| Native Name: | Provincia de Tierra Firme |
| Conventional Long Name: | Province of Tierra Firme |
| Common Name: | Tierra Firme |
| Status: | Province of the Crown of Castile |
| Empire: | Spain |
| Religion: | Catholicism |
| Era: | Spanish Empire |
| Year Start: | 1498 |
| Year End: | 1542 |
| Event End: | Creation of the Viceroyalty of Peru |
| P1: | Kalinago |
| P2: | Emberá people |
| P3: | Guna people |
| P4: | Wayuu people |
| P5: | Zenú |
| P6: | Ngäbe people |
| S1: | Viceroyalty of Peru |
| S2: | Captaincy General of Venezuela |
| S3: | New Kingdom of Granada |
| Flag Alt: | Cross of Burgundy flag |
| Flag Type: | Cross of Burgundy |
| Image Map Caption: | Spanish map of the Tierra Firme |
| Capital: | Santa María la Antigua del Darién Panama City |
| Government Type: | Monarchy |
| Title Leader: | King |
| Leader1: | Ferdinand II and Isabella I |
| Leader2: | Charles I |
| Year Leader1: | 1492-1516 |
| Year Leader2: | 1516–1556 |
| Common Languages: | Spanish |
| Currency: | Peso |
During Spain's New World Empire, its mainland coastal possessions surrounding the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico were referred to collectively as the Spanish Main. The southern portion of these coastal possessions were known as the Province of Tierra Firme (Spanish; Castilian: Provincia de Tierra Firme), or the "Mainland Province" (as contrasted with Spain's nearby insular colonies).[1] The Province of Tierra Firme, or simply Tierra Firme, was also called Costa Firme.[2]
In 1498, Cristopher Columbus entered the Gulf of Paria in Venezuela and explored the Orinoco River. In his fourth and last voyage, he also explored the Honduras. In 1509, authority was granted to Alonso de Ojeda and Diego de Nicuesa to colonize the territories between the west side of the Gulf of Urabá and Cabo de la Vela, and Urabá westward to Cabo Gracias a Dios in present-day Honduras. The westernmost portion was given the name Tierra Firme. Other provinces of this region during this era were Nueva Andalucia and Veragua or Castilla del Oro; the main city in Tierra Firme was Santa Maria La Antigua del Darién, now Darién, Panama, near the mouth of the Tarena river.The idea was to create a unitary administrative organization similar to Nueva España (now Mexico), near the Captaincy General of Guatemala.
Tierra Firme later received control over other territories: the Isla de Santiago (now Jamaica) the Cayman Islands; Roncador, Quitasueño, and Providencia and other islands now under Colombian control; and the territories of present-day Costa Rica and Nicaragua as far as Cabo Gracias a Dios. The eastern frontier of Tierra Firme also included the east side of the Gulf of Darién or Urabá, the east side of the Atrato and Truando rivers, ending in Cabo Marzo on the Pacific side. Between these limits lie Santa Maria La Antigua Del Darien on the Gulf of Urabá and Jurado on the Pacific side.[3]
When the Central American states gained independence, the precise frontiers were unclear. For example, some ancient maps and historical references suggest that the entire Caribbean coast as far as Cabo Gracias a Dios was part Tierra Firme or Castilla Del Oro. On the other hand, this would embrace populated regions of the Mosquito Coast that were never under the effective rule of Tierra Firme. Disputes over both of Panama's frontiers were finally solved by agreements with Costa Rica and Colombia, respectively.
After the territorial division of South America between Spain and Portugal, the Peruvian Hispanic administration was divided into six entities:
This territorial division set the basis for the Hispanic administration of South America for several decades. It was formally dissolved in 1544, when King Charles I sent his personal envoy, Blasco Núñez Vela, to govern the newly founded Viceroyalty of Peru that replaced the governorates.