Timeline of Canadian history explained

This is a brief timeline of the history of Canada, comprising important social, economic, political, military, legal, and territorial changes and events in Canada and its predecessor states.

Prehistory

See main article: Prehistory to 1st century BC in Canada.

Year Date Event Ref.
to 14,000 BCEAt some unknown time prior to this date, Paleo-Indians moved across the Beringia land bridge from eastern Siberia into northwest North America, settling in some areas of Alaska and the Yukon,[1] but are blocked from further travel south into the continent by extensive glaciation.[2] [3]
14,000 BCE Glaciers that covered Canada began melting, allowing Paleo-Indians to move south and east into Canada and beyond.[4]
3,000–2,000 BCE The Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands begin to cultivate different types of squash.[5]
3,000 BCEPaleo-Eskimos begin to settle the Arctic regions of North America from Siberia.[6]

8th century

Year Date Event Ref.
796 CECouncil of Three Fires (also known as the Three Fires Confederacy) was formed.[7]

10th century

Year Date Event Ref.
900 A short-lived Norse settlement is founded at L'Anse aux Meadows. It is possibly connected with the attempted colony of Vinland, established by Leif Erikson around the same period or, more broadly, with Norse exploration of the Americas. [8] [9]

12th century

See main article: 12th century in Canada.

Year Date Event Ref.
114231 August The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the League of Peace and Power) is formed.[10]

15th century

See main article: 15th century in Canada.

Year Date Event Ref.
1497 24 June Genoese navigator John Cabot lands the Matthew of Bristol somewhere on the northern Atlantic coast of North America, claiming the land for England by the Doctrine of discovery. The precise location of Cabot's landing is widely debated but generally believed to be on Newfoundland, already inhabited by the Beothuk people [11]

16th century

See main article: 16th century in Canada.

Year Date Event Ref.
1534 24 July Explorer Jacques Cartier claims the Gaspé Peninsula, already inhabited by Indigenous St. Lawrence Iroquoians, for France under the Doctrine of Discovery. He returns to France with two Iroquois captives. [12]
1583 Explorer Humphrey Gilbert lands in present-day St. John's and lays claim to the island of Newfoundland for the Kingdom of England under the Doctrine of Discovery. He dies at sea and permanent settlement by the British had to await better planned attempts. [13]

17th century

Year Date Event Ref.
1605 French colonists under Samuel de Champlain establish the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port-Royal, founding the colony that would become known as Acadia. [14]
16083 JulyQuebec City founded by Champlain, becoming the capital of New France.[15]
16344 JulyTrois-Rivières founded, becoming the second permanent settlement in New France.[16]
164217 MayFort Ville-Marie -(Old Montreal) founded with the majority of immigrants coming directly from France led by Paul de Chomedey and Jeanne Mance, a lay woman.[17]
1666First census of North America released.[18]
16702 MayHudson's Bay Company formed. It has an exclusive charter for trade in the Hudson's Bay watershed region known as Rupert's Land. The company administers the new colony on behalf of the King. [19]
169016–24 OctoberThe Battle of Québec was fought between the colonies of New France and Massachusetts Bay, then ruled by the kingdoms of France and England, respectively. It was the first time Québec's defenses were tested, with the new Englanders hoping to seize Québec, then the capital of New France. They failed to take the city.

18th century

Year Date Event Ref.
1701 4 AugustThe Great Peace of Montreal, between New France and 39 First Nations, is finalized.[20]
1710In the Siege of Port Royal, the capital of Acadia falls to the British, defeating the French garrison and their Wabanaki Confederacy Indigenous allies. This begins an expansion into present-day Nova Scotia by the British.[21]
1713 11 April The War of the Spanish Succession is ended by the Treaty of Utrecht. France cedes the territory of Acadia to Great Britain and renounces claims to some British territories in Canada, as well as its claim to a monopoly of trade with the Indigenous population, but retains control of Île Royale colony (present-day Cape Breton Island and Prince Edward Island). [22]
1717The Indigenous settlement of Kanesatake is founded at the confluence of the St.Lawrence and Ottawa rivers. It is founded by the Sulpician Order under a royal charter as a home for Catholic converts of the Indigenous peoples of the region, including the Mohawk. The lands' ownership becomes disputed between the Order and the Indigenous residents over the original land grant and title. The settlement would later be the location of the Oka Crisis. The land remains disputed.[23]
174921 JuneHalifax is founded and settled by the British, marking the first time that public rather than private capital was used to settle a British colony in the Americas. The Indigenous Mi'kmaq consider Britain's unilateral action as a violation of treaties signed after Father Rale's War in 1726, starting Father Le Loutre's War. British colonists would drive French and Mi'kmaq inhabitants from peninsular Nova Scotia but are repelled from Acadian settlements further north (present-day New Brunswick).[24] [25] [26]
175511 AugustBritish Brigadier-General Charles Lawrence orders the Expulsion of the Acadians. Over the next decade an estimated 11,400 French Catholics are deported to the Thirteen Colonies and Europe. Many settle in Louisiana.[27]
17588 June 26 JulyThe French naval fortress at Louisbourg is sieged for a second time by the British, having been returned to the French after a previous occupation in 1745. After being used to stage attacks on French Canada the following year, British soldiers reduce the fortress to rubble to prevent its return to the French a second time.[28] [29]
175913 SeptemberA three-month British siege of Quebec City culminates in the pivotal Battle of the Plains of Abraham just outside the city's walls. Both the British and French commanders are killed in the battle. Following a decisive British victory, the French evacuate the city.[30]
1760-176110 March 1760 – 12 October 1761The Halifax Treaties are signed between the Wabanaki Confederacy and the British Crown to end warring between the Indigenous peoples of the Maritimes and the British. One by one, various First Nations signed treaties to pledge "peace and friendship" with the British. The issue of aboriginal title is not covered in the treaties.[31]
1763 10 February The Seven Years' War is ended by the Treaty of Paris. France cedes New France to Great Britain, its colony Canada becoming the British Province of Quebec, and its remaining maritime colonies annexed by Nova Scotia. [32]
7 OctoberThe Royal Proclamation of 1763 is issued by King George III, forbidding settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, which was delineated as an Indian Reserve. The document is the first to recognize aboriginal title, a right included in the Canadian Constitution. Its banning of settlements west of the 13 British Colonies would eventually become one of the factors inciting the American Revolution.[33]
17641 AugustThe Treaty of Fort Niagara is agreed to by the British Crown and 24 First Nations. It is the first treaty after the 1763 Proclamation, recognizing aboriginal title, and Indigenous recognition of the Proclamation. A strip of land along the Niagara River is transferred to Britain by the Seneca to provide a portage around Niagara Falls. The treaty created a new Covenant Chain, or friendship treaty, between Britain and the First Nations of the western Great Lakes. It is recorded in wampum. To the Indigenous peoples, it is a symbol of friendship and the recognition of sovereignty to their First Nations.[34] [35]
1769 14 July St. John's Island is partitioned from Nova Scotia, becoming a separate colony from the mainland. The colony is renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798. [36]
1774Quebec Act of 1774 is passed by the Parliament of Great Britain outlining how the Province of Quebec would be governed as colony, in an attempt to address damage to the economy/society of Quebec. Old boundaries were restored, free practice of Catholicism was guaranteed, and property and civil laws were to be decided according to traditional Canadian laws (thus preserving the Seigneurial system of New France for land ownership), with other matters of law left to English Common Law. The province was left to be governed by a legislative council, with no provision for an elected assembly.
1775The Invasion of Quebec and the Battle of Quebec take place, during the American Revolutionary War against Great Britain. These became a failed attempt at seizing military control of the British Province of Quebec and convince the French-speaking Canadiens to join the revolution on the side of the Thirteen Colonies.
1782-1783A preliminary peace treaty between Great Britain and the United States of America is signed. Citing one of the clauses, General George Washington insisted on the return of any present or former slaves. As part of documenting and evacuation of former slaves to British North America, the Book of Negroes was compiled in New York City. Enslaved Africans in America who escaped to the British during the American Revolutionary War became the first settlement of Black Nova Scotians and Black Canadians.
17833 SeptemberThe Treaty of Paris (1783) was signed by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on 3 September 1783, officially ending the American Revolutionary War. The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United States of America. Details included fishing rights and restoration of property and prisoners of war.[37]
1784 22 MayOver 3000000acres of land is purchased by the British Crown from the Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation in present-day Ontario for £1180.00[38]
18 June New Brunswick and Cape Breton Island are partitioned from Nova Scotia, becoming separate colonies. Cape Breton re-joins Nova Scotia in 1820. [39]
25 October Under the terms of the Haldimand Proclamation, 550000acres of the lands purchased from the Mississaugas is granted to the Mohawks and the other Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy. The land is a tract extending 6miles on either side of the Grand River from source to mouth. However, it is later determined that the head of the Grand River was outside of the lands purchased from the Mississaugas. In 1792, Governor Simcoe unilaterally reduces the land grant to 270000acres. Later land sales, government actions, and the creation of the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve would reduce the lands under Indigenous possession to a small fraction of the original grant. The land grant and its management is the basis of the Grand River land dispute between the Six Nations and Canada.
1791The Constitutional Act of 1791 divides the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada (modern-day Ontario and Quebec).[40]

19th century

Year Date Event Ref.
1805The treaty of the Toronto Purchase is made for the lands of present-day Toronto north to Lake Simcoe between the Crown and the Mississauga. It was found that the original 1787 agreement only provided a land deed and no description of the lands involved. The treaty would be disputed and settled in 2010.
1811Settlement began of the Red River Colony, a 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi; five times that of Scotland) area, by Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk via a land grant from the Hudson's Bay Company, of which he was a part-owner. The territory later became part of Manitoba and the Missouri Territory.
1813 21–22 June During the War of 1812, Laura Secord learns of an American plan to launch a surprise attack on British forces and walks 20 miles to warn the defenders. The British defeat the American invaders at the Battle of Beaver Dams on 24 June.
1818 20 October The London Convention is signed, setting the boundary between the United States and British North America to the 49th parallel from the Northwest Angle in Minnesota west to the continental divide of the Rocky Mountains, and establishing joint control of the Oregon Country. [41]
1821Merger of Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company ending the Pemmican War, a series of armed skirmishes between the rival fur trading companies. As part of the merger, the monopoly of HBC is extended north to the Arctic Ocean and west to the Pacific Ocean.[42]
1829 6 June Shanawdithit, the last known full-blooded member of the Beothuk people native to Newfoundland, dies; she was about 29 years old.[43]
1837Rebellions of 1837–1838 break out in both Upper and Lower Canada, inspired by republican ideals, against the dominated by a small group of businessmen represented by Château Clique and Family Compact[44] [45] [46]
184110 FebruaryUnder the terms of the Act of Union 1840, the British colonies of Lower Canada and Upper Canada are merged into the single Province of Canada.[47]
1846 15 June The Oregon boundary dispute is settled with the signing of the Oregon Treaty, extending the boundary between British North America and the United States along the 49th parallel from the Rocky Mountains to the Juan de Fuca Strait, and defining the maritime boundary to the Pacific Ocean.[48]
18507 September 9 SeptemberThe Robinson Treaties are signed between the Ojibwa and the British Crown, surrendering the northern shores of Lake Superior and Lake Huron for £2,160 and an annual payment of £600.[49] [50]
185413 OctoberThe Surrender of the Saugeen Peninsula is signed between the Chippewa and the Crown, surrendering the lands of the Saugeen Peninsula (Bruce Peninsula) in Canada West in exchange for reserves and interest on the sale of the surrendered lands.
186218 MarchThe first case of the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic is reported in Victoria, British Columbia. It spreads widely amongst the Indigenous populations, killing an estimated 20,000 or 2/3 of the Indigenous population.[51]
1864 1 9 September The Charlottetown Conference, the first of several meetings to discuss a Maritime Union and Canadian Confederation, is held in Charlottetown. [52]
1867 1 July The British North America Act, 1867, divides the Province of Canada into Ontario and Quebec and joins them with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia into the new confederated state of Canada. [53]
1869–1870 11 October – 12 May A group of Métis led by Louis Riel mount the Red River Rebellion against Canadian intrusion and in the Red River Colony. The Canadian government regains control after acceding to many of Riel's demands, but he flees into exile in the United States after the government refused to grant him amnesty.
1870 15 July

See also: Timeline of Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory transfer. Concluding a series of agreements between Canada, the United Kingdom, and the Hudson's Bay Company, Canada acquires Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory, forming the Northwest Territories. In the aftermath of the Red River Rebellion, Manitoba is subdivided from the new territory in the area around Winnipeg, becoming Canada's fifth province. Land rights are granted to the Métis.

[54]
1871 20 July The colonies of British Columbia and Vancouver Island amalgamate and then enter Confederation as the Province of British Columbia, Canada's sixth province. Except for individual treaties for small portions of the territory, the agreement annexes a large area of land into Canada without treaties with the First Nations.[55]
3 August Treaty 1 is signed between the Chippewa and Swampy Cree First Nations and the Crown surrendering lands in Manitoba [56]
21 August Treaty 2 is signed between the Chippewa Cree First Nation and the Crown surrendering lands in Manitoba and Saskatchewan
1873 23 MayThe North-West Mounted Police is established to enforce Canadian sovereignty of the Northwest Territories.
1 July Prince Edward Island enters Confederation as the seventh province. [57]
3 October Treaty 3 is signed between the Ojibwe First Nations and the Canadian Crown, surrendering lands in Northwestern Ontario (present-day) and Manitoba [58]
187415 SeptemberTreaty 4 is signed between the Cree First Nations and the Crown of Canada, surrendering lands in present-day Saskatchewan, Alberta and Manitoba.[59]
187520 SeptemberTreaty 5 is signed between the Saulteaux and Swampy Cree First Nations and the Canadian Crown, surrendering lands in Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Ontario.[60]
187612 AprilThe Indian Act is passed. The Act updates previous legislation of the Province of Canada addressing the relationship between the Government of Canada and officially recognized First Nations. It establishes official definitions of "Indian status" and defines Indigenous government.[61]
23, 28 August 9 SeptemberTreaty 6 is signed between the Plain and Wood Cree First Nations and the Canadian Crown, surrendering lands in present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan.
187722 SeptemberTreaty 7 is signed by the Nakoda and Blackfoot First Nations and the Canadian Crown, surrendering lands in southern present-day Alberta.[62]
1880 1 September The British Arctic Territories are ceded to Canada, becoming part of the Northwest Territories. [63]
1885 26 March – 3 June Several hundred Catholic Francophone Métis led by Louis Riel and supported by Cree fighters mount the North-West Rebellion and establish the Provisional Government of Saskatchewan. Riel is captured at the Battle of Batoche (9–12 May), tried for treason, and hanged on 16 November 1885. Francophones bitterly denounce the sentence and Canada becomes deeply polarized along ethno-religious lines. [64]
7 November The transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), then the longest in the world, is completed. [65]
1889The Peasant Farm Policy is brought into force. The Policy restricted Indigenous farmers agricultural practices. Indigenous farmers are allowed only to use hand tools, both in the seeding, harvesting and milling. Indigenous farmers were only allowed small plots and not sell produce in competition with settlers. It is discontinued in 1897.[66]
189616 AugustGold is discovered in the Klondike region of the Yukon Territory, sparking the Klondike Gold Rush. Tens of thousands flood into the Klondike region during 1897 and 1898.
18998 JulyTreaty 8 is signed by the Cree, Beaver, Chipewyan First Nations and the Canadian Crown, surrendering of lands in present-day British Columbia, Alberta and Saskatchewan.[67]

20th century

Year Date Event Ref.
1903The United Kingdom and the United States settle the Alaska boundary dispute on the border with British Columbia. Canadians are disappointed by the lack of a sea-water port to connect to the Yukon.[68]
1905 1 September Alberta and Saskatchewan are partitioned out of the Northwest Territories to become the eighth and ninth provinces of Canada.
6 NovemberTreaty 9 is signed by the Anishinaabe (Algonquin and Ojibway) and Omushkegowuk Cree communities and the Crown, surrendering land in Northern Ontario and Northwestern Quebec to James Bay[69]
190628 AugustTreaty 10 is signed between several First Nations, including the Cree and Chipewyan, and the Crown, surrendering 220000km2 in northern Saskatchewan and Alberta. Additional nations signed on later in 1906 and 1907.[70]
1909 23 February The first powered heavier-than-air flight in Canada occurred on Bras d'Or Lake at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, when John Alexander Douglas McCurdy piloted the AEA Silver Dart over a flight of less than 1 kilometer. [71]
1910 4 May Royal Canadian Navy is established. [72]
1914 4 August Great Britain declares war on Germany, bringing Canada into the First World War. [73]
1917 9–12 April The four divisions of the Canadian Expeditionary Force fight together for the first time in the Battle of Vimy Ridge, which becomes celebrated as a national symbol of achievement and sacrifice and a formative milestone in the development of Canada's national identity.
6 December An explosion caused by an accidental collision between two merchant ships, one filled with explosives for the war, occurs in Halifax Harbour, resulting in 2000 people dead and 9000 injured. [74]
1918 1 April Prohibition in Canada enacted federally by an Order in Council. [75]
24 May Women gain the right to vote in federal elections. [76] [77]
2 August 1918 After years of press censorship along with numerous government policies suppressing strikes & lockouts. The 1918 Vancouver general strike, the first in Canadian history, takes place after prominent labour activist Albert "Ginger" Goodwin is shot by police. This sparks the beginning of the Canadian Labour Revolt.
19 September Canadian Air Force (after 1920, Royal Canadian Air Force) is established. [78]
2 August 1918 – 11 June 1925A series of labour movements collectively known as the "Canadian Labour Revolt" begin, lasting 6 years.
1919 Canada sends a delegation to the Paris Peace Talks, the conference resolving war issues. Canada signs the Versailles treaty as part of the British Empire, with parliament's approval. [79]
Prohibition in Canada ends federally. [80]
1919 May 15 -June 26 The largest strike in Canadian history; the Winnipeg General strike occurs. Soliders returning from WW1 & over 30,000 workers walk off their jobs; shutting down the majority of the city’s privately owned factories, shops and trains. Public employees joined them in solidarity. These included police, firemen, postal workers, telephone and telegraph operators & utilities workers. Special constables were hired and laws were passed to immediately deport, without trial, anyone who was not born in Canada that was caught striking. events of this day led to the creation of the "One Big Union".[81]
1920 Canada is admitted as a full member of the League of Nations, independently of Britain. It joins the League Council (governing board) in 1927. Canada plays a minor role and opposes sanctions or military action by the League. The League is virtually defunct by 1939.[82]
192127 June 1921 until 22 August 1921Treaty 11, the last of the Numbered Treaties, is signed by the Slavey, Dogrib, Loucheux, Hare First Nations and the Canadian Crown. It covers a region within the Northwest Territories.[83]
1926 25 June – 14 September A constitutional crisis, known as the King-Byng Affair, is precipitated when Governor General Byng refused Prime Minister King's request to dissolve parliament and call an election, instead asking opposition leader Meighen to form a government, which in turn was quickly defeated. King framed the dispute as one of Britain, represented by the Governor General, interfering with Canadian affairs. Consequently, the affair played a role in the Balfour Declaration of 1926, in which each Dominion of the British Empire was declared to be of equal status with Britain.
1927 25 November Canada appoints Vincent Massey as its first fully accredited envoy to a foreign capital. [84]
19291929 - 1939Great Depression in Canada begins, resulting in widespread poverty, unemployment, & violent labour protests for the next decade.[85]
1930Januarythe Workers Unity League is created. The WUL paralleled similar alternative trade union structures elsewhere: the Trade Union Unity League in the US, and the National Minority Movement in the UK.Some of the unions affiliated with the WUL include the Mine Workers' Union of Canada, Lumber Workers Industrial Union of Canada and the Relief Camp Workers' Union. Unlike both the Trades and Labor Congress of Canada (TLC) and the All Canadian Congress of Labour (ACCL), the WUL organized the unemployed as well.
1931 September 7- 29Estevan riot was a confrontation between the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and striking coal miners from nearby Bienfait, Saskatchewan, The Mine Workers' Union of Canada in Bienfait, established by the national "Workers unity league" demanded a wage increase, an end to the company store monopoly, better living conditions, and improved workplace safety. Miners assembled in Estevan with their families to parade through the city in order to draw attention to their strike. As they walked from Beinfait to Estevan, they were met with lines of police officers, violence broke out, and RCMP began firing on the crowd killing 3 people.
11 December The Statute of Westminster 1931 is enacted in Britain, officially ending the power of the British parliament to pass and nullify laws in a Dominion without the Dominion's request and consent. The statute formally recognized the de facto independence attained by Canada following the First World War.
1933September 15, 1933The Stratford General Strike of 1933 begins with strikes in several local furniture-making factories that the Workers Unity League had recently unionized, & Swift's Meat Packing Plant, a poultry company, who had unionized as the Food Workers' Industrial Union. At its height more than 2,000 strikers were involved. The army along with several Carden Loyd tankettes were sent to quell the violence. Controversy over the use of tankettes resulted in victory for the strikers with one of its leaders, Oliver Kerr, being elected mayor the following year. [86]
1935April 4- July 1 Over 1000 workers under the guidance of "Arthur "Slim" Evans" join the "Relief Camp Workers Union" and begin the "On-to-Ottawa" trek in protest of the conditions & wages of then prime minister RB Bennetts Government relief work camps. After arriving in Regina, Saskatchewan, the trekkers agreed to send only 8 delegates to Ottawa to represent their cause, with the rest remaining at the Regina Exhibition grounds with support provided by private citizens & government of Regina. after delegations in ottawa broke down, the group was ambushed on 3 sides by RCMP officers hidden in boxtrucks, with police firing into & above the crowd with pistols and automatic gun fire. 2 deaths and several hundred injuries led to then Premier of Saskatchewan, James Garfield Gardiner accusing the RCMP of "precipitating a riot" [87] [88]
18 JuneBattle of Ballantyne Pier, 1000 protesters, consisting of the Vancouver and District Waterfront Workers' Association, under influence of the Workers unity league; marched towards Ballantyne Pier to prevent scabs from unloading ships in the harbour. Upon arriving at the pier they were ambushed by the Vancouver police, BC Provincial Police,& RCMP who had been hiding behind boxcars. Battle of Ballantyne Pier was one of many conlficts contributing to the creation of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union[89]
193819 JuneBloody Sunday was the conclusion of a month-long "sitdowners' strike" by The Relief Project Workers' Union (an extension of the Relief Camp Workers Union) in Vancouver BC . 1,200 men split themselves between the post office, the Vancouver Art Gallery & The Georgia Hotel. At five o'clock on the morning of 19 June, City Police & RCMP entered the buildings and forcibly ejected the men, Of the 42 hospitalized, only five were police and all of those were Vancouver police constables. Later that afternoon, 10,000 to 15,000 turned out to a protest at the Powell Street Grounds against the "police terror" of Bloody Sunday.
193910 September Canada, with its parliament's support, enters the Second World War by declaring war on Germany. The Dominion of Newfoundland had entered the war as a British colony upon the United Kingdom's declaration of war one week earlier.[90] [91]
19391939 - 1945During the war, the government mobilizes Canadian money, supplies, and volunteers to support Britain while boosting the economy and maintaining home front morale. Canada plays a military role protecting convoys against German submarines and fighting the German Army in Western Europe, while helping to liberate the Netherlands. Canada expands its small navy into the third largest in the world, after the U.S. and U.K. It had 363 ships and 100,000 sailors (of whom 6700 were women.)[92] [93]
[94] [95]
19459 November Canada joins the United Nations, seeking to play a world role as a "middle power", with interest in the UN Charter and in relief agencies.[96]
19471 JanuaryThe Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 comes into force creating a new, separate, Canadian legal citizenship for all British subjects born, raised, or resident in Canada and automatic citizenship for all those born in Canada after this date.[97] [98]
1949 31 March Newfoundland, the last British colony in North America, enters Confederation as the tenth province following a pair of contentious referendums on whether the island should remain a British Crown Colony, become fully independent, or join Canada.
1959 27 June The Saint Lawrence Seaway, a joint project between Canada and the United States, is officially opened.
19601 JulyFirst Nations people are granted the right to vote in federal elections without having to give up their status and treaty rights.[99]
196515 FebruaryCanada adopts the maple leaf for the national flag.
196727 AprilExpo 67 opens in Montreal.
1970 5 October The government invokes the War Measures Act to apprehend the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), a separatist paramilitary group in Quebec that was responsible for over 160 violent incidents that killed eight people and in October 1970 had kidnapped a British official (later released) and Quebec labour minister Pierre Laporte, who they killed. The FLQ collapses. [100]
197331 JanuaryThe Supreme Court of Canada rules in the Calder v British Columbia (AG) case that aboriginal title existed prior to the existence of the colonial government and was not a matter of Canadian law alone. The case recognized Nisga'a Nation aboriginal title. The ruling would lead the Government of Canada to update its land claims negotiation process.
15 NovemberThe Quebec Superior Court blocks the James Bay Hydroelectric Project by ruling that the Indigenous peoples of the region had not extinguished their aboriginal title to the lands and that Quebec and Canada must negotiate for such title in order to build the project. The final accord is signed 11 November 1975 by Canada, Quebec, Hydro-Quebec and the Cree of Quebec. The treaty becomes enshrined in the 1982 Canadian Constitution.[101]
1980 20 May A referendum on Quebec independence is held, resulting in a majority (59.56%) of the province voting to remain in Canada. [102]
1981Workers in British Columbia Telephone take over all of the provinces telephone exchanges for five days and run them under workers' control.[103]
1982 17 April The enactment of the Constitution Act, 1982, by royal proclamation. Canada achieves total independence from Great Britain through Patriation of its Constitution. The Constitution includes the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, guaranteeing individual human rights. The Act also guarantees all treaty rights of Indigenous peoples in Canada. The Government of Quebec refuses to sign the deal and attempts to veto the Act; the Supreme Court of Canada rules that Quebec's assent is not required. [104] [105]
19873 JuneThe Meech Lake Accord is signed by all ten provincial premiers and Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. The accord is intended to grant further powers to all provinces and grant distinct society status to Quebec, which had opposed the repatriation of the Canadian Constitution. The Accord is not ratified by all provincial parliaments within the required three years, heightening national unity tensions.
19891 JanuaryThe Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement comes into force. Under the agreement, the countries start to reduce or eliminate trade barriers between the two countries.[106]
199011 July – 26 SeptemberThe Oka Crisis occurs as Indigenous Mohawk activists protest the construction of a golf course on a burial ground, barricading roads and the Mercier Bridge. In August, after a series of violent standoffs between protesters and the Sûreté du Québec (SQ, Quebec's provincial police) which led to the death of one officer, Premier Robert Bourassa requests aid from the Canadian Armed Forces. In September, facing military invasion of their community, the protesters surrender and many leaders are arrested. Construction of the golf course is later cancelled.[107]
199228 AugustThe Charlottetown Accord, a second attempt to settle constitutional grievances, is agreed to by leaders of all provincial governments and the federal government and Indigenous groups. However, a 26 October national referendum on the accord is defeated.[108]
19941 JanuaryThe North American Free Trade Agreement came into force, creating a free trade zone between Canada, Mexico and the United States, superseding the 1988 Canada-US Agreement.[109]
1995 18 August – 17 SeptemberIndigenous Shuswap and non-Indigenous supporters exchange fire with Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers after a British Columbia rancher attempts to evict them from land being used for a traditional ceremony, beginning the Gustafsen Lake standoff. After the largest and costliest paramilitary operation in the province's history, the Ts'peten Defenders surrender to police.[110] [111]
4 SeptemberMembers of an Indigenous Ojibwe band occupy Camp Ipperwash in southwestern Ontario, on land which had been expropriated from the band for a military base during World War II under the War Measures Act, setting off the Ipperwash Crisis. Two days later, unarmed Ojibwe protester Dudley George is shot and killed by an Ontario Provincial Police officer. The land is transferred to the Ojibwe, but agreements to remove ordinance on the site is not reached, leaving the site only partially habitable.[112]
30 October Another referendum on Quebec independence is held. A majority (50.58%) of the province votes to remain in Canada.[113]
199711 DecemberThe Delgamuukw v British Columbia decision is rendered by the Supreme Court of Canada, determining that aboriginal title had not been distinguished in British Columbia. This ended the decades-long refusal of the BC government to participate in land claims to settle with First Nations, claiming that aboriginal title had been extinguished.[114]
1999 1 April Nunavut is partitioned from the Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory, following a series of plebiscites in 1982 and 1992, and establishment of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement in 1993. [115]

21st century

Year Date Event Ref.
20037 DecemberThe Canadian Alliance and PC Party merged into the Conservative Party of Canada.
20 July The Civil Marriage Act legalizes same-sex marriage throughout Canada. [116]
20081 JuneAs part of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) is established to document the history and lasting impacts of the Canadian Indian residential school system on Indigenous persons and their families.[117]
11 JuneIn the House of Commons, Prime Minister Harper formally apologizes to the survivors of the Residential School System on behalf of the Government of Canada.[118]
20103 JuneThe Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act establishes in Canadian law the name of Haida Gwaii over the archipelago formerly known as the Queen Charlotte Islands. Further agreements would re-establish the sovereignty of over 200 islands to the Council of the Haida Nation.[119] [120] [121]
2012FebruaryStudents in Quebec protest and stop proposed increases in university tuition.[122]
4 MayThe Royal Canadian Mint strikes the last Canadian penny. The coin is removed from circulation a few months later, though existing pennies remain legal tender.[123]
201817 OctoberThe Cannabis Act becomes law, making recreational cannabis use legal throughout the country. Canada is the second country (after Uruguay in 2013) to legalize recreational cannabis use nationwide.[124]
20207 January - MarchWidespread popular protests occur across Canada after the RCMP forcibly remove a peaceful protest blocking a pipeline construction project in British Columbia. The protests block several rail lines, forcing the shutdown of much of the Canadian rail network.[125]
25 January First presumptive case of COVID-19 is identified; a man who travelled in China. The COVID-19 pandemic spreads widely in Canada.[126]
2022January - FebruaryRight-wing protesters protesting vaccine mandates converge in Ottawa, overwhelming local police forces and disrupting residents in an occupation of downtown. After several weeks, the Canada convoy protest group is cleared after the Government of Canada invokes the Emergencies Act. Several police forces participate in a joint effort that forcibly removes the group.[127] Similar groups block Canada-US border crossings in Windsor, Ontario and Coutts, Alberta for days before also being cleared forcibly by police.[128]
24 February - ongoingAfter the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Canada promises $1 billion in aid to Ukraine.[129] Canada assists in training Ukrainian soldiers in third locations. Canada accepts thousands of Ukrainians fleeing the fighting. [130]
24 to 29 JulyPope Francis visits Canada to apologize for Catholic Church members' role in the Canadian Indian residential school system. Services were held in Alberta, Quebec City and Iqaluit.[131]
8 SeptemberElizabeth II, the longest-reigning Canadian monarch in history, dies aged 96, after a reign of 70 years. Charles III becomes King of Canada.[132]

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

See main article: Bibliography of Canadian history.

External links

Notes and References

  1. The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas . Ted . Goebel . Michael R. . Waters . Dennis H. . O'Rourke . 2008 . 10.1126/science.1153569 . 5 February 2010 . 18339930 . 319 . 5869 . Science . 1497–502 . 2008Sci...319.1497G . 36149744 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf . 2 January 2014 . live .
  2. Book: Wynn, Graeme . Canada And Arctic North America: An Environmental History . 2007 . ABC-CLIO . 978-1-85109-437-0 . 20 . 6 March 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160510192447/https://books.google.com/books?id=bxGFaFvo2oMC&pg=PA20 . 10 May 2016 . live .
  3. Jacques Cinq-Mars. The Significance of the Bluefish Caves in Beringian Prehistory. 2001. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Hull. 3 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20160131124540/http://www.historymuseum.ca/learn/research/resources-for-scholars/essays/significance-of-the-bluefish-caves-in-beringian-prehistory/. 31 January 2016. live.
    Book: Laurel Sefton MacDowell. An Environmental History of Canada. 2012. UBC Press. 978-0-7748-2104-9. 14. 6 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160423200407/https://books.google.com/books?id=bM9TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA14. 23 April 2016. live.
    Guy Gugliotta . When Did Humans Come to the Americas? . Smithsonian Magazine . February 2013 . 25 June 2015 . http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515002408/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science%2Dnature/when%2Ddid%2Dhumans%2Dcome%2Dto%2Dthe%2Damericas%2D4209273/?all . 15 May 2016 . live .
  4. Book: Mark Nuttall. Encyclopedia of the Arctic. 2012. Routledge. 978-1-136-78680-8. 238.
  5. Book: Emory Dean Keoke. Kay Marie Porterfield. Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations. 2009. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-0990-9. 6.
  6. Book: Mark M. Jarzombek. Architecture of First Societies: A Global Perspective. 2014. MIT - John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-118-42105-5. 331.
  7. Book: James B. Minahan. Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. 2013. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-61069-164-2. 271.
  8. Book: Linda S. Cordell. Kent Lightfoot. Francis McManamon. George Milner. Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. 30 December 2008. ABC-CLIO. 978-0-313-02189-3. 82–. 6 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161230134928/https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA82. 30 December 2016. live.
  9. Book: Axel Kristinsson. Expansions: Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age. 2010. ReykjavíkurAkademían. 978-9979-9922-1-9. 216. 6 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161230190128/https://books.google.com/books?id=9s2uzr47M-cC&pg=PA216. 30 December 2016. live.
  10. Book: Jordan E. Kerber. Archaeology of the Iroquois: Selected Readings and Research Sources. 2007. Syracuse University Press. 978-0-8156-3139-2. 388.
  11. Book: Roger E. Riendeau. A Brief History of Canada. 2007. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-0822-3. 22.
  12. Book: Alan Gordon. The Hero and the Historians: Historiography and the Uses of Jacques Cartier. 2010. UBC Press. 978-0-7748-5920-2. 16.
  13. Book: T., Cell, Gillian. Newfoundland discovered : English attempts at colonisation, 1610-1630. 1982. Hakluyt Soc. 0-904180-13-1. 252245184.
  14. Book: Morton, Desmond. Canada: A Millennium Portrait. 30 November 1999. Dundurn. 978-1-4597-1085-6. 19. 15 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083129/https://books.google.com/books?id=GOxGQZg0KtoC&pg=PT19. 18 January 2017. live. dmy-all.
  15. Book: Rene Chartrand. French Fortresses in North America 1535-1763: Quebec, Montreal, Louisbourg and New Orleans. 2013. Osprey Publishing. 978-1-4728-0317-7. 11.
  16. Book: David B. Knight. Choosing Canada's Capital: Conflict Resolution In a Parliamentary System. 1991. McGill-Queen's Press . 978-0-88629-148-8. 35.
  17. Book: Terence J. Fay. History of Canadian Catholics. registration. 2002. McGill-Queen's Press. 978-0-7735-2313-5. 17. 8 April 2017.
  18. Web site: Censuses of Canada 1665 to 1871: Jean Talon . Statistics Canada . 17 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060811/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4064814-eng.htm . 23 September 2015 . live .
  19. Book: Elle Andra-Warner. Hudson's Bay Company Adventures: Tales of Canada's Fur Traders. 2011. Heritage House. 978-1-926613-14-7. 18.
  20. Book: Colin G. Calloway. Treaties and Treaty Making in American Indian History. 2013. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-998686-6. 1.
  21. Prins, Harald E.L. (1996). The Mi'kmaq: Resistance, Accommodation, and Cultural Survival. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace. .
  22. Book: Saliha Belmessous. Native Claims: Indigenous Law Against Empire, 1500-1920. 2011. Oxford University Press, USA. 978-0-19-979485-0. 108.
  23. http://www.nfb.ca/film/kanehsatake_270_years_of_resistance/ Alanis Obomsawin, Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance
  24. Grenier, John. The Far Reaches of Empire. War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 2008; Thomas Beamish Akins. History of Halifax, Brookhouse Press. 1895. (2002 edition). p 7
  25. Web site: Fort Vieux Logis . Northeast Archaeological Research . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130514082831/http://www.northeastarch.com/vieux_logis.html . 14 May 2013.
  26. Book: Bumsted, J. M.. The peoples of Canada. 1992. Oxford University Press. 0-19-540690-7. Toronto. 28183025.
  27. Book: White, Stephen A.. Ronnie Gilles LeBlanc. Du Grand Dérangement à la Déportation: nouvelles perspectives historiques. https://books.google.com/books?id=BscRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA21. 2005. Université de Moncton. 978-1-897214-02-2. 21–56. The True Number of Acadians.
  28. Web site: Siege of Louisbourg: 30 May-27 July 1758 . The Loyal Edmonton Regiment Military Museum . 14 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190115075717/https://www.lermuseum.org/imperial-rivalry-1731-1763/siege-of-louisbourg-30-may-27-july-1758 . 15 January 2019 . live .
  29. Web site: Fortress of Louisbourg National Historic Site: History . . 11 April 2017 . 14 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190106053029/https://www.pc.gc.ca/en/lhn-nhs/ns/louisbourg/decouvrir-discover/histoire-history . 6 January 2019 . live .
  30. Web site: Sept 13, 1759 the battle that changed North America and the world . Marc . Montgomery . Radio Canada . 11 September 2015 . 14 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023520/http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2015/09/11/history-sept-13-1759-the-battle-that-changed-north-america/ . 15 January 2019 . live .
  31. Web site: What you should know about the Peace and Friendship Treaties CBC News.
  32. Book: Spencer C. Tucker. The Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Early American Republic, 1783–1812: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. 2014. ABC-CLIO. 978-1-59884-157-2. 782.
  33. Book: Fenge . Terry . Aldridge . Jim . Keeping promises : the Royal Proclamation of 1763, aboriginal rights, and treaties in Canada . 1 November 2015 . McGill–Queen's University Press . 978-0-7735-9755-6 . 4, 38, 51, 201, 212, 257 . 6 October 2019.
  34. Web site: Hemmings . David F. . 2012 . Fort Niagara – 1759-1815 . Assembly of First Nations . Niagara Historical Society.
  35. Web site: Treaty of Niagara, 1764 The Canadian Encyclopedia . 2023-02-21 . www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
  36. Web site: The Honourable Walter Patterson . Office of the Lieutenant Governor . Government of Prince Edward Island . 15 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190127024248/http://www.gov.pe.ca/olg/gallery/picture_setup.php?lg=01Patterson . 27 January 2019 . live .
  37. Book: Paterson. Thomas. American foreign relations: A history, to 1920. Clifford. Garry J.. Maddock. Shane J.. Cengage Learning. 2014. 978-1305172104. 20.
  38. News: Between the Lakes Treaty No. 3 (1792). en-US. Mississaugas of the Credit First Nation. 23 October 2020.
  39. Web site: Winslow Papers: The Partition of Nova Scotia . University of New Brunswick Libraries . 21 June 2005 . 15 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180428053645/https://www.lib.unb.ca/winslow/partition.html . 28 April 2018 . live .
  40. Book: Terry A. Crowley. Canadian History: Pre-Colonization to 1867 Essentials. 2015. Research & Education Assoc.. 978-0-7386-7205-2. 40.
  41. Book: United States Department of State . United States Department of State . Compiled by the Treaty Affairs Staff, Office of the Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State. . Treaties In Force: A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force on November 1, 2007. Section 1: Bilateral Treaties . 23 May 2008 . 2007 . 1 November 2007 . Washington, DC . 320 .
  42. Book: Newman, Peter C. . Caesars of the wilderness . 1988 . Penguin . 978-0140086300 . Markham, Ont..
  43. Book: Howley, James Patrick. James Patrick Howley. The Beothucks or Red Indians : the aboriginal inhabitants of Newfoundland. 1915. University Press. Cambridge. 11 February 2018. 231. https://web.archive.org/web/20170504215304/https://archive.org/details/beothucksorredin00howl. 4 May 2017. live.
  44. Ducharme, Michel (2010) Le concept de liberté au Canada à l'époque des Révolutions atlantiques (1776–1838) McGill/Queens University Press: Montreal/Kingston. The book was awarded the John A. MacDonald award for best book 2010 by the Canadian Historical Association
  45. The Last Chapter of the Atlantic Revolution: The 1837–38 Rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada.. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society. 2006. 116. 2. 413–430.
  46. Wim Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World: A Comparative History (2009)
  47. Encyclopedia: Monet. Jacques . Act of Union . . 27 September 2019 . . online .
  48. Web site: 1999 . Treaty between Her Majesty and the United States of America, for the Settlement of the Oregon Boundary . Canado-American Treaties . Université de Montréal . 12 January 2007 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20091113034143/http://www.lexum.umontreal.ca/ca_us/en/cus.1846.28.en.html . 13 November 2009.
  49. http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028984/1100100028994 Indian and Northern Affairs Canada: Robinson Huron Treaty text
  50. https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100028978/1100100028982 Indian and Northern Affairs Canada: Robinson Superior Treaty text
  51. Book: Boyd . Robert . Boyd . Robert Thomas . The Coming of the Spirit of Pestilence: Introduced Infectious Diseases and Population Decline Among Northwest Coast Indians, 1774–1874 . 1999 . University of British Columbia Press . 978-0-295-97837-6 . A final disaster: the 1862 smallpox epidemic in coastal British Columbia . https://books.google.com/books?id=P_FdUPbmwCgC&pg=PA172 . 172–201 . 10 February 2021.
  52. http://biographi.ca/en/theme_conferences_1864.html?p=8 The Charlottetown Conference, Dictionary of Canadian Biography
  53. Christopher Moore, 1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal (2011)
  54. Web site: Rupert's Land and North-Western Territory Order. https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084637/http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/rlo_1870.html. dead. 20 July 2011. www.solon.org.
  55. W. George Shelton, ed. British Columbia & Confederation (1967)
  56. Web site: Treaties 1 and 2. Albers. Gretchen. 24 September 2015. Historica Canada.
  57. Francis Bolger, "Prince Edward Island and Confederation" CCHA, Report, 28 (1961), 25-30 online
  58. Encyclopedia: McNab. David. Nicolas Chatelain. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. University of Toronto Press. 1990. 187–88.
  59. News: First Nations Communities and Treaty Boundaries in Saskatchewan. Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. 30 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090205151308/http://ainc-inac.gc.ca/ai/scr/sk/fni/pubs/fnl-eng.pdf. live. 5 February 2009.
  60. Book: Tough , Frank . As Their Natural Resources Fail: Native Peoples and the Economic History of Northern Manitoba, 1870-1930. Digitized online by Google books. 28 December 2008. 1997. UBC Press. 978-0-7748-0571-1. 148.
  61. The Indian Act: An Historical Perspective. John F. Leslie. Canadian Parliamentary Review. 25. 2. 2002.
  62. Web site: Treaty 7. Tesar. Alex. 9 August 2016. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 5 February 2018.
  63. Adjacent Territories Order . 31 July 1880.
  64. George F.G. Stanley, Louis Riel: Patriot or Rebel? Canadian Historical Association Booklet No. 2 (1979) online
  65. Book: Canadian Pacific Facts and Figures. Canadian Pacific Foundation Library. 1946. 15.
  66. Book: Carter, Sarah . Sarah Carter (historian) . Lost Harvests: Prairie Indian Reserve Farmers and Government Policy . 1990.
  67. Web site: 2009. Treaty 8. Government of Canada. Library and Archives Canada. 1 August 2009. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20090920204118/http://collectionscanada.gc.ca/treaty8/index-e.html. 20 September 2009.
  68. Encyclopedia: 6 February 2006 . Alaska Boundary Dispute . The Canadian Encyclopedia . D. M. L. . Farr . 10 October 2014 .
  69. Morrison . James . Treaty Research Report - Treaty No. 9 (1905-1906) . Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada . 8 January 2009 . Government of Canada . 4 May 2020.
  70. Web site: Treaty 10 . Office of the Treaty Commissioner . 23 February 2010 .
  71. "Canada’s First Flight to Be commemorated at Oshkosh." Sport Aviation, March 2009, p. 14.
  72. Book: Richard H. Gimblett. The Naval Service of Canada, 1910-2010: The Centennial Story. 2009. Dundurn. 978-1-4597-1322-2. 14.
  73. Book: David MacKenzie. Canada and the First World War: Essays in Honour of Robert Craig Brown. 2015. University of Toronto Press, Scholarly Publishing Division. 978-1-4426-5879-0. 174.
  74. Janet F. Kitz, Shattered city: the Halifax explosion & the road to recovery (Nimbus, 2008.)
  75. Book: Bumsted, J.M. . The Peoples of Canada: A Post-Confederation History, Third Edition . registration . Oxford . University Press . 2008 . 218, 219. 978-0-19-542341-9 .
  76. Book: Cleverdon, Catherine. The woman suffrage movement in Canada: The Start of Liberation, 1900-20. 2. University of Toronto Press. Toronto. 1974. 9780802021083. registration.
  77. Web site: Women's Right to Vote in Canada. Parliament of Canada. Queen's Printer for Canada. 20 November 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151121020801/http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/provinceterritory/ProvincialWomenRightToVote.aspx. 21 November 2015. live. dmy-all.
  78. Book: Sydney F. Wise. Sydney F. Wise. The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force: Canadian airmen and the first world war. 1980. University of Toronto Press. 978-0-8020-2379-7. ix.
  79. Book: Alan Bowker. A Time Such as There Never Was Before: Canada After the Great War. 2014. Dundurn. 28–29. 9781459722828.
  80. Greg . Maquis . Brewers and Distillers Paradise: American Views of Canadian Alcohol Policies . Canadian Review of American Studies . 34 . 2 . 2004 . 136, 139.
  81. Web site: Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 .
  82. Book: Anique H. M. van Ginneken. Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations. 2006. 54. Scarecrow Press . 9780810865136.
  83. Web site: Treaty No. 11 (27 June 1921) and Adhesion (17 July 1922) with Reports, etc..
  84. Web site: About the Department > Canadian Heads of Posts Abroad from 1880 > Massey, Hon. Vincent (Non-career). Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade. Queen's Printer for Canada. 15 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20120322125156/http://www.international.gc.ca/department/history-histoire/hplSearch_results-en.asp?frm=person&lan=1&prsnid=904. 22 March 2012. dead. dmy-all.
  85. Book: Pierre Berton. The Great Depression: 1929-1939. 2012. Doubleday Canada. 978-0-307-37486-8. 9–11.
  86. [Stratford General Strike of 1933#cite note-FOOTNOTEMorton1998144-5]
  87. Web site: On to Ottawa Trek and Regina Riot .
  88. Book: "We were the salt of the earth!" : A narrative of the On-to-Ottawa trek and the Regina riot . 978-0-88977-037-9 . 20 February 1985 .
  89. https://www.labourheritagecentre.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/March-to-Ballantyne-Pier_web.pdf
  90. Jack L. Granatstein, and Robert Bothwell, "‘A self-evident national duty’: Canadian foreign policy, 1935–1939." The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 3#2 (1975): 212-233.
  91. Web site: The History of Newfoundland and Labrador During the Second World War . Peter . Neary . . 14 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210720/https://www.warmuseum.ca/learn/dispatches/the-history-of-newfoundland-and-labrador-during-the-second-world-war/#tabs . 14 January 2019 . live .
  92. Tim Cook, Warlords: Borden Mackenzie King And Canada's World Wars (2012)
  93. Jeffrey A. Keshen, Saints, Sinners, and Soldiers: Canada's Second World War (2004)
  94. J.L. Granatstein, The last good war: An illustrated history of Canada in the Second World War, 1939-1945 (2005)
  95. Book: Spencer Tucker. World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia. 2011. ABC-CLIO. 142. 9781598844573.
  96. Adam Chapnick, The middle power project: Canada and the founding of the United Nations (UBC Press, 2007)
  97. Web site: Forging Our Legacy. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 26 June 2011. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110610200013/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/legacy/chap-5.asp. 10 June 2011.
  98. Web site: Canadian Citizenship Act and current issues -BP-445E. Government of Canada - Law and Government Division. 2002. 11 July 2010.
  99. Book: Rita J. Simon. Vassia Gueorguieva. Voting and Elections the World Over. 2008. Lexington Books. 978-0-7391-3092-6. 4.
  100. H. D. Munroe, "The October Crisis revisited: Counterterrorism as strategic choice, political result, and organizational practice." Terrorism and Political Violence 21.2 (2009): 288-305.
  101. News: The Globe and Mail . Chretien hopes James Bay ruling will mean quick resumption of talks . 16 November 1973 . 9 . The Canadian Press.
  102. Book: Anne F. Bayefsky. Self-determination in International Law: Quebec and Lessons Learned : Legal Opinions. 2000. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 978-90-411-1154-8. 5.
  103. Book: Ness, Immanuel. Ours to Master and to own: Workers' Control from the Commune to the Present. 2010. 350.
  104. Book: Joel Krieger. Margaret E. Crahan. The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World. 2001. Oxford University Press, USA. 978-0-19-511739-4. 105.
  105. Russell. Peter H.. Peter H. Russell. The Patriation and Quebec Veto References: The Supreme Court Wrestles with the Political Part of the Constitution. Supreme Court Law Review. 75–76. 2011. 0228-0108.
  106. Web site: Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. 12 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20141206203657/http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/us-eu.aspx?lang=eng. 6 December 2014. dead.
  107. Web site: Canada History: July 11, 1990, the crisis and death at Oka . Marc . Montgomery . . 9 July 2018 . 14 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210557/http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2018/07/09/shooting-death-police-indian-canada-history-july-11-1990-the-crisis-and-death-at-oka/ . 14 January 2019 . live .
  108. https://www.thestar.com/opinion/editorialopinion/2012/10/26/rejection_of_charlottetown_accord_ended_era_of_constitutional_reform.html "Rejection of Charlottetown accord ended era of constitutional reform"
  109. http://www.nafta-sec-alena.org/en/view.aspx?conID=775 NAFTA Secretariat
  110. Web site: Wolverine asks Trudeau for inquiry into Gustafsen Lake Standoff . Brent . Patterson . . 14 January 2016 . 11 July 2019.
  111. Web site: Ts'peten . Karen . Wonders . First Nations: Land Rights and Environmentalism in British Columbia . 11 July 2019.
  112. Web site: Ipperwash Crisis . Tanisha . Salomons . . 11 July 2019.
  113. Book: John Courtney. David Smith. The Oxford Handbook of Canadian Politics. 2010. OUP USA. 978-0-19-533535-4. 97.
  114. Delgamuukw v British Columbia. [1997] 3 SCR 1010|url=https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/1569/index.do.
  115. Web site: Creation of a New Northwest Territories . Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories . 15 January 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181122210209/https://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/visitors/creation-new-nwt . 22 November 2018 . live .
  116. Book: Edward Hedican. Social Anthropology: Canadian Perspectives on Culture and Society. 2012. Canadian Scholars’ Press. 978-1-55130-407-6. 130.
  117. Web site: The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. link.galegroup.com. 27 September 2019.
  118. Web site: Harper . Stephen . Stephen Harper . Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools . Indian and Northern Affairs Canada . 7 May 2017 . 11 June 2008 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170516080220/http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100015644/1100100015649 . 16 May 2017 .
  119. Web site: Haida Nation. Her Majesty the Queen in Her Right of the Province of British Columbia. Amending Agreement of the Kunst'aa guu - Kunst'aayah Reconciliation Protocol. 19 February 2018. Autumn 2015. 21 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035440/http://coastalfirstnations.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/haida_rp_fully_signed_and_dated_-_jan_22_2016-1.pdf. live.
  120. Web site: Bill 18 — 2010: Haida Gwaii Reconciliation Act . Legislative Assembly of British Columbia . Queen's Printer . 17 March 2011 . 3 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120403025037/http://www.leg.bc.ca/39th2nd/1st_read/gov18-1.htm . live .
  121. Web site: HAIDA GWAII RECONCILIATION ACT . 2017-07-02 . 2017-07-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170731004137/http://www.bclaws.ca/civix/document/id/complete/statreg/10017_01 . live .
  122. Book: Gelderloos, Peter. The Failure of Nonviolence. 2015.
  123. News: Canada's Last Penny: Final Cent Struck In Winnipeg Friday As Currency Killed. Canadian Press/Huffington Post Canada. 4 May 2012. 4 May 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120507014338/http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/05/04/canadas-last-penny_n_1476664.html?ref=canada. 7 May 2012. live.
  124. Web site: Cannabis is legal in Canada — here's what you need to know . 17 October 2018 . CBC News . CBC . 27 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181025205048/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/marijuana-faq-legalization-need-to-know-1.4862207 . 25 October 2018 . live .
  125. Web site: Hamilton: Simultaneous Rail Sabotage at Bottlenecks in Solidarity with Wet'suwet'en Land Defenders – North Shore Counter-Info. 7 January 2020 . 22 September 2020. en-US.
  126. Silverstein . William Kyle . Stroud . Lynfa . Cleghorn . Graham Edward . Leis . Jerome Allen . 29 February 2020 . First imported case of 2019 novel coronavirus in Canada, presenting as mild pneumonia . The Lancet . English . 395 . 10225 . 734 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30370-6 . 0140-6736 . 32061312. 7134552 .
  127. News: Ottawa cops clear out last 'Freedom Convoy' protesters after 24 days . New York Post . nypost.com . 21 January 2023.
  128. News: 'Freedom convoy' rolls through Ottawa encouraging the participation of Canada's far-right . . 3 February 2020. "Steenburg made headlines when he posted a Soldiers of Odin logo (a known far-right hate group) on his social media page with captions encouraging Canadians to stand up for their rights.".
  129. Web site: Defence . National . 6 May 2022 . Canadian military support to Ukraine . 21 January 2023 . www.canada.ca.
  130. Web site: Defence . National . 6 May 2022 . Canadian military support to Ukraine . 21 January 2023 . www.canada.ca.
  131. Web site: 2022-07-28 . Pope Francis acknowledges 'sexual abuse of minors and vulnerable people' for first time on Canadian trip . 2022-07-29 . thestar.com . en.
  132. https://www.thestar.com/politics/2022/09/08/the-latest-queen-elizabeth-ii-canadas-longest-reigning-monarch-dead-at-96.html The Latest: Queen Elizabeth II, Canada’s longest reigning monarch, dead at 96

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Timeline of Canadian history".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.