Timeline of Providence, Rhode Island explained

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Providence, Rhode Island, United States.

Prior to 19th century

• 1635 – Great Colonial Hurricane of 1635
• 1636 – Providence founded by Roger Williams a religious reformer.
• 1638 – Baptist congregation formed.
• 1643/44 - "Received a charter from the Parliamentary Government".
• 1675 — Narragansetts and white settler-colonists battle during the King Philip's War^[1]
• 1676 — March 29: Narragansett warriors led by Canonchet burn about fifty houses, including Roger Williams' house, as part of King Philip's War^[2]
• 1683 — Roger Williams dies^[3]
• 1700 – North Burial Ground established^[4]
• 1711 – First burial at North Burial Ground
• 1743 - Beneficent Congregational Church congregation founded.
• 1753 – Providence Library Company organized.
• 1762
  • State House built.
  • William Goddard sets up printing press; Providence Gazette newspaper begins publication.
• 1764 – College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations established in Warren.
• 1768 – Brick Schoolhouse built on Meeting Street.
• 1770 – College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations relocated to Providence.
• 1774 - Rhode Island Supreme Court founded.
• 1775 – Market House and First Baptist Meetinghouse built.
• 1776 – 1777: Colonial and French troops use University Hall as a barracks and hospital during the American Revolutionary War^[5]
• 1784 — January: Flooding on the Moshassuck River caused the greatest damage seen since the burning of the town during King Philip's War
• 1785 – Beneficent Congregational Society established.
• 1788
  • John Brown House built.
  • de Warville describes the town as "decayed".
• 1789
  • Providence Association of Mechanics and Manufacturers^[6]
  • Providence Society for Abolishing the Slave-Trade established.
• 1790
  • U.S. Custom House established.^[7]
  • Population: 6,380.
• 1791 - October: Providence Bank on South Main Street incorporated; later known as Providence National Bank, Providence Union Bank and Trust Company, Industrial National Bank, and FleetBoston Financial.
• 1793 - The first covered drawbridge is built over the Seekonk River where the Washington Bridge currently stands, followed the same year by the Central Bridge farther north.
• 1794 – Serril Dodge opens his first jewelry store on North Main Street, thus beginning Providence's jewelry industry^[8]
• 1795 – Theatre opens.
• 1798 – Providence Marine Society established.^[9]

19th century

• 1800 — Population: 7,614.
• 1801
  • January 21 — The first "Great Fire" destroys 37 buildings and leaves many families homeless
  • Providence Marine Corps of Artillery founded.^[10]
• 1802 – Providence Phoenix newspaper begins publication.^[11]
• 1805 — Providence streets receive official names for the first time
• 1810
  • Cathedral of St. John built.
  • Population: 10,071.
• 1814 - Union Bank of Providence founded.^[12]
• 1815 - September 23: The Great Gale of 1815 causes extensive damage and flooding.
• 1816 - October 13: The First Congregational Church (Unitarian) dedicated, now known as First Unitarian Church.
• 1818 – Rhode Island Peace Society and Merchants Bank established.
• 1819
  • New England Yearly Meeting Boarding School opens.
  • The Congdon Street Baptist Church is founded as the first independent Black church in the stat
• 1820 - January 3: The Manufacturers' & Farmers' Journal, Providence & Pawtucket Advertiser begins publication, precursor to The Providence Journal.^[13]
• 1822 - Rhode Island Historical Society founded.
• 1823
  • April — The first ordinance passed requiring snow removal from sidewalks within 24 hours after falling
  • Providence Franklin Society incorporated.
• 1824
  • The first city directory issued
  • Race riot in Hard Scrabble
  • August 23 — Lafayette visited Providence for the first time since the Revolutionary War to great acclaim
  • The Franklin Society a secret society based at Brown University founded.
• 1825 - May — the second "Great Fire" began at the corner of Union and Westminster Streets
• 1828
  • Dexter Asylum built.
  • Westminster Arcade built.
  • High Street Bank established.
  • Herald newspaper begins publication.
• 1829 - The Providence Journal newspaper begins publishing daily.
• 1830 - "Providence had ceased to be a great port and had begun to be a textile manufacturing place".
• 1831
  • Boston and Providence Railroad begins operating.
  • Race riot in Snow Town.
  • Gorham Silver and Franklin Lyceum established.
• 1832
  • City incorporated. City government meets at Market House^[14]
  • Samuel W. Bridgham elected first mayor.
• 1833 — David Brown opens a shop on South Main Street that later becomes Brown & Sharpe^[15]
• 1835 – Train station and first India Point Railroad Bridge built.
• 1836
  • Providence Athenaeum formed.
  • City hosts Rhode Island Anti-Slavery convention.
• 1838
  • Providence Association for the Benefit of Colored Children organized.
  • Narragansett Boat Club organized.
  • Solomon Pareira, first known Jewish resident of Providence, moves to the city from Holland^[16]
• 1839 – Providence Marine Corps of Artillery armory built.
• 1841/42 - Dorr Rebellion
• 1843 – Classical High School established.
• 1844
  • Butler Hospital for the Insane founded. ^[17]
  • Corliss, Nightingale & Co. in business.^[18]
• 1845
  • The City Council votes to prepare plans for a new City Hall
  • Grace Church built.
  • Laureldale Chemical Works established.
• 1846
  • Swan Point Cemetery established.
  • Scholfield's Commercial College, a business college located downtown, established.
  • A. T. Cross Company established.
  • John Carter Brown Library established.
• 1847
  • Providence and Worcester Railroad begins operating
  • Union Railroad Depot built
  • Providence Tool Company^[19] established.
• 1848
  • Providence Medical Association instituted.
  • B.B. and R. Knight, which later becomes Fruit of the Loom, established^[20]
• 1850 – Providence Reform School opens.
• 1852
  • Central Congregational Church established.
  • Locust Grove Cemetery incorporated.
• 1853
  • Providence Young Men's Christian Union established
  • Joseph Brown teams with Lucian Sharpe to form Brown & Sharpe
• 1854
  • A cholera pandemic sweeps the city, especially among crowded immigrants and workers. Local cemeteries see record numbers of burials. For the next 30 years, 1854 is remembered as "The Year of Cholera."^[21]
  • Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad begins operating.
  • Sons of Israel, city's first Jewish congregation established^[22]
• 1855
  • James Y. Smith becomes mayor.
  • Providence Aid Society organized.
  • U.S. Customshouse built.
• 1856 – Thomas Howland elected Warden of The Third Ward making him the first person of African heritage to hold office in the city^[23]
• 1860 - Population: 50,666.
• 1863
  • Bryant and Stratton National Business College (now Bryant University) opens a campus in Providence^[24]
  • Rhode Island Hospital founded.
• 1865
  • Rhode Island Locomotive Works produced 3,400 steam locomotives until closed in 1899.
  • Population: 54,595.
• 1866 - Providence receives state approval to tap the Pawtuxet River as a source of drinking water^[25]
• 1867
  • Young Women's Christian Association organized.
  • Babcock & Wilcox founded.^[26]
• 1868
  • Rhode Island Hospital dedicated.^[27]
  • Women's City Missionary Society organized.
• 1869
  • Morning Star newspaper begins publication.
  • November: Prospect Terrace Park created.^[28]
• "1870s" – A sewer system is constructed which discharges city waste into the harbor.^[29]
• 1871
  • Roger Williams Park donated to the people of Providence by Betsy Williams
  • Thanksgiving Day: Providence municipal water service begins, pumping water from the Pawtuxet River
  • Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument dedicated.
• 1872
  • Roger Williams Park & Roger Williams Park Zoo founded.
  • First Universalist Church built.
  • First Point Street Bridge built.
  • Construction begins on the Brown and Sharpe Manufacturing Company Complex along the Woonasquatucket River
  • Butler Exchange Building founded.
• 1874 - Cornerstone of City Hall was laid on June 24.^[30]
• 1876 – Rhode Island Women's Club established.
• 1877
  • Rhode Island School of Design and museum established.
  • Providence County Court House dedicated.
  • Grammar school built on Candace Street.^[31]
• 1878
  • Providence Grays baseball team formed; Messer Street Grounds baseball stadium built
  • Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul completed.
  • Providence City Hall opens on November 14.
  • Providence Public Library opens.^{[32] [33]}
  • Homeopathic Hospital founded.
• 1880 – Providence Art Club incorporated.
• 1881 - Sayles Memorial Hall built.
• 1883
  • Providence Press Club formed.
  • Providence Literary Association organized.
• 1884
  • Providence Lying-In Hospital founded.
  • Providence Camera Club organized.
  • October: The Providence Grays win baseball's 1884 World Series championship game
• 1885
  • Fleur-de-lys Studios built
  • Providence Grays baseball team disbanded
  • The Providence Journal begins publishing seven days per week.
• 1886
  • June 9: Thomas A. Doyle dies in office, Providence's longest-serving mayor (18 years).^[34]
  • June 14: Providence businesses shut down as Mayor Doyle's funeral procession marches through the city.^[35]
• 1888 - City Hall was powered by electric lighting for the first time
• 1890
  • Providence's jewelry industry includes more than 200 firms with almost 7,000 workers
  • Population: 132,146.
• 1891
  • Providence Athletic Association incorporated.
  • The Outlet Company established.
  • Providence News begins publication.
• 1892
  • Rhode Island College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts founded.
  • First electric streetcar begins operation on January 20.^[36]
• 1893 – New edifice for Central Congregational Church completed.
• 1894 – Providence Engineering Society founded.
• 1896 – Providence Water Color Club organized.
• 1897 – Emma Goldman arrested for "open-air speaking" at Market Square.
• 1898 – Union Station rebuilt.
• 1900
  • Becomes the sole capital of Rhode Island.
  • Population: 175,597.

20th century

• 1901
  • Providence's first sewage treatment plant begins "chemical precipitation" treatment of city waste, one of the first such plants in the US.
  • Rhode Island State House built.
• 1903 — Manchester Street Power Station constructed.^[37]
• 1905
  • Handicraft Club organized.
  • Population: 198,635.
• 1906 – Evening Tribune newspaper begins publication.
• 1907 – Annmary Brown Memorial museum dedicated.^[38]
• 1908 – Federal Building constructed.
• 1909 - Lincoln Woods State Park founded.
• 1910 – Population: 224,326.
• 1913 - Turk's Head Building constructed
• 1914 - Johnson & Wales School of Business was formed, later becomes known as Johnson & Wales University^[39]
• 1915 — Population of "city proper:" 247,660 (census of 1915)^[40]
• 1916 - June 3: 54,000 people march through downtown in a six and one-half hour parade in a show of support for Woodrow Wilson's war preparedness efforts.^[41]
• 1917 - October 14: A Silent Parade is held by 1,800 African-Americans in Providence as part of a national protest against racial violence. The New York Age, a black newspaper, reported that "the marchers were accorded every courtesy by the large throngs of white people."^[42]
• 1918
  • September: the first cases of Spanish flu are reported early this month; by the end of the month, over 2,500 influenza cases filled city hospitals.^[43]
  • October 6: The Board of Health issues a general closure order to combat the influenza outbreak.
  • October 3–9: The influenza epidemic reaches its peak, with over 6,700 cases reported.
  • October 25: The closure order is rescinded.
  • December: A second influenza wave hits the city, though smaller than in October. No general closure is ordered.
• 1919
  • January: The second influenza wave sweeps through the city's school system.
  • February 5: No new cases of influenza are reported, and the pandemic is declared over.
• 1926 - Miriam Hospital opens.
• 1928
  • Construction finishes on the Industrial Trust Building (aka "Superman Building").
  • February: Providence author H. P. Lovecraft publishes his most famous story The Call of Cthulhu in Weird Tales magazine
  • Vedanta Society of Providence founded.
• 1930 - 25 September: Current Washington Bridge south span opens
• 1932 - Rhode Island Public Expenditure Council headquartered in city.^[44]
• 1935 - Bryant College of Business Administration, now known as Bryant University, moves from downtown to the East Side
• 1937 - March 15: Author H.P. Lovecraft dies, aged 47
• 1938 – September: Hurricane.
• 1945 – The Providence Journal wins its first Pulitzer Prize
• 1949 – WJAR-TV begins broadcasting.
• 1950 – Veterans Memorial Auditorium opens.
• 1953 – The Providence Journal wins its second Pulitzer Prize
• 1954 – Hurricane Carol strikes the area.
• 1955 – WPRO-TV begins broadcasting.
• 1956
  • Raymond L. S. Patriarca moves the New England organized crime family to Providence, setting up shop at a vending machine and pinball business on Federal Hill.^[45]
  • Providence Preservation Society organized.
• 1957 – Dexter Asylum demolished.
• 1958
  • A one-mile section of Interstate 195 is completed in the Jewelry District; the highway is completed to the state line in 1960.^[46]
  • Construction of Interstate 95 begins in Providence. Over the next few years, Interstates 95 and 195 will demolish large parts of several established neighborhoods, displace hundreds of homes and businesses, and leave the city split into several disconnected segments.^[47]
• 1961
  • A District Master Plan known as "Downtown 1970" is issued by the city. Between 1965 and 1975, several city neighborhoods are razed by the Providence Redevelopment Authority.
  • July: Construction on Fox Point Hurricane Barrier begun^[48]
• 1962 – Brown Broadcasting Service established.
• 1964
  • Westminster Street is converted to a pedestrianized mall, intended to compete with suburban indoor shopping malls.^[49]
  • Once-grand Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company abandons its sprawling location along the Woonasquatucket River for a modern plant in North Kingstown.^[50]
• 1966 – January: Fox Point Hurricane Barrier completed
• 1968 – Rhode Island League of Cities and Towns headquartered in Providence.^[51]
• 1969 – Current Henderson Bridge opens
• 1971
  • Bryant College vacates Providence for Smithfield
  • Desegregation of the Providence Public Schools
• 1972 – Providence Zen Center founded.^[52]
• 1974 — 'Interface: Providence' is released by a Rhode Island School of Design architecture class. This "visionary" and "radical" master plan departs from previous plans and focuses "not how to best to keep the Downtown alive, but rather how to repurpose its ruins" and influences future advocates for Downtown.
• 1975
  • Buddy Cianci becomes mayor.
  • Eight thieves carry out the Bonded Vault heist, the largest heist and, subsequently, the longest and costliest trial in state history.^{[53] [54]}
• 1976 - November: Masjid Al-Karim, Islamic Center of Rhode Island, established.^[55]
• 1978
  • February: The Great Blizzard paralyzes Providence with nearly 28 inches of snow. Governor J. Joseph Garrahy comforts the city and state by wearing a flannel shirt.^[56]
  • City Archives established.^[57]
  • The city's jewelry industry peaks, with 32,500 workers, then begins a decline.^[58]
• 1980
  • Voters approve an $87 million bond issue to improve municipal sewage treatment plant
  • The Narragansett Bay Commission was formed
  • The Guinness Book of World Records names the Crawford Street Bridge the "widest in the world" at 1,147 feet.
• 1984
  • First Night Providence begins
  • Mayor Buddy Cianci forced to resign after pleading "no contest" to an assault charge
• 1986
  • Providence Business News begins publication.
  • Providence Station opens.
• 1989 — The pedestrianized Westminster Mall is torn up and Westminster Street is re-opened to vehicular traffic.
• 1990 – Governor Henry Lippitt House museum opens (approximate date).^[59]
• 1991
  • Buddy Cianci returns to the mayor's office
  • Embezzlement at the Heritage Loan & Investment bank triggers the Rhode Island banking crisis.^{[60] [61]}
• 1994
  • Waterplace Park constructed.
  • WaterFire begins.
  • Gun court established in the Providence Superior Court.^[62]
• 1996 - The Providence Journal goes public and subsequently was purchased by the Dallas-based A.H. Belo Company
• 1997
  • City website online (approximate date).^[63]
  • Providence Children's Museum opens.
• 1999
  • Providence Urban Debate League founded.
  • Providence Place Mall opens.

21st century

• 2001 - April: Sitting mayor Buddy Cianci is indicted on federal criminal charges of racketeering, conspiracy, extortion, witness tampering, and mail fraud
• 2002
  • Soviet submarine K-77 museum opens
  • September: Mayor Buddy Cianci is sentenced to serve five years in federal prison
• 2003 – David Cicilline becomes mayor, the first openly gay mayor of a U.S. state capital.
• 2005 – January: The North American blizzard of 2005 drops 17 inches of snow on downtown Providence^[64]
• 2006 – Haffenreffer Museum of Anthropology opens at Brown University.
• 2007
  • April 18: Soviet submarine K-77 sinks after a storm.^[65]
  • May: Former mayor Cianci released from prison^[66]
  • November: New Iway bridge opens for eastbound traffic
• 2008 - Historic Westminster Arcade closes for renovations^[67]
• 2009 - October: Final section of Iway bridge opens for westbound traffic.^[68]
• 2010
  • Population: 178,042.
  • March: A series of rainstorms causes severe flood damage. President Obama declares a state of emergency for the region.^[69]
• 2011
  • January: Angel Taveras becomes mayor.
  • August 28: Hurricane Irene downs 300-400 trees and leaves 12,700 without power.^[70]
  • October: Occupy protest begins.
  • November: Open Providence Commission for Transparency and Accountability established.^[71]
• 2012 - October 29: Hurricane Sandy hits Providence. The Fox Point Hurricane Barrier is credited with saving the city from major damage.^[72]
• 2013
  • February: Winter Storm Nemo drops 27 inches of snow; Hurricane-force winds topple trees, and many people lose power
  • Historic Westminster Arcade re-opens after renovation
  • Historic Mayoral portraits in City Hall cleaned and restored^[73]
  • April: The landmark Industrial Trust Building, aka "Superman Building," loses its sole tenant, and goes dark.^[74]
• 2014 - October 17: The Phoenix publishes its last print issue^[75]
• 2015
  • January 5: Jorge Elorza sworn in as mayor
  • January: Kennedy Plaza re-opens after major renovation^[76]
  • September 20: George Redman Linear Park, a bicycle and pedestrian path on the Washington Bridge, was dedicated.^[77]
• 2016
  • January 28: Former mayor Buddy Cianci dies
  • February 6–7: Former mayor Cianci lies in state at City Hall^[78]
  • February 8: Cianci's funeral procession marches through the city, stopping for a funeral mass at the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul and ending at St. Ann's Cemetery in Cranston for burial.
  • September 11: Mayor Elorza and the president of the firefighter's union come to an agreement after a 13-month contract dispute.^[79]
• 2017 - November: Thousands lose power after Tropical Storm Philippe^[80]
• 2018
  • May: The Cable Car Cinema, an independent art cinema on South Main Street, closes its doors. The cinema had been in operation since the 1970s.^[81]
  • September: Providence's first bicycle sharing program begins.^[82]
• 2019
  • July 17: The Wexford Innovation Center opens. It is one of the first projects in the I-195 Redevelopment District.^[83]
  • August: Providence's bicycle sharing program is suspended after widespread vandalism and criminal activity.
  • August 9: The $21.9-million Providence River Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridge, built on footings which once carried I-195 across the Providence River, opens.^[84]
• 2020
  • January: Mayor Elorza introduces a Great Streets Initiative and Urban Trail Network Master Plan, a framework of public space improvements to encourage walking, riding bicycles, and public transit.^[85]
  • March: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all dine-in restaurants, bars, movie theaters, and all gatherings of 25 or more are banned in Providence and across the state by order of Governor Raimondo. This brings a halt to nearly all concerts, sports, and other events in the city. Providence public schools and the Providence Place Mall are closed.^[86] Providence College, Rhode Island College, Brown University, RISD, and Johnson and Wales suspend in-person classes and move to online instruction.^[87]
  • May 30: Over a week of demonstrations begin as part of a nationwide series of Civil Rights protests.^[88] The marches, attracting as many as 10,000, were called the "largest protest(s) in recent history," and were mostly peaceful, despite violence in other cities.^[89]
  • June 2–6: A weeklong curfew is introduced by mayor Jorge Elorza in response to unrest after some early protests, then is rescinded early.^{[90] [91] [92]}
  • July: Protesters calling to defund the police hold a series of protests and marches at the State House and Public Safety Complex.^[93] A civilian police oversight board is established to review police tactics.^[94]
• 2021 - May 14: Eight people are shot and wounded (ninth victim wounded from glass shards) in Washington Park. The shooting was believed by authorities to have stemmed from conflict between two rival groups. It was the largest number of victims of any shooting in Providence history.^[95]
• 2023
  • December 11: A structural engineer discovers a "critical structural failure" in the Washington Bridge, causing the DOT to close all Interstate 195 westbound lanes, causing "catastrophic traffic" throughout Providence and neighboring East Providence.^[96]
  • December 15: An emergency bypass is opened on the Washington Bridge, which allows two lanes of westbound traffic to use two lanes of the eastbound span.

See also

• History of Providence, Rhode Island
• List of mayors of Providence, Rhode Island
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence, Rhode Island
• Timeline of Newport, Rhode Island

Bibliography

Published in the 19th century

• Book: William Blackwood . 1830 . Edinburgh . Edinburgh Encyclopaedia . David Brewster . Rhode Island . https://archive.org/stream/edinburghencyclo17edinuoft#page/342/mode/1up. . Edinburgh Encyclopaedia .
  • • • Providence . 10 . Foster . William Eaton . William Eaton Foster . 1879 . . 1.
• Book: Bibliotheca Americana . . New York . 1885 . 13972268 . 15-16 . Providence, R.I. . https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofbook15sabi#page/576/mode/2up . New York : Joseph Sabin . part 2
• Book: Greene, Welcome Arnold . The Providence Plantations for Two Hundred and Fifty Years: The People and their Neighbors, their Pursuits and Progress 1636-1886: An Historical Review of the Foundation, Rise and Progress of the City of Providence . J. A. & R. A. Reid . 1886 .
• Book: Providence Directory . 1889 . Providence, Rhode Island . Sampson, Murdock & Co.. .
  • • Book: Providence House Directory and Family Address Book . Sampson, Murdock & Co. . 1899. .

Published in the 20th century

• • Providence . 22 . 511 - 512 . 1910 . . 1.
  • Book: Providence Directory . Sampson & Murdock . Providence, Rhode Island . 1919. .
  • (describes Providence)
• Book: Conforti, Joseph. Our Heritage: a History of East Providence. 1976. Monarch Publishing, Inc.. White Plains, New York.
  • Book: Trudy Ring and Robert M. Salkin . Americas . International Dictionary of Historic Places . 1995 . Routledge. 978-1-134-25930-4 . Providence . 524+ . https://books.google.com/books?id=zTL_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA524 .

Published in the 21st century

External links

• Web site: History . City Archives . ProvidenceRI.com . City of Providence .
• Works related to Providence, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America).
• Web site: Providence . Atlas of the Rhode Island Book Trade in the Eighteenth Century . 2010 . .
• Map of Providence, 1904

41.824°N -71.422°W

Notes and References

1. Web site: King Philip's War Event Timeline. Battlefields of King Philip's War. Pequot Museum. 21 February 2017.
2. Web site: King Philip's War 1675-1676. Colonial America. Small Planet Communications. 21 February 2017. In March, Roger Williams lost the home where he had lived for some years when a large force of American Indians descended on Providence and burned about fifty houses..
3. Encyclopedia: Roger Williams (American religious leader). Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 February 2017.
4. News: Hill. John. Providence's North Burial Ground is running out of room. The Providence Journal. 24 Jan 2015.
5. Web site: Mitchell. Margaret. University Hall. Encyclopedia Brunoniana. Brown University. 26 January 2016.
6. Web site: Providence Engineering Society . August 19, 2012.
7. Web site: United States Custom House Records, Providence, Rhode Island . Rhode Island Historical Society . August 19, 2012.
8. News: Davis. Paul. R.I.'s jewelry industry history in search of a permanent home. 27 July 2016. The Providence Journal. 4 July 2015. Providence. In 1794, Seril Dodge opened a jewelry store on North Main Street in Providence ... started Rhode Island’s jewelry industry..
9. Web site: Providence Marine Society Records . Rhode Island Historical Society . August 19, 2012.
10. Web site: Providence Marine Corps of Artillery Records . Rhode Island Historical Society . August 19, 2012.
11. Web site: US Newspaper Directory . Washington, D.C. . Chronicling America . Library of Congress . August 19, 2012.
12. Web site: Union Bank Records . Rhode Island Historical Society . August 19, 2012.
13. Web site: The Providence Journal Company - Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on The Providence Journal Company. 29 October 2015. Reference for Business.
14. Web site: Campbell. Paul. A Brief History of Providence City Hall. City Archives. City of Providence. 31 May 2015.
15. Web site: the Foundry Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing. Art in Ruins. 22 December 2016.
16. Web site: Foster. Geraldine. 1985. The Jews in Rhode Island: A Brief History.
17. Web site: About Butler Hospital. Butler Hospital. 31 May 2015.
18. Book: Appleton's Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1888 . 1891. D. Appleton & Company.
19. Web site: Providence Tool Company Records . Rhode Island Historical Society . August 19, 2012.
20. Book: Lorenz. Edward C.. Civic Empowerment in an Age of Corporate Greed. 2012. MSU Press. 22 December 2016. 9781609173227.
21. News: McKenna . Ray . My Turn: Ray McKenna: R.I. residents of 1854 would relate . 20 April 2020 . The Providence Journal . 19 April 2020.
22. Book: Olitzky. Kerry M.. The American Synagogue: A Historical Dictionary and Sourcebook. Raphael. Marc Lee. 1996. Greenwood Publishing Group. 978-0-313-28856-2. en.
23. Web site: RI Black Heritage Society - Rhode Island Civil Rights Timeline. 2020-11-11. riblackheritagesociety.wildapricot.org.
24. Web site: About Bryant: History & Traditions. Bryant University. 26 January 2016.
25. Web site: Recent Gift offers Details on Development of City's Water System. City Archives. City of Providence. 31 May 2015.
26. Web site: The Babcock & Wilcox Company. Encyclopedia.com. Thomson Gale. 10 March 2017.
27. Web site: A History of Rhode Island Hospital . August 19, 2012.
28. Annual report of the City Auditor showing the appropriations, receipts and expenditures of the city of Providence, for the year ending September 30, 1913 with a schedule of the city property. Report of the City Auditor. City Auditor. 24 April 2017. Providence, RI. 130. PROSPECT TERRACE, on Congdon, opposite Cushing street, being lot No. 215 on plat 10, and containing 11,996 square feet. This lot was purchased by citizens of the second ward, and presented to the city Nov. 27, 1869, to be kept open as a public park.(130).
29. News: Fitzpatrick. Edward. Rhode Island was one of first states to build sewers and treatment plants. The Providence Journal. 28 Nov 2010.
30. Web site: City Hall built atop 3,128 pilings. City of Providence. 31 May 2015.
31. Book: Providence city manual: or, Organization of the municipal government . 1878.) City Council . Providence (R. I. .
32. Book: American Library Annual, 1917-1918 . 1918 . 7 v . New York . R.R. Bowker Co. .
33. Web site: Providence Public Library History . Providence Public Library . August 19, 2012.
34. Book: The Biographical Cyclopedia of Representative Men of Rhode Island Vol 2. 1881. Providence National Biographical Publishing Co. Providence. 512–513.
35. Book: Memorial of Thomas Arthur Doyle. 1886. Providence City Council. Providence, RI.
36. Book: Molloy. Scott. Trolley Wars: Streetcar Workers on the Line. 2007. UPNE. 978-1584656302. 66.
37. Web site: Manchester Street Power Station . GoProvidence . Providence Warwick Convention and Visitor's Bureau . 25 July 2021.
38. American art annual . 13 . American Federation of Arts . 1916 .
39. Web site: Countdown to 100 Years: 1914-1947. About JWU. Johnson and Wales University. 31 May 2015.
40. Prospertity and Progress in Providence . Providence Magazine . November 1917 . 625 . 6 June 2020.
41. Web site: Brown in the Great War . Brown University Library. 6 June 2020 . Providence, RI . In the spring of 1916, President Woodrow Wilson called for America to ready itself for war in Europe. Preparedness parades took place in cities and towns all across the country. Providence’s parade was impressive. On June 3rd, 54,000 people marched through downtown in a six and half hour procession..
42. News: Silent Protest Parade Held In Providence . 6 June 2020 . The New York Age . 18 October 1917.
43. Web site: Providence, Rhode Island . Influenza Encyclopedia . University of Michigan Center for the History of Medicine and Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library . 6 June 2020.
44. Web site: About Us . Rhode Island Public Expenditure Council . Providence, Rhode Island .
45. News: White. Tim. The History of New England's Mob Bosses: A Rhode Island legacy of Mafia Dons. Wpri.com. November 24, 2008. May 10, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20110929050829/http://www.wpri.com/dpp/news/local_wpri_underworld_bosses_rhode_island_20081124. 29 September 2011. dead.
46. Web site: Interstate 195 Rhode Island / Massachusetts . Interstate Guide . 29 August 2020.
47. Web site: Interstate 95 . Interstate Guide . 29 August 2020.
48. Web site: Fox Point Hurricane Protection Barrier. US Army Corps of Engineers. 1 November 2016.
49. Coren . Samuel . Interface: Providence and the Populist Roots of a Downtown Revival . Journal of Planning History . 2 May 2016 . 16 . 1 . 4–7 . 10.1177/1538513216645620 . 219960281 . free .
50. Web site: Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company. Providence Preservation Society. 22 December 2016.
51. Web site: About the League . Rhode Island League of Cities and Towns . February 15, 2014 .
52. Web site: Buddhism in America . America's Many Religions: Timelines . Pluralism Project . Harvard University . October 4, 2013.
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