Timeline of Havana explained

The following is a timeline of the history of Havana, Cuba.

Prior to 18th century

• 1514 – Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar founds settlement.
• 1519 – Current location of the city
• 1537 – Town sacked.
• 1555 – Town sacked by Jacques de Sores.^[1]
• 1577 – Castillo de la Real Fuerza built.
• 1578 – Church of Santo Domingo built.
• 1589 – Governor's residence relocated to Havana from Santiago de Cuba.
• 1591 – Basilica Menor de San Francisco de Asis built.
• 1592 – City status granted.
• 1607 – Havana becomes capital of Cuba.
• 1608 – San Agustin church built.
• 1630 – San Salvador de la Punta Fortress built.
• 1640 – Morro Castle built.
• 1644 – Convent of Santa Clara founded.
• 1648 – Epidemic.
• 1668 – construction begins.
• 1688 – Recollect Dominicans of Santa Cataline de Siena founded.^[2]
• 1693 – San Felipe church built.
• 1700
  • Discalced Carmelites of Santa Teresa de Jesus founded.
  • Santa Catalina church built.

18th century

• 1702 – City walls built.
• 1704 – Jesuit college built.
• 1728 – Royal and Pontifical University of Saint Jerome established (University of Havana).

• 1748 – Battle of Havana.
• 1762 – Battle of Havana; British in power.
• 1763 – 6 July: Spanish in power per Treaty of Paris (1763).
• 1767 – Castillo de Atarés built.
• 1768
  • Hurricane.
  • New city districts established: Campeche (including barrios San Francisco, San Isidro, Santa Paula, Santa Teresa) and La Punte (including barrios El Angel, Dragones, La Estrella, Monserrate).^[3]
• 1772 – Paseo del Prado laid out (approximate date).
• 1774 – La Cabaña fortress built.
• 1775 – El Coleseo (theatre) built on the Alameda de Paula.
• 1777 – Cathedral of Havana built.
• 1780 – Castle del Príncipe built.
• 1781 –
  • Hospital de San Lazaro, Havana
• 1787 – Roman Catholic diocese of San Cristóbal de la Habana established.^[4]
• 1789 – Bishopric established.
• 1791 – Population: 51,307.
• 1792
  • Sociedad Económica de los Amigos del País de la Habana established.
  • Palace built.
• 1794
  • Consulado (merchant guild) established.
  • La Casa de Beneficencia y Maternidad de La Habana
• 1799
  • Bateria de Santa Clara, 1799

19th century

• 1806 – Espada Cemetery
• 1810 – Hurricane.
• 1811 – Population: 94,023.
• 1813 – El Lucero de la Habana newspaper begins publication.
• 1817
  • Botanical Gardens established.
  • La Piña de Plata eatery in business.
• 1828 – El Templete built in the Plaza de Armas.
• 1832 – El Noticioso y Lucero de la Habana newspaper begins publication.
• 1834 – President's Palace built.
• 1835
  • Fernando VII aqueduct constructed.
  • Mercado de Cristina (market) built on Plaza Vieja.
• 1837 – Railway (Havana-Bejucal), Mercado de Cristina, and city jail constructed.
• 1838 – Teatro Tacón opens.
• 1840 – Plaza del Vapor
• 1841 – Population: 184,508.
• 1844
  • Liceo Artistico y Literario de la Habana (lyceum) founded.
  • Palacio de Aldama built.
• 1846 – Great Havana Hurricane.
• 1847 – Premiere of Bottesini's opera Cristoforo Colombo.
• 1853
  • Susini cigarette factory in operation.
  • Revista de la Habana literary magazine begins publication.
• 1854 – Colegio de Belén founded.
  • Plaza del Vapor, Havana
• 1856 – Hotel Inglaterra built.
• 1861 – Royal Academy of Medical, Physical, and Natural Sciences established.^{[5] [6]}
• 1863
  • Fuente de la India (fountain) installed in Parque Central.
  • City walls dismantled.
• 1868
  • El Ansador Comercial begins publication.
  • Colon Cemetery inaugurated.
• 1871 – 27 November: Students executed.^(es)
• 1876 – Hotel Pasaje built.
• 1877
  • Villalba palace built.
  • Payret Theatre opens.
• 1878
  • Acueducto de Albear inaugurated.
  • City becomes part of La Habana Province.
• 1880 – Colegio de Abogados de La Habana (bar association) founded.
• 1881 – Jane Theater-Circus built.
• 1882 – School of arts and trades opens.
• 1884 – La Lucha newspaper begins publication.
• 1888 – La Discusion newspaper begins publication.
• 1889 – Population: 200,000.
• 1890 – Alhambra Theatre opens.
• 1894 – Manzana de Gómez built.
• 1898 – 15 February: United States Navy Ship Maine explosion.
• 1899
  • U.S. military occupation begins.
  • Population: 235,981.

20th century

1900s–1940s

• 1901
  • Biblioteca Nacional José Martí (library) established.
  • Malecón (esplanade) construction begins.
• 1902
  • 20 May: U.S. occupation of Cuba ends. Republic of Cuba promulgated.
  • El Mundo and Tierra newspapers begin publication.^[7]
• 1905 – Petroleum refinery in operation.
• 1907
  • Palace of the Association of Store Clerks built.
  • Population: 297,159.
  • Sociedad de Ingenieros y Arquitectos de Cuba (engineering society) headquartered in city.
• 1908
  • Partido Independiente de Color (political party) founded in Havana.^[8]
  • Bohemia magazine begins publication.^[9]
  • Hotel Sevilla built.
• 1909 – Lonja del Comercio building (stock exchange) and constructed.
• 1910 – Pimp Alberto Yarini is killed in the San Isidro barrio of Old Havana.
• 1913
  • National Museum of Fine Arts of Havana founded.
  • El Heraldo de Cuba newspaper begins publication.
• 1917
  • Manzana de Gómez shopping arcade built.
  • Club Atenas organized.
• 1919
  • Florida West Indies Airways begins flights to/from Key West, USA.^[10]
  • Population: 363,506 city; 697,583 province.^[11]

• 1920
  • Museum of the Revolution (Presidential Palace before 1959) built.
  • Biblioteca Municipal (library) and Ruston Academy established.
• 1923 – built.
• 1925 Colegio de Belen, designed by Leonardo Morales y Pedroso is built.
• 1927 – Regina Theatre and Centro Asturiano open.
• 1928
  • January–February: Pan-American Conference held in Havana.
  • Parque de la Fraternidad Americana (park) and Teatro Auditorium inaugurated.
• 1929 – National Capitol Building constructed.
• 1930
  • Hotel Nacional de Cuba opens.
  • Rancho Boyeros Airport begins operating.
  • Bacardi Building constructed.^[12]
• 1934 – Orquesta de Cámara de La Habana (musical group) formed.
• 1938 – created; becomes city historian.^[13]
• 1939
  • Tropicana Club in business.
  • Cuban Baseball Hall of Fame inaugurated.
  • Lyceum and Lawn Tennis Club formed.^[14]
• 1945 – International Air Transport Association founded in Havana.
• 1946
  • Havana Conference held.
  • Manuel Fernandez Supervielle becomes mayor.
• 1947
  • Radiocentro CMQ Building
• 1948 – Cuban National Ballet founded.

1950s–1990s

• 1952 – 1952 Cuban coup d'état
• 1953 – Iglesia de Jesús de Miramar (church) and Embassy of the United States built.
• 1954 – Cuban general election
• 1956 – FOCSA Building.
• 1957
  • 13 March: Presidential Palace Attack.
  • building constructed on Plaza Cívica.
  • Coliseo de la Ciudad Deportiva (arena) opens.
• 1958
  • November: Rafael Guas Inclán elected mayor.
  • José Martí Memorial erected in Plaza Cívica.
  • 1958 Cuban general election
  • Andrés Rivero Agüero is the last democratically elected president of Cuba under the 1940 Constitution.
• 1959
  • January: Revolutionary forces take city.
  • Instituto Nacional de Ahorro y Vivienda (housing agency) headquartered in Havana.^[15]
  • Plaza del Vapor demolished by the Castro government.^[16]
  • Plaza Cívica renamed "Plaza de la Revolución".
• 1960 – International Ballet Festival of Havana begins.
• 1961
  • Cuban Ministry of the Interior headquartered in Havana.
  • Instituto Tecnico Militar established.
• 1962 – Cuban National Ballet School established.
• 1963 – Cuban Journalists Union headquartered in Havana.
• 1964
  • Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino becomes Catholic archbishop of Havana.
  • Population: 940,700 city; 1,517,700 urban agglomeration.^[17]
• 1965
  • in use as headquarters of the Communist Party.
  • International School of Havana established.
• 1968 – (garden) established.^[18]
• 1970 – Population: 1,008,500 city; 1,751,216 urban agglomeration.^[19]
• 1971 – Danza Contemporanea de Cuba active.
• 1975 – December: 1st Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba held in Havana.
• 1976 – Arroyo Naranjo, Boyeros, Centro Habana, Cerro, Cotorro, Diez de Octubre, Guanabacoa, La Habana del Este, La Habana Vieja, La Lisa, Marianao, Playa, Plaza de la Revolución, Regla, San Miguel del Padrón administrative municipalities created.
• 1977 – Ministerio de Cultura de la República de Cuba's Editorial Letras Cubanas publishing house headquartered in Havana.
• 1978 – City hosts World Festival of Youth and Students.
• 1979
  • Havana Film Festival begins.
  • built.
• 1982
  • Old Havana designated an UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[20]
  • Havana International Book Fair begins.
• 1983 – headquartered in Havana.
• 1984 – Havana Biennial Art Exhibition begins.
• 1987
  • Grupo para el Desarrollo Integral de la Capital (urban planning group) formed.
  • Russian embassy built.
  • Instituto de Historia de Cuba headquartered in Havana.
• 1991
  • Estadio Panamericano (stadium) opens.
  • 1991 Pan American Games held in Havana.
• 1993 – Population: 2,175,888 city (estimate).^[21]
• 1994
  • August 1994 protest in Cuba.
  • Bán Rarra group active.^[22]
  • Meliá Cohiba Hotel in business.
• 1998 – January: Catholic Pope visits Havana.
• 1999 – Population: 2,189,716 city; 2,891,500 province.^[23]

21st century

• 2001 – Ballet Rakatan founded.
• 2003
  • Damas de Blanco protest begins.
  • Juan Contino Aslán becomes mayor.^[24]
• 2005 – December: World Trade Union Congress held in city.^[25]
• 2011
  • April: 6th Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba held in Havana.
  • Marta Hernández Romero becomes mayor.
• 2012 – Population: 2,105,291.^[26]
• 2014
  • Fábrica de Arte Cubano cultural space established.
  • Population: 2,121,871.^[27]
• 2015
  • January: United States–Cuban talks held in Havana.^[28]
  • September: Catholic pope visits city.
• 2016
  • March: U.S. president Obama visits Havana.
  • 7 April: Congress of the Communist Party of Cuba held in Havana.
• 2019
  • An EF4 tornado seriously damage the city and kills at least three.^[29]
  • Havana's celebrates its 500th anniversary of founding.^[30]
• 2022 – Hotel Saratoga explosion

See also

• History of Havana
• Timeline of Cuban history
• Timelines of other cities in Cuba: Camagüey, Cienfuegos, Guantánamo, Holguín, Matanzas, Santiago de Cuba

Bibliography

Published in the 18th–19th century

in English

• • Book: Spanish America . R. H. Bonnycastle . Philadelphia . A. Small . 1819 . http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011594283 . Havannah . Richard Henry Bonnycastle .
    • • Book: Cuba, an illustrated guide book on the island . 1899 . Havana . Wilson's International Book Store . Abel Linares .

in Spanish

• Book: Ordenanzas municipales de la ciudad de La Habana. 1855. Imprenta del gobierno y capitania general . es .
• Book: José María de la Torre. Lo que fuimos y lo que somos, o, La Habana antiqua y moderna . Havana, Past and Present . 1857. Spencer y Compania . es .
• Book: Diccionario geografico, estadístico, historico, de la isla de Cuba. Jacobo de la Pezuela. es. 1863. Madrid . Mellado. Habana: Historia. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.32106019739058?urlappend=%3Bseq=28. 3. 2027/uc1.32106019739058?urlappend=%3Bseq=28. HathiTrust. (chronology)
  • Book: La Habana Artística: Apuntes Históricos . Serafín Ramírez. 1891. es . Habana . Capitania General . .

Published in the 20th century

in English

• Book: Chambers's Encyclopaedia . London . http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1fj2r624?urlappend=%3Bseq=602 . Havana . 1901 . Chambers's Encyclopaedia . 2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1fj2r624?urlappend=%3Bseq=602 .
• Book: La imprenta en La Habana (1707–1810) . José Toribio Medina . 1904 . Santiago de Chile . Imprenta Elzeviriana . es . HathiTrust . José Toribio Medina . (Annotated list of titles published in Havana, arranged chronologically)
  • • Havana . 13 . 76–78 . 1910 . . 1.
  • Book: List of Works Relating to the West Indies. New York Public Library . USA. 1912. Cuba: History and Description: Havana (City). https://books.google.com/books?id=6sDfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA170. 170–74. New York Public Library .
  • Book: U.S. Merchant Marine, Social Service Bureau. Seaman's Handbook for Shore Leave. 1920. 2nd . Custom House . Boston. Havana, Cuba. .
• Book: Walker Evans: Havana 1933 . Thames and Hudson . 1989 .
• Book: Juliet Barclay . Havana: Portrait of a City. 1993. Cassell Illustrated. 978-1-84403-127-6 . .
• Book: Latin American Urbanization: Historical Profiles of Major Cities . Gerald Michael Greenfield . Greenwood Press . 1994 . 0313259372 . Sergio Díaz-Briquets . Cuba . 173–87 . (Includes profile of Havana)
• Book: Trudy Ring and Robert M. Salkin . Americas . International Dictionary of Historic Places . 1995 . Routledge. 978-1-134-25930-4 . Havana . 279+ . https://books.google.com/books?id=zTL_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA279 .
• The City as Landscape: Jean Claude Nicolas Forestier and the Great Urban Works of Havana, 1925–1930 . Jean-François Lejeune, John Beusterien and Narciso G. Menocal . Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts . 22 . 1996 . 2326-4632 . .
• Havana between Two Centuries . Carlos Venegas Fornias, Narciso G. Menocal and Edward Shaw . Journal of Decorative and Propaganda Arts . 1996 . .

in Spanish

• + Directoria de las calles de la Habana (etc.)
• Book: Anuario del comercio, de la industria, de la magistratura y de la administracion de España, sus colonias, Cuba, Puerto-Rico y Filipinas, estados hispano-americanos y Portugal . 4 . 1908. Bailly-Bailliere e Hijos . Madrid . es . Republica Cubana: Habana . http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101065143677?urlappend=%3Bseq=22 . 14–220. 2027/njp.32101065143677?urlappend=%3Bseq=22 .
• Book: La Habana, ciudad antigua . Eusebio Leal Spengler . Editorial Letras Cubanas . 1988 . es. Eusebio Leal Spengler .

Published in the 21st century

in English

• Book: Joseph L. Scarpaci. Roberto Segre .

  es:Roberto Segre

  . Mario Coyula Cowley . Mario Coyula . Havana: Two Faces of the Antillean Metropolis . Revised . University of North Carolina Press . 2002 . 0807827002 . .
• Book: David J. Myers . Henry A. Dietz . Capital City Politics in Latin America: Democratization and Empowerment. 2002. Lynne Rienner . 978-1-58826-040-6 . https://books.google.com/books?id=ljv-Z6zMPZkC&pg=PA163 . Havana: the dynamics of local executive power . Joseph L. Scarpaci .
• Web site: Mario Coyula Cowley . Jill Hamberg . The Case of Havana, Cuba . Understanding Slums: Case Studies for the Global Report 2003 . United Nations Human Settlements Programme and University College London . 2003 .
• Book: Antoni Kapcia. Havana: The Making of Cuban Culture. 2005. Bloomsbury. 978-1-85973-837-5. registration.
• Book: Luc J. A. Mougeot . Agropolis: The Social, Political, and Environmental Dimensions of Urban Agriculture. 2005. . 978-1-55250-186-3 . (Havana) .
• Book: Dick Cluster. Rafael Hernández . The History of Havana. 2006. Palgrave Macmillan. 978-0-230-60397-4 .
• Book: Alfredo José Estrada. Havana: Autobiography of a City. 2007. St. Martin's Press. 978-1-250-11466-2.
• Book: Havana Beyond the Ruins: Cultural Mappings After 1989 . Anke Birkenmaier . Esther Katheryn Whitfield . Duke University Press . 2011 . 9780822350521 .
• Book: Marina Peterson. Gary McDonogh. Global Downtowns . City in the Twenty-First Century . 2012. University of Pennsylvania Press. 978-0-8122-0805-4 . Future of the Past: World Heritage, National Identity, and Urban Centrality in Late Socialist Cuba . Matthew J. Hill .
• Book: Adriana Premat . Sowing change: the making of Havana's urban agriculture . Nashville . Vanderbilt University Press . 2012 . 9780826518583 .
  • Book: Miguel Bosa Suirez. Atlantic Ports and the First Globalisation c. 1850–1930 . 2014. Palgrave Macmillan. 978-1-137-32798-7 . Port of Havana: The Gateway of Cuba (1850-1920) . Francisco Sùrez Viera .
• Book: Guadalupe Garcia . Beyond the Walled City: Colonial Exclusion in Havana. 2015. University of California Press. 978-0-520-96137-1.
  • Book: Jonathan Darling. Helen F. Wilson. Encountering the City: Urban Encounters from Accra to New York. 2016. Routledge . 978-1-317-14395-6 . Encountering Havana: texts, aesthetics and documentary encounters . Helen F. Wilson . 203+ .

in Spanish

• Book: Leopoldo Fornés Bonavía . Cuba, cronología: cinco siglos de historia, política y cultura. 2003. . Madrid . 978-84-7962-248-0 . es . . (chronology)
• Book: Louis A. Pérez . Rebecca Jarvis Scott. The Archives of Cuba: Los Archivos de Cuba. es. University of Pittsburgh Press. 2003. La Habana (Provincia/Ciudad). 13–65. Lilian B. Vizcaino Gonzalez. http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/t/text/text-idx?idno=31735055592384;view=toc;c=pittpress. 0822941953.
• Crisis, posmodernidad y planificación estratégica en La Habana . Crisis, postmodernity and strategic planning in Havana . Gabino Ponce Herrero . 2007 . Anales de Geografía . 1988-2378 . . 27 . es .
• Book: Haroldo Dilla Alfonso .

  es:Haroldo Dilla Alfonso

  . Ciudades en el Caribe: un estudio comparado de La Habana, San Juan, Santo Domingo y Miami. 2014. . Mexico. 978-607-9275-36-5 . es.

External links

• Web site: (Havana) . .
• Web site: Historical Maps of the Americas: Havana . . University of Texas at Austin . USA .
• , ca. 1849–2005
• Items related to Havana, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)
• Items related to Havana, various dates (via Europeana)
• Images of Havana, various dates (via New York Public Library)
• Web site: Buenas Prácticas: Cuba . Biblioteca Ciudades para un Futuro más Sostenible (Library: Cities for a Sustainable Future) . . es . (includes articles about Havana)

23.13°N -82.38°W

Notes and References

1. Book: Political Chronology of the Americas . 2001. . 978-1-85743-118-6 . Cuba . https://books.google.com/books?id=C7WayaUhkUEC&pg=PA79 .
2. A Cuban Convent in the Age of Enlightened Reform: The Observant Franciscan Community of Santa Clara of Havana, 1768–1808 . John James Clune . The Americas . 57 . 2001 .
3. Book: Maria Dolores González-Ripoll Navarro . Cuba, la isla de los ensayos: cultura y sociedad (1790–1815). 1999 . Madrid . es . Spanish National Research Council. 978-84-00-07852-2.
4. Web site: Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Cuba . . Norway . 1 June 2015 .
5. Book: Handbook of Learned Societies and Institutions: America . 1908. . USA . Cuba . Publication ;no. 39 . 2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t5t72q98c?urlappend=%3Bseq=490 . http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t5t72q98c?urlappend=%3Bseq=490 .
6. National Science in a Colonial Context: The Royal Academy of Sciences of Havana, 1861–1898 . Pedro M. Pruna . Isis . 85 . 3 . 412–426 . 1994 . 235461 . 10.1086/356890 . 143229761 .
7. Havana Hub: Cuban Anarchism, Radical Media and the Trans-Caribbean Anarchist Network, 1902–1915 . Kirwin R. Shaffer . Caribbean Studies . 37 . 2 . 45–81 . 2009 . 25702369 . 10.1353/crb.2010.0018 . 145625074 .
8. Book: . . Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. 2005. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-517055-9 . 2nd .
9. Book: Daniel Balderston. . Ana M. Lopez . Encyclopedia of Contemporary Latin American and Caribbean Cultures. 2000. Routledge. 978-1-134-78852-1.
10. Book: Patrick Robertson. Robertson's Book of Firsts . 2011. Bloomsbury . 978-1-60819-738-5.
11. Book: Statesman's Year-Book . 1921 . London . Macmillan and Co.. Cuba . http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=836 . Statesman's Year-Book . 2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=836 .
12. Web site: Mexico and Central America, 1900 A.D.: Key Events . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . . New York . 1 May 2014 .
13. Web site: Oficina del Historiador . 3 October 2016 . es . Dirección de Patrimonio Cultural . Havana .
14. Web site: Cuban Heritage Collection . University of Miami Libraries . 14 January 2013 .
15. Ruslan Muñoz Hernández . Gabriela González González . es . 30 . 84 . 89–120 . 2015 . 10.4067/S0718-83582015000200004 . Labor desarrollada por el Instituto Nacional de Ahorro y Vivienda (INAV) en La Habana (1959–1962) . The Work of the National Institute of Savings and Housing (INAV) in Havana (1959–1962) . . Chile . free .
16. "Los proyectos inconclusos o fracasados de Fidel Castro". Retrieved 2020-01-18.
17. Book: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1960_round.htm . Demographic Yearbook 1965 . 1966 . . New York . Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants .
18. Web site: Garden Search: Cuba . . London . 1 September 2015 .
19. Book: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm . Demographic Yearbook 1975 . 1976 . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office . New York . Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants . 253–279 .
20. Web site: Old Havana and its Fortification System . World Heritage Centre . United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization . 1 June 2015 .
21. Book: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm . 1995 Demographic Yearbook . 1997 . United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division . New York . Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants . 262–321 .
22. Book: Rebecca M. Bodenheimer . Geographies of Cubanidad: Place, Race, and Musical Performance in Contemporary Cuba. 2015. . USA . 978-1-62674-684-8.
23. Book: South America, Central America and the Caribbean 2002. 2001. Europa Publications. 978-1-85743-121-6 . Regional Surveys of the World .
24. Web site: El alcalde invisible . es . 2 November 2009 . . Spain .
25. Book: Richard Green. Chronology of International Organizations . 2004. Routledge. 978-1-135-35590-6 .
26. Web site: Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants . Demographic Yearbook 2013 . .
27. Web site: Population of Capital Cities and Cities of 100,000 or More Inhabitants . Demographic Yearbook 2014 . United Nations Statistics Division .
28. Book: Annual Register . UK . 0266-6170 . 2016 . 257 . Chronicle of 2015 . Annual Register . The Annual Register: World Events in .
29. News: Cuba tornado: Three killed and more than 170 injured in Havana as deadly cyclone hits capital . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/cuba-tornado-havana-damage-deaths-injuries-video-rain-power-cuts-landslide-a8749786.html . 7 May 2022 . subscription . live . 7 January 2022 . . 28 January 2019.
30. News: Staff writer . 19 April 2019 . Culture celebrates Havana's 500th Anniversary . The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) . 20 March 2021 .