Timeline of Groningen explained

The following is a timeline of the history of the Netherlands' municipality of Groningen.

Pre–19th century

• 48 CE: Roman camp established.
• 800: Martin's Church built (approximate date).^[1]
• 1040: "Villa Cruoninga" ("Groningen") mentioned.^[2]
• 13th century: Reitdiep canal dug
• : Martin's Church rebuilt in brick
• 1255: City wall built
• 1284: Groningen joins the Hanseatic League
• : Town hall built
• 1308: Jacobijnerklooster established
• 1482: Martin's Church tower built^[3]
• 1493: Der Aa Church built^[4]
• 1506: Edzard I, Count of East Frisia, in power
• 1509: Ommelanderhuis and Rechthuis built
• 1526: Guild unrest^[5]
• 1575: Ommelanden secedes from city
• 1579: City signs Union of Utrecht regional treaty
• 1580: Siege of Groningen; Spaniards in power
• May–July 1594: Siege of Groningen; Maurice, Prince of Orange, and William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg, in power;^[6] Groningen Treaty of Reduction unites city and Ommelanden^[7]
• 17 February 1595: City of Groningen and the Ommelanden admitted to the Republic of the United Netherlands
• 1599: orphanage founded.^[8]
• : workhouse established
• 1614: University of Groningen founded
• 1615: University library established
• 1635: Goudkantoor built on the Grote Markt
• 1650: William Frederick, Prince of Nassau-Dietz, becomes stadtholder of Groningen
• 1659: Gerhard ten Berge becomes mayor
• 1662: City Weigh House built
• July–August 1672: Siege of Groningen by Bishop Christoph Bernhard von Galen of Münster on behalf of Louis XIV of France
• 1705: Allert Meijer becomes city architect^[9]
• 1728: Collegium Medicum founded^[10]
• 1747: Jodenkamp cemetery established
• 1756: Volteringstraat synagogue built^[11]
• 1790: Henri Daniel Guyot Institute for the deaf established
• 1798: Hotel De Doelen established

19th century

• 1801: Scientific Society of Groningen formed^[12]
• 1810: City Hall rebuilt
• 1811: Groningen becomes part of the Ems-Occidental department of the French Empire
• 1813: French military ousted
• 1815: Vindicat atque Polit established
• 1819: design of Coat of arms of Groningen adopted
• 1824: Jean François van Iddekinge becomes mayor
• 1830: Academy of Fine Arts established
• 1837: annual Groningsche Volksalmanak begins publication
• 1841: Hoofdwacht on the Grote Markt in use
• 1847: Praedinius Gymnasium active
• 1865: Noord-Willems Canal dug
• 1865: Korenbeurs rebuilt
• 1866: population: 36,852^[13]
• 1868: Nieuwe Groninger Nieuwsblad begins publication^{[14] [15]}
• 1870: Meppel–Groningen railway begins operations
• 1874: Groninger Museum established
• 1874: Fortress demolished
• 1876: Eems Canal dug
• 1879: Verbindingskanaal dug
• 1879: design of the Flag of Groningen adopted
• 1880: Horse-drawn tram begins operating
• 1881: Scholtenhuis built
• 1882: Groningen State Archives established
• 1883: Groningen City Theatre established
• 1884: Groningen–Delfzijl railway begins operating; Groningen Noord railway station opens
• 1887: Groningen Local Railway Company established^[16]
• 1888: Nieuwsblad van het Noorden begins publication^[17]
• 1888: Hooghoudt distillery established
• 1894: Peace society formed^[18]
• 1895: Broerkerk demolished; Catholic St. Martinuskerk built
• 1896: Groningen railway station built

20th century

• 1903: World exhibit held^[19]
• 1904: Huis de Beurs café built
• 1906: Gemeentetram Groningen transit entity established
• 1906: Groningen Synagogue built
• 1909: University Academics Facility built
• 1910: electric tram begins operating
• 1918: De Ploeg art group formed
• 1919: Gorecht Canal dug
• 1919: population: 89,030^[20]
• 1929: Grand Theatre built
• 1931: Hakenkampsveld Airport established outside city limits
• 1933: Oosterpark Stadion opens
• 26 July 1940: mistakenly bombarded by Allied forces^[21]
• 26–27 September 1941: mistakenly bombarded by Allied forces
• April 1945: Battle of Groningen
• 1946: Groningen chess tournament held
• 1950: Design of the Flag of Groningen adopted
• 1951: Jan Tuin becomes mayor
• 1955: Roman Catholic Diocese of Groningen established^[22]
• 1959: Groningen gas field discovered^[23]
• 1960: Camera Cinema opens^[24]
• 1962: Nieuwe Stadhuis built^[25]
• 1969: increase in municipality size
• 1969: Lauwers Lake created near city
• 1970: Zernikecomplex development begins
• 1971: Football Club Groningen established
• 1971: Harm Buiter becomes mayor
• 1973: Eemshaven seaport opens^[26]
• 1974: Groningen Noord railway station rebuilt
• 1977: Groningen traffic circulation plan implemented
• 1979: RKZ Cinema opens
• 1986: Hanze University of Applied Sciences established
• 1991: Muller restaurant established
• 1991: Hans Ouwerkerk becomes mayor
• 1992: Groninger Dagblad begins publication
• 1992: Groninger Kredietbank scandal
• 1992: Groningen Audio Visual Archive established^[27]
• 1993: European Association for Sport Management headquartered in Groningen
• 1996: New City Hall building demolished
• 1996: Eurosonic Festival commences
• 1998: Jacques Wallage becomes mayor
• 1998: Urban renewal efforts^[28]

21st century

• 2002: Dagblad van het Noorden founded
• 2002: Groninger Archives established^[29]
• 2004: Nederlands Stripmuseum established
• 2005: University Medical Center Groningen established
• 2006: Euroborg stadium established
• 2007: Groningen Europapark railway station begins operating
• 2011: construction on the Groninger Forum begins
• 2014: Infoversum cinema built
• 2014: population: 197,823
• 2015: Peter den Oudsten becomes mayor.

See also

• History of Groningen

Bibliography

• • Book: Gazetteer of the Netherlands. Attributed to Clement Cruttwell. G.G.J. and J. Robinson. London. 1794. https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv1WAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA17. Groningen.
• Book: William Henry Overall. William Henry Overall. Dictionary of Chronology. 1870. William Tegg . London . Groningen . 2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949?urlappend=%3Bseq=379. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t9m32q949?urlappend=%3Bseq=379 .
  • Book: Chambers's Encyclopaedia . London . http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1fj2r624?urlappend=%3Bseq=445 . Groningen (city) . 1901 . Chambers's Encyclopaedia . 2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t1fj2r624?urlappend=%3Bseq=445 .
  • Groningen (town) . 12 . 613 - 614. 1.
• Groningen (province) . 12 . 612 - 613. 1.
• Book: Geschiedkundige beschrijving der stad Groningen . Historical description of the city of Groningen . Evert Jan Diest Lorgion. nl . Groningen . Roelfsema . 1852-1857
• (province and city)
• Book: G. van Herwijnen . Bibliografie van de stedengeschiedenis van Nederland . Bibliography of Urban History in the Netherlands . 1978. Brill . nl . 90-04-05700-5 . Groningen . https://books.google.com/books?id=FNYUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26 . 26+ .
• Book: Groningen, een stad apart: over het verleden van een eigenzinnige stad (1000-1600). 2007. Van Gorcum . 978-90-232-4323-6 . nl . Jan Van den Broek .

Notes and References

1. Web site: Stadsgeschiedenis Groningen . Groningen City History . nl . Gemeente Groningen . 30 October 2015 .
2. Web site: History . Provincie Groningen . 30 October 2015 .
3. Groningen (town) . 12 . 613 - 614 .
4. Book: Justin Kroesen . Regnerus Steensma . De Groninger cultuurschat: kerken van 1000 tot 1800. 2008. Van Gorcum. 978-90-232-4482-0 . nl.
5. Book: Maarten Prak . etal . Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power and Representation . 2006. Ashgate . 978-0-7546-5339-4.
6. Book: Joop W. Koopmans. Arend H. Huussen Jr.. Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands. 2007 . 2nd . . 978-0-8108-6444-3 .
7. Book: John Lothrop Motley . History of the United Netherlands . His Works,v.4-7 . 1904 . London. J. Murray . John Lothrop Motley . (1860s)
8. Book: Ole Peter Grell . Andrew Cunningham . Health Care and Poor Relief in Protestant Europe 1500-1700. 1997. Routledge. 978-1-134-80860-1.
9. Book: Gea van Essen . Bouwheer en bouwmeester: bouwkunst in Groningen, Stad en Lande (1594-1795). 2010. Van Gorcum. 978-90-232-4672-5 . nl .
10. Book: Frank Huisman . Stadsbelang en standsbesef: gezondheidszorg en medisch beroep in Groningen 1500-1730 . 1992. Erasmus Publishing. 978-90-5235-037-0 . nl .
11. Web site: Groningen . Four Hundred Years of Dutch Jewry . . Amsterdam . 30 October 2015 .
12. Web site: Chronology of Scholarly Societies . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115228/http://www.scholarly-societies.org/chronology_soc.html . dead . 4 March 2016 . Jim Parrott . Scholarly Societies Project . . Canada .
13. Book: Statesman's Year-Book . 1869 . London . Macmillan and Co.. Netherlands . http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081590337?urlappend=%3Bseq=392 . Statesman's Year-Book . 2027/nyp.33433081590337?urlappend=%3Bseq=392 .
14. Book: Jan van de Plasse . Kroniek van de Nederlandse dagblad- en opiniepers . 2005. Otto Cramwinckel . 978-90-75727-77-7 . nl . (timeline)
15. Book: Harry van der Laan . Het Groninger boekbedrijf: drukkers, uitgevers en boekhandelaren in Groningen tot het eind van de negentiende eeuw. 2005. Van Gorcum. 978-90-232-4094-5 . nl . The Groninger book business: printers, publishers and booksellers in Groningen until the end of the 19th c..
16. Book: Beknopt overzicht van de nederlandse sppor en tramwegbedrijven . Brief overview of Dutch railway and tramway companies . Brill . nl . J.W. Sluiter . 1967.
17. Book: Europa World Year Book . 2004. . 978-1-85743-255-8 . Netherlands . https://books.google.com/books?id=gP_-8rXzQs8C&pg=PA3082 .
18. Book: Patriotic Pacifism: Waging War on War in Europe, 1815–1914 . Sandi E. Cooper . 1991. Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-536343-2 . Peace Societies .
19. Book: Het wonderland achter de horizon: Groninger regionaal besef in nationaal verband 1903–1963. 2005. Van Gorcum. 978-90-232-4187-4 . nl . Daniël Broersma .
20. Book: Statesman's Year-Book . 1921 . London . Macmillan and Co.. Netherlands . 2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=1150 . http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=1150 . HathiTrust .
21. Book: Richard Overy . The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940-1945. 2013 . Penguin . 978-0-698-15138-3. Richard Overy.
22. Web site: Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: The Netherlands . . Norway . 30 October 2015 .
23. Book: M. S. Vassiliou . Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry . 2009. Scarecrow Press . 978-0-8108-6288-3 . Chronology . https://books.google.com/books?id=vArc08DO9ykC&pg=PR23 . Marius Vassiliou .
24. Web site: Movie Theaters in Groningen, Netherlands . CinemaTreasures.org . Cinema Treasures LLC . Los Angeles . 30 October 2015 .
25. Book: Maarten Duijvendak . Bart de Vries . Stad van het Noorden: Groningen in de twintigste eeuw . City of the North: Groningen in the Twentieth Century . 2003. Van Gorcum. Assen. 978-90-232-3984-0 . nl .
26. Web site: Historie: 1000 jaar Groningen . nl . Groninger Archieven: Regionaal Historisch Centrum . Groninger Archieven . 30 October 2015 . (chronological history)
27. Book: Film and Television Collections in Europe: the MAP-TV Guide. 1995 . Routledge. 978-1-135-37262-0.
28. Network governance in action: the case of Groningen . Gerard van Bortel . Journal of Housing and the Built Environment . 24 . 2 . 167–183 . 2009 . 41107459 . 10.1007/s10901-009-9138-0 . free .
29. Web site: Over ons . nl . Groninger Archieven: Regionaal Historisch Centrum . Groninger Archieven . 30 October 2015 .