Timeline of Indian history explained

This is a timeline of Indian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in India and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of India. Also see the list of governors-general of India, list of prime ministers of India and list of years in India.

Pre-historic India

See main article: South Asian Stone Age.

Pre-90th century BCE (BC)

Year	Date	Event
4,000,000 – 100,000 BCE		Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in the northwestern subcontinent.^[1] ^[2] The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the palaeolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley.^[3] Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across what are now India, Pakistan, and Nepal.^[4] Some of the Bhimbetka rock shelters were inhabited by Homo erectus more than 100,000 years ago.^[5] ^[6] Evidence suggested that occupation of the Indian subcontinent by hominins was sporadic until circa 700,000 years ago, and was geographically widespread by around 250,000 years ago.^[7] Madrasian culture sites have been found in Attirampakkam (Attrambakkam=13° 13' 50", 79° 53' 20"), which is located near Chennai (formerly known as Madras), Tamil Nadu.^[8] Thereafter, tools related to this culture have been found at various other locations in this region. Bifacial handaxes and cleavers are typical assemblages recovered of this culture.^[9] Flake tools, microliths and other chopping tools have also been found. Most of these tools were composed of the metamorphic rock quartzite. The stone tool artifacts in this assemblage have been identified as a part of the second inter-pluvial period in India.^[10] Evidence for presence of Hominins with Acheulean technology 150,000–100,000 BCE in Tamil Nadu.^[11]
74,000 – 30,000 BCE		Technology similar to contemporary artifacts found used by Homo sapiens in Africa found in Jwalapuram around 74,000 BCE.Paleolithic industries in South India Tamil Nadu 30,000 BCE.^[12]

90th–50th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
9,000 BCE		Early Neolithic culture with first confirmed semi-permanent settlements appeared 11,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in modern Madhya Pradesh, India. Some of the Stone Age cave paintings found among the Bhimbetka rock shelters are approximately 30,000 years old.The ancient history of the region includes some of Indian subcontinent's oldest settlements^[13] and some of its major civilisations.^[14] ^[15]

Bronze Age India

See main article: Bronze Age India.

50th–40th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
4000 BCE		Phase of the Indus Valley Civilisation begins. The civilization used an early form of the Indus signs, now called Indus script.Over the course of the next 1000–1500 years, inhabitants of the Civilization developed new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin) had elaborate urban planning, baked brick houses, efficient drainage systems, water supply systems, and clusters of large non-residential buildings. The civilization depended significantly on trade, was the first civilization to use wheeled transport in the form of bullock carts, and also used boats.^[16]

30th–20th century BCE

Year	Date	Event
2800 BCE		The Indus Valley Civilization expand across the whole of modern-day Pakistan, much of northern India, and large parts of Afghanistan, with Harappa and Mohenjo-daro becoming large metropolises.^[17]
2600 BCE		End of the Early Indus Valley Civilization culture. Start of Mature Indus Valley Civilization culture

Year	Date	Event
1900 BCE		End of Mature Indus Valley Civilization culture, late Indus Valley Civilization period starts

Year	Date	Event
1800 BCE		Adichanallur urn-burial site in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. In 2004, a number of skeletons dating from around 3,800 years ago.

Iron Age India

See main article: Iron Age in India.

Year	Date	Event
1700 BCE		Brihadratha also known as Maharatha, was the initiator of the Brihadratha dynasty, the earliest ruling dynasty of Magadha according to the Puranas.
		Jarasandha was the son of Brihadratha and became the 2nd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding his father.
1665 BCE		Sahadeva of Magadha became the 3rd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Jarasandha.
1661 BCE		Somadhi became the 4th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sahadeva of Magadha.
1603 BCE		Srutasravas became the 5th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Somadhi.

Year	Date	Event
1539 BCE		Ayutayus became the 6th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Srutasravas
1503 BCE		Niramitra became the 7th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Ayutayus

Year	Date	Event
1500 BCE		Early Vedic period (to 1000 BCE)
1463 BCE		Sukshatra became the 8th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Niramitra.
1405 BCE		Brihatkarman became the 9th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sukshatra.

Year	Date	Event
1400 BCE		Gopala Dynasty established by Gopa
1382 BCE		Senajit became the 10th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Brihatkarman
1332 BCE		Srutanjaya became the 11th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Senajit

Year	Date	Event
1300 BCE		Cemetery H culture comes to an end
1300 BCE		End of late Indus Valley Civilization period
1292 BCE		Vipra became the 12th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Srutanjaya
1280 BCE		Pundravardhana Kingdom was established sometime before 1280 BCE.
1257 BCE		Suchi became the 13th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Vipra

Year	Date	Event
1200 BCE		Rigveda Codified. Kuru Kingdom Established.
1199 BCE		Kshemya became the 14th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Suchi
1171 BCE		Subrata became the 15th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Kshemya
1107 BCE		Dharma became the 16th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Subrata

Year	Date	Event
1043 BCE		Dharma stepped down as the 16th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha.
1008 BCE		Susuma became the 17th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Dharma

Year	Date	Event
1000 BCE		Middle and Late Vedic period (to 500 BCE)
1000 – 300 BCE		Kanchi district, gold mine of Megalithic sites in Tamil Nadu, South India^[18]
1000- 900 BCE		Kingdom of the Videhas was established.
1000- 900 BCE		Pañcāla Kingdom was established.
970 BCE		Dridhasena became the 18th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Susuma
912 BCE		Sumati became the 19th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Dridhasena

Year	Date	Event
879 BCE		Subala became the 20th ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sumati
877 BCE		Birth of Parsvanatha, 23rd Jain Tirthankara (traditional date)
857 BCE		Sunita became the 21st ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Subala
841 BCE		Gopala Dynasty was de-established.
817 BCE		Satyajit became the 22nd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Sunita

Year	Date	Event
767 BCE		Viswajit became the 23rd ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Satyajit
732 BCE		Ripunjaya became the 24th and the last ruler of the Barhadratha dynasty of Magadha succeeding Viswajit.

Year	Date	Event
700 BCE		The Upanishads, a sacred text of Hinduism, are written.
700 BCE		Kingdom of Kosala was established. Kosala belonged to the Northern Black Polished Ware culture (c. 700–300 BCE).^[19]

Year	Date	Event
600 BCE		Sixteen Maha Janapadas ("Great Realms" or "Great Kingdoms") emerge.
		The Chola, Pandya, and Chera dynasties are established.
		The capital of the Early Pandyan Kingdom was initially Korkai, all around 600 BCE, and was later moved to Koodal (now Madurai) during the reign of Nedunjeliyan I.
599 BCE		Mahavira of the 24th Tirthankara is born. This turns out to become the most famous wave of Jainism.
563 BCE		Siddhārtha Gautama, Buddha-to-be, is born in Lumbini into a leading royal family in the republic of the Shakyas, which is now part of Nepal.
543 BCE		The Vanga-based Prince Vijaya (c. 543 BCE) married a daughter of the Pandyan king of Madurai, to whom he was sending rich presents every year. Sinhala chronicle Mahavamsa or the Great Chronicle of Sri Lanka mentions this event
538 BCE		Cyrus the Great, founder of the Persian Achaemenid Empire reached up to northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent, today's Afghanistan.
527 BCE		Nirvana of Mahavira,
c. 525 BCE		Kuru Kingdom was de-established.

Year	Date	Event
c. 500 BCE		The Vedic period ends.
483 BCE		Proposed Mahaparinirvana date of Gautama Buddha at Kushinagar.

Year	Date	Event
400 BCE		Siddhartha Gautama 'Buddha' of the Shakya polity in South Nepal, founds Buddhism (older date: 563–483 BCE)
350 BCE		Pāṇini, labelled as the father of linguistics, a resident of Gandhara, describes the grammar and morphology of Sanskrit in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī. Pāṇini's standardized Sanskrit is known as Classical Sanskrit.
333 BCE		Persian rule in the northwest ends after Darius III is defeated by Alexander the Great, who establishes the Macedonian Empire after inheriting the Persian Achaemenid Empire.
326 BCE		Ambhi king of Takshila surrenders to Alexander.
	May	Porus who ruled parts of the Punjab, fought Alexander at the Battle of the Hydaspes.
321 BCE		Maurya Empire is founded by Chandragupta Maurya in Magadha after he defeats the Nanda dynasty and Macedonian Seleucid Empire. Mauryan capital city is Pataliputra (Modern Patna in Bihar)
305 BCE		Chandragupta Maurya defeats Seleucus I Nicator of the Seleucid Empire.
304 BCE		Seleucus gives up his territories in the subcontinent (Afghanistan/Baluchistan) to Chandragupta in exchange for 500 elephants. Seleucus offers his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta to seal their friendship.

Classical India

See main article: Middle kingdoms of India.

Year	Date	Event
290–270 BCE		Pingala, ancient Indian mathematician and poet writes the Chandaḥśāstra (also called the Pingala-sutras), which presents the description of a binary numeral system for prosody. He described meters in the form of short and long syllables.
273 BCE		Ashoka the Great regarded as the greatest ancient Indian emperor, grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, ascends as emperor of the Maurya Empire.
266 BCE		Ashoka conquers and unifies most of Indian subcontinent, along with most of Afghanistan and Balochistan.
265 BCE		Kalinga War takes place between Ashoka and the kingdom of Kalinga.
		After conquering Kalinga, Ashoka who recently converted into buddhism and made it a quasi-official state religion of the Mouryan Empire, reportedly regrets what he has done and relinquishes violence.
261 BCE		Conquest of Kalinga
260 BCE		Ashoka inscribes the Edicts of Ashoka, written down using Brahmi script. The Edicts describe his Buddhist religious views and his commitment to the welfare of his subjects.
232 BCE		Ashoka dies and is succeeded by Kunala.
230 BCE		Simuka declares independence from Mauryan rule and establishes the Satavahana Empire.

Year	Date	Event
200 BCE		Kuninda Kingdom is established.
		Tolkāppiyam describes the grammar and morphology of Tamil; it is the oldest existing Tamil grammar (dates vary between 200 BCE and 100 CE).
		Indo-Greek Kingdom (also known as the Yavana Kingdom) is established. It was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of Afghanistan and the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent (parts of modern-day Pakistan and northwestern India). The kingdom was founded when the Graeco-Bactrian king Demetrius (and later Eucratides) invaded India from Bactria in 200 BCE. During its existence, the kingdom was ruled over by 30 successive kings, with Menander I being the most famous Indo-Greek king.
184 BCE		The Mauryan Empire, declines
165/155 BCE		Menander I becomes the king of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Menander is noted for having become a patron of and convert to Greco-Buddhism and he is widely regarded as the greatest of the Indo-Greek kings.

Year	Date	Event
100 BCE		Birth of Charaka,^[20] ancient Indian physician who writes the Charaka Samhita, an ancient text that describes theories on human body, etiology, symptomology and therapeutics for a wide range of diseases and is based on the Agnivesha Samhitā.
65 BCE		The Pandyan king sends ambassadors to the Greek and Roman lands.
58 BCE		Beginning of Vikram Era
1 BCE		Fall of the Indo-Greek Kingdom.

Year	Date	Event
35		Western Satraps formed.
52		St. Thomas arrives in Muziris (modern-day North Paravur and Kodungalloor in Kerala State, India).
68		Establishment of the Kushan Empire by Kujula Kadphises.
79		Gautamiputra Satakarni becomes Satavahana emperor and starts Shalivahana era calendar after defeating Scythian king Maues.
100 or after		Sugar was first produced from sugarcane plants in northern India sometime after the first century.^[21]

Year	Date	Event
113		Vima Kadphises becomes the ruler of the Kushan Empire. He was the Kushan Emperor to first introduce gold coinage, in addition to the existing silver and copper coinage.
127		Kanishka ascends the throne of the Kushan Empire, succeeding Vima Kadphises. Under his reign, the Kushan Empire reached its zenith.

Year	Date	Event
240		Sri-Gupta starts the Gupta Empire in Magadha, with its capital in Pataliputra
250		The Vakataka Dynasty in the Deccan is formed by Vindyashakti. He rules until 275.
275		The Pallava dynasty is established
		Pravarasena ascends the throne of the Vakataka Dynasty, expanding his empire. He was the first Vakataka ruler who called himself a Samrat, or emperor. He is perhaps the only emperor in his dynasty.

Year	Date	Event
320		Chandragupta I ascends the Gupta throne.
335		Samudragupta ascends the Gupta throne and expands the empire.
345		Kadamba Kingdom established by Mayurasharma, Banavasi as its capital and they were the first kingdom to use Kannada in administration.
380		Chandragupta II, Samudragupta's son becomes the Gupta Emperor.
390		Prabhavatigupta, a Gupta Princess who was the daughter of Chandragputa II, becomes the regent of the Vakataka dynasty after the death of her husband Rudrasena II, effectively ruling the Vakatakas until 410.

Year	Date	Event
413		Kumaragupta I, Adopted the title of Mahendraditya.
455		Skandagupta, Faced Hunas effectively.
467		Invasions by the Huna.Pallavas became a major power during the reign of Mahendravarman I (571 – 630 CE)
475		Harishena takes over the Vakataka Dynasty. He was a great patron of Buddhist Art. The World Heritage monument Ajanta Caves is a surviving example of his works.
476		Birth of Aryabhata, ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer who goes on to write the Aryabhatiya, a Sanskrit astronomical treatise and the Arya-siddhanta.

Year	Date	Event
502		Mihirakula becomes the ruler of the Alchon Huns. He was the second and last of the Alchon Huns. He was considered to be an extremely violent and cruel ruler. He destroyed many Buddhist monasteries in his kingdom.
528		Confederation of Indian rulers Yashodharman, Narasimhagupta and Adityavardhana defeat the Huna emperor Mihirakula in the Battle of Sondani.
528–540		Yashodharman conquers vast territories from the Hunas and Guptas after the Battle of Sondani, and establishes the short-lived Aulikara Empire
554		Collapse of Gupta Empire after the death of Vishnugupta.
573		Varāhamihira, ancient Indian astrologer, astronomer, and polymath writes the Pañcasiddhāntikā, a treatise on mathematical astronomy which summarises five earlier astronomical treatises by five authors.

Year	Date	Event
606		Harsha crowned Monarch.
628		Ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta completes the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, a text on mathematical astronomy explaining the role of zero, rules for manipulating both negative and positive numbers, a method for computing square roots, methods of solving linear and quadratic equations, and rules for summing series, Brahmagupta's identity, and Brahmagupta's theorem. Brahmagupta also first describes gravity as an attractive force, and uses the term "gurutvākarṣaṇam (गुरुत्वाकर्षणम्)]" in Sanskrit to describe it.^[22]
637		Badami Chalukya power at its peak. Pulakeshin II pushes north up to the Narmada and defeats the invading Harshavardhana of Kanauj
647		Death of Harsha
665		Ancient Indian mathematician and astronomer Brahmagupta completes the astronomical treatise Khandakhadyaka covering topics such as the longitudes of the planets, diurnal rotation, lunar and solar eclipses, risings and settings, the moon's crescent and conjunctions of the planets.

Medieval India

See main article: Medieval India.

Year	Date	Event
700		According to the Qissa-i Sanjan, the immigrants Parsi are granted permission to stay by the local ruler Jadi Rana
711		Arab commander of the Umayyad Caliphate, Muhammad bin Qasim defeats Raja Dahir, king of Sindh Region in modern-day Pakistan
728		Narasimhavarman II of the Pallava dynasty constructs the Shore Temple of Mamallapuram
736		Delhi is re-established by Bilan Deo Tomar also known as Anangpal Tomar
738		Confederacy of Indian kings consisting of Nagabhata I of Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty and Bappa Rawal, ruler of Mewar defeat Arab Umayyad Caliphate invasion attempts in the Battle of Rajasthan (738 CE)
739		Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin of the Chalukyas of Navasarika kingdom defeats an invasion attempt by the Arab Umayyad Caliphate.^[23]
753		Establishment of Rashtrakuta Kingdom of Manyakhet by Dantidurga by defeating Chalukyas of Badami
753		Saindhava naval fleet defeats Arab naval fleet sent by the Arab governor of Sindh.
776		Saindhava naval fleet under Agguka I defeats second Arab naval expedition.^[24] ^[25]
788		Birth of Adi Shankara

Year	Date	Event
800		Vikramashila University is established by the Pala emperor Dharmapala in present-day Bhagalpur district in Bihar, in early 9th century
814		Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I becomes Rashtrakuta emperor. Kannada literature flourishes.
836		Gurjara-Pratihara (to 910)

Year	Date	Event
935		Chandrapur University established in 935 CE by Srichandra, a ruler of the Chandra dynasty
985		Rajaraja Chola ascends to the throne of Chola empire. He expands the empire to Sri Lanka and to the north to include Kalinga kingdom
993		Rajaraja Chola invades Sri Lanka and captures the northern half of Sri Lanka.

Year	Date	Event
1000		Invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni Begins (1000–1025 CE)
1003–1010		The Brihadisvara Temple is built by Raja Raja Chola I.
1014		Rajaraja Chola adds the Lakshadweep and Maldives islands to the Chola empire.^[26]
		Rajendra Chola I became the king of Chola empire after his father Rajaraja Chola. During his reign, he extended the influences of the already vast Chola empire up to the banks of the river Ganges in the north and across the ocean. Rajendra's territories extended coastal Burma, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Maldives, conquered the kings of Srivijaya (Sumatra, Java and Malay Peninsula in South East Asia) and Pegu islands with his fleet of ships. He defeated Mahipala, the Pala king of Bengal and Bihar, and to commemorate his victory he built a new capital called Gangaikonda Cholapuram. The Cholas became one of the most powerful dynasties in Asia during his reign. The Tamil Chola armies exacted tribute from Thailand and the Khmer kingdom of Cambodia. Rajendra Chola I was the first Indian king to take his armies overseas and make conquests of these territories, even though there is epigraphical evidence of Pallava presence in these very areas.
1014		Mahmud Ghazni defeats the Hindu Shahi king Trilochanapala and annexes Punjab.He then attempts to invade Kashmir, but is defeated by Sangramaraja
1017		al-Biruni travelled to the Indian subcontinent
1017	26 April	Ramanuja is born at Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu.
1021		Mahmud of Ghazni again attempts to invade Kashmir, but is defeated by Samgrāmarāja
1025	30 April	Last invasion of Mahmud Ghazni, sacked and destroyed temple of Somnath
1027		The Sun Temple of Modhera is completed by Bhima I of the Chaulukya dynasty
1030	30 April	Death of Mahmud of Ghazni
1033	15 June	Suhaldev, king of Shravasti defeats and kills Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud, nephew of Mahmud of Ghazni.
1035		The Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram is built by Rajendra Chola I.
1058		Soomra dynasty ends the Arab domination and establishes its own rule over Sindh.

Year	Date	Event
1120		Kalyani Chalukyas power at its peak. Vikramaditya VI ushers in Vikrama Chalukya era.
1121		Ajayaraja II, of the Chahamanas of Shakambhari dynasty repulse Ghaznavid invasions.
1134		Life of Basaveshwara, philosopher and social reformer. (to 1196)
1149	30 September	Birth of the Great poet and writer of India Chand Baradai in Lahore
1150		Bhāskara II, mathematician and astronomer writes the Siddhānta Shiromani, consisting of three books Līlāvatī on arithmetic and measurement, Bijaganita on algebra and Gaṇitādhyāya and Golādhyāya on astronomy.
1157		The Kalachuris of Kalyani under Bijjala II capture Kalyani
1175		Muhammad of Ghor invades India.^[27]
1178		Forces of the Chaulukya king Mularaja II led by his regent mother Naikidevi defeat Ghurid invaders led by Muhammad of Ghor who escapes back to Ghazni, in the Battle of Kasahrada.
1191		First Battle of Tarain between Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj III. Ghori is defeated by Prithivi Raj Chauhan III.
1192		Second Battle of Tarain fought between Muhammed Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan III. Prithviraj Chauhan III is defeated by Mohammed Ghori.
1193		Muslim general Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji destroys the ancient university of Vikramashila
1194		Battle of Chandawar fought between Muhammad of Ghor and Jaichand of Kannauj. Ghori defeated Jayachandra and killed him.

Year	Date	Event
1206	15 March	Khokhars killed Muhammad Ghori during a raid on his camp on the Jhelum River, marking the end of 14 years of Ghurid rule over northern India (1192–1206).
1206	25 June	Qutb ud-Din Aibak establishes slave dynasty (Mamluk) later to be known as Delhi Sultanate, beginning 320 years rule over India (1206–1526).
1206		Raja Prithu defeats Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, destroying his army of 12,000 with only about 100 survivors.
1210		Qutb ud-Din Aibak died while playing polo.
1210		Shams ud-Din Iltutmish, the third ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, belonging to the Mamluk dynasty (slave dynasty), introduced IQTA (tax, revenue) system. Died in 1236.
1211–1215		Anangabhima Deva III of the Eastern Ganga dynasty in present-day Odisha defeats invasions by Ghiyāth ad-Dīn ʿIwaz Khalji the ruler of Bengal.
1221		Genghis Khan invades Punjab in pursuit of the fleeing Khwarezm Shah Jalal al-Din Mangburni and defeats him in the Battle of the Indus.
1226		Raja Prithu repulses invading forces of Ghiyas ud din Balban the ninth sultan of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi, in present-day Assam^[28] ^[29]
1229		Sandhya (ruler of Kamarupa) in present-day Assam drives Muslims out of his territory and captures territory till Karatoya river. Thereafter, to avenge previous defeats, he invades the western border of Gaur (Lakhnauti) and annexes regions across the Karatoya into his kingdom.
1236		Narasingha Deva I ruler of the Eastern Ganga dynasty in present-day Odisha launches attacks against the Turko-Afghan rulers of Mamluk dynasty in Bengal that had captured Bihar and Bengal and not only repulses their attacks, but pushes them as far back as Padma River in current-day Bangladesh.^[30]
1236	10 November	Rule of Razia Sultana – Daughter of Iltutmish.
1238	October	Sri Madhwacharya born in Pajaka near Udupi, Karnataka
1240	14 October	Murder of Razia Sultan by Turkish nobles.(Chalisa)
1243		Narasingha Deva I ruler of the Eastern Ganga dynasty defeats Tughral Tughan Khan of the Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi in the Battle of Katasin and annexes several districts of Bengal into his empire.
1246–66		Rule of Nasiruddin Mahmud with support of Balban (Wazir and powerful member of Chalisa). Chalisa- a council of 40 members
1250		The Konark Sun Temple is completed, built by Narasingha Deva I.
1257		The Kamrup kingdom, led by its ruler Sandhya defeats and executes Malik Ikhtiyaruddin Yuzbak, the Mamluk Governor of Bengal. His domains are split between the Kamrup kingdom and Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Empire.
1266–1286		Rule of Balban; Chalisa wiped out.
1267		The Mahanubhava philosophy established by Chakradhar Swami.
1275		Birth of saint Dnyaneshwar.
1290		Murder of Muiz ud din Qaiqabad by Jalaluddin Firuz Khalji, an army commander.
1290–96		Jalal-ud-din Khilji. Founder of Khiliji Dynasty

Year	Date	Event
1309		Alauddin Khalji sends Malik Kafur to South. Malik Kafur Lays siege on the Kakatiya Capital Warangal and Extracts Tribute. The diamond Kohinoor was among the loot collected.
1310		Ala-ud-din Khilji's army under Malik Kafur occupies Devagiri ending the Seuna Yadava Kingdom
1311		Malik Kafur attacks the Hoyasalas. In the aftermath of the destruction Hoyasalas abandon the old capital Halebidu. He later attacks Madurai. The attacks on Warangal, Halebidu and Madurai is accompanied by wide scale killing, destruction of temples and repatriation of wealth back to Delhi.
1323	9 November	Ulugh Khan (Muhammad bin Tughluq) defeats Prataparudra II ending the Kakatiya dynasty
1333		Prithvi Chand II of the Hindu Katoch kingdom of Kangra defeats the army of Muhammad bin Tughluq who loses nearly all his 10,000 soldiers and is forced to retreat.^[31]
1334		Musunuri Kapaya Nayaka with assistance from the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III leads a rebellion against the Tughluq rule of Delhi Sultanate, driving it out of Warangal region in present-day Telangana.
1336	18 April	Vijayanagara Empire established by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I.
		Rana of Mewar Hammir Singh defeats and captures Tughlaq dynasty ruler Muhammad bin Tughluq in the Battle of Singoli.
1340		Birth of great mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama who goes on to found the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics and write the Venvaroha, which describes the methods for the computation of the true positions of the Moon at intervals of about half an hour for various days in an anomalistic cycle.
1343		Veera Ballala III captured and killed in the Battle of Kannanur.
1347		Governor Hasan Gangu revolts against Muhammad bin Tughluq founding the Bahmani Sultanate
1351		Samma Dynasty assumes rule over Sindh
1370		Bukka, the Vijayanagara ruler and his son Kumara Kamapna capture the entire Tamil speaking parts.
1398		Timur plunders Lahore

Year	Date	Event
1401		Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India
1407		Zafar Khan governor of Gujarat, declares himself as Sultan Muzaffar Shah founding the Gujarat Sultanate/Muzaffarid dynasty
1414		Khizr Khan, deputized by Timur to be the governor of Multan takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty
1424		Deva Raya II succeeded his father Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire
1437		Rana Kumbha of Mewar and Rao Ranmal Rathore of Marwar defeat and take prisoner Mahmud Khalji, Sultan of the Malwa Sultanate in the Battle of Sarangpur
1442		Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeats Mahmud Khalji in the Battle of Mandalgarh
1443		Abdur Razzaq visits India
1446		Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeats Mahmud Khalji in the Battle of Banas
		Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II
1449	26 September	Sankardev, founder of Ekasarana Dharma was born in Nagaon, Assam.
1450		Shri Guru Ravidas Ji was born in 1450 in Varanasi. He was an Indian mystic poet-sant of the Bhakti movement during the 15th to 16th century CE. Venerated as a guru in the region of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, the devotional songs of Ravidas have had a lasting impact upon the bhakti movement.
1451	19 April	Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhi sultanate starting the Lodhi dynasty
1456		Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeats the combined armies of Shams Khan (sultan of Nagaur) and Qutbuddin Ahmad Shah II (Sultan of Gujarat) in the Battle of Nagaur and captures Nagaur, Kasili, Khandela and Shakambhari. Nagaur Sultanate ceases to exist.
1469	15 April	Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism is born
1483	14 February	Birth of Babur in Andijan, Fergana Valley in Central Asia
1485		Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Raya ending the Sangama Dynasty
1486		Advent of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, founder of Gaudiya Vaishnavism and leader of the world's first civil disobedience movement, in Navadwip, West Bengal
1490		Ahmadnagar declares independence, followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year thus breaking up the Bahmani Sultanate.
1492	30 March	Satal Rathore of Marwar kills Afghan warlord Gudhla Khan in the Battle of Peepar, to rescue 140 girls abducted by the Afghans. He later succumbs to injuries sustained in the battle.
1498	20 May	Vasco de Gama was the first portage's sailor first voyage from Europe to India and back (in 1499)

Year	Date	Event
		Kingdom of Cochin is taken over by the Portuguese creating the first European settlement in India.
		Portuguese India is established, and would last until 1961.
	3 February	The Christian-Islamic power struggle in Europe and the Middle East. Spills over into the Indian Ocean as Battle of Chaul during the Portuguese-Mamluk War
	3 February	Battle of Diu marks the beginning of the dominance of the Europeans in the Asian naval theater.
		Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga defeats Lodi Empire under Ibrahim Lodhi in the Battle of Khatoli, gains control over north eastern Rajasthan.
		Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga defeats the Malwa Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate in the Battle of Gagron, obtains control of Malwa.
		The Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga again defeats Lodi Empire under Ibrahim Lodi in the Battle of Dholpur, extends control up to Agra.
		Vijayanagara Empire under Krishnadevaraya defeats the Sultanate of Bijapur in the Battle of Raichur.
		Rana Sanga leads a coalition of Rajput armies to invade the Gujarat Sultanate, reinstates Raimal as the Rao of Idar. The Sultan of Gujarat is forced to flee to Muhammadabad.
		The mystic poet-sant of the Bhakti movement, Shri Guru Ravidas, dies.
		The Portuguese land on the Coromandel Coast.
		Portuguese explorers established Santhome Church above the Tomb of Saint Thomas the Apostle in Chennai.
	21 April	Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, of the Delhi Sultanate, angers local nobles, who respond by inviting Babur, the Mughal ruler of Kabul, to invade Delhi and Agra. The local population, plus the possession of artillery, assists Babur in killing the Sultan (whose soldiers desert him) at the Battle of Panipat. Marks the Beginning of Mughal Empire for 331 Years Rule Over India (1526–1757) CE.
	17 March	Babur defeats Rana Sanga of Mewar in the Battle of Khanwa.
		Astronomer-mathematician Jyeṣṭhadeva of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics writes the Yuktibhāṣā, a major treatise on mathematics and astronomy in Malayalam
	28 March,27 January	Babur completes his Baburnama, reflecting on society, politics, economics, history, geography, nature, flora and fauna, which to this day is a standard textbook in 25 countries. Babur dies, and is succeeded by his son Humayun.
		Ahoms under king Suhungmung defeat Turbak Khan of the Bengal Sultanate in Battle of Hatbor.
		Battle of Chausa fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri in which Humayun is defeated.
		Guru Angad Dev becomes second guru of Sikhs.
	18 September	Battle of Kannauj fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri and Humayun was completely defeated. Humayun lost the Mughal empire to Afghans (Suri Dynasty), and passed 12 years in exile.
	9 May	Maharana Pratap Singh of Mewar (son of Maharana Udai Singh II) is born.
	15 October	Akbar is born at Umerkot.
	22 May	Death of Sher Shah Suri and succeeded by Islam Shah Suri.
	26 March	Guru Amar Das becomes third Guru of Sikhs.
	22 November	Islam Shah Suri dies.
	22 May	Humayun regained the throne of Delhi from the hands of weak successors of Sher Shah after Battle of Sirhind.
	27 January	Humayun dies, and is succeeded by his son Akbar.
	7 October	Hindu king Hemu defeats Mughal forces in the Battle of Tughlaqabad
	5 November	Hindu king Hemu establishes his raj in North India and bestowed with title of Vikramaditya.He was defeated at the Second Battle of Panipat by Akbar and Bairam Khan's forces.
	26 January	Battle of Talikota results in the rout of Vijayanagara empire.
1568		Paradesi Synagogue, the first Jewish synagogue in India constructed by the Paradesi Jews.
		Akbar annexes Gujarat, also shifts the Mughal capital to Fatehpur Sikri where a new township and citadel containing buildings of a unique all-India character—inspired by the architecture of Bengal, Gujarat, Malwa, Kashmir as well as the Timurid world—is born.
	1 September	Guru Ram Das becomes fourth Guru of Sikhs.
		Akbar annexes Bengal.
	1 September	Guru Arjan Dev becomes fifth Guru of Sikhs.
		Maharana Pratap defeats Mughal governor in Battle of Dewair in present-day Rajasthan^[32]
	6 October	Akbar annexes Kashmir.
1589		Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple) build in Amritsar by Guru Arjan
	31 December	East India Company is formed in England. Gets exclusive trading rights with India.

Year	Date	Event
1602		Dutch came to India at Pulicut (back to 1825).
	27 October	Akbar dies, and is succeeded by his son Jahangir.
	25 May	Guru Hargobind is selected to becomes the sixth guru of Sikhs by Guru Arjan
	30 May	Guru Arjan is tortured and killed under orders of Mughal Emperor Jahangir for refusing to convert to Islam.
	30 November	British India (to 1947)
	24 August	East India Company enters into a trade agreement with the Mughal Emperor Jahangir
1616		Susenghphaa, ruler of the Ahom kingdom defeats Mughal forces in a land and naval battle at Bharali, Assam.^[33]
		Sikhs army led by Guru Hargobind defeat Mughals in the Battle of Rohilla
1628		Jahangir announces "Chain of Justice" outside his palace that anyone can ring the bell and get a personal hearing with the emperor. Jahangir dies, and is succeeded by his son Shah Jahan.
1630	19 February	Birth of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj..
1634		Sikhs armies led by Guru Hargobind defeat Mughal armies in the Battle of Amritsar (1634) and Battle of Lahira.
1635	25 April	Sikhs army led by Guru Hargobind defeat a Mughal army in the Battle of Kartarpur
1636		Kohra (estate) was founded by Babu Himmat Sah.
	8 March	Guru Har Rai becomes seventh guru of Sikhs
1640		Rani Karnavati of the Garhwal Kingdom repels and defeats invasion attempt by Mughal army of Shah Jahan.^[34]
1658		Shah Jahan completes Taj Mahal, Jama Masjid, and Red Fort. Imperial treasuries drained by architectural and military overexpenditures. Shah Jahan put under house arrest, and is succeeded by his son Aurangzeb.
	19 February	Shivaji's ill-equipped and small Maratha army defeat numerically much larger Adilshahi troops at the Battle of Pratapgarh marking the first victory of the Maratha Kingdom. Shivaji personally kills Adilshahi commander Afzal Khan (general).
	27 December	Marathas under Shivaji defeat the Adilshahi troops in the Battle of Kolhapur
1660	13 July	Maratha army of 600 defeats a much larger army of the Bijapur Sultanate of 10,000 in the Battle of Pavan Khind, near the city of Kolhapur.
1661	3 February	Marathas under Shivaji defeat Mughal Empire forces in the Battle of Umberkhind.
	6 October	Guru Har Krishan becomes eight guru of Sikhs.
1664	6–10 January	Marathas under Shivaji defeat Mughal Empire forces in the Battle of Surat.
1665	13 February	Shivaji conducts a raid on the Portuguese colony in Basrur and gains a large booty which enables him to strengthen the base of his new kingdom by building a strong navy and forts.
	20 March	Guru Tegh Bahadur becomes ninth Guru of Sikhs.
	11 June	Treaty of Purandar (1665) (or पुरंदर चा तह) was signed between Shivaji and the Rajput ruler Jai Singh I.
1669	28 November	Jats defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Tilpat takes control of Mathura
1670	4 February	Marathas under Shivaji capture the fort of Sinhagad (then known as Kondhana) from the Mughals in the Battle of Sinhagad.
1671		Ahom kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Saraighat, takes back control of Guwahati
		Chhatrasal revolts against the Mughal Empire with an army of only 5 horsemen and 25 swordsmen. In ten years he conquers a large tract of land between Chitrakoot, Chhatarpur and Panna in the east and Gwalior in the west, and from Kalpi in the north to Sagar, Garhakota, Shahgarh and Damoh in the south.
1672	February	Maratha forces under Prataprao Gujar defeat a Mughal army twice its size in the Battle of Salher
1674	6 June	Shivaji is crowned Chhatrapati.
1675	6 May	Marathas defeat the Bijapur Sultanate and capture the Fortress of Ponda after the Siege of Ponda
	24 November	Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of Sikhs is tortured and executed in Delhi by the order of Aurangzeb for his support for the Kashmiri Hindus to practice their religion and for refusing to convert to Islam.Guru Gobind Singh becomes tenth Guru of Sikhs.
1680	3 April	Shivaji dies of fever at Raigad.
	20 July	Sambhaji becomes 2nd Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom
		Kingdom of Venad defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Manacaud
1681		Aurangzeb invades the Deccan
	31 January – 2 February
1682	August	Ahom kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Itakhuli, takes back control of Kamrup region
1684		Marathas under Sambhaji repel a Mughal attempt to invade Konkan. Mughals are forced into a slow retreat and suffer great losses.
	16 December	Marathas under Sambhaji defeat the Mughal Army in the Battle of Wai. However, Maratha General Hambirrao Mohite is killed.
1688		The Sikandara was plundered by Rajaram Jat. Even the skeleton of Akbar, was taken out and the bones were consumed to flames.
1689	11 March	After being ambushed and captured by the Mughals, Sambhaji is tortured and killed for refusing to convert to Islam.Rajaram I becomes the third Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom.
1690		Maratha Kingdom defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Athani
1691		Joint forces of Bhim Chand (Kahlur) of Bilaspur and Guru Gobind Singh defeat Mughal army in the Battle of Nadaun.
1692	December	Maratha General Santaji Ghorpade defeats Mughal General Alimardan Khan and captures him.Mughal army under Zulfikhar Ali Khan defeated by Santaji and Dhanaji Jadhav and Zulfiquar Khan is forced to sue King Rajaram for peace
1693	21 November	Maratha General Santaji Ghorpade defeats Mughal General Himmat Khan.
1695	20 November	Maratha General Santaji Ghorpade defeats and kills Mughal General Kasim Khan.
		Sikhs under Guru Gobind Singh defeat Mughal forces in the Battle of Guler (1696)
	20 November	Danish India (to 1869)
1699	3 October	Guru Gobind Singh, the 10th Guru of Sikhs creates Khalsa, the saint-soldier at Anandpur Sahib, Punjab.

Year	Date	Event
1700		Sikhs army of 1000 under Guru Gobind Singh defeats Mughal army numbering 10,000 in the Battle of Anandpur (1700)
	3 March	Rajaram I dies. The infant Shivaji II becomes the Chhatrapati of the Maratha Kingdom, with his mother Tarabai as the regent. She continues the Maratha battles against the Mughal Empire, leading the Maratha army herself.
1702		Sikhs army under Guru Gobind Singh defeats Mughal army in the Battle of Nirmohgarh (1702)
	13 February	Birth of Suraj Mal son of Badan Singh
	3 March	Death of Aurangzeb the Mughal emperor. Marks the end of Mughal Territorial Expansion over India.
1708	7 October	Guru Gobind Singh is assassinated by Mughals and the Guru Granth Sahib becomes the eternal Guru of the Sikhs.
	12 May	Sikh army under Banda Singh Bahadur defeats Mughal Empire in the Battle of Chappar Chiri and establishes Sikh rule from Lahore to Delhi.
1717		Meitei king Pamheipa (Gharib Nawaz (Manipur)) introduces Hinduism as the state religion and changes the name of the kingdom to the Sanskrit Manipur.
	March – October	Attingal Outbreak takes place
	13–14 November	Madras cyclone occurs
1720		Bajirao I appointed by Shahu as Peshwa (prime minister) who would later expand the Maratha Kingdom.
1724		Meitei king Gharib Nawaz of the Ningthouja dynasty invades Burma.
1728	28 February	Bajirao I defeats the combined forces of the Mughal Empire and the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Palkhed
1729	March	Maratha Kingdom under Bajirao defeats Mughal Empire, in response for an appeal for help from Chhatrasal, ruler of Bundelkhand in the Battle of Bundelkhand
1731		Maratha Kingdom under Bajirao defeats Mughal Empire and Maratha rebel factions in the Battle of Dabhoi
1737	16 March	Marathas under Bajirao I defeat the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Delhi (1737)
	24 December	Marathas defeat a combined army of the Mughal Empire, Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab of Awadh and Nawabs of Bhopal in the Battle of Bhopal
	17 February – 16 May	Marathas under Bajirao I defeat the Portuguese in the Battle of Vasai, Portuguese army and administration pulled out of Baçaim (Vasai).
	March	Nader Shah invades India from Iran. Nader Shah captures and sacks Delhi.
1740	May	Raghoji I Bhonsle of the Maratha Confederacy defeats and kills Dost Ali Khan the Mughal Nawab of Arcot in the Battle of Damalcherry.^[35]
1741	26 March	Maratha army defeats the Nawab of Carnatic and captures Trichinopoly after the Siege of Trichinopoly (1741)
	10 August	Kingdom of Travancore under Marthanda Varma defeats the Dutch Empire in the Battle of Colachel.
1753	10 May	Jats under Suraj Mal defeat the Mughal Empire in the Capture of Delhi (1753)
	15 August	Treaty of Mavelikkara signed between the Kingdom of Travancore and the Dutch East India Company, effectively ending the political and commercial dominance of the Dutch on the Kerala coast and beginning of the end of Dutch influence in India.
1754	20 January – 18 May	Bharatpur State defeat the Marathas in Battle of Kumher.
		Black Hole of Calcutta infamous incident where soldiers of East India Company were held hostage in tortuous conditions, later served as a precedent for the Battle of Plassey
	16 January	Maratha Confederacy defeats Durrani Empire, in the Battle of Narela.
	23 June	British East India Company defeats the Nawab of Bengal in the Battle of Plassey, marking the End of Islamic period of 565 Years over India (1192–1757) & beginning of British conquests in India.
	11 August	Maratha Confederacy defeats Rohilla Afghans in the Battle of Delhi (1757), captures Delhi.
1757	12 February	Jats under Suraj Mal defeat Durrani Empire, in the Battle of Bharatpur.
		Third Carnatic War.^[36]
1758	28 April
		Maratha Confederacy led by Raghunathrao and Mahadaji Shinde defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Attock (1758), captures Attock.
	8 May	Maratha Confederacy led by Raghunathrao, Malhar Rao Holkar and Tukoji Rao Holkar defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Peshawar (1758), captures Peshawar.
1759		French India (to 1954)
		Maratha Confederacy supported by Sikh Sukerchakia Misl defeats Durrani Empire in the Battle of Lahore (1759)
	3 January	Marathas comprehensively defeat the Nizam in the Battle of Udgir.Maratha Confederacy reaches its zenith.
	22 January	Battle of Wandiwash, British troops beat French
	January	The Marathas are routed in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761, by the Afghans led by Ahmad Shah Durrani, also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali. The battle is considered one of the largest battles fought in the 18th century.
	12 June	Capture of Agra Fort by the Kingdom of Bharatpur led by king Suraj Mal, defeating the armies of the Mughal Empire and Rohilla Afghans
	August	The Sukerchakia Misl of Dal Khalsa (Sikh Empire) defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Sialkot (1761)
	September	The Sikh Confederacy defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Gujranwala (1761)
	5 January	The Marathas under the leadership of Peshwa Madhavrao defeat the Nizam's forces in the Battle of Uruli
	5 February	Vadda Ghalughara, the massacre of 30,000 Sikhs, mostly non-combatants, by the army of Ahmad Shah Durrani
	May	Sikh Misls under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Harnaulgarh
	10 August	Maratha Confederacy led by Madhavrao I defeats the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Rakshasbhuvan and gains territory.
	25 December	Suraj Mal dies
1764	26 February	Sikh Misls under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Sirhind (1764) and capture Sirhind
	22 October	Battle of Buxar (British victory against allied Mughal, Bengal and Oudh forces)
	February	Kingdom of Bharatpur led by king Jawahar Singh defeats the Mughal Empire in the Battle of Delhi (1764)
		First Anglo-Mysore War begins, in which Hyder Ali of Mysore defeats the armies of the British East India Company.
1770		Great Bengal famine of 1770, estimated to have caused the deaths of about 10 million people.^[37] Warren Hastings's 1772 report estimated that a third of the population in the affected region starved to death. The famine is attributed to failed monsoon and exploitative policies of the East India Company.^[38]
1771		Marathas led by Mahadaji Shinde defeat Rohilla Afghans and re-capture Delhi and parts of North India, thus reasserting their supremacy in north India. As revenge for the losses in the Battle of Panipat, the Maratha army devastated Rohilkhand by looting and plundering and also took the members of royal family as captives.
	22 May	Ram Mohan Roy Born (to 1833)
1773		Narayanrao Peshwa is murdered by his uncle Raghunathrao's wife in front of Raghunathrao.
		Regulating Act 1773
		Warren Hastings appointed as first Governor-General of Bengal
		Chief Justice of the Maratha Confederacy, Ram Shastri passes death sentence against the ruling Peshwa Raghunathrao for murdering his nephew.
1775		First Anglo-Maratha War
	June	Alliance of Shekhawat chieftains and Kingdom of Jaipur defeat the Mughal Empire supported by Baloch chieftains in the Battle of Mandan
1779		Maratha sardar Mahadji Shinde routs the East India Company army at the Battle of Wadgaon. War ends with the restoration of status quo as per Treaty of Salbai.
		Second Anglo-Mysore War begins.
1781		Maratha Confederacy defeats forces of the British East India Company in the Battle of Bhorghat.
1784		Second Anglo-Mysore War ends with the Treaty of Mangalore.
		Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam, suffer extreme hardships, torture, death, forcibly converted to Sunni Islam. Of the 60,000–80,000 Christians taken captive, only 15,000–20,000 survive.
		District collectors in Bengal were made responsible for settling the revenue and collecting it.
1787		Maratha Confederacy defeats Tipu Sultan, the king of Mysore in the Maratha–Mysore War, resulting in the Treaty of Gajendragad. Tipu Sultan is forced to pay 4.8 million rupees as a war cost to the Marathas, an annual tribute of 1.2 million rupees and return all the territory captured by his father Hyder Ali
1789		Third Anglo-Mysore War begins.
		Tipu Sultan invades Malabar (present day Kerala), destroys a number of temples including the temples of Bhagamandala, Payyavoor, Ammakoottam Mahadevi temple and Thrikkadamba Sri.mahavishnu temple. Thousands are killed, women raped and populace forced to convert to Islam,
		The Marathas under Holkar and General de Boigne defeat the Rajputs of Jaipur and Mughals at the Battle of Patan, where 3000+ Rajput cavalry is killed and the entire Mughal unit vanquished. The defeat crushes Rajput hope of independence from external influence
	May	Kingdom of Travancore defeats the Kingdom of Mysore in the Battle of Nedumkotta
1792		Third Anglo-Mysore War ends.
		Birth of Rani Rashmoni, one of the pioneers of the Bengali Renaissance.
	11 March	Maratha Confederacy defeats the Nizam of Hyderabad in the Battle of Kharda, Nizam ceded territory.
	13 August
		Ching-Thang Khomba moves Manipur's capital to Kangla
		Fourth Anglo-Mysore War begins.
		Fourth Anglo-Mysore War ends with the death of Tipu Sultan, the victory of the East India Company, and the restoration of their ally, the Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore.
		Polygar War
1800	13 March	Death of Nana Fadnavis

Modern India

Year	Date	Event
	12 April	Maharaja Ranjit Singh establishes Khalsa rule of Punjab from Lahore. Khalsa army liberates Kashmiri Pandits and invades Afghanistan via the Khyber Pass.
	11 October	The Kingdom of Kottayam defeats the British East India Company in the Battle of Panamarathukotta
	11 September	The Second Anglo-Maratha War begins.
	24 December	The Second Anglo-Maratha War ends.
	10 July	Vellore Mutiny, the first instance of a large-scale and violent mutiny by Indian sepoys against the East India Company.
	10 February	Hari Singh Nalwa, commander of the Sikh Khalsa Army of the Sikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Kasur, the first in a series of battles.
1809	25 April	The East India Company signs the first Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh.
	28 October	The death of Yashwantrao Holkar.
	13 July	Dewan Mokham Chand and Hari Singh Nalwa, commanders of the Sikh Khalsa Army of the Sikh Empire defeat the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Attock and capture Attock
1814	15 January	"Atmiya Sabha" is established by Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
	20 January	Establishment of Hindu College (Presidency College, now Presidency University, Kolkata)
	13 June	The Third Anglo-Maratha War begins.
1818	March – 2 June	Sikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire and captures Multan after the Siege of Multan (1818).
1819	3 July	Sikh Empire defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Shopian and captures Srinagar and Kashmir. Islamic rule ends in Jammu and Kashmir.
	9 April	The Third Anglo-Maratha War ends with the capture of Asirgarh Fort and the end of the Maratha Confederacy, leaving the East India Company with control of almost the whole of India.
1820	26 September	Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar is born (to 1891).
1823	14 March	Sikh Empire defeats the Emirate of Afghanistan and the Nawab of Amb to annex Peshawar Valley, in the Battle of Nowshera
	12 February	Dayananda Saraswati is born^[39] (to 1883)
	5 March	First Anglo-Burmese War (to 1826)
1825	December 1825 – January 1826	Battle between East India Company and Bharatpur State
1826	4 January	British rule in Burma (to 1947)
	11 April	Jyotirao Phule is born^[40] (to 1890)
	19 November	Rani of Jhansi was born^[41] (to 1858)
1831		Kol uprising^[42]
	6 May	Sikh Empire defeats the Mujahideen forces of Syed Ahmad Barelvi in the Battle of Balakot
1834	6 May	Sikh Empire defeats the forces of Afghan Durrani Empire in the Capture of Peshawar (1834). Peshawar becomes part of the Sikh Empire.
	18 February	Ramakrishna is born^[43] (to 1886)
	18 February	Hari Singh Nalwa, commander of the Sikh Khalsa Army defeats the Durrani Empire in the Battle of Jamrud and extends the frontier of Sikh Empire to beyond the Indus River right up to the mouth of the Khyber Pass.
1845	11 December	First Anglo-Sikh war^[44] (to 1846)
	4 November	Vasudev Balwant Phadke is born (to 1883)
	22 November	The Sikh Empire under Sher Singh Attariwalla defeats the British East India Company under Sir Hugh Gough in the Battle of Ramnagar
	13 January	The Sikh Empire under Sher Singh Attariwalla defeats the British East India Company under Sir Hugh Gough in the Battle of Chillianwala
	1 April	The Post Service started.
	16 April	The first railway is established between Bombay and Thane.
	31 May	Rani Rashmoni complete the Dakshineswar Kali Temple with the installation of Ma Kali.^[45]
	30 June	Santhal rebellion
	25 July	Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856
	23 July	Bal Gangadhar Tilak is born (to 1920)
	20 August	Narayana Guru is born (to 1928)
	10 May	British victory in Indian Rebellion of 1857.Last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was deposed by British East India Company and India transferred to British Crown. Marks the End of Mughal Dynasty rule over India.
	18 July, 24 January	India's first three universities, the University of Mumbai, the University of Madras and the University of Calcutta, are established.
1858	1 November	British Raj (to 1947) Marks the Beginning Of Direct British Rule Over India For 89 Years(1858–1947).
	7 November	Bipin Chandra Pal is born (to 1932)
	18 April	Death of Tatya Tope
	7 May	Rabindranath Tagore is born.
1862		The high courts of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay are established.^[46]
	12 January	Swami Vivekanand is born (to 1902)
	28 January	Lala Lajpat Rai is born (to 1928)
	31 March	"Prarthana Samaj" established earlier known as "Atmiya Sabha", "Tahzeeb-ul-Akhlaq" was started
	2 October	Mahatma Gandhi is born (to 30 January 1948)
	29 November	Thakkar Bapa is born (to 1951)
1873	24 September	Jyotirao Phule establishes the Satyashodhak Samaj society.
1875	May-June	Deccan Riots
	10 April	"Arya Samaj" is established.
		Aligarh Muslim University
1876	25 December	Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born (1876–1948)
	1 January	The first Delhi Durbar
1883	30 October	Maharishi Dayanand Saraswati dies
	28 December	The Indian National Congress is established^[47]
	14 November	Jawaharlal Nehru is born (to 1964).
	3 December	Khudiram Bose is born (to 1908).
	14 April	B. R. Ambedkar is born (to 1956).
	31 March	Anglo-Manipur War.
1895	11 May	jiddu krishnamurti is born (to 17 February 1986).
1897	23 January	Subhas Chandra Bose is born (to 1945); the first fingerprint bureau of India is established in Calcutta.
	11 June	Ram Prasad Bismil is born
	22 June	Chapekar brothers assassinate W.C.Rand.

Year	Date	Event
	3 March	Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi is born (to 1966).
		Anushilan Samiti, revolutionary association formed.
	11 December	British expedition to Tibet
	1 January	Delhi Durbar Second Time.
	5 November	University Act
		Bharat Sevak Samaj founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
	16 October	Partition of Bengal (1905)
	April	Jugantar formed.^[48]
	30 December	All-India Muslim League formed in Dacca.
1907		Surat Split
1908	May	Alipore bomb case
	25 May	Indian Councils Act 1909
		Cancellation of Partition of Bengal
	December	Delhi Durbar Third Time
	12 December	The British government moves the capital from Calcutta to Delhi.^[49]
	December	Delhi conspiracy case
	15 July	Gadar Party formed.
		Rabindranath Tagore won Nobel Prize in Literature
	26 August	Rodda company arms heist, in which members of Bengali revolutionary organisation Anushilan Samiti intercept and make away with a shipment of Mauser Pistols and ammunition. In the following years, these pistols and ammunitions were linked to almost all the instances of nationalist struggles in Bengal.
		Hindu–German Conspiracy
		Ghadar conspiracy
	1 December	Provisional Government of India formed in Kabul.
		Mahatma Gandhi returns to India.
	29 December	Lucknow Pact.^[50]
		Champaran Satyagraha and Kheda Satyagraha
		Justice Party (India) is founded
		Kheda Satyagraha and Ahmedabad Mill Strike
	13 April	Jallianwala Bagh massacre
		Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms
	18 March	Rowlatt Act is passed
	23 December	Government of India Act 1919 introduces a system of diarchy
		Non-cooperation movement and Khilafat Movement
	Malabar rebellion Foundation Visva Bharati University by Kabiguru Rabindranath Tagore		5 February	Chauri Chaura incident
	October	The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association is formed.
	9 August	Kakori conspiracy
	27 September	Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is founded.
	20 March	Mahad Satyagraha
	November	Simon Commission
		Bardoli Satyagraha
		Central Assembly bombed by Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt.
		Purna Swaraj resolution.
		Salt Satyagraha, the civil disobedience movement, begins with the Dandi march.
		The first Round Table Conferences (India)
	March	Gandhi–Irwin Pact
	23 March	Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev martyred
	September–December	The second Round Table Conferences (India)
	24 September	Poona Pact
	16 August	Communal Award
	November–December	The third Round Table Conferences (India)
	August	Government of India Act 1935
		1937 Indian provincial elections
		The All India Forward Bloc established by Subhas Chandra Bose
	23 March	Lahore Resolution
		The All-India Jamhur Muslim League established by Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi to support a united India
	8 August	August Offer.^[51]
1942	late March	Cripps Mission
	August	1. Quit India Movement 2. The Indian National Army is established by Subhas Chandra Bose.
		Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind, the Provisional Government of Free India is formed by Netaji.
		Subhas Chandra Bose calls Mahatma Gandhi the Father of the Nation.
	18 August	Subhas Chandra Bose died a in plane crash at Taiwan.
		Wavell Plan, Simla Conference
	February	Royal Indian Navy mutiny
	March	Cabinet Mission
	16 August	Direct Action Day/Great Calcutta Killings
	October–November	Noakhali riots
	July	Indian Independence Act 1947 by British Raj
	14 August	Partition of India and Pakistan becomes an independent state.
	15 August	Indian independence from the British Raj.
		Hundreds of thousands die in widespread communal bloodshed after partition, continuing to 1948.
	30 January	Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Godse.^[52]
		War with Pakistan over disputed territory of Kashmir.
		Telangana and other princely states are integrated into Indian union.
		India became a republic.
		Reconstruction of the Somnath temple under the orders of the Home Minister of India Vallabhbhai Patel.
		Congress Party wins first general elections under leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru (to 1952).
		Nationalisation of the Indian insurance sector.
1956	1 September	Establishment of LIC.
	14 October	B. R. Ambedkar converted to Buddhism along with 600,000 followers.
	6 December	B. R. Ambedkar died. States Reorganization Act in force from 1 November.
		War over disputed territory of Kashmir with China.
		India seizes Diu, Daman and Goa from Portuguese India.
	27 May	Death of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.
	6–23 September	Second war with Pakistan over Kashmir.
	11 January	Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri's mysterious death in Tashkent.
	24 January	Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister.
1969	19 July		Nationalisation of 14 major private Banks.
	15 August	Indian Space Research Organisation formed under Department of Space.
	3–16 December	Third war with Pakistan, culminating in the creation of Bangladesh
		Twenty-year treaty of friendship signed with Soviet Union.
	18 May	The Smiling Buddha is the first nuclear device in underground test.
	15 May	Sikkim becomes part of Indian Union after a referendum in the Sikkim Assembly.
	25 June	Indira Gandhi declares a state of emergency after being found guilty of electoral malpractice. Nearly 1,000 political opponents imprisoned and programme of compulsory birth control introduced. (to 1977)
		Indira Gandhi's Congress Party loses general elections. Janata Party comes to power. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) comes into power in West Bengal.
		The Janata Party splits. Chaudhary Charan Singh becomes Prime Minister.
		Indira Gandhi returns to power heading the Congress party splinter group, Congress (Indira).
		N. T. Rama Rao NTR's nine-month-old Telugu Desam assumes power in AP becoming a challenger post Loknayak Jayprakash Narayan against Indira Gandhi.
		India won World Cup for the first time, in one day international Cricket led by Kapil Dev.
1984		Troops storm Golden Temple, the Sikhs' most holy shrine, after Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale seeks refuge inside. There are a movement to flush out Sikh separatism and calls for secularism, called Operation Blue Star. "Anti-Sikh Riots 1984".
		Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards; her son, Rajiv, takes over.
		Many Sikhs were killed due to the assassination of Indira Gandhi. see 1984 anti-Sikh riots.
		India deploys troops for peacekeeping operation in Sri Lanka's ethnic conflict.
		SEBI was established by The Government of India on 12 April 1988 and given statutory powers in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian Parliament.
		Falling public support leads to a Congress defeat in general election.
		The National Front (India), headed by V. P. Singh and led by Janata Dal, is formed and storms into power with outside support from BJP and CPI(M).
		Muslim separatist groups begin campaign of violence against Hindus in Kashmir resulting in Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus.
		Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated by a suicide bomber sympathetic to Sri Lanka's Tamil Tigers.
		An economic reform programme or Economic liberalisation in India is begun by Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao.
	December	The demolition of the Babri Masjid, triggering the Bombay riots.
	May	Over 200 people die in Cuttack in Odisha, after drinking illegally brewed liquor in the 1992 Odisha liquor deaths incident.
	July	West Bengal Chief Minister Jyoti Basu made the first call from Kolkata to inaugurate the cellular services in India.
		Congress suffers its worst electoral defeat ever as BJP emerges as the largest single party.
	August	The Amarnath Yatra tragedy in which at least 194 pilgrims are reported to have frozen to death in northern Kashmir after being stranded by violent rain and snow storms.
		BJP forms coalition government under Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
		India and Pakistan carry out nuclear tests, leading to widespread international condemnation.
	February	Vajpayee makes a historic bus trip to Pakistan to meet Premier Nawaz Sharif and to sign bilateral Lahore peace declaration.
	May	Indian Army launches operations to evict Pakistani forces occupying Indian positions on the icy heights in Kargil district, known as the Kargil War.
	October	The Cyclone devastates eastern state of Odisha, leaving at least 10,000 dead.
	March	US President Bill Clinton makes a groundbreaking visit to improve ties.
	May	India marks the birth of its billionth citizen.
	15 November	The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Uttarakhand were created

Year	Date	Event
2001	26 January	The 7.7 Gujarat earthquake shakes Western India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), leaving 13,805–20,023 dead and about 166,800 injured.
	July	Vajpayee meets Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf in the first summit between the two neighbours in more than two years. The meeting ends without a breakthrough or even a joint statement because of differences over Kashmir.
	July	Vajpayee's BJP party declines his offer to resign over a number of political scandals and the apparent failure of his talks with Pakistani President Musharraf.
	September	US lifts sanctions which it imposed against India and Pakistan after they staged nuclear tests in 1998. The move is seen as a reward for their support for the US-led anti-terror campaign.
	October	India and Pakistan fire at each other's military posts in the heaviest firing along the dividing line of control in Kashmir for almost a year.^[53]
	October	Pakistani forces shelled the village of Arnia about three km (two miles) from the border in the early hours of Monday 6 June, killing five and wounding at least two dozen civilians.
	December	Suicide squad attacks parliament in New Delhi, killing several police. The five gunmen die in the assault.
	December	India imposes sanctions against Pakistan, to force it to take action against two Kashmir militant groups blamed for the suicide attack on parliament. Pakistan retaliates with similar sanctions, and bans the groups in January.
	December	India, Pakistan mass troops on common border amid mounting fears of a looming war.
		War of words between Indian and Pakistani leaders intensifies. Actual war seems imminent.
	January	India successfully test-fires a nuclear-capable ballistic missile – the Agni – off its eastern coast.
	February	Inter-religious bloodshed breaks out after 59 Hindu pilgrims returning from Ayodhya are killed in a train fire in Godhra, Gujarat. More than 1,000 people, die in subsequent riots. (Police and officials blamed the fire on a Muslim mob; a 2005 government investigation said it was an accident, though later court and SIT report held Muslim mob responsible.)
	May	Pakistan test-fires three medium-range surface-to-surface Ghauri missiles, which are capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
	June	UK, US urge their citizens to leave India and Pakistan, while maintaining diplomatic offensive to avert war.
	July	Retired scientist and architect of India's missile programme A. P. J. Abdul Kalam is elected president.
	August	At least 50 people are killed in two simultaneous bomb blasts in Bombay.
	November	India matches Pakistan's declaration of a Kashmir ceasefire.
	December	India, Pakistan agree to resume direct air links and to allow overflights.
	January	Groundbreaking meeting is held between government and moderate Kashmir separatists.
	May	Surprise victory for Congress Party in general elections. Manmohan Singh is sworn in as prime minister.
	September	India, along with Brazil, Germany and Japan, launches an application for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
	November	India begins to withdraw some of its troops from Kashmir.
	December	Thousands are killed when tsunami, caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake off the Indonesian coast, devastate coastal communities in the south and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
	July	More than 1,000 people are killed in floods and landslides caused by monsoon rains in Mumbai (Bombay) and Maharashtra region.
	8 October	The 7.6 Kashmir earthquake strikes with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe), leaving 86,000–87,351 people dead, 69,000–75,266 injured, and 2.8 million homeless.
	February	India's largest-ever rural jobs scheme is launched, aimed at lifting around 60 million families out of poverty.
	March	US and India sign a nuclear agreement during a visit by US President George W. Bush. The US gives India access to civilian nuclear technology while India agrees to greater scrutiny for its nuclear programme.
	February	India and Pakistan sign an agreement aimed at reducing the risk of accidental nuclear war.
	18 February	68 passengers, most of them Pakistanis, are killed by bomb blasts and a blaze on a train travelling from New Delhi to the Pakistani city of Lahore.
	March	Maoist rebels in Chhattisgarh state kill more than 50 policemen in a dawn attack.
	April	India's first commercial space rocket is launched, carrying an Indian satellite.
	May	Government announces its strongest economic growth figures for 20 years – 9.4% in the year to March.
	May	At least nine people are killed in a bomb explosion at the main mosque in Hyderabad. Several others are killed in subsequent rioting.
	July	India says the number of its people with HIV or AIDS is about half of earlier official tallies. Health ministry figures put the total at between 2 million and 3.1 million cases, compared with previous estimates of more than 5 million.
	25 July	Pratibha Patil becomes first woman to be elected president of India
	July	Series of explosions kills 49 in Ahmedabad, in Gujarat state. The little-known terrorist group Indian Mujahideen claims responsibility.
	October	Following approval by the US Congress, President George W. Bush signs into law a nuclear deal with India, which ends a three-decade ban on US nuclear trade with Delhi.
	22 October	India successfully launches its first mission to the moon, the uncrewed lunar probe Chandrayaan-1.^[54]
	26–29 November	The 2008 Mumbai attacks (often called the 26/11 attacks) kill 174 people, including 9 of the 10 terrorists from Lashkar-e-Taiba, an Islamic terrorist organisation based in Pakistan. India decides not to attack Pakistan in retaliation.
	December	India announces "pause" in peace process with Pakistan. Indian cricket team cancels planned tour of Pakistan.
	February	India and Russia sign deals worth $700 million, according to which Moscow will supply Uranium to Delhi.
	May	Resounding general election victory gives governing Congress-led alliance of PM Manmohan Singh an enhanced position in parliament, only 11 seats short of an absolute majority.
	July	Delhi court decriminalizes gay sex
	13 February	16 people are killed in a bomb explosion at German Bakery in the city of Pune, Maharashtra.^[55]
	2 April	India wins cricket world cup after 28 years under the captaincy of MS Dhoni.
	13 May	After 34 years of Left Front Government, Trinamool Congress and Congress alliance come to power in West Bengal.
	25 July	Pranab Mukherjee, the former Finance Minister is elected as the 13th president of India.
	12 February	Indian helicopter bribery scandal comes to light.
	21 February	Terror attacks in Hyderabad in Dilsukhnagar area.
	5 November	Mars Orbiter Mission, is successfully launched into Mars orbit by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).^[56] ^[57] ^[58]
	16 May	Narendra Modi elected as prime minister of India, Congress was routed in the general elections.
	2 June	Telangana, The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014.
	2–5 January	Terror Attacks on Pathankot Air Base.^[59]
	27 June	India becomes a member of Missile Technology Control Regime.
	23 September	India signs a billion-dollar defence deal with France to buy 36 Rafale fighter jets.
	27 September	India launches its first space laboratory, AstroSat, in its biggest project since its Mars orbiter mission in 2014.
	8 November	In a surprise announcement, the government withdraws high denomination notes from circulation causing chaotic scenes at banks across the country as customers try to exchange old notes.
	30 June	The Goods and Services Tax (GST) launched, the biggest tax reform in history of India.
2019	14 February	A convoy of vehicles carrying Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel on the Jammu–Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber in the Pulwama district, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
	26 February	The 2019 Balakot airstrike was conducted by India, when Indian warplanes crossed the de facto border in the disputed region of Kashmir, and dropped bombs in the vicinity of the town of Balakot in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan.
	27 February	The 2019 Balakot strike from Indian side was given a reply named "Swift Retort". After a dog fight between Pakistani and Indian Fighter Pilots. Indian Wing Commander Abhinandan Varthaman was captured by the Pakistani side. However acting to the pressure of various global leaders and bound by the Vienna Convention. Pakistan was Forced to release the Indian Pilot with all due respect.
	22 May	Narendra Modi gets re-elected as the Prime Minister of India.
	5 August	The state of Jammu and Kashmir divided into two separate union territories known as Jammu Kashmir and Ladakh by scrapping of Article 370 of the Constitution of India.
	11 December	The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019 was passed by the Parliament of India on 11 December 2019. It amended the Citizenship Act of 1955 by providing a path to Indian citizenship for members of Hindu, Sikh, Buddhiist, Jain, Parsi, and Christian religious minorities, who had fled persecution from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan before December 2014.
2020	30 January	The first COVID-19 case of the country was reported in Kerala's Thrissur district.
2021	12 May	COVID-19 pandemic in India The country's death toll exceeds 250,000. Delhi cremation grounds were running out of places while hundreds of bodies were reported washed up on the banks of the Ganges.
2022	18 July	Droupadi Murmu is elected as President of India, making her the first tribal woman and youngest person to the office.
	30 October	The collapse of a suspension bridge in Gujarat, leaves at least 135 dead.
2023	2 June	A train collision in Odisha results in at least 296 deaths and more than 1,200 others injured.
	3 July	Indian oil refiners start payments for Russian oil imports in Chinese yuan as an alternative to the US dollar due to increasing sanctions against Russia.
	23 August	Chandrayaan-3 becomes the first spacecraft to land near the south pole of the Moon, carrying a lunar lander named Vikram and a lunar rover named Pragyan.
	2 September	The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) successfully launches Aditya-L1, India's first solar observation mission.

See also

• Chronology of Tamil history
• Hindu units of time
• Sikh gurus (1469–1666)
• Tamil units of measurement
• Timeline of Ahmedabad
• Timeline of Ayyavazhi history
• History of Hinduism
• Timeline of Buddhism (563 BCE – present)
• Timeline of Jainism
• Timeline of Mumbai
• Timeline of South Asian history

External links

• BBC India Timeline

Notes and References

1. Web site: Palaeolithic and Pleistocene of Pakistan . Department of Archaeology, University of Sheffield . 2007-12-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184443/http://www.shef.ac.uk/archaeology/research/pakistan . 29 October 2013 . live.
2. Book: Murray, Tim . Tim Murray (archaeologist). Time and archaeology . Routledge. 1999 . London; New York . 84. 978-0-415-11762-3.
3. Book: Rendell. H. R.. Dennell. R. W. . Halim. M.. Pleistocene and Palaeolithic Investigations in the Soan Valley, Northern Pakistan. 1989. 364. British Archaeological Reports International Series. Cambridge University Press. 978-0-86054-691-7. 29222688.
4. Parth R. Chauhan. Distribution of Acheulian sites in the Siwalik region . An Overview of the Siwalik Acheulian & Reconsidering Its Chronological Relationship with the Soanian – A Theoretical Perspective.
5. Javid, Ali and Javeed, Tabassum. World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India. 2008, page 19
6. Web site: Bhimbetka, Auditorium Cave, Madhya Pradesh: Acheulian Petroglyph Site, c. >100,000 – 500,000 BP . 11 September 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150305100657/http://www.originsnet.org/bimb1gallery/index.htm . 5 March 2015 . live.
7. Book: Out of Africa I: the first hominin colonization of Eurasia . 2010 . Springer . 978-90-481-9035-5 . Fleagle . John G. . Vertebrate paleobiology and paleoanthropology series . Dordrecht; New York . 147–160 . 619662409.
8. Book: Sen, Sailendra Nath. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. 16 October 2011. 1 January 1999. New Age International. 978-81-224-1198-0. 23–. https://web.archive.org/web/20160424062614/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA23. 24 April 2016. live.
9. Book: Reddy. Indian Hist (Opt). 16 October 2011. 1 December 2006. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 978-0-07-063577-7. 1–. https://web.archive.org/web/20160610004756/https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEmpfmbxKEC&pg=SL1-PA25. 10 June 2016. live.
10. Tribal Studies (2007). Mibang, Tamo; Behera, M. C. Mittal Publications. India.
11. Pappu. Shanni. Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India. 331. 6024. 1596–1599. Science Magazine. 12 April 2014. etal. 10.1126/science.1200183. 21436450. 2011. 2011Sci...331.1596P. 206531024. https://web.archive.org/web/20140713060243/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/331/6024/1596.abstract. 13 July 2014. live.
12. Web site: September 2003 . Excavations at the Palaeolithic Site of Attirampakkam, South India . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130504012305/http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/pappu297/ . 4 May 2013 . 17 May 2013 . Antiquity journal . 297.
13. Coppa. A.. L. Bondioli. A. Cucina. D. W.. Frayer. C.. Jarrige. J. F.. Jarrige. G. Quivron. M.. Rossi. M. Vidale. R.. Macchiarelli. Palaeontology: Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry. Nature. 440. 755–756. 6 April 2006. 10.1038/440755a. 16598247. 7085. 2006Natur.440..755C. 6787162.
14. Possehl. G. L.. Gregory Possehl. October 1990. Revolution in the Urban Revolution: The Emergence of Indus Urbanisation. Annual Review of Anthropology. 19. 1. 261–282. 10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001401. 2007-05-06.
15. Book: Kenoyer. Jonathan Mark. Kimberley. Heuston. The Ancient South Asian World. Oxford University Press. May 2005. 978-0-19-517422-9. 56413341. 1 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20121120093649/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/HistoryWorld/Ancient/Other/~~/dmlldz11c2EmY2k9OTc4MDE5NTE3NDIyOQ%3D%3D. 20 November 2012. live.
16. Hasenpflug, Rainer, The Inscriptions of the Indus civilisation Norderstedt, Germany, 2006.
17. Book: Beck, Roger B. . World History: Patterns of Interaction . registration . McDougal Littell . 1999 . Evanston, IL . 978-0-395-87274-1 .
18. News: Kanchi district, gold mine of megalithic sites. https://archive.today/20130629120101/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kanchi-district-gold-mine-of-megalithic-sites/238300-60-118.html. dead. 29 June 2013. IBN Live. 14 March 2012. Tamil Nadu, India.
19. Strickland, K. M., R. A. E. Coningham, et al., (2016). "Ancient Lumminigame: A Preliminary Report on Recent Archaeological Investigations at Lumbini's Village Mound", in Ancient Nepal, Number 190, April 2016, p. 10.
20. Prithvi Nath Kaul Bamzai. History of Kashmir. Metropolitan Book Co Pvt Ltd, 1973. p. 259.
21. Book: Satō, Tsugitaka . Sugar in the social life of medieval islam . 2015 . Brill . 978-90-04-27752-6 . Islamic area studies . Leiden ; Boston.
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23. Book: Durga Prasad Dikshit . Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami . 1980 . Abhinav . 8313041 . 166.
24. Kumar. Amit. 2012. Maritime History of India: An Overview. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India. 8. 1. 93–115. 10.1080/09733159.2012.690562. 108648910. "In 776 AD, Arabs tried to invade Sind again but were defeated by the Saindhava naval fleet. A Saindhava inscription provides information about these naval actions.".
25. Book: Sailendra Nath Sen. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. 1 January 1999. New Age International. 978-81-224-1198-0. 343–344.
26. Web site: Chola dynasty. 23 November 2023 . Encyclopedia Britannica.
27. [Muhammad of Ghor#Invasion of India]
28. Book: S.K.Sharma. Discovery of North East India Volume 1. Mittal Publications. 2005. 81-8324-035-6. 339.
29. PhD. Bapari. Parimal. September 2010. King Naranarayan and his times . Chapter 1: Early Historical background and foundation of the Koch Dynasty. http://14.139.211.59/bitstream/123456789/1217/7/07_chapter_01.pdf. University of North Bengal.
30. 10 August 2017. History of Odisha (From Earliest Times to 1434 A.D.). DDCE/History (M.A)/SLM/Paper from Utkal University. 109–110.
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32. Book: James Tod. Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, v. 1 of 3. Oxford University Press. 1920. 588.
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38. Book: Fredrik Albritton Jonsson. Enlightenment's Frontier: The Scottish Highlands and the Origins of Environmentalism. 18 June 2013. Yale University Press. 978-0-300-16374-2. 167–170.
39. Book: Contemporary Hinduism: ritual, culture, and practice . 2004 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-57607-905-8 . Rinehart . Robin . Santa Barbara, Calif . 58.
40. Book: O'Hanlon . Rosalind . Caste, conflict, and ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and low caste protest in nineteenth-century western India . Phule . Jotīrāva Govindarāva . 2002 . Cambridge Univ. Press . 978-0-521-52308-0 . 1. paperback . Cambridge South Asian studies . Cambridge . 3, 105–106.
41. [Karl E. Meyer|Meyer, Karl E.]
42. Kumar . Anil . 2001 . An Unknown Chapter of Kol-Insurrection . Proceedings of the Indian History Congress . 62 . 621–626 . 2249-1937 . 44155808.
43. Book: Ramakrishna . The gospel of Sri Ramakrishna . 2007 . Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center . 978-0-911206-01-2 . Ten printing . New York . 18 . Nikhilānanda.
44. Book: Sidhu, Amarpal S. . The Second Anglo-Sikh War . 2016 . Amberley . 978-1-4456-5023-4 . Stroud, Gloucestershire [England] . 936534848.
45. Web site: History of Dakshineswar Kali Temple . 2024-07-13 . www.dakshineswarkalitemple.org.
46. Chandra, Bipan. 'Administrative Organisation and Social and Cultural Policy.' Modern India. NCERT. 1971.
47. News: BBC News – India profile – Timeline. 27 November 2013. BBC News . 3 March 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131122050339/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12641776. 22 November 2013. live.
48. Book: Shah, Mohammad . Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh . . 2012 . Islam . Sirajul . Sirajul Islam . Second . Jugantar Party . Jamal . Ahmed A. . http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Jugantar_Party.
49. Web site: India's capital is moved from Calcutta to New Delhi on 12 December 1911 . 12 December 2012 . 25 February 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140301143257/http://famousdaily.com/history/indias-capital-moved-from-calcutta-to-new-delhi.html . 1 March 2014 . live.
50. News: 2015-12-29 . Historic Lucknow Pact enters 100th year . 2024-07-28 . The Times of India . 0971-8257.
51. Radhey Shyam Chaurasia (2002). History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 281-283
52. Book: Cush . Denise . Encyclopedia of Hinduism . Robinson . Catherine . York . Michael . Taylor & Francis . 2008 . 978-0-7007-1267-0 . 544 . 31 August 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221104/http://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544 . 12 October 2013 . live. Quote: "The apotheosis of this contrast is the assassination of Gandhi in 1948 by a militant Nathuram Godse, on the basis of his 'weak' accommodationist approach towards the new state of Pakistan." (p. 544)
53. News: India-Pakistan fighting kills 9 civilians, 3 militants . Reuters. 2014-10-06 . 27 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141219133539/http://in.reuters.com/article/2014/10/06/india-pakistan-idINKCN0HV0OY20141006 . 19 December 2014 . dead.
54. News: 22 October 2008 . PSLV-C11 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-1 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120107014114/http://isro.gov.in/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Oct22_2008 . 7 January 2012 . 11 March 2012 . ISRO.
55. News: 21 February 2010 . Death toll rises to 15 in Pune German Bakery blast . 21 February 2010 . Daily News and Analysis.
56. News: Walton . Zach . India Announces Mars Mission One Week After Curiosity Landing . 15 August 2012 . Web Pro News . 8 September 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130925110129/http://www.webpronews.com/india-announces-mars-mission-one-week-after-curiosity-landing-2012-08 . 25 September 2013 . live.
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