Timeline of Douala explained

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Douala, Cameroon.

Prior to 20th century

• 1472 - the Portuguese visit the area during the Age of Exploration
• 1845 - Alfred Saker of the British Baptist Missionary Society arrives in Douala.
• 1849 - Native Baptist Church of Douala built.
• 1859 (July 8) - Arrangement Anglo-douala signed.
• 1868 - The company Woermann-Linie in Cameroon
• 1881 - The company Woermann-Linie receives the authorization to build a factory (trading post) in Deido.
• 1884 - Germans in power (the treaty between the Douala and Germans is signed; Cameroon becomes a German protectorate.
• 1885 - Construction (1885-1890) of a prefabricate iron house for King Ndumbe Lobe.
• 1886 - The Protestant Mission of Basel takes the place of the Mission of London.
• 1887 (February) - Construction of the postoffice.
• 1888
  • (March) - Construction of a school in Joss (directed by Théodor Christaller arrived in Cameroon in 1887).
  • Construction of a brickyard (before, building materials were imported by Germans from Hamburg).
  • Fracture between the Protestant Mission of Basel and the "Natives". Construction of a new church by the natives and led by Josua Dibundu.
• 1890 - First documented plan of the city, Deutsches Kolonial Blatt.
• 1891 - German government headquarters built.
• 1893 - Revolt of the German troops composed of former slaves of Dahomey enrolled in the German army to pay back their liberation.
• 1896
  • General Hospital built.
  • The German Baptists Missioners of Berlin arrive in Cameroon.

20th century

• 1901 - Kamerunstadt renamed "Douala."
• 1905 - Palace of the Kings Bell built.
• 1906 - Mwendi Ma Musango Baptist newspaper begins publication.
• 1907 - Capital of German Cameroon relocated from Douala to Buea.
• 1908 - Elolombe Ya Cameroun Protestant newspaper begins publication.
• 1908 - Railway line sanctioned to run S.E. from Duala to the upper waters of the Nyong.
• 1909 - The railway line Bonaberi-Nkongsamba (160 km) is inaugurated.
• 1910
  • Villa Mandessi Bell (residence) built.
  • Robbery from Deutsch Westafrikanische Bank.
  • Population: 22,000.^[1]
• 1911 - The railway line Douala-Edea is inaugurated
• 1913
  • Eseka-Douala railway constructed.
  • The German urban plan is implemented by moving the population to New Deido, New Akwa and New Bell and by creating a 1 km Freie Zone to separate those areas from the European city.
• 1914
  • September: British forces in Douala.^[2]
  • New Bell established.
• 1917 (February) Louis-Ferdinand Céline is hospitalized in Douala.
• 1919 - Town becomes part of French Cameroun.
• 1921 - Capital of French Cameroun relocated from Douala to Yaounde.
• 1927 - Oryx Douala football club formed.
• 1928 - Chamber of Commerce building constructed.
• 1930 - Mbale newspaper begins publication.
• 1931
  • Palace of Justice built.
  • Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of Douala established.
• 1936 - Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Douala built.
• 1941 - Radio Douala begins broadcasting.
• 1944 - Population: 37,751.
• 1945 - Riots.
• 1948 - Brasseries du Cameroun in business.
• 1949
  • Association des femmes de l'Union Francaise au Cameroun headquartered in Douala.^[3]
  • Population: 67,925.
• 1954 - (bridge) built to Bonabéri.
• 1955 - L'Effort Camerounais^{[4] [5]} and La Presse du Cameroun newspapers begin publication.
• 1956 - Population: 124,703.
• 1957 - Union Douala football club formed.
• 1958 - Stade Akwa built.
• 1959 - 31 December: Unrest.^[6]
• 1960 - 1 January: City becomes part of the Republic of Cameroon.
• 1963 - Centre Culturel Americain active.
• 1964 - Centre Culturel Francais active.
• 1965 - Pan African Institute for Development regional headquarters established in Douala.^[7]
• 1970 - Population: 250,000 urban agglomeration.^[8]
• 1972
  • Stade de la Réunification built.
  • February–March: City hosts 1972 African Cup of Nations.
• 1974
  • Commune Urbaine de Douala (urban council) established.
  • Cameroon Tribune newspaper begins publication.
• 1978 - American School founded.^[9]
• 1979 - Le Messager newspaper begins publication.^[10]
• 1983 - Population: 708,000 urban agglomeration (estimate).^[11]
• 1986 - (museum) founded.
• 1987 - created.^[12]
• 1990 - Population: 931,000 (urban agglomeration).
• 1991
  • General strike.^[13]
  • Doual'art (art centre) founded.^[14]
• 1992 - Commune Urbaine d`Arrondissement Douala V created.
• 1993 - University of Douala founded.^[15]
• 1997 - Commercial Bank Cameroon and Commercial Bank Group headquartered in city.
• 1999 - Festival International de Voix de Femmes begins (women's fest).^[16]
• 2000 - Population: 1,432,000 (urban agglomeration).^[17]

21st century

• 2001
  • 9 April: Political protest.^[18]
  • Douala Stock Exchange and Accueil Femmes Francophones de Douala founded.^[19]
• 2002
  • World Bank Douala Infrastructure Project launched.^[20]
  • Astres Football Club formed.
• 2004 - March: Taxi strike.^[21]
• 2005
  • City website online (approximate date).^[22]
  • Art biennale begins.
  • Population: 1,907,479.^[23]
• 2007
  • Salon Urbain de Douala (art fair) begins.^[24]
  • 5 May: Airplane crash near city.
• 2008
  • February: Anti-government protest.
  • City becomes capital of Littoral Region (Cameroon).
• 2010 - Drinking water shortage.^[25]
• 2016 - Population: 2,948,464 (estimate).
• 2019 - Part of 2019 Africa Cup of Nations football contest to be played in Douala.

See also

• Douala history (fr)
  • Timeline of Yaoundé

References

This article incorporates information from the French Wikipedia and the German Wikipedia.

Bibliography

in English

• D. Gardinier . Urban Politics in Douala, Cameroun . African Urban Notes . 4 . 1969 .
• Urban Unemployment as a Determinant of Political Unrest: The Case Study of Douala, Cameroon . Joyce Sween . Remi Clignet . Canadian Journal of African Studies . 3 . 1969 .
• Urbanization and Social Differentiation in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of the Ecological Structures of Douala and Yaoundé . Remi Clignet . Frank Jordan . . 11 . 42 . 261–297 . 10.3406/cea.1971.2803 . . 1971.
• Settlers, Strikers and Sans-Travail: The Douala Riots of September 1945 . Richard A. Joseph . Journal of African History . 15. 4 . 669–687 . 1974. 180996. . 10.1017/S0021853700013931 . 161114929 .
• The 'Germanophone' Elite of Douala under the French Mandate . Jonathan Derrick . Journal of African History . 21. 2 . 255–267 . 1980. 182138. . 10.1017/S002185370001820X . 163003718 .
• Looking through a Glass of Beer: Alcohol in the Cultural Spaces of Colonial Douala, 1910-1945 . Lynn Schler . International Journal of African Historical Studies . 35. 2/3 . 315–334 . 2002. 3097616. . 10.2307/3097616 . 17494231 .
• Ambiguous Spaces: The Struggle over African Identities and Urban Communities in Colonial Douala, 1914-45 . Lynn Schler . Journal of African History . 44. 2003.
• Bridewealth, Guns and Other Status Symbols: Immigration and Consumption in Colonial Douala . Lynn Schler . Journal of African Cultural Studies . 16 . 2003 .
• Book: Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History . . Dickson Eyoh . Routledge . 0415234794 . 2003 . Douala, Cameroon.
  • • History, the Nation-State, and Alternative Narratives: An Example from Colonial Douala . Lynn Schler . African Studies Review . 48 . 2005 .
• Book: Encyclopedia of African History . Fitzroy Dearborn . 978-1-57958-245-6 . . 2005. Douala.
• Book: Lucia Babina and Marilyn Douala Bell . 2007 . Douala in Translation: A View of the City and its Creative Transformative Potentials . Rotterdam . Episode .
• Marta Dorenda-Zaborowicz . Douala: A City of Lost Hopes? Consequences of Decolonisation in Africa Versus Sustainable Development . 2011 . Problemy Ekorozwoju - Problems of Sustainable Development . 6 .

in French

• Douala: formation et développement de la ville pendant la colonisation . René Gouellain . . 13 . fr . Persee.fr . 1973.
• Book: R. Gouellain . Douala: Ville et Histoire . Paris . 1975 . fr . Institut d'Ethnologie, Musee de l'Homme .
• Lourdes Diaz Olvera . etal . Quand tout ne tient qu'à un pont! Réfection d'ouvrage et dysfonctionnements urbains à Douala . Rehabilitation of a bridge and urban dysfunction in Douala . . 1–2 . 10.4000/belgeo.6763 . fr . . 2010. 183–196 . free .
• Book: La communication au Cameroun . Thomas Atenga, Georges Madib . Archives contemporaines . 2012 . 9782813000927 . Les foyers socioculturels a Douala, 'villages en ville' ou espaces publics de proximite? . Adrien Bitond . fr.
• Book: Cameroun. 2012. . fr . Douala . 9782746967328. https://books.google.com/books?id=TXEsXi70K2sC&pg=PA74. Collectif. Auzias. Dominique. Labourdette. Jean-Paul.

in German

• • Book: Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon. 1920. Quelle & Meyer . Leipzig . de . Duala . . Deutsches Kolonial-Lexikon. 2027/wu.89005273230.
• Book: Andreas Eckert. 1999. Grundbesitz, Landkonflikte und kolonialer Wandel: Douala 1880 bis 1960 . Stuttgart . Steiner . de.

External links

• Web site: (Douala) . . UK . (Bibliography of open access articles)
• Web site: (Douala) . . (Images, etc.)
• Web site: (Douala) . . (Images, etc.)
• Web site: (Douala) . . . Germany . (Bibliography)
• Web site: (Douala) . Connecting-Africa . . Leiden, Netherlands . (Bibliography)
• Web site: (Douala) . . (Bibliography)
• University of Southern California. Old photos of Douala, various dates
• German Federal Archives. Photos of Douala

Notes and References

1. Cameroon . 5 . Cana . Frank Richardson . 110 - 113 .
2. Book: Stephen Pope . Elizabeth-Anne Wheal. Dictionary of the First World War. 1995 . Macmillan . 978-0-85052-979-1 . Select Chronology . https://books.google.com/books?id=fOrNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA523 .
3. Book: Petitioning for Our Rights, Fighting for Our Nation: The History of the Democratic Union of Cameroonian Women, 1949-1960 . Meredith Terretta . Langaa . Bamenda . 9789956728053 . 2013 .
4. Web site: L'Effort Camerounais in Brief . Douala . National Bishop's Conference of Cameroon . 23 May 2013.
5. Web site: Cameroon: News . Africa South of the Sahara . Stanford University . US . 23 May 2013 .
6. The Trauma of Independence in French-Speaking Africa . Victor T. Le Vine . Journal of Developing Areas . 2 . 2 . 211–224 . 1968 . 4189457 .
7. Web site: IPD-AC . Institut Panafricain pour le Développement Afrique Centrale . 23 May 2013.
8. Book: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1970_round.htm . Demographic Yearbook 1975 . 1976 . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office . New York . Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants . 253–279 .
9. Web site: About Us . American School of Douala . 23 May 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130629035804/http://www.asddouala.com/about-us.html . 29 June 2013 .
10. Web site: Douala (Cameroon) Newspapers . US . WorldCat . . 23 May 2013.
11. Book: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/1990_round.htm . 1995 Demographic Yearbook . 1997 . United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division . New York . Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants . 262–321 .
12. Web site: Historique . fr . Ville de Douala . 23 May 2013.
13. Web site: Strike Aims to Bleed Cameroon's Economy to Force President's Fall . 5 August 1991 . New York Times.
14. Web site: Doual'art . Douala . 23 May 2013.
15. Web site: Presentation generale de l'Université de Douala . fr . L'Université de Douala . 23 May 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130601214940/http://univ-douala.com/presentation-de-ludla.html . 1 June 2013 .
16. Web site: Historique du festival . Massao . fr . 23 May 2013.
17. Web site: The State of African Cities 2010: Governance, Inequalities and Urban Land Markets . 2010 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130617161951/http://www.unhabitat.org/content.asp?cid=9141&catid=7&typeid=46 . 2013-06-17 .
18. Book: . Political Chronology of Africa . Political Chronologies of the World . 0203409957 . 2001 . Cameroon . 58+ .
19. Web site: Accueil Femmes Francophones de Douala . Fédération Internationale des Accueils Français et francophones à l'Etranger . 23 May 2013 . fr .
20. Web site: Cameroon - Douala Infrastructure Project . World Bank . 2010 . Washington, DC .
21. Book: Politics of Neoliberal Reforms in Africa: State and Civil Society in Cameroon . Langaa . Piet Konings . 2011 . 978-9956717415 .
22. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20050626011558/http://www.douala-city.org/ . Site officiel de la Communauté Urbaine de Douala . 2005-06-26 . fr . .
23. Web site: Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants . Demographic Yearbook 2011 . 2012 . .
24. Web site: Public Art and Urban Change in Douala . . 2012 . 5 June 2013.
25. Book: Andreas Mehler. Africa Yearbook: Politics, Economy and Society South of the Sahara in 2010 . 2011. Koninklijke Brill . 978-90-04-20556-7 . Cameroon . Fanny Pigeaud . 211–220 . https://books.google.com/books?id=-a7fOs19r9IC&pg=PA211 . etal.