| Tillingbourne | |
| Subdivision Type1: | Country |
| Subdivision Name1: | England |
| Subdivision Type3: | County |
| Subdivision Name3: | Surrey |
| Subdivision Type4: | Districts |
| Subdivision Name4: | Mole Valley District, Guildford Borough |
| Length: | 24km (15miles) |
| Discharge1 Location: | Shalford |
| Discharge1 Min: | 0.23m3/s(4 August 1992) |
| Discharge1 Avg: | 0.54m3/s |
| Discharge1 Max: | 6.1m3/s(15 September 1968) |
| Source1: | Tilling Springs |
| Source1 Location: | Leith Hill, Surrey |
| Tributaries Left: |
|
| Tributaries Right: |
|
The River Tillingbourne (also known as the Tilling Bourne)[1] runs along the south side of the North Downs and joins the River Wey at Guildford. Its source is a mile south of Tilling Springs to the north of Leith Hill at and it runs through Friday Street, Abinger Hammer, Gomshall, Shere, Albury, Chilworth and Shalford. The source is a semi-natural uninhabited area. The catchment is situated on sandstone which has a low rate of weathering.[2] The Tillingbourne is 24km (15miles) in length.[3]
The Tillingbourne initially flows northward for 4km (02miles) down the northern slopes of Leith Hill over a series of weirs and cascades, before turning west to run for 14km (09miles) through Abinger Hammer and Chilworth towards the River Wey at Shalford.[4] The river is classified as a subsequent stream, since its course is determined by the direction of the stratum of softer rock for the majority of its length.
The river has four principal tributaries: the Friday Street stream joins at Wotton House; the Holmbury St Mary stream joins at Abinger Hammer; the Sherbourne Brook drains the Silent Pool and Sherbourne Pond and the Law Brook joins near Postford.[4]
From the 17th to the mid 20th centuries the Tillingbourne valley was a major industrial area due to its closeness to London and the ease of transport via the Wey and the Thames. The river was used to power a relatively large number of mills in the area.[5] Some 24 mill sites have been identified along the course of the river, used for such diverse industries as gunpowder, paper making for bank-notes, iron-working, wire-making, fulling, tanning and pumping water, as well as the more conventional flour, grist and malt milling.[6] Some of the earliest gunpowder mills were those set up in 1626 by The East India Company at Chilworth.
John Evelyn wrote in his diary in 1676:
Not every one was so impressed, William Cobbett wrote:[7]
Present day users include a trout farm, watercress beds, a business growing reeds and a gin distillery.
The river passes through the Albury estate which operates recreational fisheries at Weston fishery, Vale End fishery and Powder Mills fishery. The river's natural course has been diverted slightly here for the purposes of the estate.
The Shalford pumping station, close to the junction with the Wey, provides between 4 and 7 million gallons of water per day to supply Godalming and parts of Guildford.[8]
The River Tillingbourne supports a fish population of both wild brown trout and coarse fish. The Environment Agency has been working with local fishermen to improve the habitat for these fish by recreating a pool and riffle habitat and by cutting back overhanging vegetation.[9] The signal crayfish is a recent invasive species. The river and its environs are often studied by students from nearby field studies centres, such as Sayers Croft and Juniper Hall.[10] There are on-going problems with invasive plants caused by phosphate enrichment due to waste-water treatment from sewage works in addition to agricultural run-off.[11]
The river was championed by the Victorian landscape painter, Lewis Pinhorn Wood, who lived in Shere from 1884 to 1897, and painted extensively along its banks with scenes including The Silent Pool, Twilight (1888) and Evening on the Tillingbourne (1889).
The writer, Ralph Lawrence, recalls hearing the guns on the Western Front while walking in Hurtwood on the southern slopes of the valley .[12]
The Environment Agency measure water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish. Chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations, is rated good or fail.[13]
The water quality of the Tillingbourne was as follows in 2022: