Timeline of Poznań explained

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Poznań, Poland.

Prior to 19th century

• 968 – Roman Catholic Diocese of Poznań established.
• 10th century – Poznań Cathedral built.
• 1038
  • City taken by forces of Bretislaus I, Duke of Bohemia.
• 11th C. – St. Michael church built.
• 1249 – Castle construction begins (approximate date).
• 1253
  • Town gains Magdeburg rights.
  • Town Hall built.
• 1296
  • Wielkopolska Chronicle written.
• 1320 – Town becomes capital of the Poznań Voivodeship.
• 1341 – 29 September: Coronation of Adelaide of Hesse in Poznań Cathedral.
• 1493 – Grand Master of the Teutonic Order Johann von Tiefen paid homage to King of Poland John I Albert.^[1]
• 1518 – Lubrański Academy established.
• 1534 – Waga Miejska (weighing house) built.
• 1536 – Fire.
• 1551 – Flood.
• 1557 – Poznań native Josephus Struthius, renowned Polish professor of medicine and court physician to Polish kings, became mayor after gaining international recognition for his depiction of the human pulse and its use for diagnostic purposes.
• 1560 – Town Hall rebuilt on Market Square.
• 1563 – Cloth Hall rebuilt.
• 1573 – Jesuit College established.
• 1585 – First acquisition of citizenship in the city by a Scot (see also Scots in Poland).^[2]
• 1611 – Origins of University in Poznań
• 1655
  • Monastery of Oratory of Saint Philip Neri established.^[3]
  • City taken by Swedish forces.
• 1677 – Jesuit printing press in operation.^[4]
• 1701 – Baroque Poznań Fara completed.
• 1704 – 9 August: Battle of Poznań during the Swedish invasion of Poland (1701–1706).
• 1710 – Plague.
• 1736 – Flood.
• 1763 – Prince Frederick Mounted Regiment of the Polish Crown Army stationed in Poznań.^[5]
• 1775 – 1st Polish Infantry Regiment of the Polish Crown Army stationed in Poznań.^[6]
• 1776 – Baroque Działyński Palace completed.
• 1777 – New Baroque Monastery of Oratory of Saint Philip Neri completed.^[3]
• 1786 – 7th Polish Infantry Regiment stationed in Poznań.^[7]
• 1787 – Odwach (guardhouse) on Market Square rebuilt.
• 1790 – 2nd Polish Artillery Brigade formed and garrisoned in Poznań.^[8]
• 1792 – Polish 9th Infantry Regiment relocated from Warsaw to Poznań.^[9]
• 1793
  • City annexed by Prussia in the Second Partition of Poland and included within the newly formed province of South Prussia
  • City renamed "Posen."
• 1796 – Population: 16,124.
• 1800 – Śródka included within city limits.^[3]

19th century

• 1803 – Fire.
• 1806
  • Napoleon temporarily headquartered in city.
  • Polish 11th Infantry Regiment formed in Poznań.^[10]
  • 11 December: Treaty of Poznań signed.
• 1807 – Town becomes part of the Duchy of Warsaw.
• 1815 – Town becomes part of Prussia again.
• 1828
  • Poznań Fortress construction begins.
  • September: Visit of Fryderyk Chopin.^[11]
• 1829 – Raczyński Library founded.
• 1839 – Fort Winiary built.
• 1841 – Scientific Help Society for the Youth of the Grand Duchy of Poznań established.
• 1842 – Bazar Hotel founded.
• 1846
  • Cegielski manufactory in business.
  • February: "Insurrection."
• 1848
  • Greater Poland uprising.
  • 20 March: Polish National Committee founded.
  • 11 April–9 May: Stay of Polish national poet Juliusz Słowacki in Poznań.^[12]
  • Szczecin–Poznań railway begins operating.
• 1849 – 25 October: Publication of Fryderyk Chopin's first obituary, by poet Cyprian Norwid.^[13]
• 1857
  • Society of Friends of Learning established.
  • Museum of Polish and Slavic Antiquities (present-day National Museum) founded.
  • Israelitische Brüdergemeinde synagogue built.^[14]
• 1859 – First Adam Mickiewicz monument in partitioned Poland unveiled.^[15]
• 1871 – Grand Duchy of Poznań abolished.
• 1872 – Kurjer Poznański newspaper begins publication.
• 1873 – First biography of Fryderyk Chopin, by Marceli Szulc, published in Poznań.^[13]

• 1875 – Polish Theatre and Stare Zoo established.
• 1877 – Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul expelled from Śródka.^[3]
• 1879 – Poznań Central Station opens.
• 1885
  • Historical Society of Posen Province founded.
  • Population: 68,315.
• 1886 – Prussian Settlement Commission established to coordinate German colonization in the Prussian Partition of Poland.
• 1891 – Richard Witting becomes mayor.
• 1893 – Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul came back to Śródka.^[3]
• 1895
  • Drukarnia i Księgarnia św. Wojciecha publisher in business.
  • Population: 73,239.
• 1896 – Piotrowo and Berdychowo become part of city.^[16]
• 1898 – Electric tramway begins operating.
• 1900 – Górczyn, Jeżyce, Łazarz, and Wilda become part of city.^[16]

20th century

1900–1939

• 1902 – Kaiser Wilhelm Library and Kaiser Friedrich Museum open.
• 1903 – Royal Academy opens.^[17]
• 1905 – Population: 136,808.
• 1907 – Sołacz becomes part of city.^[16]
• 1910
  • Grand Theatre opens.
  • Imperial Castle built.
  • Higher State School of Machinery founded.
• 1912 – Warta Poznań football club formed.

• 1918
  • 3 December: The first session of the Polish Provincial Sejm (parliament) of the former Prussian Partition of Poland in Poznań.
  • 27 December: Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19) against German rule begins.
  • 28 December: City liberated by Polish insurgents.
• 1919
  • 6 January: Battle of Ławica, won by the Polish insurgents.^[18]
  • 4 April: Poznań University founded.
  • Poznań Observatory founded.
  • 27 October: Wielkopolskie Muzeum Wojska (military museum) opened.
• 1921 – Poznań Fair begins.
• 1922 – Lutnia Dębiec football club formed.
• 1923 – Kronika Miasta Poznania (journal of city history) begins publication.
• 1925 – Dębiec, Główna, Komandoria, Rataje, Starołęka, Szeląg, and Winogrady become part of city.^[16]
• 1927
  • Poznań Radio Station established.
  • Ilustracja Poznańska begins publication.
  • 15th Poznań Uhlan Regiment monument unveiled.^[19]
• 1928 – Czarna Trzynastka Poznań wins its first and only Polish men's basketball championship.
• 1929 – Warta Poznań wins its first Polish football championship.
• 1930
  • Tadeusz Kościuszko monument unveiled.^[20]
  • Population: 266,742.
  • AZS Poznań wins its first Polish men's basketball championship.
  • Association of Friends of the Sorbs established.^[21]
• 1933 – Golęcin and Podolany become part of city.^[16]
• 1935 – Lech Poznań wins its first Polish men's basketball championship.

World War II (1939–1945)

• 1939
  • September: During the invasion of Poland at the beginning of World War II, near Słupca, the Germans bombed a train with Polish civilians fleeing the Wehrmacht from Poznań.^[22]
  • Poznań Nightingales (choir) secretly founded.
  • 10 September: German troops invade Poznań, beginning of German occupation.
  • 10 September: Inhabitants of Poznań were among the victims of a massacre of Poles committed by German troops in Zdziechowa.^[23]
  • 12 September: The Einsatzkommando 1 and Einsatzgruppe VI paramilitary death squads entered the city to commit various crimes against the population.^[24]
  • September: Mass arrests of Poles by the occupying forces.^[25]
  • September: City made the headquarters of the central district of the Selbstschutz, which task was to commit atrocities against Poles during the German invasion of Poland.^[26]
  • September: Tajna Polska Organizacja Wojskowa (Secret Polish Military Organization) Polish resistance organization founded.
  • October: Infamous Fort VII concentration camp established by the Germans for imprisonment of Poles arrested in the city and region during the Intelligenzaktion.^[27]
  • October: (Poznań Military Organization), (National Fighting Organization), Ojczyzna (Homeland) and Komitet Niesienia Pomocy (Relief Committee) Polish resistance organizations founded.
  • 16, 18, 20, 26, 28 October: Mass executions of 71 Polish prisoners in Fort VII. Among the victims were teachers, merchants, farmers, craftsmen, workers, doctors, lawyers, editors of Polish newspapers.^[27]
  • 22 October: First expulsion of Poles carried out by the German police.^[28]
  • November: Transit camp for Poles expelled from the city established by the occupiers.^[29]
  • 8, 18, 29 November: Further executions of over 30 Polish prisoners in Fort VII. Among the victims were merchants, craftsmen, editors of Polish newspapers.^[30]
  • 11 November: Special Staff for the Resettlement of Poles and Jews (Sonderstab für die Aussiedlung von Polen und Juden) founded by the Germans to coordinate the expulsion of Poles from the city and region, known as the Central Bureau for Resettlement (UWZ, Umwandererzentralstelle) since 1940.^[31]
  • 12–16 November: German police and SS massacred 60 Polish prisoners of the Fort VII concentration camp in the forest of Dębienko near Poznań.^[32]
  • December: Further executions of 14 Polish craftsmen in Fort VII.^[30]
  • The Germans massacred over 630 Polish prisoners of the Fort VII concentration camp, incl. 70 students of Poznań universities and colleges and 70 nuns, in the forest of Dopiewiec near Poznań.^[30]
  • Ernst Damzog, former commander of the Einsatzgruppe V, was appointed the police inspector for both Sicherheitspolizei and Sicherheitsdienst in German-occupied Poznań.^[33]
  • Tadeusz Kościuszko and 15th Poznań Uhlan Regiment monuments destroyed by the Germans.^{[19] [20]}

• 1940
  • January: Further executions of 67 Poles in Fort VII. Among the victims were teachers, local officials, engineers, artists, priests, professors and merchants.^[30]
  • 27 January, 20 February, 5 March, 25 April: The Germans massacred over 700 Polish prisoners of the Fort VII concentration camp, incl. 120 women, in the forest of Dębienko.^[32]
  • February: The regional branch of the Union of Armed Struggle begins to organize.
  • February, April and May: Further executions of 21 Poles in Fort VII.^[30]
  • March: Several Polish resistance organizations merged into the (Military Organization of the Western Lands).
  • Early 1940: The Germans massacred over 2,000 Polish prisoners of the Fort VII concentration camp in the forest of Dopiewiec.^[30]
  • Spring: (Independent Poland) resistance organization starts operating in Poznań.
  • April: First arrests of members of Wojskowa Organizacja Ziem Zachodnich carried out by the Germans.
  • 20 April: Over 100 Poles were arrested by the Germans in the city in just one day.^[34]
  • June: Bureau of the Government Delegation for Poland for Polish territories annexed by Germany founded.
  • 1 August: Stalag XXI-D prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs established by the occupiers.^[35]
  • Autumn: Regional branch of the Bataliony Chłopskie resistance organization established.
  • Autumn: Wojskowa Organizacja Ziem Zachodnich crushed by the Germans. Surviving members joined the Union of Armed Struggle.
  • Adam Mickiewicz monument destroyed by the Germans.^[15]

• 1941
  • The German labor office in Poznań demanded that children as young as 12 register for work, but it is known that even ten-year-old children were forced to work.^[36]
  • Spring: Komitet Niesienia Pomocy joined the Union of Armed Struggle.
  • May: The Polish resistance movement facilitated escapes of British prisoners of war from the Stalag XXI-D POW camp.^[37]
• 1942: Mass arrests of members of the Komitet Niesienia Pomocy resistance organization carried out by the Germans.
• 1943
  • 20–21 February: A flying unit of the Union of Armed Struggle and Home Army carried out a spectacular operation to burn down Wehrmacht warehouses in the local river port.
  • February: First Soviet POWs brought by the Germans to Stalag XXI-D.^[35]
  • 14 September: Kidnapped Polish children from Poznań were deported to a camp for Polish children in Łódź, which was nicknamed "little Auschwitz" due to its conditions.^[38]
  • October: Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler delivers Posen speeches.
  • Lake Rusałka created.
  • December: First Italian POWs brought by the Germans to Stalag XXI-D.^[35]
• 1944
  • April: Fort VII concentration camp dissolved.
  • Aerial bombing by U.S. forces.
• 1945
  • January–February: Battle of Poznań.
  • February: Stalag XXI-D POW camp dissolved.^[35]
  • End of German occupation.

1945–1990s

• 1945 – Głos Wielkopolski newspaper begins publication.
• 1947 – Poznań Philharmonic founded.
• 1949 – 1572 Posnania asteroid discovered at the Poznań Observatory (named after the city).^[39]
• 1950 – Population: 320,700.
• 1952 – Lake Malta created.
• 1954 – City administration divided into five dzielnicas: Stare Miasto, Nowe Miasto, Jeżyce, Grunwald, and Wilda.
• 1956
  • Poznań 1956 protests.^{[40] [41]}
  • Poznań Cathedral rebuilt.
  • Mass raising of funds, food, medical supplies and equipment, and blood donation for the Poznań-inspired Hungarian Revolution of 1956.^[42]
  • 29 October: First two airplanes with aid for the Hungarians depart Poznań.^[42]
  • 30 October: Manifestation of support for the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.^[42]
• 1963
  • Piątkowo transmitter erected.
  • Wielkopolskie Muzeum Wojskowe (military museum) opens.
• 1964 – Teatr Osmego Dnia (theatre group) founded.
• 1966 – Sister city partnership signed between Poznań and Brno.^[43]
• 1967 – Rebuilt Tadeusz Kościuszko monument unveiled.^[20]
• 1970 – Park Cytadela established.

• 1971
  • Grunwald Poznań wins its first Polish handball championship.
  • Polonia Poznań wins its first Polish rugby championship.
• 1973 – Polish Dance Theatre founded.^[44]
• 1974
  • Hala Arena opens.
  • Zoo established.
  • Population: 502,800.^[45]
• 1979 – Sister city partnership signed between Poznań and Jyväskylä, Finland.^[46]
• 1980 – Municipal Stadium opens.
• 1982
  • Rebuilt 15th Poznań Uhlan Regiment monument unveiled.^[19]
  • Poznań Army monument unveiled.^[47]
• 1983
  • Lech Poznań wins its first Polish football championship.
  • June: Visit of Pope John Paul II.^[48]
• 1987 – Kiekrz, Morasko, and Radojewo become part of city.
• 1989 – Lech Poznań wins its tenth Polish men's basketball championship.
• 1990
  • Wojciech Szczęsny Kaczmarek becomes mayor.^[49]
  • Population: 590,049.
• 1991
  • Gazeta Poznańska newspaper begins publication.^[50]
  • 6 April: Sister city partnership signed between Poznań and Toledo, Ohio, United States.^[51]

• 1997
  • Sekcja Rowerzystów Miejskich (bicycle advocacy group) active.
  • Poznański Szybki Tramwaj (tramway) opens.
  • June: Visit of Pope John Paul II.^[48]
• 1998 – Ryszard Grobelny becomes mayor.
• 1999
  • City becomes capital of Greater Poland Voivodeship.
  • Monument to victims of the Katyn massacre and Soviet deportations to Siberia unveiled.^[52]
• 2000 – Polish 31st Air Base established near city.

21st century

• 2007
  • Bishop Jordan Bridge opens to Ostrów Tumski.
  • Monument to Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski, cryptologist who deciphered the Enigma machine, unveiled.^[53]
  • Polish Underground State monument unveiled.^[54]
• 2008
  • 23 January: Sister city partnership signed between Poznań and Győr, Hungary.^[55]
  • Animator International Animated Film Festival begins.
  • December: City hosts 2008 United Nations Climate Change Conference.
• 2009
  • 6 July: Sister city partnership signed between Poznań and Kutaisi, Georgia.^[56]
  • September: Poznań co-hosts the EuroBasket 2009.
• 2010 – Population: 551,627.
• 2011
  • City administration divided into 42 osiedles (neighbourhoods).
  • March: Honorary Consulate of Croatia opened (see also Croatia–Poland relations).^[57]
  • May: Honorary Consulate of Morocco established (see also Morocco–Poland relations).^[58]
  • August: Transatlantyk – Poznań International Film and Music Festival begins.
  • Non-commissioned Officer School of the Land Forces in Poznań founded.

• 2012 – Poznań co-hosts the UEFA Euro 2012.
• 2013
  • February: Honorary Consulate of Guatemala opened.^[59]
  • August: Homeless World Cup football contest held.
• 2014
  • January: Honorary Consulate of Luxembourg opened (see also Luxembourg–Poland relations).^[60]
  • April: Poznań Croissant Museum established.
• 2015
  • August: Medieval treasure, including 350 coins and 8,000 fragments of clay vessels, discovered during archaeological excavations in the Old Town.^[61]
  • Ignacy Jan Paderewski monument unveiled.^[62]
• 2017 – Sister city partnership signed between Poznań and Bologna, Italy.^[63]
• 2021
  • 14 July: Honorary Consulate of Estonia opened (see also Estonia–Poland relations).^[64]
  • June: Bohdan Smoleń monument unveiled.^[65]
  • 25 September: Enigma Cipher Centre established.

See also

• History of Poznań
  • • List of mayors of Poznań after 1825 (burmistrzowie) List of mayors of Poznań (prezydentów) Category:Timelines of cities in Poland (in Polish)
• Museum of the History of Poznań

References

This article incorporates information from the Polish Wikipedia.

Bibliography

in English

Published in 18th–19th centuries

• • Book: William Blackwood . 1830 . Edinburgh . Edinburgh Encyclopædia . David Brewster . Posen . https://archive.org/stream/edinburghencyclo17edinuoft#page/134/mode/2up . Edinburgh Encyclopædia .
    • Book: . London . 1877 . Handbook for North Germany . Posen . https://archive.org/stream/handbookfornort00firgoog#page/n290/mode/1up .

Published in 20th century

• • • Posen (city) . 22 .
  • Book: George Lerski . Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. 1996. Greenwood . 978-0-313-03456-5 . Poznan . 472 . Jerzy Jan Lerski.
  • Book: Piotr Wróbel . Historical Dictionary of Poland 1945-1996 . 1998 . Fitzroy Dearborn . 978-1-135-92694-6 . Poznan . 244 . Piotr Wróbel .

in other languages

• • Book: P. Krauss und E. Uetrecht. Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas . Meyer's Atlas of German Cities . 1913. Bibliographisches Institut. Leipzig . de. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009018394. Posen.
• Pietrowicz. Aleksandra. 2011. Konspiracja wielkopolska 1939–1945. Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej. pl. IPN. 5–6 (126–127). 1641-9561.

External links

• Links to fulltext city directories for Poznan via Wikisource
• Europeana. Items related to Poznań, various dates.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Kalendarz dat: 1493. Dzieje.pl. 16 July 2022. pl.
2. Feduszka. Jacek. 2009. Szkoci i Anglicy w Zamościu w XVI-XVIII wieku. Czasy Nowożytne. pl. Zarząd Główny Polskiego Towarzystwa Historycznego. 22. 52. 1428-8982.
3. Web site: Dom Kongregacji Oratorium św. Filipa Neri. Zabytek.pl. Anna Dyszkant. 16 July 2022. pl.
4. Web site: Drukarnia Kolegium Towarzystwa Jezusowego w Poznaniu 1677-1773 . Wielkopolska Biblioteka Cyfrowa . April 1997 . 10 April 2019.
5. Book: Gembarzewski, Bronisław. Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831. 1925. pl. Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. Warszawa. 20.
6. Gembarzewski, p. 26
7. Gembarzewski, p. 28
8. Book: Górski, Konstanty. Historya Artylerii Polskiej. 1902. pl. Warszawa. 193.
9. Gembarzewski, p. 29
10. Gembarzewski, p. 56
11. Book: Plenzler, Anna. Śladami Fryderyka Chopina po Wielkopolsce. 2012. pl. Wielkopolska Organizacja Turystyczna. Poznań. 2. 978-83-61454-99-1.
12. Hahn. Wiktor. 1948. Juliusz Słowacki w 1848 r.. Sobótka. pl. Wrocław. III. I. 85.
13. Plenzler, p. 4
14. Encyclopedia: https://web.archive.org/web/20141015191329/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Poznan . dead . 2014-10-15 . Poznań . . .
15. Web site: Adama Mickiewicza. Poznań.pl. 16 July 2022. pl.
16. Web site: Statystyczna Karta Historii Poznania . Główny Urząd Statystyczny . June 2008 . 10 April 2019.
17. Book: Königliche Museen zu Berlin. Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland . 6th . de . 1904. Georg Reimer.
18. Book: Plasota, Kazimierz. 1929. Zarys historji wojennej 68-go Pułku Piechoty. pl. Warszawa. 5.
19. Web site: 15. Pułku Ułanów Poznańskich. Poznań.pl. 16 July 2022. pl.
20. Web site: Tadeusza Kościuszki. Poznań.pl. 16 July 2022. pl.
21. Book: Lewaszkiewicz, Tadeusz. Kurowska. Hanna. 2015. Kapitał społeczno-polityczny Serbołużyczan. pl. Zielona Góra. Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. 92. Zarys dziejów sorabistyki i zainteresowań Łużycami w Wielkopolsce.
22. Book: Wardzyńska, Maria. 2009. Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion. pl. Warszawa. IPN. 89.
23. Wardzyńska (2009), p. 91
24. Wardzyńska (2009), p. 113
25. Wardzyńska (2009), p. 116
26. Wardzyńska (2009), p. 63
27. Wardzyńska (2009), p. 190
28. Book: Wardzyńska, Maria. 2017. Wysiedlenia ludności polskiej z okupowanych ziem polskich włączonych do III Rzeszy w latach 1939-1945. pl. Warszawa. IPN. 144. 978-83-8098-174-4.
29. Wardzyńska (2017), p. 145
30. Wardzyńska (2009), p. 191
31. Wardzyńska (2017), p. 35
32. Wardzyńska (2009), p. 192
33. Wardzyńska (2009), p. 54
34. Wardzyńska (2009), p. 213
35. Book: Megargee. Geoffrey P.. Overmans. Rüdiger. Vogt. Wolfgang. 2022. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 501. 978-0-253-06089-1.
36. Book: Kołakowski, Andrzej. Kostkiewicz. Janina. 2020. Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945). pl. Kraków. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska. 74. Zbrodnia bez kary: eksterminacja dzieci polskich w okresie okupacji niemieckiej w latach 1939-1945.
37. Web site: "Dorsze" z Poznania. Przystanek Historia. Aleksandra Pietrowicz. 30 July 2022. pl.
38. Book: Ledniowski. Krzysztof. Gola. Beata. Kostkiewicz. Janina. 2020. Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945). pl. Kraków. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska. 147, 158. Niemiecki obóz dla małoletnich Polaków w Łodzi przy ul. Przemysłowej.
39. Web site: 1572 Posnania (1949 SC). JPL Small-Body Database Browser. 11 December 2023.
40. Web site: Poland Profile: Timeline . BBC News . 30 November 2013.
41. Book: Bernard A. Cook. Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia . 2013. Routledge . 978-1-135-17939-7 . Chronology of Major Political Events .
42. Web site: W Poznaniu odsłonięto tablicę poświęconą pomocy dla Węgrów w 1956 roku. Dzieje.pl. 23 October 2013. 30 July 2022. pl.
43. Web site: Brno (Republika Czeska). Poznań.pl. 30 July 2022. pl.
44. Book: Don Rubin . World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre . 1: Europe . 2001 . Routledge . 9780415251570 . Poland . 634+ . https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi0002unse_j6c2/page/634 .
45. Book: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm . Demographic Yearbook 1975 . 1976 . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office . New York . Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants . 253–279 .
46. Web site: Jyväskylä (Finlandia). Poznań.pl. 30 July 2022. pl.
47. Web site: Armii 'Poznań'. Poznań.pl. 16 July 2022. pl.
48. Web site: Jan Paweł II w Poznaniu. Poznań.pl. 30 July 2022. pl.
49. Web site: Mayors of the City of Poznań . Poznań City Hall . 28 November 2013.
50. Book: Europa World Year Book 2004 . 1857432533 . Taylor & Francis .
51. Web site: Toledo (Ohio, USA). Poznań.pl. 30 July 2022. pl.
52. Web site: Ofiar Katynia i Sybiru. Poznań.pl. 16 July 2022. pl.
53. Web site: Pogromców Enigmy. Poznań.pl. 16 July 2022. pl.
54. Web site: Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego. Poznań.pl. 16 July 2022. pl.
55. Web site: Gyor kolejnym miastem partnerskim Poznania.. Poznań.pl. 24 January 2008. 30 July 2022. pl.
56. Web site: Kutaisi. Poznań.pl. 30 July 2022. pl.
57. Web site: Konsulat Chorwacji w Poznaniu. Radio Poznań. 25 March 2011. 16 July 2022. pl.
58. Web site: Konsulat Honorowy Maroko. Wielkopolski Urząd Wojewódzki w Poznaniu. Anna Czuchra. 20 May 2011. 11 December 2023. pl.
59. Web site: Poznań: Otwarto Konsulat Honorowy Republiki Gwatemali. Głos Wielkopolski. 28 February 2013. 16 July 2022. pl.
60. Web site: Konsulat Luksemburga w Poznaniu już otwarty [ZDJĘCIA]]. Głos Wielkopolski. 30 January 2014. 16 July 2022. pl.
61. Web site: Skarby pod Starym Rynkiem w Poznaniu - m.in. monety i biżuteria. Dzieje.pl. 16 August 2015. 11 December 2023. pl.
62. Web site: Pomnik Paderewskiego. Poznań.pl. 16 July 2022. pl.
63. Web site: Bolonia nowym partnerem Poznania. Poznań.pl. 5 December 2017. 30 July 2022. pl.
64. Web site: Otwarcie Konsulatu Honorowego Estonii w Poznaniu. warsaw.mfa.ee. 2 April 2022. pl.
65. Web site: Poznań. Odsłonięto pomnik Bohdana Smolenia. Polsat News. 12 June 2021. 16 July 2022. pl.