Timeline of Brussels explained

The following is a timeline of the history of Brussels, Belgium.

Prehistory

• 10,000–2600 BCE – Polished silex from the Mesolithic era are located in the Nekkersgat.^[1]
• 3000–2200 BCE – First known settlements in the region during the Neolithic era, located in the Sonian Forest.^[2]
• 1000–800 BCE – Celtic tribes settle in what is now Brussels.

Roman Period

• A fairly important Roman settlement is in existence in .
• 1st century CE – A Roman villa is constructed in Anderlecht, located near today's French: Allée de la Villa Romaine|italic=no/Dutch; Flemish: Romeinse-Villadreef|italic=no.^[3]
• 2nd century CE – A is constructed in Jette, located in today's King Baudouin Park.^[4]
• 175 CE – A Roman villa is in existence in Laeken.

Middle Ages

• 4th–6th centuries CE
  • Frankish tribes occupy territories between the Meuse and Scheldt rivers.
  • A Frankish tomb is built on the Zeecrabbeweg.
• 580 – Saint Gaugericus builds a chapel on an island in the river Senne, laying the origin of the settlement which is to become Brussels.^[5]
• 843 – 10 August: The region becomes part of Lotharingia after the signing of the Treaty of Verdun.
• 870 – First mention of the is made in the Treaty of Meerssen.
• 959 – The city becomes part of Lower Lotharingia.
• 977–979 – A castrum is constructed on Saint-Géry/Sint-Goriks Island.

• 979 – Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, transfers the relics of Saint Gudula to the chapel built by Saint Gaugericus, marking the city's official founding.
• 1001 – Otto, Duke of Lower Lorraine, becomes .
• 1012 – Saint Guy dies in Anderlecht on his return home from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.^[6]
• 1015–1020 – Oldest written record of the city is made by .^[7]
• 1041–1047 – The Palace of Coudenberg begins construction.
• 1047 – The relics of Saint Gudula are transferred from Moorsel to the original Church of St. Michael.
• 1063–1100 – The city's first fortifications are built.
• 1095 – Dieleghem Abbey is first attested.
• 1105 – Forest Abbey is founded.
• 1125 – The is first attested.
• 1129 – The Lindekemale Mill is first attested.
• 1135 – The city's seal, first attested, depicts the Archangel Michael robed, with outstretched wings, a halo, and the inscription ""
• 1142 or 1147 – The takes place.
• 1150 – is established as a leper colony, run by a community of lay brothers and sisters, in what was then a remote area far from the city's original walls..^[8]
• 1152 – is first attested.
• 1174 – The Grand-Place/Grote Markt is first attested as the or .^[9]
• 1183 – The Duchy of Brabant is formed after the merger of the and Leuven and the Landgraviate of Brabant.
• 1190 – Richard I of England passes through the city.
• 1195 – Saint John Clinic is established.
• 1196 – La Cambre Abbey is founded.
• 1209 – The is first attested.
• 1213
  • The Ancien Grand Serment royal et noble des Arbalétriers de Notre-Dame au Sablon schutterij of arbalists is founded.^[10]
  • 9 August: The Meyboom is planted for the first time.
• 1225 – The current Church of St. Michael and St. Gudula begins construction.
• 1229 – 10 June: Henry I, Duke of Brabant, issues a for the city.^[11]
• 1250 – The Great Beguinage of Brussels is formalised by John the Victorious.^[12]
• 1252 – The is founded.
• 1253 – Karreveld Castle is first attested.

• 1258 – The is first attested.
• 1262 – The is established by Adelaide of Burgundy, Duchess of Brabant.
• 1267 – John the Victorious relocates the capital of the Duchy of Brabant from Leuven to the city.
• 1282 – First mention of the Drapery Court and the is made.
• 1290 – 18 June: The hermit is buried alive for theft and witchcraft, with a later built on her burial site.
• 1292 – John the Victorious grants the town the right to revenues collected at the city gates.
• 1295 – John the Peaceful authorises aldermen to collect duty on beer as a town revenue.
• 1296 – 14 February: Obbrussel becomes part of the .
• 1303–1306
  • An by the Guilds of Brussels to secure power-sharing with the patriciate takes place.
  • The first democratic government is established.
• 1304 – The Church of Our Blessed Lady of the Sablon is founded.
• 1306 – The Seven Noble Houses of Brussels are first attested.
• 1308 – The Meyboom is first attested.^[13]
• 1316 – A plague epidemic strikes a population already weakened by poor harvests and on the verge of famine.
• 1318 – John of Ruusbroec becomes a parish priest at the Church of St. Michael and St. Gudula together with his uncle Jan Hinckaert.
• 1320 – A horse market is first held on the Grand Sablon, continuing until 1754.^[14]
• 1321 – Dry Borren is first attested as a hermitage.
• 1335 – 23 August: The Christian mystic Heilwige Bloemardinne, considered the city's first feminist, dies.^[15]
• 1342 – The city bans the construction of thatched roofs to prevent fires.
• 1348 – The Ommegang begins as a Marian procession.^[16]
• 1349
  • The Black Death arrives in the city.
  • September: A pogrom against the Jewish population takes place.^[17]
• 1353 – The city council decided to build a cloth hall to complement the Broodhuis and the Meat Hall.
• 1356
  • The Joyous Entry of Joanna and Wenceslaus into the city takes place.
  • 17 August: : Louis II, Count of Flanders defeats Joanna, Duchess of Brabant, who then besieges the city.
  • 24 October: The city is liberated by group of Brabantian patriots led by Everard 't Serclaes, Lord of Kruikenburg.^[18]
  • The expansion of the city's fortifications begins.
• 1360–1364 – by the Guilds to secure power-sharing with the patriciate take place.
• 1368 – Jan Collaey donates land near the to the Alexians, on what is now .^[19]
• 1367 – The Red Cloister is founded.
• 1370 – 22 May: The Sacrament of Miracle occurs, killing 6–20, followed by the expulsion of the city's remaining Jewish population.
• 1380 – Geert Pipenpoy becomes the city's first mayor.
• 1381 – The Grand Serment des Arbalétriers de Bruxelles and Serment de Saint-Georges schutterijen of arbalists and archers are founded by the Duchess of Brabant.^[20]
• 1383 – The original Halle Gate is built.
• 1388 – 31 March: Everard t'Serclaes dies at the guildhall on the Grand-Place.

• 1400 – Population: .
• 1401 – The Town Hall begins construction on the Grand-Place.
• 1402 – The Sacrament of Miracle is recognized by the church.
• 1406
  • The Joyous Entry of Anthony the Great Bastard into the city takes place.
  • 14 April: A fire destroys part of the Chapel Church and the surrounding neighbourhood.^[21]
• 1411 – 12 June: The Homines Intelligentiae, supposedly founded by Ægidius Cantor, is first mentioned in an ecclesiastical ruling by Pierre d'Ailly, and are prosecuted, resulting in the imprisonment and exile of William of Hildernissen, though the overall outcome is unknown.
• 1420 – 5 February: chamber of rhetoric is recognised by John IV, Duke of Brabant.
• 1421
  • A popular uprising takes place.
  • The guilds are represented in the city government alongside the patrician lineages of the Seven Noble Houses.^[22]
• 1424 – The city's aldermen issue the earliest known municipal regulation in the Low Countries on medicine and midwifery, detailing qualifications for doctors and midwives.^[23]
• 1436 – Rogier van der Weyden is appointed city artist.
• 1455
  • The Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament of the Miracle is built.
  • The Town Hall is completed.
• 1457 – The Dominicans are authorized to establish a presence in the city and relocate to .^[24]
• 1464 – Population: .
• 1476 – The first printing press is in operation in the city.^[25]
• 1477
  • The Habsburgs come to power in the Burgundian Netherlands, with the city as their capital.^[26]
  • March: A under Willem van Marbais, Jan Bogaert and Willem van Ruysbroeck takes place.
  • 4 June: The Joyous Entry of Mary of Burgundy into the city takes place.
• 1479 – 13 October: chamber of rhetoric is first attested.^[27]
• 1480 – The schutterij of archers and fencers is established.^[28]
• 1486
  • chamber of rhetoric is first attested following the Joyous Entry of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.^[29]
  • 6 May: chamber of rhetoric is first attested.^[30]
• 1499 – 25 February: The is established by members of De Lelie and De Violette.

16th & 17th centuries

• 1507 – 15 September: chamber of rhetoric is established following the merger of De Lelie and De Violette, with becoming its first factor.^[31]
• 1511 – The Miracle of 1511 takes place.
• 1515 – 28 January: The Joyous Entry of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Philip the Prudent into the city takes place.
• 1516 – 4 December: The Treaty of Brussels is signed, ending the War of the League of Cambrai.
• 1521 – May–October: Erasmus moves to Anderlecht for health, political, and religious reasons and stays in the house of Canon Peter Wijchmans.
• 1522
  • September: The is built.
  • 8 February: The Treaty of Brussels between Charles V and Archduke Ferdinand, concerning the latter's sovereignty over the Austrian Hereditary Lands, is signed.
• 1523 – 1 July: Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos are burned at the stake at the Grand-Place, becoming the first victims of the Inquisition in the Netherlands.
• 1526 – 20 October: A fire destroys three houses in the French: Rue des Six Jetons|italic=no/Dutch; Flemish: Zespenningenstraat|italic=no.
• 1528 – 15 September: The body, a collaborator of Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos, dies in captivity.
• 1536 – The original King's House is built on the Grand-Place for the Duke of Brabant.
• 1539 – 3 January: The is established in response to Charles V's 7 October 1531 edict, which banned begging and centralised town welfare revenue to combat pauperism.^[32]
• 1543 – Brussels lace is explicitly mentioned for the first time in a list of presents given to Princess Mary for New Year's.^[33]
• 1544 – Andreas Vesalius marries Anna van Hamme and has a daughter, moving into a large estate in, near today’s .
• 1555 – 25 October: Charles V abdicates in the Latin: Aula Magna of the Palace of Coudenberg.
• 1561 – 12 October: The city's port and the Willebroek Canal are opened.^[34]
• 1564 – Docks are constructed on the wasteland between the two city ramparts.
• 1565 – 11 November: The wedding of Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, and Maria of Portugal, Hereditary Princess of Parma, takes place.^[35]
• 1566 – 5 April: The signatories of the gain access to the Palace of Coudenberg to present it to Margaret of Parma.
• 1567
  • 22 August: Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, arrives in the city.
  • 30 August: Margaret of Parma resigns as Governess of the Netherlands and flees the city.
  • 9 September: The Council of Troubles is established.

• 1568
  • 1 June: Eighteen signatories members the Compromise of Nobles are decapitated at the Peerdemerct.
  • 5 June: The Counts of Egmont and Horn are at the Grand-Place.
• 1569 – A knighting and jousting tournament held in honour of the Duke of Alva on the Grand Place.
• 1570 – 11 February:, the Provost of Justice, is hanged for abusing his power in the conviction of the Geuzen.
• 1575 – A plague outbreak kills thousands.
• 1576 – 4 September: The is founded following of the Council of State and the Secret Council.
• 1577 – 24 September: The into the city takes place.
• 1579 – 6 June: The Great Beguinage is looted by Scottish auxiliary troops as part of the larger Beeldenstorm.^[36]
• 1580
  • 1 May: All public displays of Catholicism are banned.^[37]
  • 9–10 July: The Halle under the command of .
• 1585 – 10 March: The by the Army of Flanders.^{[38] [39]}
• 1587 – 20 July: During a mystery play performed by the Brethren of the Common Life, a lodge collapsed, killing the author Petrus Fabri and alderman Eustachius Pipenpoy, and injuring several spectators.^[40]
• 1589 – October: The city grants the Augustinians a tax exemption in exchange for holding mass at the town hall for three months each year and serving as firemen when needed.^[41]
• 1590 – 31 March: The city decides to construct the, a complex featuring residential blocks, kitchens, a bakery, and sixty dedicated cells for individuals with mental health needs.^[42]
• 1594
  • 30 January: The Joyous Entry of Archduke Ernest of Austria into the city takes place.^[43]
  • 21 December: Anna Utenhoven, arrested with Anna and Catharina Rampaerts, was found guilty of heresy and buried alive on the, becoming the last person executed for heresy in the Low Countries.
• 1595
  • The Kaiserliche Reichspost postal service is established in the city.
  • 13 September: is burned at the stake at the Grand-Place for wichcraft.^[44]
• 1599
  • 13 July: An ordinance mandates that slackers are both to be branded and flogged.^[45]
  • 5 September: The Joyous Entry of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, and Isabella Clara Eugenia into the city takes place.
• 1604 – 16 July: St John Berchmans College is established.
• 1607 – The Brussels Carmel is founded.
• 1618 – 28 September: The opens.

• 1619
  • The original Manneken Pis statue is commissioned.
  • 12 July: A riot breaks out after the city imposes a tax on wine and beer (the gigot).
• 1622 – The funeral of Archduke Albert VII takes place.
• 1625
  • The opens to force beggars, slackers, and vagrants to produce textile goods, with Daniel Sirejacobs serving as its first director.^[46]
  • 24 November: The first postulants enter the .
• 1631 – The Royal Grand Brotherhood of St Guido is first attested.^{[47] [48]}
• 1634 – In a sparsely populated area at the end of, a house is constructed to isolate and care plague sufferers.
• 1646
  • The is founded.
  • 6 October: Purple rain falls on the city; the downpour elicits scientific examination and explanation.
• 1654 – The Barony of Jette is formed.^[49]
• 1657 – De Wijngaard theatre company is established, possibly out of 't Mariacranske.^[50]
• 1659 – The Barony of Jette is elevated to a county.
• 1668
  • 7 June: The city enacts an ordinance to combat the Black Death and appoints a Plague Master to oversee the care of the sick.^[51]
  • 27 July: To prevent the spread of the Black Death, the city restricts movement to evenings, bans gatherings, and prohibits the sale of certain foods, while confiscating and destroying grain, flour, and meat.
• 1670 – 7 January: A posthumous mass is held in honor of the victims of the Black Death.
• 1672 – The is built.
• 1682 – 24 January: The Opéra du Quai au Foin opens as the first public theatre in the city.
• 1686 – 3 September: The Palace of Thurn and Taxis on the Sablon hosts a grand banquet to celebrate the Holy League's victory in the siege of Buda. Fireworks light up the Sablon, attracting a curious crowd.
• 1690 – 11–12 October: A fire breaks out in guildhall on the Grand-Place.

• 1695 – 13–15 August: The city is bombarded by the French, destroying a third of its buildings, including the Grand-Place.

• 1697–1698: Reconstruction of the Grand-Place is largely completed.
• 1698 – 1 May: Manneken Pis receives his first costume from the Governor of the Austrian Netherlands, Maximilian II Emanuel of Bavaria.^[52]
• 1700 – 17 October: The first Theatre of La Monnaie, then spelled La Monnoye, opens.

18th century

• 1701 – The Nassau Palace suffers extensive damage from a fire.
• 1703 – 3 February: The Chamber of Commerce and Industry is founded by Isidro de la Cueva y Benavides, much to the displeasure of the Drapery Court.^[53]
• 1705 – The is built.
• 1706 – The English–Dutch army enters the city.
• 1708 – 22–27 November: The city is attacked by the French, which it repels.
• 1711 – 30 September: The Royal Academy of Fine Arts is established.
• 1714
  • March 6: The Treaty of Rastatt is signed; the city becomes part of the Austrian Netherlands.
  • 25 July: The Belfry of Brussels collapses.
• 1717 – 14–18 April: Peter the Great visits the city.^[54]
• 1719 – 19 September: François Anneessens is executed at the Grand-Place.
• 1724 – March: The Senne floods: The lower city is 3 feet underwater.^[55]
• 1731 – 3–4 February: The Palace of Coudenberg is destroyed by fire.
• 1733 – 10 February: The city instructs gravediggers to bury corpses at least three feet deep to prevent dogs from uncovering them and causing infections.
• 1744 – Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine enters the city.

• 1746 – 29 January–22 February: The city is besieged and captured by the French.
• 1749 – January: The city is returned to Austria with the rest of the Austrian Netherlands following the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
• 1755 – Population: 57,370.
• 1767 – The first census of the inhabitants of the city occurs.
• 1769 – Vanparys Confiserie is established by Felix Vanparys.
• 1771–1778 – is first attested on the Ferraris map.
• 1772
  • The Opéra flamand is established.
  • Faro is first attested.
  • 16 December: The Imperial and Royal Academy is established.^[56]
• 1774 – The Rue Royale/Koningsstraat is laid out.
• 1775
  • Brussels Park is laid out.
  • The Place des Martyrs/Martelaarsplein, then called the French: Place Saint-Michel|italic=no/Dutch; Flemish: Sint-Michielsplein|italic=no, is laid out.
• 1778 – The Palace of the Nation begins construction.
• 1779 – The is built.
• 1781 – Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor visits the city.
• 1782
  • The Place Royale/Koningsplein is laid out.
  • 1 May: The brothers Alexandre and Herman Bultos receive permission to construct the Royal Park Theatre as an annex to the Theatre of La Monnaie.^[57]
• 1787 – The Vauxhall opens.
• 1783 – The Royal Palace of Brussels begins construction.
• 1784
  • The city's gates are demolished, except for the Halle Gate.
  • The Palace of Schonenberg is built.
• 1787 – 29 October: The Church of St. James on Coudenberg is consecrated.
• 1789 – The Brabant Revolution reaches the city and makes the Austrian authorities flee.

• 1790
  • 10 January: Albert Casimir and Maria Christina, the Governors of the Austrian Netherlands, flee the city to Vienna.^[58]
  • 11 January: The city becomes the capital of the United Belgian States.
  • 6 October: is lynched after insulting the Capuchin during a Marian procession.
  • 2 December: The Austrians take the city back and pledge to reverse the reforms of Joseph II.
• 1792 – 14 November: General Charles-François Dumouriez enters the city.
• 1795 – 1 October: The French rule begins; the city becomes the chef-lieu of the department of the Dyle.
• 1796
  • The Guilds of Brussels are suppressed.^[59]
  • La Cambre Abbey and Forest Abbey are abolished.
  • The Church of St. Gaugericus is demolished.
  • 17 June: The civil registry is introduced.
• 1797 – 17 December: Brussels Park is officially opened as a public park.
• 1798 – 27 May: The city renames streets with religious or monarchist connotations to more republican names, as required by the French administration.
• 1800
  • Population: 66,297.
  • 10 January: The literary society is established.
  • 15 August: The is established, marking the formation of Belgium's first professional firefighting unit.

19th century

• 1801 – 8 July: The Brussels Stock Exchange is founded by decree of First Consul Napoleon.
• 1803
  • The Museum of Fine Arts opens.^[60]
  • Napoleon visits the city.
• 1805 – D'Ieteren is established by the master coachbuilder Joseph-Jean D'Ieteren.
• 1806 – 25 March: The, an academy of the Imperial University of France, is established.
• 1810
  • Emperor Napoleon officially visits the city.
  • 19 May: An ordinance is issued to build the Small Ring.
  • 14 December: The is established by imperial decree.
• 1811 – 4 November: The first Brussels Salon is held.
• 1813 – The Royal Conservatory of Brussels is founded.

• 1815
  • 15 June: The Duchess of Richmond's ball takes place.
  • 24 August: The city becomes the joint capital of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
• 1817: 19 February: William III of the Netherlands is born in the Palace of the Nation.
• 1819
  • The city is claims Jean-Baptiste Van Mons' experimental orchard, once the city's largest, to subdivide it.^[61]
  • 25 May: The new Theatre of La Monnaie is inaugurated.
  • The city is illuminated by gas.
• 1821
  • De Wijngaard is integrated into .^[62]
  • The liberal newspaper starts publication succeeding Vrai Libéral.
• 1822 – The Société générale de Belgique is headquartered in the city.
• 1823 – The Société des douze is established as a continuation of the Société de littérature de Bruxelles.
• 1826
  • 8 June: The Royal Observatory of Belgium is founded by King William I of the Netherlands under the impulse of Adolphe Quetelet.
• 1829
  • The Delvaux leather luxury goods brand is established by Charles Delvaux.
  • biscuiterie is established on the French: Rue au Beurre|italic=no/Dutch; Flemish: Boterstraat|italic=no by Jean-Baptiste Dandoy.
  • 1 September: The Botanical Garden of Brussels opens.

• 1830
  • Population: 98,279 city; 120,981 metro.^[63]
  • The is founded by Philippe Vandermaelen.
  • The Royal Theatre Toone is founded.
  • 25 August: The Belgian Revolution starts in the city.^[64]
  • 22 October: Nicolas-Jean Rouppe is appointed the first Mayor of Brussels in an independent Belgium by royal decree.
• 1831
  • 7 February: The Constitution of Belgium is ratified; the city becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Belgium.
  • 25 February: Érasme-Louis Surlet de Chokier takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.
  • 21 July: King Leopold I takes the constitutional oath at the Place Royale/Koningsplein.
• 1832
  • A cholera epidemic kills over 3,000.
  • 22 September: The Brussels–Charleroi Canal opens.^[65]
• 1833 – 23 February: The Grand Orient of Belgium secedes from the Grand Orient of the Netherlands.
• 1834
  • 7 February: The Royal Military Academy is founded.
  • 5–6 April: The city's nobility by pro-Belgian protesters on the Orangist nobility.
  • 20 November: The Free University of Brussels is founded.

• 1835 – 5 May: The first passenger train on a public railway in continental Europe departs from the Allée Verte/Groendreef railway station.
• 1936 – 22 February: The is installed in the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula.
• 1837
  • The Bollandist Society is reestablished under the patronage of the Belgian Government.
  • 19 June: The Royal Library of Belgium is founded.^[66]
• 1838 – 13 September: Guillaume-Hippolyte van Volxem is appointed mayor by royal decree.
• 1841 – 14 April: François-Jean Wyns de Raucour is appointed mayor by royal decree.
• 1842
  • Charlotte and Emily Brontë enroll at the boarding school run by Constantin Héger, located at what is now the Centre for Fine Arts.
  • 8 February: The Cercle du Parc private club is established when a group of Belgicist noblemen left the Orangist Cercle de l'Union.^[67]
• 1844 – The Belgian-Bavarian friturist, also known as Monsieur Fritz, opens Fritz à l'instar Paris, the first friterie in the city.^[68]
• 1845
  • Saint Mary's Royal Church begins construction.
  • The first telegraph line links the city with Antwerp.
• 1846
  • Population: 123,874 city.
  • 31 March: The Museum of Natural Sciences is founded.
  • 24 September: The is founded by Antoine Schayes.
• 1847
  • The Avenue Louise/Louizalaan is commissioned.
  • May: Systematic construction of sidewalks begins.
  • 20 June: The Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries open alongside the Théâtre royal des Galeries.
  • August: The German Workers' Society is founded in the city by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
• 1848
  • September: The second International Peace Congress is held in the city.
  • 5 October: Charles de Brouckère becomes mayor.
  • 23 November: The artist collective is established with Adolphe Quetelet as its first president.

• 1850
  • Population: 142,289 city; 222,424 metro.
  • 5 May: The National Bank of Belgium is established by Minister Walthère Frère-Orban, replacing the Société générale de Belgique as fiscal agent of the Belgian Government.
• 1851 – 6 October: The École moyenne A is founded within the Free University of Brussels.^[69]
• 1852 – The Tooneel der Volksbeschouwing is established as a permanent Flemish theatre company in the city.
• 1853 – 7 April: The European Quarter is annexed from Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, Etterbeek and Schaerbeek by the City of Brussels.

• 1855
  • Brussels-Luxembourg railway station is built.
  • The last public execution is held at the Halle Gate.
  • 21 January: A fire at the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie results in the deaths of three firefighters, leaving only the exterior walls and portico standing.
• 1856
  • 28 March: The reconstructed Royal Theatre of La Monnaie opens.
  • 11 June: The Société royale belge des aquarellistes is founded under the chairmanship of Jean-Baptiste Madou.
• 1857
  • The Ancienne Belgique opens.
  • Saint-Louis University moves to the city from Mechelen.
  • The first municipal water service is established.
• 1859 – The Congress Column is erected.
• 1860
  • Population: 185,982 city; 300,341 metro.
  • Duties and tolls on goods entering the city are abolished.
  • 21 April: André-Napoléon Fontainas becomes mayor.
• 1861 – The Bois de la Cambre/Ter Kamerenbos is laid out.
• 1862 – 28 November: The Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary is established in Scheut by Théophile Verbist.
• 1863 – 15 December: Jules Anspach is appointed mayor by royal decree.
• 1864
  • The Avenue Louise and Bois de la Cambre are annexed from Ixelles by the City of Brussels.
  • The first is build.
  • 26 September: Nadar launches the hot air balloon Le Géant from the Botanical Garden. To ensure the crowd's safety, Jules Anspach erects mobile barriers, thereby inventing crowd control barriers.
  • 3 October: The Isabelle Gatti de Gamond Royal Atheneum is established as the first non-denominational educational institution for girls in Belgium.
• 1865 – 17 December: King Leopold II takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.
• 1866 – Population: 157,905 city.

• 1867
  • The covering of the Senne begins.
  • The Legend of Thyl Ulenspiegel and Lamme Goedzak is published by Charles De Coster.
  • The is established as a continuation of the Grand Serment des Arbalétriers de Bruxelles and Serment de Saint-Georges schutterijen.
  • Witlof is sold for the first time in a market, likely the New Market at the steps of the Congress Column, after being created by .
• 1868
  • The Antoine Wiertz Museum opens.
  • 1 March: The Société Libre des Beaux-Arts is established.
• 1869 – 1 May: Trams begin operating in the city.
• 1871
  • The covering of the Senne is completed; the Central Boulevards are laid out.
  • The Bank of Brussels is established.^[70]
  • The Halle Gate is renovated in the neo-Gothic style.
  • 27–28 May: A protest erupts at Victor Hugo's house in after he writes an open letter denouncing the Belgian government for fearing the arrival of Paris Communards. A week later, he is expelled from the country.^[71]
• 1872 – The Church of Our Lady of Laeken is consecrated.
• 1873
  • The new building for the Brussels Stock Exchange is completed.
  • The daily Old Market on the Place du Jeu de Balle/Vossenplein is established.
  • The Concert Noble opens in the Leopold Quarter.
  • 10 July: In a drunken rage, Paul Verlaine shoots Arthur Rimbaud, wounding him in the left wrist with a revolver he had purchased earlier that day.^[72]
• 1874
  • The Royal Greenhouses of Laeken begin construction.
  • Brussels Cemetery is laid out.
  • The are established by the ébéniste Félix Mommen, becoming the oldest art commune in the city.
  • 2 May: The first Conference of Mayors is held.^[73]
  • 23 December: is formed.
• 1875 – The opens on the Place de la Monnaie/Muntplein.
• 1876 – The children's charity is founded by Jean Bosquet and friends.^[74]
• 1877
  • The Anderlecht Municipal Hall is built.^[75]
  • Ixelles Cemetery is created.
  • 6 May: The Musical Instruments Museum opens.
• 1878
  • 12 January: The Cirque Royal/Koninklijk Circus opens.
  • 20 September: The Great Synagogue of Brussels is consecrated.
• 1879 – 20 May: Felix Vanderstraeten is appointed mayor by royal decree.

• 1880
  • A National Exhibition is held to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Belgian independence; the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark is laid out.
  • The White slave trade affair scandal is exposed and attracts international attention.
  • The Midi Fair begins.
• 1881
  • L'Echo newspaper begins its publication.
  • 17 December: Charles Buls is appointed mayor by royal decree.
• 1882 – 7 January: The accountant is killed by on behalf of his brother Armand Peltzer at 159, rue de la Loi/Wetstraat.
• 1883
  • 15 October: The Palace of Justice of Brussels is inaugurated.
  • 28 October: Les XX artistic society is founded by Octave Maus.
  • 1884 – 3 September: 80,000 Catholics gather in support of the Law Jacobs. Local residents disperse them by dumping sacks of laundry bluing.
• 1885
  • Population: 171,751 city.
  • The opens as the Brasserie flamande.^[76]
  • 15 June: Saint-Gilles Prison opens.
• 1886
  • The city is linked by telephone to Paris.
  • café is established on the French: Rue de la Bourse|italic=no/Dutch; Flemish: Beursstraat|italic=no by Francesco Cirio.
• 1887
  • Le Soir newspaper begins its publication.^[77]
  • The Palace for Fine Arts is built.
  • The Brussels City Museum opens in the King's House.
  • The Schaerbeek Municipal Hall is built.^[78]
  • 16 June: The is established.
  • 1 October: The Brussels Arsenal reopens as the Royal Flemish Theatre.
• 1888
  • Het Laatste Nieuws newspaper begins its publication.
  • 24 November: The first Saint Verhaegen/Sint-Verhaegen takes place as a student protest against a reorganisation of the Free University.
• 1889
  • The Molenbeek-Saint-Jean Municipal Hall is built.^[79]
  • 18 November: The Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference begins.
• 1890
  • The enter service as a central abattoir for the whole city.
  • The Square du Petit Sablon/Kleine Zavelsquare is laid out.
• 1891
  • August: The International Socialist Labor Congress is held in the city.
  • 12 December: The (CIE) is established.
• 1892
  • restaurant is established.
  • 27 November: The Belgian League for the Rights of Women is established by Marie Popelin and her lawyer Louis Frank.

• 1893
  • The Paris–Brussels cycle race begins.^[80]
  • The Hôtel Tassel is built.
  • The Hankar House is built.
  • The Autrique House is built.
  • is established, laying the basis for the French restaurant chain Léon de Bruxelles.
  • 11–18 April: The Belgian general strike of 1893 is called after politicians of Catholic and Liberal parties joined to block a proposal to expand the suffrage.^[81]
  • 29 October: La Libre Esthétique artistic society is founded by Octave Maus as a successor of Les XX.
• 1894
  • The Société Belge d'Études Coloniales is headquartered in the city.
  • 4 February: The first is held.^[82]
  • 25 October: The New University of Brussels is established after Élisée Reclus was barred from teaching for political reasons, prompting liberal and socialist faculty members from the Free University to plan an independent institution.
• 1895 – The Hotel Métropole opens at the Place de Brouckère/De Brouckèreplein.
• 1896
  • The King's House is rebuilt in the neo-Gothic style.
  • The Villa Bloemenwerf is built.
  • 1 March: The first public showing of moving pictures takes place in the Royal Saint-Hubert Galleries.

• 1897
  • The Avenue de Tervueren/Tervurenlaan is laid out.
  • The Oriental Pavilion is built.
  • 10 May–8 November: The Brussels International world's fair is held.
  • 1 November: Royale Union Saint-Gilloise is founded.
  • 16 December: Emile De Mot is appointed mayor by royal decree.
• 1898 – The Saint Roch Quarter is demolished.
• 1899
  • 2 April: The Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis is opened by the Belgian Labour Party.^[83]
  • 28–29 June: The erupt, after a Catholic proposal to rewrite the electoral law in their favour leads to tumultuous parliamentary debates.
  • 1 October: The Pavilion of Human Passions is inaugurated.
• 1900
  • Population: 183,686 city.
  • The Cantillon brewery is founded.
  • New Saint John Clinic is built.
  • 4 April: Edward, Prince of Wales, is shot at by Jean-Baptiste Sipido at Brussels-North railway station.

20th century

1901–1913 – La Belle Époque

• 1901 – The Maison & Atelier Horta is built.
• 1902
  • À la Mort Subite café is built.
  • The Sino-Belgian Bank is established at the request of King Leopold II.
  • 12 April: in the Marolles/Marollen during the Belgian general strike of 1902.
  • 15 November: An of King Leopold II by Gennaro Rubino takes place.
• 1903 – café is built.
• 1904
  • The Saint-Gilles Municipal Hall is built.^[84]
  • 26 June: Josaphat Park opens.

• 1905
  • The Cauchie House is built.
  • Busses begin operating in the city.
  • 21 September: St. Michael's College opens in Etterbeek.
  • 25 September: The Cinquantenaire Arcade is completed.
• 1906
  • 13 January: Besix is founded by the Stulemeijer family.
  • 7 February: The dismembered body of Jeanne Van Calck is found at 22, French: rue des Hirondelles|italic=no/Dutch; Flemish: Zwaluwenstraat|italic=no.
  • 24 February: Chilean diplomat Ernesto Balmaceda Bello is shot and killed by Carlos Waddington, the brother of his fiancé Adelaida Waddington.
  • 2 May: The is established.
• 1908
  • The Chapel of the Resurrection is built.
  • 27 May: R.S.C. Anderlecht is founded.
• 1909
  • 6 December: Adolphe Max is appointed mayor by royal decree.
  • 23 December: King Albert I takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.
• 1910
  • The Hôtel Astoria opens.
  • 10 March: Le Mariage de mademoiselle Beulemans is first preformed at the Théâtre de l'Olympia.
  • 23 April–1 November: The Brussels International world's fair is held.

• 1911
  • The Stoclet Palace is built.
  • The North–South connection begins construction.
  • 16–17 April: The Schaerbeek Municipal Hall is partially destroyed by a suspected arson fire.
  • 30 October–3 November: The first Solvay Conference is held.
  • 23 December: The Cercle de la Toison d'Or private club is founded.
• 1913
  • The Belle-Vue Brewery is established.
  • 14–24 April: The Belgian general strike of 1913 takes place.

1914–1918 – First World War

• 1914
  • 1 May: Tram line 81 begins service.
  • 11 May–4 June: The is held.
  • 21 August: World War I: The city is captured and occupied by the German Army.
  • 26 August: The city becomes the seat of the Imperial German General Government of Belgium.
  • The Imperial German Air Service establishes Flugplatz Brüssel military airfield in Haren.
• 1915
  • 7 June: A Zeppelin hangar on Flugplatz Brüssel is partially destroyed during an attack on airship LZ38.
  • 12 October: Edith Cavell is executed by firing squad at the Tir National/Nationale Schietbaan.
• 1917 – The Constant Vanden Stock Stadium opens.
• 1916 – 1 April: Gabrielle Petit is executed by firing squad at the Tir National.
• 1918
  • 10 November: The Brussels Soldiers' Council is established by German troops in German-occupied Belgium.
  • 22 November: King Albert I returns to the city.

1919–1939 – Interwar period

• 1919
  • Population: 685,268 metro.^[85]
  • The Lignes Farman airline begins operating its Paris–Brussels route.^[86]
  • The New University is reintegrated into the Free University.
• 1920
  • The Oscar Bossaert Stadium opens.
  • The Mundaneum opens.
  • 15–26 August: The fencing events of the Games of the VII Olympiad are held at Egmont Palace.^[87]
  • 20 August: Belga news agency is established by Pierre-Marie Olivier and Maurice Travailleur in Schaerbeek.
  • 28 August–5 September: Some of the football events of the Games of the VII Olympiad are held in the Joseph Marien Stadium.^[88]
• 1921 – 30 March: Haren, Laeken and Neder-Over-Heembeek are annexed by the City of Brussels.
• 1922
  • The is established.^[89]
  • 12 November: Tour & Taxis officially opens. ^[90]
• 1923
  • The Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Military History opens.
  • opens.
  • 1 January: The is established.
  • 2 January: Tram line 23 begins service.
  • 23 May: The (Sabena) is established.
• 1925 – St Andrew's Church is consecrated.
• 1926
  • The École nationale supérieure des arts visuels de La Cambre (ENSAV) is established.
  • The Comme chez Soi restaurant is established.
• 1927 – 24–29 October: The fifth Solvay Conference, perhaps the most famous, is held.
• 1928
  • The Charlier Museum opens.
  • The Villa van Buuren is built.^[91]
• 1929
  • 4 January: Tintin first appears in Le Petit Vingtième newspaper.
  • 19 October: The Centre for Fine Arts opens.
• 1930
  • Population: 200,433 city.
  • The Hotel Le Plaza opens.
  • 18 June: The (NIR) is established.
  • 23 August: The Jubilee Stadium opens.
• 1931 – The Brussels Symphony Orchestra is founded.
• 1932 – 7 October: The Luna-Theater opens on the site of a former luna park.^[92]
• 1933 – 6 April: The Synagogue of Anderlecht is consecrated.
• 1934
  • The Villa Empain is built.
  • The Citroën Garage is built.
  • 22 February: The funeral of King Albert I takes place.
  • 23 February: King Leopold III takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.

• 1935
  • The Brussels International world's fair is held; the Palais des Expositions is built.
  • The Basilica of the Sacred Heart is consecrated.
• 1937 – The Queen Elisabeth Competition begins.
• 1938
  • The Royal Belgian Film Archive is established.
  • The Forest Municipal Hall is built.^[93]
  • The Flagey Building is built.
  • Scabal is established as a cloth merchant and supplier of fabrics by Otto Hertz.
  • 28 February: Bossemans et Coppenolle is first preformed at the .
• 1939
  • The Constantin Meunier Museum opens.
  • 28 November: Joseph Van De Meulebroeck is appointed mayor by royal decree.

1940–1945 – Second World War

• 1940
  • 17 May: World War II: The German occupation begins; the flees the city to Bordeaux.^[94]
  • 31 May: The German Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France is headquartered in the city.^[95]
  • 1 July: The intelligence network in formed by employees of the Bank of Brussels.
  • 20 July: The Frontstalag 110 prisoner-of-war camp is established by the Germans.^{[96] [97]}
  • 31 July: The and radio stations are established by the Military Administration.
  • 15 August: La Libre Belgique clandestine newspaper begins its publication.
  • 17 December: The Belgian National Movement is established.
• 1941
  • 1 February: and clandestine newspapers begin their publication by the Communist Party of Belgium.
  • 13 March: The Frontstalag 110 POW camp is dissolved.
  • 29 May: The 'Hunger march for the release of prisoners of war', 3,000 women rally behind slogans and march through the city.
  • June: A passenger train derails in Uccle after a failed sabotage attempt by the Belgian National Movement of a tank transport from Charleroi on .^[98]
  • 30 June: Joseph Van De Meulebroeck is arrested and deported; is designated deputy mayor.
  • 18 August: The Comet Line starts operating.^[99]
  • 10 October: Bombing of the Rex headquarters on the ; Jean-Joseph Oedekerken is killed.
  • 25 November: The Free University of Brussels closes.^[100]
• 1942
  • January: Groupe G is formed by a group of former students of the Free University.
  • 10 March: Violence erupts in the city during a parade of the Walloon Legion before leaving for the Eastern Front, marked by bombings and attacks from communist militants against collaborators and military targets.^[101]
  • 3 September: A razzia occurs in the Marolles, 718 are arrested and transported to Dossin.^[102]
  • 24 September: is formed by merging 18 municipalities into the City of Brussels; Jan Grauls is appointed mayor.
• 1943
  • 20 January: An attack on the Gestapo headquarters by Baron Jean de Selys Longchamps takes place.
  • 14 April: Paul Colin is assassinated by Arnaud Fraiteur.^[103]
  • 27 April: A failed assassination attempt on Icek Glogowski, occurs at his residence on when a pistol jams, after which he is transported daily by the Gestapo.
  • 7 September: The by the Allies, killing 342.

• 1944
  • 28 February: Alexandre Galopin is assassinated by Flemish collaborators from DeVlag.
  • 1 August: Attacks in the city against the Germans and collaborators take place; they retaliate and execute 30 people.
  • 23 August: 15 people are executed by the Germans.
  • 3–4 September: The city is liberated by the Welsh Guards; the Palace of Justice is burnt by the Germans to destroy legal records during their retreat.
  • 8 September: The Belgian Government in exile returns to the city after four years in London.
  • 20 September: Prince Charles, Count of Flanders takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation, and becomes regent.^[104]
  • 20 November: The Free University reopens.
  • 15 December: The District of Brussels, formed by Nazi Germany, is no longer in control of the territory.
• 1945 – 10 June: A mock funeral procession for Adolf Hitler is held in the Marolles, during which funds were raised to support the victims of Auschwitz.^{[105] [106]}

1946–1979 – Post-war era

• 1946 – 26 September: Tintin comics magazine starts publication by Le Lombard.
• 1947 – 24 November: A fire erupts at the Ministry of Education building, killing 17 and injuring 40.^[107]
• 1948
  • The Treaty of Brussels, founding the Western Union (WU), is signed.
  • Brussels Airport opens in Zaventem.
• 1950
  • 1 August: King Leopold III asks the Government and Parliament to vote on a law delegating his powers to Prince Baudouin, Duke of Brabant.^[108]
  • 11 August: Prince Baudouin takes the constitutional oath and for the first time and becomes the Prince Royal.
• 1951
  • 13 March: The is integrated into the Cercle royal Gaulois to become the Cercle royal Gaulois artistique et littéraire.
  • 17 July: King Baudouin takes the constitutional oath for the second time at the Palace of the Nation, and becomes the King of the Belgians.^[109]
• 1952 – The North–South connection is completed; Brussels-Central railway station and Brussels-South railway station open.
• 1953
  • 17 June: Transports Intercommunaux de Bruxelles is formed, replacing as the city's main public transport operator.
  • 1 August: The commences operations under Sabena.
  • 15–19 August: The 7th Summer Deaflympics are held in the city.
• 1955 – 25 May: The Royal Flemish Theatre suffers extensive damage from a fire.^[110]
• 1956
  • The Atomium starts construction.
  • 14 February: Lucien Cooremans is appointed mayor by royal decree.
• 1957 – Delhaize inaugurates the first supermarket on the European continent at the Place Eugène Flagey/Eugène Flageyplein.^[111]

• 1958
  • The city becomes one of the seats of the European Community.
  • The Pro-Cathedral of the Holy Trinity is consecrated.
  • 17 April–19 October: Expo 58 world's fair is held.
  • September – The European School, Brussels I (ESB1) opens.
• 1959 – The begins construction.
• 1960
  • The city hosts the Congolese Round Table Conference.
  • Ballet of the 20th Century contemporary dance company is established.
  • 1 November: The city becomes the seat of the .^[112]
  • 15 December: The wedding of King Baudouin and Fabiola de Mora y Aragón takes place.
• 1961
  • The Serment royal des Saints-Michel-et-Gudule ou des Escrimeurs de Bruxelles is reestablished as by Charles Debeur.
  • 15 February: Sabena Flight 548 crashes on approach to Brussels Airport, killing all 72 people on board and one person on the ground.
  • 27 February: The Royal Association of the Descendants of the Lineages of Brussels is established.
  • 21 December: The is founded.
• 1962
  • The (RITCS) is established.
  • The is established.
  • 17 September: The Statistics Belgium building, killing 17 and injuring 19.^[113]
• 1963 – 2 August: The city becomes part of the bilingual Brussels-Capital administrative area.^[114]
• 1965
  • The Maison du Peuple/Volkshuis is demolished and is replaced with the .
  • 24 February: A fire erupts at the Gai Séjour nursing home, killing 15 and injuring 10.^[115]
• 1966 – 1 November: The Brussels Heliport ceases operations.
• 1967
  • The South Tower is built.
  • 17 February: The, is approved by Prime Minister Paul Vanden Boeynants, paving the way for the construction of the Northern Quarter.
  • 1 May: The European Commission starts moving into the Berlaymont.
  • 22 May: The À L'Innovation department store is destroyed by fire.
  • 16 October: NATO's headquarters are established in the city.
  • 13 December: The Study and Documentation Centre for War and Contemporary Society (Cegesoma) is established.
• 1968
  • 9 January: Tram line 19 begins service.
  • 19 April: Tram line 44 begins service.
  • 16 April: Tram line 39 begins service.
  • May: Student demonstrations take place at the Free University.
  • 6 July: Tram line 55 begins service.
  • September: Jan-van-Ruusbroeckollege opens in Laeken.^[116]
• 1969
  • The Brussels Hilton opens.
  • 8 September: The El Al airline offices are bombed.
  • 1 October: The Free University splits along linguistic lines into the Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB) and Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB).
• 1970
  • 12 September: is attacked by members of the Order of Flemish Militants while pasting election posters in Laeken and later dies of a heart attack.
  • 8 October: Forest National/Vorst Nationaal opens.
• 1971
  • The Flower carpet begins at the Grand-Place.
  • 7 May: The Bulletin initiates a petition calling for a car-free Grand-Place, signed by many locals, including Jacques Brel, followed by a picnic protest, blocking car access to the square. Months later, the mayor yields.^[117]
  • 26 July: The is created.^[118]
  • 1 September: Mayor of Schaerbeek in the Town Hall, violating the requiring bilingual municipal officials.
  • 25 November: The first and only elections of the are held.
• 1972 – becomes the first restaurant outside France to earn a Michelin star.
• 1974
  • The first Brussels Independent Film Festival is held.
  • January: The first Brussels International Film Festival is held.
• 1975
  • The Université catholique de Louvain's is established.
  • Trademart Brussels is established.
  • March: Bruneau restaurant is opened by the chef Jean-Pierre Bruneau.
  • 1 January: The merges with four surrounding brigades as part of a restructuring effort following the À L'Innovation department store fire.
  • 14 May: Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du Commerce, 1080 Bruxelles is released by Chantal Akerman during the 28th Cannes Film Festival.
  • 26 April: The first takes place to prepare for the creation of the Brussels-Capital Region.^[119]
  • 30 July: Bank Brussels Lambert is established.
  • 30 August: Pierre Van Halteren is elected mayor.

• 1976
  • 20 September: The Brussels Metro begins operating.
  • 28 September: The Brussels Planetarium opens.
• 1977
  • The first Memorial Van Damme is organised by a group of journalists in honour of Ivo Van Damme in the Heysel Stadium.
  • 21 May: A fire erupts at the Hôtel des Ducs de Brabant, killing 19.^[120]
• 1978
  • The Brussels Ring is constructed.
  • The RTBF Symphony Orchestra is formed.^[121]
  • The Oriental Pavilion is transformed into the Great Mosque of Brussels.
• 1979
  • The Archives of the City of Brussels moves into the former .^[122]
  • The city celebrates the 1,000th anniversary of its founding.
  • restaurant is established by the Flemish radio and television presenter .
  • 28 August: The Brussels bombing occurs, injuring 18.

1980–2000

• 1980
  • Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 1,008,715.^[123]
  • The Flemish Community and the French Community of Belgium each designate Brussels as their capital city.
  • 4 December: A French-Algerian man is killed by members of the Front de la Jeunesse, sparking a massive anti-racist demonstration; Justice Minister Philippe Moureaux introduces a law against racism in Parliament, which is adopted a few months later.^[124]
• 1981
  • 21 March: is laid out.
  • 1 April: Studio Brussel is established as a regional radio station of the BRT.
  • 1 July: Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) representative Naïm Khader is assassinated in the early hours in front of his home in Ixelles.
  • 18 July: Lawyer and diplomat Fernand Spaak is shot dead in his flat with a hunting rifle by his estranged wife, Anna-Maria Farina.
  • 4 December: The Wittockiana is founded by Michel Wittock.
  • 31 December: A burglary by the Brabant Killers at the Gendarmerie barracks in Etterbeek stealing weapons, ammunition, and a car, some of which were allegedly found later in Madani Bouhouche's garage.
• 1982 – The Brussels Urban Transport Museum is established.
• 1983
  • First Brussels International Festival of Fantastic Film (BIFF) is held.
  • 9 January: Robbery and murder of Greek-born taxi driver Constantin Angelou by the Brabant Killers. The car and body are later found in Mons.^{[125] [126]}
  • 28 January: Raymond Dewee's Peugeot 504, along with his ID and driving licence, are stolen at gunpoint in Watermael-Boitsfort. Two weeks later, the car is used in an armed robbery at a Genval Delhaize, linked to the Brabant Killers.^[127]
  • 25 February: The Brabant Killers carry out an armed robbery at a Delhaize in, stealing less than 600,000 BEF with no fatalities.^[128]
  • 4 March: Hervé Brouhon is elected mayor.
  • 17 May: La Fonderie, Brussels Museum of Industry and Labour, is established.
  • 14 July: Turkish administrative attaché Dursun Aksoy is assassinated near his home on Avenue Franklin Roosevelt/Franklin Rooseveltlaan.
  • 23 October: The occurs, with over 400,000 participants, protesting the NATO plan to place nuclear weapons at Kleine-Brogel and Florennes under the Double-Track Decision.
• 1984
  • 13 February: The body of is discovered in an abandoned mushroom farm in Auderghem.
  • 7 September: The Bar Association of Brussels is split into French-speaking and Dutch-speaking orders.^[129]
  • 2–8 October: The Cellules Communistes Combattantes (CCC) carry out three attacks against companies cooperating with NATO, resulting in minimal damage.^[130]
  • 15 October: Attack on the liberal Paul Hymans Institute in Ixelles by the CCC.
• 1985
  • 15 January: The CCC attacks a NATO/SHAPE support group in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert.
  • 1 May: The CCC attacks the Federation of Belgian Enterprises offices on the, killing two firefighters and injuring 13 others.
  • 6 May: The CCC carries out an attack against a Gendarmerie building, blaming them for the death of the two firefighters on 1 May.
  • 16 May: Pope John Paul II visits the city.^[131]
  • 29 May: The Heysel Stadium disaster takes place.
  • 8 October: The CCC attacks the headquarters of electricity producer Intercom.
  • 4 November: The CCC attacks the bank BBL in Etterbeek.
  • 21 November: During Ronald Reagan's visit to NATO headquarters in Evere, a bomb explodes in an office building targeting Motorola for its cooperation with the military.
  • 14 December: The French-language television station is established.
• 1986
  • 29 September: Autoworld opens.
  • 8 December: The Flemish private club De Warande is founded and establishes itself in the .
• 1987
  • Jeanneke Pis statue is erected as counterpoint to Manneken Pis.
  • 9 May: The 32nd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest is held at Brussels Expo.
• 1988
  • 2 October: Metro line 2 begins service.
  • November: Kinepolis Brussels opens.
• 1989
  • 9 March: The Jewish Museum of Belgium opens.
  • 29 March: Saudi Arabian Imam Abdullah al-Ahdal is fatally shot at the Great Mosque of Brussels by members of the Lebanese Soldiers of the Right.
  • 12 June: Mini-Europe opens.
  • 18 June: The Brussels-Capital Region is formed; the Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region is established.^[132]
  • 12 July: Charles Picqué becomes the first Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region.
  • 14 July: The Flemish, French and Common Community Commissions are established.^[133]
  • 6 October: The Belgian Comic Strip Center opens.
• 1990
  • Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 964,385.
  • The first Couleur Café is held.
  • 25 February: Kosovar human rights activist Enver Hadri is assassinated by three Yugoslavs working for the State Security Administration.
  • 22 March: Canadian engineer Gerald Bull is assassinated by Mossad outside his apartment in Uccle.
  • 26 October: The first Le Pain Quotidien bakery is established on the by Alain Coumont.
  • 23 December: The Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company is formed by the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region, replacing Transports Intercommunaux de Bruxelles.
• 1991
  • The first comic strip murals is created on the French: Rue du Marché au Charbon|italic=no/Dutch; Flemish: Kolenmarkt|italic=no.
  • 5 March: The Brussels-Capital Region adopts its first flag.
  • 10–12 May: in Forest in response to police violence, leading to the arrest of 273 people.
  • 12 December: The is established after uncertainty regarding youth theatre within the Beursschouwburg.
• 1992
  • 27 March: in Cureghem/Kuregem.
  • 5 August: is killed on her way to the supermarket by .
• 1993
  • The Espace Léopold opens.
  • The first Brussels International Festival of Eroticism is held.
  • 20 January: The kidnapping of Ulrika Bidegård takes place.
  • 20 July: Michel Demaret is appointed mayor by the City Council.
  • 7 August: The funeral of King Baudouin takes place.
  • 9 August: King Albert II takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.
  • 15 September: The Dutch-language television station TV Brussel is launched from the Royal Flemish Theatre.^[134] ; Beliris is established as a joint venture between the Belgian Federal Government and the Brussels-Capital Region.
  • 7 October: An ordinance is adopted to establish a framework for enhancing vulnerable neighbourhoods, later referred to as "".
  • 4 December: Tram line 82 begins service.
• 1994
  • The City of Brussels is designated capital of Belgium and seat of the Federal Government.^[135]
  • 1 April: The first Kunstenfestivaldesarts is held.
  • 28 April: Freddy Thielemans is elected mayor for the first time.^[136]
  • 16 April: The Fuse nightclub opens.
  • May: The Kunstenfestivaldesarts (KFDA) begins.
  • 30 June: The Performing Arts Research and Training Studios (P.A.R.T.S.) contemporary dance school is established by Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker and Bernard Foccroulle.^[137]
  • 14 November: The international terminal of Brussels-South railway station opens.
• 1995
  • The Erasmus Brussels University of Applied Sciences and Arts (EhB) is established.
  • 1 January: The Province of Brabant is split into Flemish Brabant and Walloon Brabant; The Governor of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital is established.
  • 5 April: erupt in Molenbeek; several gendarmes and a TV Brussel cameraman are injured.
  • 5 May: is established.
  • 21 May: François-Xavier de Donnea is appointed mayor by the City Council.
• 1996
  • The South Tower is renovated.
  • 20 October: The White March takes place as a protest against the mishandling of the Dutroux affair.^[138]
• 1997 – 7 November: in Cureghem after police shot and killed Saïd Charki in his car.
• 1998
  • The Musical Instruments Museum (MIM) relocates to the Hôtel de Spangen and the former Old England department store.
  • The first Brussels Short Film Festival is held.
  • 5 March: The Cercle de Lorraine business club is founded at the .
  • 26 December: A fire breaks out in the Royal Park Theatre.
  • 17 November: erupt, as around 300 Turkish youths targeted the Kurdish community of Saint-Josse-ten-Noode, setting fires at three associations and attacking several families.
  • 2 December The Grand-Place is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.^[139]
• 1999
  • Het Zinneke statue is erected by analogy with Manneken and Jeanneke Pis.
  • 5 June: The René Magritte Museum opens.
  • 15 July: Jacques Simonet becomes Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region.
  • 8 September: The Clockarium is established.
  • 4 December: The wedding of Prince Philippe and Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz takes place.
• 2000
  • The city is named European Capital of Culture alongside eight other European cities.^[140]
  • The Hôtel Tassel, Hôtel Solvay, Hôtel van Eetvelde and Maison & Atelier Horta are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
  • 27 May: The first Zinneke Parade is held.
  • 28 July: The city is divided into five police zones.^{[141] [142] [143] [144] [145]}
  • 18 October: François-Xavier de Donnea becomes Minister-President.

21st century

• 2001
  • Tour & Taxis begins redevelopment.
  • 16 January: Freddy Thielemans is elected mayor for the second time.
  • 28 April: is formed as the sixth police zone in the city.^[146]
  • 13 July: The is signed, increasing the representation of Dutch speakers in Parliament.
  • 25 October: Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant is born at Erasmus Hospital.
• 2002
  • 7 May: Ahmed Isnasni and Habiba El-Hajji are shot and killed by their neighbour, Hendrik Vyt, at their residence in Schaerbeek. Vyt also wounds two of their sons before committing self-immolation.^{[147] [148]}
  • 10 December: The in integrated into CINEMATEK.
• 2003
  • 13 March: The Iris Festival is created by ordinance.^[149]
  • 6 June: Daniel Ducarme becomes Minister-President.
  • 26 June: Brasserie de la Senne is established.
  • 20 September: The Wittockiana opens to the public.
• 2004
  • The North Galaxy Towers are built.
  • 18 February: Jacques Simonet becomes Minister-President for the second time.
  • 14–17 April: The BRussells Tribunal is held as part of the World Tribunal on Iraq.
• 2005
  • The first Be Film Festival is held.
  • 19 July: The BELvue Museum opens in the Hôtel Belle-Vue; Charles Picqué becomes Minister-President for the second time.
• 2006
  • The Atomium is renovated.^[150]
  • 6 March: Tram line 24 begins service.
  • 12 April: Joe Van Holsbeeck is fatally stabbed at Brussels-Central railway station in an attempted robbery of his MP3 player.
  • 29 August: Benjamin Rawitz-Castel is murdered during a robbery by Junior Kabunda.
  • 17 September: The Cyclocity bicycle-sharing system is launched in the Pentagon.^[151]
  • 23–29 September: Riots break out in the Marolles after Fayçal Chaaban is found dead in his cell.
• 2007
  • The Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel (HUB) is established.^[152]
  • 25 March: Brussels Airlines is formed.
  • 25 May: The WIELS contemporary art centre opens in the former Wielemans-Ceuppens brewery.
  • 2 July: Tram line 4 begins service.
  • 28 September: The Manga murder occurs.
• 2008
  • Denis-Adrien Debouvrie, a wealthy local restaurant owner and creator of Jeanneke Pis, is stabbed and killed by the Tunisian restaurant owner Tarek Ladhari.^[153]
  • The first Brussels Gallery Weekend is held.^[154]
  • The first Offscreen Film Festival is held.
  • 30 June: Tram lines 3 and 51 commence service.
• 2009
  • The Stoclet Palace is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • 4 April: Reorganisation of the Metro resulted in the creation of lines 1, 5, and 6.
  • 16 May: Cyclocity is rebranded to Villo! and expanded to the whole region.
  • 2 June: The Magritte Museum opens.
  • 17 November: Olivier Bastin is appointed the first .^[155]
  • 12 December: The funeral of Queen Fabiola takes place.
• 2010
  • Population of the Brussels-Capital Region: 1,089,538.
  • 24 November: The Cercle de Lorraine is reestablished at the .^[156]
  • 26–29 November: The European Assembly for Climate Justice is held.
• 2011 – 14 March: Tram line 7 begins operations, replacing the routes previously covered by lines lines 23 and 24.
• 2012
  • 13 March: Muslim scholar Abdullah al-Dahdouh is murdered in an unprovoked attack in the Islamic Center of Imam Reza.
  • 10 June: The first occurs.

• 2013
  • 7 May: Rudi Vervoort becomes Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region.
  • 21 July: King Philippe takes the constitutional oath at the Palace of the Nation.
  • 6 December: The Fin-de-Siècle Museum opens.
  • 13 December: Yvan Mayeur is elected mayor.
• 2014
  • 1 January: is established.
  • 10 March: Vlaams-Brusselse Media forms.
  • 23 May: Choco-Story Brussels is established.
  • 24 May: The Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting occurs, killing 4.
  • 3 June: is officially opened.
  • 18 June: The .brussels generic top-level domain is added to the DNS root zone.
  • 1 July: The Governor of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital is replaced with the Senior Official of the Administrative Arrondissement Brussels-Capital.^[157]
• 2015
  • 9 January: The Brussels-Capital Region adopts a new flag.
  • 25 September: Train World opens in Schaerbeek railway station.
  • 21–25 November: The Brussels lockdown occurs, the Federal Government imposes a security lockdown, due to information about potential terrorist attacks in the wake of the November 2015 Paris attacks by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant on 13 November.
  • 11 December: Design Museum Brussels opens.
  • 13 December: The Brussels S Train begins operating.^[158]
• 2016
  • 7–11 January: The Call Brussels initiative occurs, promoting the city after the November 2015 Paris attacks and subsequent lockdown of the city.
  • 8 March: The architectural centre is established.
  • 15–18 March: Police raids are conducted in connection to the attacks in Paris four months earlier.
  • 22 March: The Brussels bombings occur, killing 34 and injuring 230.^{[159] [160] [161] [162]}
  • 4 April: The Schuman-Josaphat tunnel opens.
  • 5 October: The Brussels stabbing attacks occur, 4 injured including the suspect.
• 2017
  • Parts of the Sonian Forest becomes part of the transnational 'Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe' UNESCO World Heritage Site.
  • 6 May: The House of European History (HEH) opens.
  • 25 May: NATO's new headquarters open.^[163]
  • 9 June: Philippe Close is appointed mayor by the Government of the Brussels-Capital Region.^[164]
  • 20 June: The Brussels-Central bombing occurs, the perpetrator is killed.
  • 25 August: The Brussels stabbing attack occurs, the perpetrator is killed and 2 injured.
  • 7 December: 45,000 people gather in the city for Wake Up Europe! in support of Catalan independence.

• 2018
  • 5 May: KANAL - Centre Pompidou opens in the former Citroën Garage.
  • 12 May: Manneken Pis receives his 1000th costume, created by fashion designer Jean-Paul Lespagnard.^{[165] [166]}
  • 5 June: Nigerian sex worker Eunice Osayande is fatally stabbed by a client. Her death leads to protests by migrant sex worker communities.^[167]
  • 20 June: The reastablised Brussels International Film Festival is held.
  • 2 December: The first School Strike for Climate occurs in the city, drawing 65,000 people to the streets, demanding clean air, renewable energy, and political action.^[168]
  • 30 September: Océade closes to make way for .
  • 20 November: The Brussels stabbing attack occurs, injuring 2 including the perpetrator.
• 2019
  • 26 May: Brussels regional elections are held.
  • 6 July: The 2019 Tour de France starts in the city.
  • 12 October: The MigratieMuseumMigration opens.
  • 14 December: opens in the former ASLK/CGER counter room, becoming the city's first food market.
• 2020
  • 2 February: The first recorded case of COVID-19 in Belgium after nine Belgian nationals living in Hubei are repatriated.
  • 11 March: The first COVID-19 related death in Belgium is confirmed of a 90-year-old female patient who was being treated in Etterbeek.^[169]
  • 18 March: The city joins the rest of Belgium in a nationwide lockdown that lasts until 8 June in an attempt to reduce the number of cases.
  • 7 June: About 10,000 protesters gather as part of the George Floyd protests in Belgium.^{[170] [171]}
• 2021
  • 14 January: following the death of Ibrahima Barrie in police custody.
  • 10 October: The protest occurs on the eve of COP26, with police reporting 25,000 participants and organizers claiming 50,000 to 70,000.
• 2022
  • 24 January: More than 50,000 people protest against COVID-19 rules.
  • 30 September: Haren Prison opens.
  • 4 October: The opens over the Brussels–Scheldt Maritime Canal.
  • 10 November: The Brussels stabbing occurs, killing 1 and 2 injured including the perpetrator.
• 2023
  • 7 June: The Mix resort hotel opens in the Royale Belge.
  • 14 September: The Université Saint-Louis – Bruxelles becomes part of Université catholique de Louvain.^[172]
  • 16 October: The Brussels shooting occurs, killing 3 including the perpetrator and injuring 1.
• 2024
  • 1 February: The Monument to John Cockerill is vandalised during a farmers' protest in front of the European Parliament.^[173]
  • 9 June: Brussels regional elections are held.

Evolution of the Brussels map

20th century

See also

• • List of mayors of the City of Brussels (largest municipality in the Brussels-Capital Region)
• List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region
• Timeline of Belgian history
• Timelines of other municipalities in Belgium: Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent, Leuven, Liège

Bibliography

In English

Published in the 19th century

• • Book: Galignani's Traveller's Guide through Holland and Belgium . Paris . . 1822 . 4th . Brussels . 2027/njp.32101073846667 .
• Book: William Blackwood . 1830 . Edinburgh . Edinburgh Encyclopædia . Brussels . https://archive.org/stream/edinburghencyclo05edinuoft#page/14/mode/2up . David Brewster . Edinburgh Encyclopædia .
  • • • Book: Coghlan's Illustrated Guide to the Rhine . 1863 . London . Trubner & Co. . 18th . https://archive.org/stream/coghlansillustr00coghgoog#page/n80/mode/2up . Brussels . Coghlan's Guides .

Published in the 20th century

• Book: Chambers's Encyclopaedia . London . Brussels . 1901 . Hathi Trust. . 2027/njp.32101065312876 . Chambers's Encyclopaedia .
  • Book: Catholic Encyclopedia . Brussels . Ernest Gilliat-Smith . https://archive.org/stream/catholicencyclop03herbuoft#page/21/mode/1up . New York. 1908. . Catholic Encyclopedia .
  • Book: Belgium . 1910 . . 141 . Williams & Norgate . London . Brussels . 2027/uiuc.3096224_001 .

Published in the 21st century

• Book: Anton Kreukels. Metropolitan Governance and Spatial Planning: Comparative Case Studies of European City-Regions . 2005. Routledge. 978-1-134-49606-8 . Brussels . https://books.google.com/books?id=R3mBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA301 . etal.
• Xhardez, Catherine. Jane Corrigan. The integration of new immigrants in Brussels: an institutional and political puzzle. Brussels Studies. 2016. 10.4000/brussels.1434. free. - translation of "L’intégration des nouveaux arrivants à Bruxelles : un puzzle institutionnel et politique"

In other languages

• Book: Almanach royal de la cour, des provinces méridionales et de la ville de Bruxelles . Bruxelles . A. Stapleaux . fr . 1817 .
• Book: fr . Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de geographie . Marie-Nicolas Bouillet .

  fr:Marie-Nicolas Bouillet

  . L.G. Gourraigne . Hachette . Paris . 1914 . 34th . Bruxelles . http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015074817142;view=1up;seq=324 . Dictionnaire Bouillet .
• Book: Hennaut, Eric. La Grand-Place de Bruxelles. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire. 3. Brussels. fr. Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale. 2000.
• Book: Henne. Alexandre. Wauters. Alphonse. Histoire de la ville de Bruxelles. 3. Brussels. fr. Perichon. 1845.
• Book: Spapens, Christian. Les Boulevards extérieurs de la Porte de Hal à la Place Rogier. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire. 40. Brussels. fr. Centre d'information, de Documentation et d'Etude du Patrimoine. 2005. 978-2-96005-026-4.
• Book: Topographia Circuli Burgundici . 1654 . . Frankfurt . Brussel . https://books.google.com/books?id=SplMAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA70 . de . 44+ . Zeiller . Martin .

External links

• Europeana. Items related to Brussels, various dates.

Notes and References

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