site: Army Susutainment: A Fort Lee BRAC Overview.
- News: Mason . Amelia . The No BS! Brass Band's Big Brash 'Richmond Sound' . March 27, 2019 . WBUR radio 90.9 . trombonist Reggie Pace, who co-founded the Richmond, Virginia, group with drummer Lance Koehler in 2006.
- News: Martin . Robey . A Decade of World-Class Brass . March 27, 2019 . Richmond Magazine . January 10, 2017 . Lance [Kohler] and Reggie Pace met just from being on the music scene in Richmond. They and several other guys that were part of VCU's music program back then just started playing together. Some of them were playing in other bands, and my understanding was that some of those bands were having challenges in certain areas. Reggie and Lance decided that they were not going to fool with those things and they would just be a band together that would [have] “no bs.”.
- Web site: Articles – Guerilla NYE in Carytown: Having A Ball – RVA Magazine – Richmond, VA. RVA Magazine.
- Web site: The Byrd Theatre's General Manager Todd Schall-Vess helped create the first ever Carytown New Year's Eve ball raise. Since 2006, he's been in charge or raising it up when the clock strikes midnight..
- Web site: CANCELLED: Carytown NYE Ball Will Not Rise. Richmond Times-Dispatch. December 18, 2013 .
- Web site: Carytown ball will rise once again at original location New Year's Eve. RVANews. December 29, 2014.
- Web site: The next chapter for Karen Atkinson, founder of the South of the James market. RVANews. May 14, 2012.
- Web site: Making the most of the festival. WRITER. MELISSA RUGGIERI TIMES-DISPATCH STAFF. Richmond Times-Dispatch. October 9, 2008 . en. June 7, 2019.
- Web site: A Fast-Growing Medical Lab Tests Anti-Kickback Law. John Carreyrou and Tom McGinty. June 4, 2015. WSJ.
- http://www.thecollegianur.com/article/2008/08/downtown-campus-to-serve-citys-disadvantaged "Downtown campus to serve city's disadvantaged" By Carly Gorga | Published 08/28/08 "establish a downtown campus beginning this fall that will function as a center for community-based service."
- Web site: Off the Lot. Style Weekly. October 11, 2011 .
- Web site: Aaron Kremer, 31. Style Weekly. October 16, 2012 .
- Web site: Aaron Kremer Talks BizSense.com. Reynolds Center.
- Web site: About Us. Richmond BizSense.
- Web site: Q&A: Yogurt chain leapfrogs competition. Richmond BizSense. May 9, 2011.
- https://www.facebook.com/SMCRVA/info?tab=page_info "Start DateFounded in 2009"
- Web site: Founders Wells and Heuer Leaving Social Media Club. Silicon Valley 411 – SV411.
- [:fr:Social media club]
- Web site: About SMC. Social Media Club.
- Web site: Social Media in Richmond. Richmond Times-Dispatch. August 17, 2009 .
- Web site: Richmond BizSense and SM, a missed opportunity? – The Hodges Partnership. The Hodges Partnership.
- Web site: Dominion Riverrock Outdoor and Music Festival in Richmond, Virginia. Blue Ridge Outdoors Magazine. May 15, 2014.
- Web site: Anthem Moonlight Ride: A nighttime cycling celebration. Richmond Times-Dispatch. July 29, 2009 .
- Web site: Demographics. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161009073615/http://www.grpva.com/data-and-downloads/demographics/. October 9, 2016.
- Web site: Ukrop's to MARTIN'S conversion schedule. Catrow. Valerie. March 25, 2010. RVANews. en. June 7, 2019.
- Web site: History of the Museum . VMFA website . March 18, 2019 . The Largest Expansion in the Museum’s History ... On May 1, 2010, VMFA completed a four-year expansion project, which added more than 165,000 square feet to the museum’s previous 485,000 square feet.. October 24, 2013 .
- Web site: RVA logo popularized by stickers shows up on merchandise – Richmond BizSense. Richmond BizSense. November 26, 2012.
- Web site: No Wonder Everyone Has an RVA Sticker. Richmond Times-Dispatch. March 4, 2014 .
- Web site: The origin of the RVA sticker (plus where you can find yours). RVANews. February 13, 2012.
- Web site: Where to Find RVA Stickers in RVA. Richmond Times-Dispatch. May 10, 2013 .
- Web site: "RVA" Rainbow Stickers Make Debut At Pride. GayRVA.
- https://www.ncaa.com/video/basketball-men/2014-02-11/remember-time-vcu-first-from-the-first-four-to-the-final-four
- Web site: Hardywood Park Craft Brewery Opening in Richmond, Virginia. Hardywood Park Craft Brewery.
- Web site: History & Hops featuring Hardywood Park Craft Brewery. BeerAdvocate.
- Web site: WordCamp Richmond 2011. WordCamp Richmond 2011.
- Web site: Virginia Rep . September 18, 2012.
- News: Chef Peter Chang settles down with Richmond-area restaurant. Tim Carman. February 9, 2012. Washington Post.
- Web site: The Best Music of 2012 Issue. Paste mPlayer. Paste Magazine. January 15, 2013. dead. https://archive.today/20130216150931/http://mplayer.pastemagazine.com/issues/week-72/articles. February 16, 2013.
- News: O’CONNOR. MICHAEL. Henrico exploring changes to regulations for breweries, short-term rentals. February 28, 2018. Richmond Times Dispatch. February 27, 2018. The forthcoming ordinance amendments will take into account changes to the state code that have fueled Virginia’s beer boom: In 2012, Virginia made it legal for breweries to offer tastings and sell their beer on-site and allowed fledgling breweries to use the facilities of more established beverage makers...VinePair recently named Richmond the world’s top beer destination for 2018.
- Web site: VMFA Acquires Chihuly's Red Reeds. December 20, 2013.
- Web site: Chihuly at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. October 28, 2013.
- https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/6654 "On March 22, 2013, the inaugural TEDxRVA brought the concept CREATE into an open forum "
- Web site: Legacy on Wheels: Richmond Goes All In WIth Regional Ride Center. Blue Ridge Outdoors Magazine. September 12, 2013.
- Web site: Richmond city Virginia (County) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau. September 14, 2015. August 9, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140809154810/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/51/51760.html. dead.
- Web site: U.S. Census website . Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) .
- Web site: Amazon distribution center in Chesterfield sold. Richmond Times-Dispatch. August 20, 2013 .
- Web site: How many fulfillment centers does Amazon have in the US – Business Insider. Jillian D'Onfro. March 24, 2015. Business Insider.
- Web site: Chesterfield Monthly : Anatomy of a Deal.
- News: Stone Brewing Co. Names Richmond, Virginia, as Future Home for New Brewery and Destination Restaurant – VA Beer Trail . VA Beer Trail. October 9, 2014. October 9, 2014.
- Web site: Valentine Museum to Take Over First Freedom Center. Style Weekly.
- January 20, 2015—Work is under way on a Tier II environmental impact study (EIS), as required by the National Environmental Policy Act, and preliminary engineering for a 123 mi high-speed rail corridor between the Washington, D.C., metro area and Richmond
- Web site: Home . October 13, 2006 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061008072313/http://www.sehsr.org/history.html . October 8, 2006 .
- News: Catrow. Valerie. Libbie Mill Library opens this week. January 23, 2018. RVAnews. October 26, 2015. Built on three acres couched between Broad Street, Staples Mill Road, and Bethlehem Road, Libbie Mill Library offers almost 40,000 square feet of space spread out over two floors, with an additional 20,000 square feet up on the third floor that’s being kept available for further expansion.
- News: KEBEDE. LAURA. Henrico County's Libbie Mill Library opens. January 23, 2018.
- News: HALLMAN. RANDY. Libbie Mill-Midtown a development in motion. January 23, 2018. Richmond Times Dispatch. November 1, 2015. Heralded as the largest revitalization project in Henrico County’s 400-year history, the 80-acre, $434 million development earlier this year was named Project of the Year by the Greater Richmond Association for Commercial Real Estate…. Much of Libbie Mill-Midtown is a work in progress. Major chunks of the planned 160,000 square feet of office and retail space are complete, but the residential component — up to 994 homes for sale and 1,096 apartments — is under construction or on the planning board..
- Web site: Richmond, Virginia . Censusreporter.org . Joe Germuska . USA . May 3, 2017 .
- Web site: Lucy Dacus: Tiny Desk Concert. NPR.org. July 29, 2016. en. June 7, 2019. Boilen. Bob.
- "Richmond ... was hit by 16-inches of the white stuff, " News: listed. A lot of snow, a little bit of history. February 26, 2016. The Virginia Gazette. January 26, 2016.
- News: Hylton. David. Bahorich. Susan. Flights, bus travel canceled out of Richmond. January 27, 2016. NBC 12 News. WWBT. January 23, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160201205202/http://www.nbc12.com/story/31038058/all-morning-flights-canceled-at-ric. February 1, 2016. dead.
- News: Oliver. Ned. 11th biggest snowfall on record for Richmond; schools cancel classes. January 27, 2016. Richmond Times-Dispatch. January 24, 2016.
- News: PEIFER. KARRI. Stone Brewing in Richmond is open. February 26, 2016. Richmond Times-Dispatch. February 19, 2016.
- News: GARCIA-NAVARRO. LOURDES. Richmond, Va., Welcomes Youngest Mayor In Its History. January 23, 2018. National Public Radio. January 15, 2017.
- News: CBS 6 journalist attacked during Richmond protest. January 23, 2018. WTVR CBS6 news.
- News: Various groups, including Antifa and Black Lives Matter, march in Richmond. January 23, 2018. WTVR CBS6 news. September 17, 2017.
- Web site: O'Neal. J. Elias. Groundbreaking: Commercial real estate year in review. Richmond Biz Sense. January 23, 2018. December 26, 2017. Look no further than White Oak Technology Park in eastern Henrico County for what is easily the biggest deal of the year. Facebook announced in October plans to construct a $1 billion, 970,000-square-foot data center on about 330 acres of the park..
- Web site: Spedden. Zach. Richmond Coliseum Replacement Part of RFP. Arean digest. January 23, 2018. October 11, 2017.
- News: MARTZ. MICHAEL. ROBINSON. MARK. Richmond Mayor Stoney announces major downtown redevelopment plan centered on new, larger Coliseum. January 23, 2018. Richmond Times Dispatch. Richmond Mayor Levar Stoney launched an ambitious attempt Thursday to redevelop a large swath of downtown, including the replacement of the Coliseum with a new, larger arena, construction of a hotel next to the Greater Richmond Convention Center, and revitalization of the surrounding neighborhood with affordable and mixed-income housing..
- News: PEIFER. KARRI. Restaurant News: Four restaurants close and more dining news. January 23, 2018. Richmond Times Dispatch. BH Media Group, Inc. January 23, 2018. Richmond officially had its coldest night of the past 33 years on Sunday, Jan. 7. The temperature dipped to 3 degrees below zero at 6:11 a.m. that Sunday at Richmond International Airport, the coldest reading there since 6 below zero on Jan. 21, 1985, the National Weather Service in Wakefield reports, according to RTD meteorologist John Boyer..
- News: SMITH . TAMMIE . Richmond-area Grocery Wars Kroger takes top spot by a hair in annual grocery market rankings; Walmart comes in at No. 2 . October 30, 2018 . Richmond Times Dispatch . June 17, 2018 . Richmond’s grocery market was in transition last year, with the departure of Martin’s Food Markets, and the arrival last July of Florida-based Publix and Germany-based discount grocery chain Lidl..
- News: Wells . Jeff . Pardon the Disruption: Field notes from The Battle of Richmond . October 30, 2018 . Grocery Dive Magazine . October 19, 2018 . These days, a different sort of battle is taking shape in Richmond — a grocery battle. During the past several years, a slew of major grocery chains have streamed into this metropolitan region of 1.3 million. Kroger came to town after a local chain faltered. So did Martin’s, an Ahold brand that ultimately failed. Pretty soon, Aldi, Trader Joe’s, Whole Foods and The Fresh Market had joined the fray alongside longtime players like Food Lion, Costco, Walmart and independents like Tom Leonard’s. In the past few years, Publix and Wegmans have also descended on Richmond, along with discounter Lidl..
- Web site: Toney. Justin. Store Wars. Richmondmagazine.com. Richmond Magazine. January 23, 2018. April 17, 2017.
- Web site: Wells. Jeff. Food Lion completes $110M store remodels in Richmond. Food Dive. October 10, 2017.
- Web site: The BizSense Crystal Ball: Things to watch in 2018. Richmond biz Sense. January 23, 2018. December 29, 2017. Grocers Lidl and Publix will continue to open stores around Richmond in the New Year. Lidl has been gradually opening its first stores in Richmond, as well as snagging land in Chesterfield and Mechanicsville. And Publix has been doing the same in opening stores, mostly in former Martin’s, and procuring land for from-scratch location.
- Web site: Lilly . Shannon . GRTC Pulse launches in Richmond; riders offer first impressions . CBS 6 News . WTVR . June 25, 2018 . June 24, 2018.
- Web site: Bolster . Karina . State, city leaders celebrate opening of GRTC's Pulse service . NBC12.com . WWBT . June 25, 2018 . June 24, 2018.
- Web site: Robinson . Mark . Local, state leaders celebrate launch of GRTC Pulse bus rapid transit line . Richmond.com . Richmond Times-Dispatch . June 26, 2018 . June 24, 2018.
- News: Darrah . Nicole . Florence spawns reported tornadoes in Virginia, leaves at least 1 dead . September 27, 2018 . Fox News / Associated Press . September 17, 2018.
- News: Halverson . Jeff . Livingston . Ian . A tornado swarm ripped through Richmond as Florence passed through Monday. Here's what happened . September 27, 2018 . Washington Post . September 18, 2018.
- News: Brackett . Ron . Virginia Tornadoes Spawned by Florence's Remnants Kill 1 . September 27, 2018 . National Weather Service . September 18, 2018.
- Web site: Video shows chain of events before tear gas deployed at peaceful protest in Richmond. June 3, 2020.
