| Conflict: | Tillali Massacre |
| Place: | Tillali, (Near modern-day Thanjavur) |
| Coordinates: | 11.0289°N 79.7956°W |
| Result: | Thanjvurian victory |
| Territory: | Tillali occupied by Thanjavurian forces |
| Combatant2: | Thanjavur |
| Date: | 30 June 1756 |
| Commander1: | Peter Hesselberg Hans Jacob Attrup |
| Commander2: | Pratap Singh Perumal Naik |
| Strength1: | 27 Soldiers of the corps 30 Indian sepoys Total: 55-57 |
| Strength2: | 2000[1] -4000[2] Cavalry 2000 men[3] Total: 4000-6000 |
| Casualties1: | 55 killed[4] |
| Casualties2: | 300 killed[5] |
| Partof: | the Cattle War |
| Casualties3: | 45 Civilians killed |
The Tillali Massacre (Danish: Massakren i Tillali), or the Battle of Tillali (Danish: Slaget ved Tillali) was a confrontation on 30 June 1756 during the Cattle War, between the Danish command at the village of Tillali (Thillaiyadi) and the Raja of Thanjavur, Pratap Singh. The confrontation resulted in a Thanjavurian victory and a subsequent massacre of most Danish troops. After the victory, the Thanjavurian army led a further invasion into Danish Tranquebar and besieged Fort Dansborg.
In January 1756 a newly appointed local governor called Perumal Naik was allegedly said to have raided Danish Tranquebar's surrounding districts.[6] In June the same year, a similar incident occurred, where Naik stole a herd of cattles.[7] As commander of the Danish border, Captain Strøbel was ordered to retaliate and marched from the Danish border town of Tillali, to occupy the Thanjavurian town of Anandamangalam with 60 men of the corps and 20-30 sepoys.[1] The remaining force at Tillali received Danish and Indian reinforcements, to protect to border.
In reaction to the Danish mobilization of Tranquebar and fortification of Anandamangalam, the nayak of Thanjavur, Pratap Singh, sent roughly 2000 cavalry and 2000 well armed men together with Perumal Naik's army into Danish territory.[8] The combined Thanjavurian army soon reached the Tillali, where the stationed Danes were attacked.
In command of the Danish outpost in Tillali, were captain Peter Hesselberg, with his Son-in-law, Hans Jacob Attrup, as ensign. In Tillali the first confrontations occurred in the local hostel and pagoda. The Danish forces retreated and took coverage behind a wall, where they got reinforcements from Tillali's local bailiff. Yet the large Thanjavurian army were no match for the small Danish contingent and the Danes were subsequently massacred.
Sources describing the incident differ on the death toll. Most agree that both captain, Peter Hesselberg, and ensign, Hans Attrup were killed.[9]
Additionally, according to Hans Gregersen in his book Trankebar, two lower officers, 24 European and dozens of Indians were killed. All but one, who hid in the pagoda remained unharmed. A similar claim is made by Danish historian, Kay Larsen, in the brugsforeningsbladet he notes that two officers, 24 European and 45 local people from Tillali died. According to Holger Christensen's Det danske fremstoed i Indien i 1750-erne 18 men of the corps died.[10] Another claim by Bering Liisberg's Danmarks søfart og søhandel claims that 54 people were either killed or wounded.
After the massacre at Tillali and the Danish retreat from Anandamangalam, all Danish districts outside Tranquebar were occupied and raided. Fort Dansborg was temporarily put in a state of emergency and besieged by the Thanjavurians.[11]