Time in Africa explained

Time in Africa
Time Zone:Cape Verde Time
Central European Time
East Africa Time
Eastern European Time
Greenwich Mean Time
Mauritius Time
Seychelles Time
South African Standard Time
West Africa Time
Offset: to
Notation:24-hour clock
12-hour clock (uncommon)[1]
Tz:Africa

Africa, the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, spans across six different time zone offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): to . As Africa straddles the equator and tropics, there is little change in daylight hours throughout the year and as such daylight saving time is currently observed in only one country, Morocco, however it was also previously observed in several other countries.[2] [3]

Before the wide adoption of standard time zones, local mean time was widely used in railway time for train timetables and telegraphic time for telegraphy. Local mean time is a solar time that corrects the variations of local apparent time by forming a uniform time scale at a specific longitude;[4] for instance, Liberia observed UTC−0:44:30 instead of an approximate offset such as UTC−01:00. British Rhodesia (at the time administered by the private British South Africa Company) was the first area in Africa to adopt standard time, switching to on 1 August 1899 as the previous time standards proved problematic for the railway system. Other countries followed suit, and by 1912, most Portuguese, French and British territories had adopted a standard offset. Liberia was the last country in Africa to adopt a standard offset, doing so on 7 January 1972.

Names for the offsets vary by country and jurisdiction: in Africa, is commonly known as "West Africa Time", however Algeria,[5] Morocco and Tunisia[6] designate the offset by its European name, "Central European Time"; – commonly known as "Central Africa Time" – is designated as "South African Standard Time" by Eswatini, Lesotho and South Africa,[7] whilst Egypt[8] and Libya[9] designate it by its European name "Eastern European Time". Cape Verde is the only country in Africa which observes UTC−01:00, where it is known as Cape Verde Time (CVT); thirteen countries observe, fourteen observe UTC+01:00, sixteen observe UTC+02:00, nine observe, and two (Mauritius and Seychelles) observe UTC+04:00, where the offset is designated as Mauritius Time (MUT)[10] and Seychelles Time (SCT)[11] respectively.

History

Before the wide adoption of standard time zones, local mean time, which is a solar time that corrects the variations of local apparent time by forming a uniform time scale at a specific longitude,[4] such as railway time for train timetables and telegraphic time for telegraphy, was widely used. Due to the large size of the British company rule in Rhodesia, it meant Rhodesia observed three standards of time: UTC+01:30, +2:15 and +2:30; this was problematic for the railway system, so on 1 August 1899 the standard time zones UTC+02:30 was adopted nationwide,[12] consequently resulting in this being the first standard time in Africa. This would soon be followed by Egypt, which adopted standard time on 1 October 1900; Nigeria adopted standard time on 1 July 1905, Seychelles in 1906, Mauritius on 1 January 1907, Togo in 1907, Algeria on 11 March 1911 and Tunisia on 12 April 1911. Most Portuguese territories (including Cape Verde and Mozambique) adopted standard time on 26 May 1911, followed by most remaining French and British territories on 1 July 1911 and 1 January 1912. The Gambia adopted standard time in 1918. Liberia was the last country in Africa to adopt a standard offset, doing so on 7 January 1972. The latest time change was South Sudan, which switched from UTC+3 to +2 on 1 February 2021.

Daylight saving time

See main article: Daylight saving time in Africa. As Africa straddles the equator and tropics, there is little change in daylight hours throughout the year and as such daylight saving time (DST) is currently observed in only one country, Morocco, however it was also previously observed in several other countries: the countries that formerly observed DST are South Africa, which last observed it in 1944,[13] Cape Verde in 1945, Madagascar in 1954, Ghana in 1956,[14] Sierra Leone in 1962,[15] Algeria and Chad in 1980, Sudan in 1985, Tunisia in 2008,[16] Mauritius in 2009, Libya in 2012,[17] Egypt in 2015,[18] and Namibia in 2017.[19] Since 2019,[20] Morocco has observed UTC+01:00 year round except during the month of Ramadan, when it switches to UTC±00:00 as to not interfere with the month's fasting (sawm).[21] [22]

Time zones

CountryTime zoneAbbr.Adoptedzone.tab[23]
– Cape Verde Time[24] [25]
[26] Cape Verde Time[27] CVT26 May 1911Atlantic/Cape Verde
– Greenwich Mean Time
[28] Greenwich Mean Time[29] GMT1 January 1912Africa/Ouagadougou
[30] Greenwich Mean Time[31] GMT1 January 1911Africa/Abidjan
[32] Greenwich Mean Time[33] GMT1918[34] Africa/Banjul
[35] Greenwich Mean Time[36] GMT2 November 1915[37] –31 January 1942[38]
24 October 1945 (readopted)[39] 		Africa/Accra
[40] Greenwich Mean Time[41] GMT1 January 1912Africa/Conakry
[42] Greenwich Mean Time[43] GMT1 January 1912Africa/Bissau
[44] Greenwich Mean Time[45] GMT7 January 1972[46] Africa/Monrovia
[47] Greenwich Mean Time[48] GMT1 July 1911Africa/Bamako
[49] Greenwich Mean Time[50] GMT1 January 1912Africa/Nouakchott
[51] Greenwich Mean Time[52] GMT1 January 1912–1 January 2018[53]
1 January 2019 (readopted)[54] 		Africa/Sao Tome
[55] Greenwich Mean Time[56] GMT1 January 1912Africa/Dakar
[57] Greenwich Mean Time[58] GMT1939Africa/Freetown
[59] Greenwich Mean Time[60] GMT1907Africa/Lome
– West Africa Time
[61] Central European Time[62] CET11 March 1911 – 25 February 1940
7 October 1946 – 29 January 1956
14 April 1963 – 21 October 1977
May 1981		Africa/Algiers
[63] West Africa Time[64] WAT1 January 1912Africa/Luanda
[65] West Africa Time[66] WAT1 January 1912Africa/Porto-Novo
[67] West Africa Time[68] WAT1 January 1912Africa/Douala
[69] West Africa Time[70] WAT1 January 1912Africa/Bangui
[71] West Africa Time[72] WAT1 January 1912Africa/Ndjamena
(western side)[73] West Africa Time[74] WAT1 January 1912Africa/Kinshasa
[75] West Africa Time[76] WAT1968Africa/Malabo
[77] West Africa Time[78] WAT1 January 1912Africa/Libreville
[79] Central European Time[80] CET27 October 2018[81] [82] Africa/Casablanca
[83] West Africa Time[84] WAT1 January 1912Africa/Niamey
[85] West Africa Time[86] WAT1 July 1905[87] –1 July 1908[88]
1 September 1919 (readopted)[89] 		Africa/Lagos
[90] West Africa Time[91] WAT1 January 1912[92] Africa/Brazzaville
[93] Central European Time[94] CET12 April 1911[95] Africa/Tunis
– Central Africa Time
[96] Central Africa Time[97] CAT1984[98] Africa/Gaborone
[99] Central Africa Time[100] CAT1968Africa/Bujumbura
(eastern side)Central Africa TimeCAT1 January 1912Africa/Lubumbashi
[101] Eastern European Time[102] EET1 October 1900Africa/Cairo
[103] South African Standard Time[104] SAST1 March 1903Africa/Mbabane
[105] South African Standard Time[106] SAST1 March 1903Africa/Maseru
[107] Eastern European Time[108] EET5 November 2012[109] Africa/Tripoli
[110] Central Africa Time[111] CAT26 August 1966[112] Africa/Blantyre
[113] Central Africa Time[114] CAT1903 (de facto)
26 May 1911 (de jure)[115] 		Africa/Maputo
[116] Central Africa Time[117] CAT10 November 1993[118] [119] Africa/Windhoek
[120] Central Africa Time[121] CAT1922Africa/Kigali
[122] South African Standard Time[123] [124] SAST1 March 1903[125] Africa/Johannesburg
[126] Central Africa Time[127] CAT1 February 2021[128] Africa/Juba
[129] Central Africa TimeCAT1931–15 January 2000[130]
1 November 2017 (readopted)[131] 		Africa/Khartoum
[132] Central Africa Time[133] CAT1924[134] Africa/Lusaka
[135] Central Africa Time[136] CAT8 July 1899[137] [138] Africa/Harare
– East Africa Time
[139] East Africa Time[140] EAT1 July 1911Indian/Comoro
[141] East Africa Time[142] EAT1 July 1911Africa/Djibouti
[143] East Africa Time[144] EAT24 May 1993Africa/Asmara
[145] East Africa Time[146] EAT17 August 1942[147] Africa/Addis Ababa
[148] East Africa Time[149] [150] EAT31 July 1942[151] Africa/Nairobi
[152] East Africa Time[153] [154] EAT1 July 1911Indian/Antananarivo
[155] East Africa Time[156] EAT1 July 1911[157] Africa/Mogadishu
[158] East Africa Time[159] [160] EAT21 January 1929[161] –1 January 1936[162]
1 August 1942[163] (readopted)		Africa/Dar es Salaam
[164] East Africa Time[165] [166] EAT23 July 1976[167] Africa/Kampala
– Mauritius Time; Seychelles Time
[168] Mauritius Time[169] MUT1 January 1907Indian/Mauritius
[170] Seychelles Time[171] SCT1906[172] Indian/Mahe

See also

References

General

Inline

External links

Notes and References

  1. Mortada, Dalia (30 January 2015) If you have a meeting in Ethiopia, you'd better double check the time. The World. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  2. https://greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/time-zones/ Africa Time Zones
  3. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/africa_daylight_saving_time.shtml Africa Daylight Saving Time
  4. Kröger, Pekka; Oja, Heikki; Donner, Karl Johan; Poutanen, Markku (2007) "Fundamental Astronomy". Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 34. Retrieved 11 September 2021. .
  5. Ham, Anthony; Atkinson, Brett; Bainbridge, James; Butler, Stuart; Carillet, Jean-Bernard; Clammer, Paul; Corne, Lucy; Filou, Emilie; Fitzpatrick, Mary; Grosberg, Michael; Holden, Trent; Lee, Jessica; Luckham, Nana; Maric, Vesna; Masters, Tom; Maxwell, Virginia; Ranger, Helen; Sainsbury, Brendan; Sieg, Caroline; Smith, Helena; Lioy, Stephen; St Louis, Regis; Stiles, Paul; Parkes, Lorna (2017) "Lonely Planet Africa". Lonely Planet. p. 180. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  6. Bartky, Ian R. (2007) "One Time Fits All: The Campaigns for Global Uniformity". Stanford University Press. p. 134. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  7. Fitzpatrick, Mary (2000) "South Africa, Lesotho & Swaziland". Lonely Planet Publications. p. 98. "All three countries use South African Standard Time". Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  8. National Institute for Exploration (1987) "Egypt: Images of Adventure". Viewfinder Publications. p. 131 "[...] Egypt observes Eastern European Time, which is 2 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time." Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  9. https://ly.usembassy.gov/ar/يرجى-التقديم-الآن-برنامج-منح-فولبرايت-2/ يرجى التقديم الآن: برنامج منح فولبرايت 2021-2022 للطلاب الأجانب
  10. Maurel, Martine (2000) "Mauritius Travel Guide (Globetrotter Travel Guides)". New Holland Publishers. p. 126. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  11. Skerrett, Adrian; Drynan, Kate et al. (2017) "Seychelles - Berlitz Pocket Guide". Berlitz Publishing. p. 117 "Seychelles time is GMT plus 4 hours...". Retrieved 12 September 2021.
  12. Bulawayo Chronicle, 8 July 1899. p 5. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  13. Committee for Social Affairs (1993) Report of the Committee for Social Affairs of the President's Council on a Daylight Saving Programme. Government of South Africa. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  14. Gold Coast (1957). "Annual Volume of the Ordinances of the Gold Coast Enacted During the Year 1956". Government Print. Department. Government of Ghana. p. 83, Time Determination (Amendment) Ordinance, 1956 (No. 21 of 1956), 29 August 1956. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  15. Act of Standard Time, 31 August 1962. Government of Sierra Leone. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  16. https://web.archive.org/web/20110716083251/http://ar.webmanagercenter.com/management/article-2178-تقارير-التخلي-نهائيا-عن-اعتماد-التوقيت-الصيفي-في-تونس التخلي نهائيا عن اعتماد التوقيت الصيفي في تونس
  17. https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/11/04/clocks-to-go-back-an-hour-on-saturday/ "Clocks to go back an hour on Saturday"
  18. Ahram Online (20 April 2015) "No daylight saving this summer: Egypt's prime minister". Al-Ahram. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  19. Nakale, Albertina (9 August 2017) National Council passes Time Bill in favour of summer time . New Era Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  20. Alami, Ziad (16 April 2019) VOICI LA DATE DU RETOUR À L'HEURE LÉGALE AU MAROC. (in French). Le360. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  21. Kasraoui, Safaa (30 March 2021) Ramadan: Morocco to Switch Back to GMT on April 11. Morocco World News. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  22. Kasraoui, Safaa (10 April 2021) Reminder: Morocco to Go Back to GMT Sunday for Ramadan. Morocco World News. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  23. https://data.iana.org/time-zones/tzdb-2020f/africa Africa
  24. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/africa_time_zones.shtml Africa Time Zones
  25. https://www.worldatlas.com/time-zones/time-zones-in-africa.html Time Zones In Africa
  26. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cabo-verde/ Cabo Verde
  27. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/cape_verde_time_zone.shtml Cape Verde Time Zone
  28. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso/ Burkina Faso
  29. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/burkina_faso_time_zone.shtml Burkina Faso Time Zone
  30. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cote-divoire/ Ivory Coast
  31. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/cote_d_ivoire_time_zone.shtml Cote d'Ivoire Time Zone
  32. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gambia-the/ Gambia, The
  33. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/gambia_time_zone.shtml Gambia Time Zone
  34. Howse, Derek (1997) "Greenwich Time and the Longitude: Official Millennium Edition". National Maritime Museum. Bloomsbury USA. p. 148. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  35. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ghana/ Ghana
  36. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/ghana_time_zone.shtml Ghana Time Zone
  37. [Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]
  38. Gold Coast (January 1943). "Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast: Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1942. Government Print. Department. Government of Ghana. p. 22, "Defence (Time Determination Ordinance Amendment) Regulations, 1942 (Regulations No. 6 of 1942), 31 January 1942. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  39. Gold Coast (January 1946). "Annual Volume of the Laws of the Gold Coast: Containing All Legislation Enacted During Year 1945". Government Print. Department. Government of Ghana. p. 256, "Defence (Revocation) (No.4) Regulations, 1945 (Regulations No. 45 of 1945), 24 October 1945. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  40. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea/ Guinea
  41. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/guinea_time_zone.shtml Guinea Time Zone
  42. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/guinea-bissau/ Guinea-Bissau
  43. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/guinea_bissau_time_zone.shtml Guinea-Bissau Time Zone
  44. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/liberia/ Liberia
  45. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/liberia_time_zone.shtml Liberia Time Zone
  46. Tolbert, William R. (1972). Republic of Liberia presidential papers: documents, diary and record of activities of the Chief Executive, July 23, 1971-July 31, 1972. Monrovia, R.L. [i.e. Republic of Liberia]: Executive Mansion. p. 330. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  47. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/ Mali
  48. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/mali_time_zone.shtml Mali Time Zone
  49. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritania/ Mauritania
  50. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/mauritania_time_zone.shtml Mauritania Time Zone
  51. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sao-tome-and-principe/ Sao Tome and Principe
  52. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/sao_tome_e_principe_time_zone.shtml São Tomé and Príncipe Time Zone
  53. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226173223/http://www.mnec.gov.st/index.php/publicacoes/documentos/file/90-decreto-lei-n-25-2017 Decree No. 25/2017
  54. https://www.stp-press.st/2018/12/05/governo-jesus-ja-decidiu-repor-hora-legal-sao-tomense/ Governo de Jorge B. Jesus já decidiu repor a hora legal são-tomense
  55. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/ Senegal
  56. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/senegal_time_zone.shtml Senegal Time Zone
  57. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sierra-leone/ Sierra Leone
  58. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/sierra_leone_time_zone.shtml Sierra Leone Time Zone
  59. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/togo/ Togo
  60. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/togo_time_zone.shtml Togo Time Zone
  61. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/algeria/ Algeria
  62. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/algeria_time_zone.shtml Algeria Time Zone
  63. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/angola/ Angola
  64. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/angola_time_zone.shtml Angola Time Zone
  65. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/benin/ Benin
  66. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/benin_time_zone.shtml Benin Time Zone
  67. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cameroon/ Cameroon
  68. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/cameroon_time_zone.shtml Cameroon Time Zone
  69. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/central-african-republic/ Central African Republic
  70. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/central_african_republic_time_zone.shtml Central African Republic Time Zone
  71. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/chad/ Chad
  72. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/chad_time_zone.shtml Chad Time Zone
  73. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-democratic-republic-of-the/ Congo, Democratic Republic of the
  74. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/congo_democratic_republic_time.shtml Democratic Republic of the Congo Time Zone
  75. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/equatorial-guinea/ Equatorial Guinea
  76. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/equatorial_guinea_time_zone.shtml Equatorial Guinea Time Zone
  77. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gabon/ Gabon
  78. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/gabon_time_zone.shtml Gabon Time Zone
  79. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/morocco/ Morocco
  80. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/morocco_time_zone.shtml Morocco Time Zone
  81. [Government of Morocco]
  82. Staff Writer (30 October 2018) Editorial: GMT+1 Angers and Confuses More than 'Benefits' Moroccans. Morocco World News. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  83. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/niger/ Niger
  84. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/niger_time_zone.shtml Niger Time Zone
  85. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/ Nigeria
  86. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/nigeria_time_zone.shtml Nigeria Time Zone
  87. [John Payne Jackson|Jackson, John Payne]
  88. Jackson, John Payne: July 4, 1908, The Lagos Standard. (via Center for Research Libraries (CRL)). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  89. https://microform.digital/boa/collections/77/volumes/539/nigeria-lagos-1887-1919#paginate Nigeria Gazette and Supplements 1919 Jan-Dec
  90. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/congo-republic-of-the/ Congo, Republic of the
  91. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/congo_republic_time_zone.shtml Republic of the Congo Time Zone
  92. United States. Bureau of Standards (1932) Issue 399, Circular of the Bureau of Standards. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 10. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  93. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tunisia/ Tunisia
  94. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/tunisia_time_zone.shtml Tunisia Time Zone
  95. [United States National Bureau of Standards|United States. National Bureau of Standards]
  96. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/botswana/ Botswana
  97. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/botswana_time_zone.shtml Botswana Time Zone
  98. Web site: Interpretation Act 1984 (§40(1)). Chapter: 01:04. 20 July 1984. 5 September 2021. 28 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170328201053/http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage1.php?id=1399. dead.
  99. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burundi/ Burundi
  100. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/burundi_time_zone.shtml Burundi Time Zone
  101. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/ Egypt
  102. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/egypt_time_zone.shtml Egypt Time Zone
  103. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eswatini/ Eswatini
  104. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/eswatini_time_zone.shtml Eswatini Time Zone
  105. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/lesotho/ Lesotho
  106. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/lesotho_time_zone.shtml Lesotho Time Zone
  107. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/libya/ Libya
  108. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/libya_time_zone.shtml Libya Time Zone
  109. https://www.libyaherald.com/2013/10/24/correction-no-time-change-tomorrow/ "CORRECTION: no time change tomorrow"
  110. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/malawi/ Malawi
  111. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/malawi_time_zone.shtml Malawi Time Zone
  112. [Government of Malawi]
  113. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mozambique/ Mozambique
  114. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/mozambique_time_zone.shtml Mozambique Time Zone
  115. https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/1911/05/12500/23132313.pdf 30 de maio de 1911
  116. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/namibia/ Namibia
  117. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/namibia_time_zone.shtml Namibia Time Zone
  118. Namibian Time Bill (#39 of 1993). Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  119. [Klaus Dierks|Dierks, Klaus]
  120. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/ Rwanda
  121. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/rwanda_time_zone.shtml Rwanda Time Zone
  122. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa/ South Africa
  123. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/south_africa_time_zone.shtml South Africa Time Zone
  124. "Guide to Southern Africa". (1957). S. Low, Marston & Company. Union-Castle Mail Steamship Company, Ltd. p. 124. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  125. Wood, H. E. (1927–28) "Official Year Book of the Union of South Africa and of Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate, and Swaziland. No. 10. p. 61, chp. 1. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  126. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-sudan/ South Sudan
  127. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/south_sudan_time_zone.shtml South Sudan Time Zone
  128. Rédaction Africanews (29 January 2021) South Sudan to switch new time zone in February. Africanews. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  129. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/sudan_time_zone.shtml Sudan Time Zone
  130. https://web.archive.org/web/20000709091447/http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html Clocks to be moved ahead by 60 minutes as of Saturday noon
  131. Cabinet Resolution No. 352 for the year 2017. Government of Sudan. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  132. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zambia/ Zambia
  133. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/zambia_time_zone.shtml Zambia Time Zone
  134. Central Statistical Office (1924) "Official Year Book of Southern Rhodesia". p. 313. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  135. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/zimbabwe/ Zimbabwe
  136. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/zimbabwe_time_zone.shtml Zimbabwe Time Zone
  137. British South Africa Company Government Gazette, 1899. [Government Notice No. 160 of 1899]. p. 199. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  138. http://zimlii.org/zw/legislation/act/1962/1 Interpretation Act
  139. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/comoros/ Comoros
  140. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/comoros_time_zone.shtml Comoros Time Zone
  141. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/ Djibouti
  142. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/djibouti_time_zone.shtml Djibouti Time Zone
  143. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/ Eritrea
  144. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/eritrea_time_zone.shtml Eritrea Time Zone
  145. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/ Ethiopia
  146. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/ethiopia_time_zone.shtml Ethiopia Time Zone
  147. Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University (1972) "Consolidated Laws of Ethiopia: An Unofficial Compilation of National Laws in Effect as of September 10, 1969. Prepared in Co-operation with the Office of the Prime Minister, Imperial Ethiopian Government, by the Faculty of Law, Haile Sellassie I University Volume 2". p. 821. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  148. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kenya/ Kenya
  149. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/kenya_time_zone.shtml Kenya Time Zone
  150. Ham, Anthony; Kaminski, Anna; Duthie, Shawn (2018) "Lonely Planet Kenya". Lonely Planet Publications. Kenya → "Time: East Africa Time (GMT/UTC plus three hours)". Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  151. https://books.google.com/books?id=c_E-AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA331 The Defence (Amendment of Laws No. 120)
  152. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/madagascar/ Madagascar
  153. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/madagascar_time_zone.shtml Madagascar Time Zone
  154. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/madagascar/stats/time/a/nar/f3e54c7f-075b-4b5c-a291-4f9efe3acc72/355357 Time in Madagascar
  155. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ Somalia
  156. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/somalia_time_zone.shtml Somalia Time Zone
  157. United States. Bureau of Standards (1932) Issue 399, Circular of the Bureau of Standards. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 14. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  158. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/ Tanzania
  159. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/tanzania_time_zone.shtml Tanzania Time Zone
  160. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/tanzania/zanzibar-archipelago/stats/time/a/nar/a77184aa-5955-4378-8f5d-07c95ce5892a/355666 Time in Tanzania
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  162. Interpretation (Standard Time) Order, 1 January 1936. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  163. Interpretation (Standard Time) Order, 1 August 1942. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
  164. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/uganda/ Uganda
  165. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/uganda_time_zone.shtml Uganda Time Zone
  166. https://www.lonelyplanet.com/uganda/zanzibar-archipelago/stats/time/a/nar/a77184aa-5955-4378-8f5d-07c95ce5892a/355666 Time in Uganda
  167. https://ulii.org/akn/ug/act/decree/1976/18/eng@2015-03-06 Interpretation Act
  168. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mauritius/ Mauritius
  169. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/mauritius_time_zone.shtml Mauritius Time Zone
  170. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/seychelles/ Seychelles
  171. https://www.timetemperature.com/africa/seychelles_time_zone.shtml Seychelles Time Zone
  172. Rind, W. L. (January 1907) "The Laws of Seychelles Revised: Seychelles local laws, 1899-1906, by W.L. Rind." Government of Seychelles. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1689, "The Standard Time Ordinance, 1906. Retrieved 5 September 2021.

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