Timeline of Cheshire history explained

The timeline of Cheshire history shows significant events in the history of the English county of Cheshire.

1–500 AD

• 70: The Romans found the fortress and town of Deva Victrix, now Chester.^[1]
• c. 90: Legio XX Valeria Victrix arrive in Chester.
• 410: Romans retreat from Britannia.^[1]
• 429: Germanus of Auxerre wins the Battle of Maes Garmon, near Mold, and establishes Cadell as the Christian ruler of a region, later Powys, based on pre-Roman Cornovii territory, thought to include Cheshire.^[2]

7th century

• 603: Synod of Chester.
• 616: Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeats a Welsh army at the Battle of Chester.^[3]
• 689: Church of St John the Baptist founded outside Chester city walls by King Æthelred of Mercia and Bishop Wilfrid.^[4]

9th century

• 830: The district was subjugated by Ecgberht, King of Wessex and incorporated in the kingdom of Mercia.
• 874 or 875: St Werburgh's remains brought to Chester for protection against Danish invaders.^{[5] [6]}
• c. 890: Chester establishes a mint.
• 890: Plegmund, probably of Plemstall, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.^[7]
• 893: First mention of Scandinavian settlers in Chester.^[8]
• 893–894: A Danish force overwinters in Chester.^[9]
• 894–895: King Alfred drives the Danes from Chester.^[10]

10th century

• 907: Chester refounded as a burh by Æthelflæd and King Edward the Elder, and re-fortification starts.^[11]
• 907: Church to St Werburgh, later Chester Cathedral, founded by Æthelflæd, rebuilt from an earlier church dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.^{[5] [12]}
• 907: Æthelflæd founds new church dedicated to St Peter and St Paul in Chester.
• 914: The Iron Age hill fort at Eddisbury is re-fortified by Æthelflæd.^[13]
• 915: Æthelflæd builds a burh at Runcorn.
• 915–920: Re-fortification of Chester probably completed.^[6]
• 919: Edward the Elder builds a burh at Thelwall.^[14]
• 923–924: Chester revolts against rule from Wessex and is subdued by Edward the Elder.
• 17 July 924: Edward the Elder dies at Farndon or Aldford.
• 937: King Æthelstan defeats the armies of Dublin, Alba and Strathclyde at the Battle of Brunanburh, probably near Bromborough.^[15]
• 958: King Edgar of England grants a charter to St Werburgh's Abbey, Chester.^[16]
• 973: Edgar of England visits Chester.^[17]
• 980: Vikings raid Chester.
• 980: First recorded use of the shire or county of Chester.^[18]

11th century

• 1007: Eadric Streona becomes the King's ealdorman of Mercia.^{[19] [20]}
• 1016: Edmund Ironside ravages Chester.
• c. 1017: King Cnut executes Eadric Streona, and makes Leofric Earl of Mercia.
• 1062: Edwin succeeds as Earl of Mercia.^[21]
• 1069–1071: William I leads the Norman Conquest into Cheshire; besieges Chester and kills Edwin, Earl of Mercia.
• 1070: Hugh d'Avranches created as first Earl of Chester.^[22]
• 1070: Chester Castle built.
• 1070: Frodsham Castle built.^[23]
• 1075: St John the Baptist's Church, Chester becomes a cathedral.
• 1092: Monastery founded on site of current Chester Cathedral by Hugh d'Avranches.^[5]

12th century

• 1115: Norton Priory founded.
• 1133: Combermere Abbey founded.^[24]
• 1140: Serious fire in Chester.
• c. 1150: Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester founds a Benedictine nunnery in Chester.
• 1157: Henry II entertained at Chester Castle.
• 1165: Henry II entertained at Chester Castle again.
• 1180: Serious fire in Chester.
• 1182: Cheshire land north of the Mersey becomes part of the new county of Lancashire.
• 1190: Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester founds Little St John's Hospital in Chester.
• c. 1195: Liber de Luciani laude Cestrie, the oldest surviving piece of Cheshire writing, was created.^[25]

13th century

• 1211: King John entertained at Chester Castle.
• 1215–16: In the Carta Communis Cestriensis, Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester grants limited concessions to his feudal lords.
• 1220s: Beeston Castle built.^[26]
• 1236: Dominican friars arrive in Chester.
• 1237: 7th Earl of Chester, John, dies without a male heir. Henry IV passes the title to his son, Prince Edward – later to become King Edward I.
• 1237–38: Franciscan friars arrive in Chester.
• 1237–51: Stone walls replace the wooden palisade around Chester Castle.
• 1253: Aldford and Alderley markets created.
• 1261: Macclesfield market created.^[27]
• 1264: The castle and city of Chester were granted to Simon de Montfort.
• 1272: Congleton market created.^[27]
• 1275: Monks of St Werburgh's Abbey build Kaleyard Gate in Chester city walls.
• 1277: King Edward I lays foundation stone to Vale Royal Abbey.^[28]
• 12 May 1278: Serious fire in Chester when nearly the whole of the city is burnt.
• 1279–80: Timber superstructure of the Old Dee Bridge swept away.
• 1280: Over market created.^[27]
• 1281: Serious fire in Middlewich.^[29]
• 1292–93: Chambers for the king and queen, and a new outer gatehouse built at Chester Castle.

14th century

• 1306: Serious fire in Northwich.
• 1322–25: Chester Water Tower built.
• 1349: The black death arrives in Cheshire.
• 1364: Doddington Castle built.
• 20 July 1376: Charter of disafforestation of Wirral issued.^[30]
• 1387: Major repairs to the Old Dee Bridge.
• 1391: Norton Priory becomes a mitred abbey.^[31]
• 1394: Richard II visits Chester with many of his nobles.
• 1397: Lands in the march of Wales added to Cheshire, and it is promoted to the rank of principality.^[32]
• 16 October 1398: Richard II gives 3000 marks to his Cheshire supporters at the Battle of Radcot Bridge.^[33]
• 1399: Henry IV (then still Duke of Lancaster) seizes Chester Castle and causes Richard II to be brought there from Flint Castle, after which Richard abdicates and Henry becomes king.
• 1399–1407: Tower built to fortify Chester's Dee Bridge.^[34]

15th century

• 1400: Unsuccessful attack on Chester Castle by supporters of deposed Richard II.^[35]
• July 1403: Many Cheshire gentry support the unsuccessful uprising of Henry "Hotspur" Percy against Henry IV.^[36]
• 1422: First reference to Chester Mystery Plays.^[37]
• 1433: Famine led to food shortages in Chester.^[38]
• July 1438: Serious fire in Nantwich.
• 1444: Henry VI visits Chester.
• 1445: Fee-farm (rent payable to the Crown) for Chester is halved from £100 to £50, attributed to silting of the River Dee; further reductions agreed in 1484 and 1486.^[39]
• 1450: A group of Cheshire gentry successfully petitions the Crown against the introduction of a parliamentary subsidy.^[40]
• 1452, 1455, 1459: Margaret of Anjou visits Chester.^[41]
• 23 September 1459: Many Cheshire gentry killed fighting on both sides in the Battle of Blore Heath, early in the Wars of the Roses.^[42]
• 1470: Edward IV visits Chester.
• April 1484: Richard III visits Chester.
• March 1486: Henry VII visits Chester.
• 1488: Stockport Grammar School is founded.^[43]
• 1492, 1494: Fires in Chester's Foregate and Northgate Streets.^[44]
• July 1493: Henry VII again visits Chester.
• 1497: First performance of Chester Midsummer Show.

16th century

• 1502: Macclesfield Grammar School is founded.^[45]
• 1504-1508: Construction of the earliest part of Little Moreton Hall near Congleton.
• 1506: Great Charter establishes Chester as a county, codifies its government, and gives the city the right to hold a court of quarter sessions.^[46]
• April 1506: Henry VII visits Chester.
• 1507: Outbreak of "sweating sickness" in Chester.
• 1510: St Ursula's Hospital founded in Chester.
• 1527: Malpas Grammar School founded.^[47]
• 1535: Outbreak of plague in Nantwich.
• 1536: Dissolution of Norton Priory.
• 1536: First piped water supply for civil use in Chester established.
• 1538: Dissolution of Vale Royal Abbey by Sir Thomas Holcroft.^[28]
• July 1538: Dissolution of Combermere Abbey.^[24]
• 15 August 1538: Dissolution of Chester's three friaries.
• 20 January 1540: Dissolution of St Werburgh's Abbey.
• 1541: St Werburgh's abbey becomes a cathedral of the Church of England known as Chester Cathedral by order of King Henry VIII.^[48] Chester becomes a diocese.^[49]
• 1543: Cheshire sends its first members to sit in Parliament.
• 1575: Chester Mystery Plays are banned.^[50]

• 1577: Christopher Saxton publishes his map of Cheshire.
• 1578: Sandbach market opens.
• December 1583: Fire destroys much of Nantwich, but not Churche's Mansion built in 1577.^[51]
• 1584: Elizabeth I contributes to a national fund for the rebuilding of Nantwich.^{[52] [53]}
• 1591: Stanley Palace built in Chester on the site of the former Dominican friary.^[54]

17th century

• 1604: Outbreak of the plague kills around 500 people in Nantwich.^[55]
• 1636: Completion of Crewe Hall.
• 1637: First known stagecoach runs between Birmingham and Holywell via Nantwich and Chester.
• 1642: Failure of the Bunbury Agreement, an attempt by local gentry to keep Cheshire neutral in the English Civil War.^[56]
• 23–28 September 1642: Charles I in Chester.
• 13 March 1643: First Battle of Middlewich in English Civil War.^[57]
• 24 January 1644: Battle of Nantwich in the English Civil War.^[58]
• November 1644–February 1645: Siege of Chester.
• 24 September 1645: Battle of Rowton Heath in the English Civil War.
• 3 February 1646: Chester surrenders to the Parliamentary forces.
• 21 October 1650: First record of the Cheshire cheese trade with London.
• 1655: Cheshire under military rule, governed by Charles Worsley.^[59]
• 1657: Stagecoach service begins between London and Chester.
• 1670: Smith-Barry family re-discovers salt in Northwich and mining restarts.^[60]
• 1674: John Ray's Collection of English Words includes written record of the Cheshire dialect.^[61]
• 1687: James II visits Chester.
• 6 June 1690: William III stays at Combermere Abbey on his way to the Battle of the Boyne.^[24]

18th century

• 1700: Brine springs are discovered at Winsford.
• 1735–36: The New Cut dug along the River Dee from Chester to Connah's Quay because of silting of the river.
• 1744: Charles Roe builds a watermill in Macclesfield and triggers start of the silk industry.
• 12 May 1762: Creation of the title of Baron Vernon, of Kinderton in the County of Chester.

• 1763: Cheshire Hunt founded.^[62]
• March 1776: Bridgewater Canal complete throughout its length from Manchester to Runcorn.
• 1777: Completion of the Trent and Mersey Canal.^[63]
• 1779: The Chester Canal opens between Chester and Nantwich.
• 1780: Chester Eastgate rebuilt.
• 1780: Marston salt mine opens.
• 1781: Chester Northgate rebuilt.
• 1784: First mail coach runs through Cheshire, between London and Holyhead.
• 1788: Chester Watergate rebuilt.
• 1788–1815: Major rebuilding of Chester Castle by Thomas Harrison
• 1795: The Chester Canal extended to Ellesmere Port.

19th century

• July 1804: Runcorn to Latchford Canal opens.
• 1806: The Middlewich Branch opens, linking the Shropshire Union and the Trent and Mersey Canals.
• 1808–10: Chester Northgate rebuilt.
• 8 May 1817: Early paper on Cheshire dialect read at Society of Antiquaries by Roger Wilbraham.^[64]
• 1812: Delamere Forest disforested.
• 1832: The future Queen Victoria opens the Grosvenor Bridge in Chester.
• 1837: Crewe railway station is built in fields near to Crewe Hall.^[65]
• 1838: First meeting of the Cheshire Agricultural Society.^[66]
• 1839: Foundation of Chester Diocesan Training College, now the University of Chester.^[67]
• 1840: Crewe–Chester–Birkenhead railway line opens.
• 1843: Crewe Railway Works opens.
• 1843: Foundation of the Chetham Society.^[68]
• 1845: Crewe Railway Works completes its first locomotive, Columbine.
• 24 May 1847: Five people are killed in the Dee bridge disaster when a girder of the railway bridge crossing the River Dee fractures.
• 1848: Chester railway station opens.
• 1855–76: George Gilbert Scott works on restoring Chester Cathedral.
• 1857: Cheshire Constabulary founded.^[69]
• 1862: Chester Exchange is gutted by fire.
• 1865–66: Devastating outbreak of rinderpest (cattle plague) causes the collapse of the county's economy.
• 1867: Grosvenor Park opens in Chester.
• 21 May 1868: The first train crosses Runcorn Railway Bridge.
• 1869: Railway line opens between Weaver Junction and Liverpool via Runcorn.
• 15 October 1869: Chester Town Hall opened by Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII.^[70]
• 1871: Population: 561,201.
• 1874: John Brunner and Ludwig Mond found Brunner Mond in Winnington near Northwich and start manufacturing soda ash.^[71]
• 1874: Cheshire Lines Committee opens railway line between Manchester and Chester via Altrincham.
• 1875: Anderton Boat Lift opens.^[72]
• 1877: Glossary of Cheshire dialect published by Egerton Leigh.
• 11 March 1878: Foundation of the Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire.^[73]
• 1881: The west tower of St John the Baptist's Church, Chester collapses.
• 1886: The Grosvenor Museum opens in Chester.
• 1886: Rail tunnel under the River Mersey opens between Liverpool and Birkenhead.
• 1889: Cheshire County Council founded.
• 1891: Population: 730,058.
• 21 May 1894: Manchester Ship Canal officially opened by Queen Victoria.^[74]
• 27 May 1899: Official opening of Eastgate Clock in Chester on Queen Victoria's 80th birthday.^[75]

20th century

• 1901: Population: 815,099.
• 29 May 1905: Widnes-Runcorn Transporter Bridge officially opened by Sir John Brunner.
• 1914: Completion of 800 houses were built since 1899 at Port Sunlight to house a population of 3,500.
• 1921: Cheshire School of Agriculture opens at Worleston.^[76]
• 1926: Imperial Chemical Industries is created.
• 1931: Chester Zoo opens.^[77]
• 1938: Newgate opens in Chester.
• 1951: Chester Mystery Plays are revived.^[78]
• 21 July 1961: Runcorn-Widnes road bridge (later named the Silver Jubilee Bridge) is opened by Princess Alexandra.
• 1964: Runcorn New Town is designated.
• 1969: First conservation areas designated, including Chester and Nantwich.^[79]
• 1 April 1974: Cheshire boundaries changed by Local Government Act 1972.^[80] Runcorn and Widnes merge to form the Borough of Halton.
• 1982: Norton Priory Museum opens.^[81]
• 1983: Anderton Boat Lift closes.^[72]
• 26 February 1993: IRA explosive devices go off at Warrington gasworks.^[82]
• 20 March 1993:: IRA explosive devices kill two children and injure 54 people in Warrington.^[83]
• 1 April 1998: Halton and Warrington become unitary authorities.

21st century

• 2002: Anderton Boat Lift reopens.^[72]
• 1 September 2007: The Cheshire Regiment merges into the Mercian Regiment.^[84]
• 1 April 2009: Two unitary authorities of Cheshire West and Chester and Cheshire East replace Cheshire County Council and its districts.^[85]
• 14 October 2017: Mersey Gateway Bridge, a six-lane road bridge crossing the River Mersey between Runcorn and Widnes, opens.^[86]

See also

• History of Cheshire

References

• Beck, J. (1969). Tudor Cheshire. A History of Cheshire, Vol. 7 (Series Editor: J.J. Bagley), Cheshire Community Council,
• Bu'Lock, J.D. (1972). Pre-Conquest Cheshire: 383–1066. A History of Cheshire, Vol. 3 (Series Editor: J.J. Bagley), Cheshire Community Council
• Cheshire . 6 . 89 - 92 . 1910 . .
• Driver, J.T. (1971). Cheshire in the Later Middle Ages. A History of Cheshire, Vol. 6 (Series Editor: J.J. Bagley), Cheshire Community Council
• Book: Greene, J. Patrick . J. Patrick Greene. Norton Priory: The archaeology of a medieval religious house . Cambridge University Press. 1989. Cambridge . 0-521-33054-8 .
• Book: Lake, J. . The Great Fire of Nantwich . 1983. Shiva Publishing . 0-906812-57-7 .
• Local History Group, Latham FA. (ed.) (1999). Wrenbury and Marbury. The Local History Group.
• Book: Starkey, H. F.. Old Runcorn . . 1990. Halton.
• Book: Sylvester, Dorothy . 1980 . A History of Cheshire . 2nd . London and Chichester . Phillimore . 0-85033-384-9.
• Tigwell, RE. (1985). Cheshire in the Twentieth Century. A History of Cheshire, Vol. 12 (Series Editor: JJ Bagley), Cheshire Community Council,
• Book: Ward, Simon . Chester: A History . Phillimore . 2009 . Chichester . 978-1-86077-499-7 .

53.1667°N -37°W

Notes and References

1. Book: Mason, David J.P. . Roman Chester: City of the Eagles . Tempus Publishing Ltd . 2001 . Stroud . 0-7524-1922-6.
2. Bu'Lock, pp. 10–14
3. Higham . N. J. . King Cearl, the Battle of Chester and the Origins of the Mercian 'Overkingship' . Midland History . 1992 . 17 . 1–15 . 10.1179/mdh.1992.17.1.1 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090316044544/http://www.midlandhistory.bham.ac.uk/issues/1992/highamnj.pdf . 2009-03-16 .
4. Bu'Lock, pp. 33–34
5. Web site: History of Chester Cathedral . Chester Cathedral . 2010-05-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100612153419/http://www.chestercathedral.com/chester-cathedral-home-history.htm . 2010-06-12 .
6. Bu'Lock, p. 59
7. Wareham, A. F. . Plegemund [Plegmund] . 10.1093/ref:odnb/22378 . 2004.
8. Bu'Lock, pp. 69–70
9. Bu'Lock, pp. 51–52, 59
10. Web site: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (894AD) . 2010-05-22 . 13 April 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124643/http://mcllibrary.org/Anglo/part2.html . live .
11. Bu'Lock, pp. 53, 59
12. Bu'Lock, pp. 75–76
13. Web site: Burh at Castle Ditch, Eddisbury . Cheshire.gov.uk . 2009-07-09 . 20 February 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120220083004/http://rcp.cheshire.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MCH8444 . dead .
14. Bu'Lock, pp. 53–54
15. Bu'Lock, pp. 54–55
16. Bu'Lock, p. 55
17. Web site: Edgar the Peaceful . English Monarchs website . 2010-05-22 . 1 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150701165135/http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/saxon_12.htm . live .
18. Bu'Lock, pp. 56, 61
19. Bu'Lock, p. 56
20. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 1007:
21. Bu'Lock, p. 57
22. C. P. Lewis . Avranches, Hugh d', first earl of Chester (d. 1101) . 2004 . 10.1093/ref:odnb/14056 . 2007-10-28.
23. Book: Latham, Frank A. . 1987 . Frodsham: The History of a Cheshire Town . Local Historians . 0-901993-06-9.
24. Web site: Combermere Abbey timeline . Combermere Abbey . 2010-05-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092617/http://www.combermereabbey.co.uk/the-abbey/history/timeline . 2015-04-02 .
25. Book: Against All England: Regional Identity and Cheshire Writing, 1195–1656 . Robert W. Barrett, Jr . 1–2 . 2009 . University of Notre Dame Press . 978-0-268-02209-9 . subscription . .
26. Book: Fry, Plantagenet Somerset . Plantagenet Somerset Fry . The David & Charles Book of Castles . . 1980 . 0-7153-7976-3 .
27. Web site: Cheshire History and the County Palatine of Cheshire, UK . Manchester UK . 2010-05-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100330022247/http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/cheshire.html . 2010-03-30 .
28. Book: 1980 . Houses of Cistercian monks: The abbey of Vale Royal', A History of the County of Chester . III . Oxford University Press History . 0-19-722754-6 . Elrington, C.R. . Harris, B. E. . Baggs, A. P. . Kettle, Ann J. . Lander, S. J. . Thacker, A. T. . Wardle, David .
29. Driver 1971, p. 50
30. Booth P. The last week of the life of Edward the Black Prince . Cambridge University Press, 2012
31. Greene 1989, p. 65
32. Book: Davies, R. R. . Richard II and the Principality of Chester in The Reign of Richard II: Essays in Honour of May McKisack, ed. F. R. H. Du Boulay and Caroline Baron . 1971.
33. Driver 1971, p. 7.
34. Driver 1971, p. 54.
35. Driver 1971, pp. 8–9
36. Driver 1971, pp. 9–10
37. Driver 1971, p. 140
38. Driver 1971, p. 38
39. Driver 1971, pp. 39–40, 106
40. Driver 1971, p. 117
41. Driver 1971, p. 17
42. Driver 1971, pp. 17–18
43. Driver 1971, p. 43
44. Driver 1971, p. 31
45. Driver 1971, p. 44
46. Driver 1971, pp. 28–29
47. Driver 1971, pp. 149–50
48. Book: Lysons, Daniel. Magna Britannia: pt. 2. The county palatine of Chester. 1810. 572.
49. Driver 1971, p. 41
50. Driver 1971, p. 145
51. Lake 1983, p. 67.
52. Beck 1969, p. 75–76.
53. Lake 1983, pp. 71–90.
54. Book: Lysons. Magna Britannia: pt. 2. . 577.
55. Beck 1969, p. 33.
56. Web site: Civil War . National Archives . 2010-05-22 . 10 December 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101210164121/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/civilwar/g4/cs1/s3/ . live .
57. Book: J. R. Phillips . Battle of Middlewich, March 13, 1643 – Sir William Brereton's Account. Document XVI in Memoirs of The Civil Wars in Wales and the Marches, Vol 2 . 54–55 . 1874. London.
58. Web site: Battle of Nantwich . Nantwich Museum . 2010-05-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100531044334/http://freespace.virgin.net/nantwich.museum/battle_of_nantwich.htm . 2010-05-31 .
59. Web site: Charles Worsley, Major-General, 1622–56 . British Civil Wars & Commonwealth website . 2010-05-22 . 2 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081002174026/http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/biog/worsley.htm . live .
60. Web site: Northwich History . Chester Chronicle . February 2009 . 2010-05-25 . 25 October 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111025175124/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/chester-information/chester-history/2009/02/28/northwich-history-59067-24808202/ . live .
61. https://archive.org/details/glossaryofwordsu00leigrich Leigh E. Introduction in: A Glossary of Words Used in the Dialect of Cheshire (Hamilton, Adams, and Co./Minshull and Hughes; 1877)
62. Web site: The Cheshire Hunt . The Cheshire Hunt website . 2010-05-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100128101008/http://thecheshirehunt.co.uk/ . 2010-01-28 .
63. Web site: Trent and Mersey Canal . Cannock Chase District Council . 2010-05-22 .
64. Wilbraham, R. An Attempt at a Glossary of Some Words Used in Cheshire, 2nd ed. (London: T. Rodd; 1826) (various other editions)
65. News: The beauty of Crewe . Guardian newspaper article . 2007-08-07 . London . Jonathan . Glancey . 6 December 2005 . 17 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211117044207/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/dec/06/comment.columnists . live .
66. Latham, ed., 1999, p. 119
67. Dunn I, The University of Chester, 1839–2008: The Bright Star in the Present Prospect, 2nd edn (Chester: Chester Academic Press, 2008)
68. Web site: About Chetham Society . . 6 February 2019 . 2 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190202144602/http://www.chethamsociety.org.uk/about.html . dead .
69. Web site: Cheshire Constabulary History . Cheshire Police website . March 2010 . 2010-05-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151223/http://www.cheshire.police.uk/showcontent.php?pageid=2476 . 2011-07-26 .
70. Web site: Chester Town Hall . Cheshire West and Chester Council . 2010-05-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100703232025/http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/visiting/heritage/chester_town_hall.aspx . 2010-07-03 .
71. Web site: History of Brunner Mond . Brunner Mond website . 2008-09-02 . 4 December 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081204234517/http://www.brunnermond.com/about_history.aspx . live .
72. Web site: Anderton Boat Lift . The Heritage Trail website . 2010-05-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110608133224/http://www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/industrial/anderton_lift.htm . 2011-06-08 .
73. Web site: About us. Record Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 6 February 2019. 28 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181128114822/http://rslc.org.uk/about-us/. live.
74. Web site: Lancashire Records Office . The National Archives . 26 May 2010 . 6 June 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110606123937/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/records.aspx?cat=055-ddx101&cid=1-3-20#1-3-20 . live .
75. Web site: Information Sheet: Eastgate Clock. 18 June 2010. Cheshire West and Chester. 16 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716142339/http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/visiting/museums/grosvenor_museum/information_sheets/eastgate_clock.aspx. dead.
76. Tigwell 1985, pp. 41–42.
77. Web site: Chester Zoo . The Good Zoo Guide Online . 2010-06-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160108234715/http://www.goodzoos.com/UK%20Zoos/chester.htm . 2016-01-08 .
78. Book: Against All England: Regional Identity and Cheshire Writing, 1195–1656 . Robert W. Barrett, Jr . 207 . 2009 . University of Notre Dame Press . 978-0-268-02209-9 . subscription . .
79. Web site: Conservation Area Appraisals . Cheshire East . 2010-06-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100330081635/http://www.cheshireeast.gov.uk/environment_and_planning/planning/conservation/conservation_areas/conservation_areas_appraisals.aspx . 2010-03-30 .
80. Book: Jones, B.. Politics UK . 2004 . Manchester University Press. 0-7190-3408-6. etal.
81. Book: Brown. Fraser. Howard-Davis. Christine. 2008. Norton Priory: Monastery to Museum. Excavations 1970–87. Lancaster. Oxford Archaeology North. 2–4 . 978-0-904220-52-0 .
82. Web site: Bound Volume Hansard - Written Answers . Hansard . 2010-05-31 . 29 July 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180729101710/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199596/cmhansrd/vo960304/text/60304w13.htm . live .
83. News: Child killed in Warrington bomb attack . BBC website . 2010-05-31 . 20 March 1993 . 7 March 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080307120143/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/20/newsid_2544000/2544121.stm . live .
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