List of threatened sharks explained

See also: Threatened rays. Threatened sharks are those vulnerable to endangerment (extinction) in the near future. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world's oldest global environmental organization.[1] It evaluates threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories, depending on the degree to which they are threatened:[2]

Vulnerable species

Endangered species

Critically endangered species

The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories. The terms can be used somewhat interchangeably, as all vulnerable species are threatened, all endangered species are vulnerable and threatened, and all critically endangered species are endangered, vulnerable and threatened. Threatened species are also referred to as a red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[3]

Shark species are increasingly becoming threatened because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-shark fisheries on the seabed and shark prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[4] Rising demands for shark products has increased pressure on shark fisheries, but little monitoring or management occurs of most fisheries.[5] Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded over the past few decades; some species had declined over 90% and population declines of 70% were not unusual by 1998.[6] In particular, harvesting young sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations. Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other fish species.[7]

Conservationists estimate that up to 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing every year.[8] [9] Sharks are often killed for shark fin soup, which some Asian countries regard as a status symbol.[10] Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and dump the finless animal back into the water to die from suffocation or predators.[9] [11] Sharks are also killed for their flesh in Europe and elsewhere.[12] The 2007 film Sharkwater documents ways in which sharks are being hunted to extinction.[13] In 2009, the IUCN Shark Specialist Group reported on the conservation status of pelagic (open water) sharks and rays. They found that over half the pelagic sharks targeted by high-seas fisheries were threatened with extinction.[14] [15] [16]

In 2010, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) rejected proposals from the United States and Palau that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of hammerhead, oceanic whitetip and dogfish sharks. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegates, approved the proposal. China, by far the world's largest shark consumer, and Japan, which battles all attempts to extend the convention's protections to marine species, led the opposition.[17] [18]

In 2013, CITES member nations overcame the continued opposition led by China and Japan,[19] and reversed course.[20] [21] In what CITES has called a "milestone", the oceanic whitetip, porbeagle, and three species of hammerheads will now join the great white, basking and whale shark on CITES Appendix II, effective September 2014. International trade of these species is thus prohibited without CITES permits, "... and evidence will have to be provided that they are harvested sustainably and legally."[22]

In 2014 the state government of Western Australia led by Premier Colin Barnett implemented a policy of killing large sharks. The policy is intended to protect users of the marine environment from shark attack following the deaths of seven people on the Western Australian coastline in the years 2010 to 2013.[23] Baited drum lines are deployed near popular beaches using hooks designed to catch the vulnerable great white shark, as well as bull and tiger sharks. Large sharks found hooked but still alive are shot and their bodies discarded at sea. The government claims they are not culling sharks, but are using a "targeted, localised, hazard mitigation strategy".[24] Barnett has described opposition to killing the sharks as "ludicrous" and "extreme", and said that nothing can change his mind.[25]

According to a 2021 study published in the journal Nature, relative fishing pressure in the oceans has increased by a factor of 18 since 1970.[26] This overfishing has resulted in the number of oceanic sharks and rays declining globally by 71%, and has increased the global extinction risk to the point where three-quarters of these species are now threatened with extinction. Precautionary science-based catch limits and strict prohibitions are now needed urgently if population collapse is to be avoided,[27] [28] if the disruption of ecological functions is to be averted,[29] and if a start is to be made on rebuilding global fisheries.[30]

List

OrderImageScientific nameCommon name Population trendIUCN statusFish
Base		FAOCITES
Appendix[31]
Mackerel
shark		Alopias pelagicusPelagic thresheralign=center decreasing Endangered[32] [33]
Mackerel
shark		Alopias superciliosusBigeye thresher sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[34] [35]
Mackerel
shark		Alopias vulpinusCommon thresheralign=center decreasing Vulnerable[36] [37]
GroundsharkAtelomycterus baliensisBali catsharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[38]
GroundsharkAulohalaelurus kanakorumNew Caledonia catsharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[39]
Carpet sharkBrachaelurus colcloughiBluegrey carpetsharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[40]
GroundsharkCarcharhinus borneensisBorneo sharkalign=center unknown Critically Endangered[41]
GroundsharkCarcharhinus hemiodonPondicherry sharkalign=center unknown Critically endangered[42]
GroundsharkCarcharhinus leiodonSmoothtooth blacktip sharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[43]
GroundsharkCarcharhinus longimanusOceanic whitetip sharkalign=center decreasing Critically endangered [44] II (eff. Sep-2014)
GroundsharkCarcharhinus obscurusDusky sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[45] [46]
GroundsharkCarcharhinus plumbeusSandbar sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[47] [48]
GroundsharkCarcharhinus signatusNight sharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[49] [50]
Mackerel
shark		Carcharias taurusSand tigeralign=center decreasing Critically endangered[51] [52]
Mackerel
shark		Carcharodon carchariasGreat white sharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[53] [54] II
DogfishCentrophorus granulosusGulper sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[55] [56]
DogfishCentrophorus harrissoniDumb gulper sharkalign=center decreasing Endangered[57] [58]
DogfishCentrophorus lusitanicusLowfin gulper sharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[59] [60]
DogfishCentrophorus squamosusDeepwater spiny dogfishalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[61] [62]
Mackerel
shark		Cetorhinus maximusBasking sharkalign=center decreasing Endangered[63] [64] II
GroundsharkChaenogaleus macrostomaHooktooth sharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[65]
GroundsharkGaleorhinus galeusSchool sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[66] [67]
GroundsharkGaleus mincaroneiSouthern sawtail catsharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[68]
GroundsharkGlyphis gangeticusGanges sharkalign=center decreasing Critically endangered [69]
GroundsharkGlyphis garrickiNew Guinea river sharkalign=center decreasing Critically endangered [70]
GroundsharkGlyphis glyphisSpeartooth sharkalign=center decreasing Endangered[71]
GroundsharkGlyphis siamensisIrrawaddy river sharkalign=center unknown Critically endangered [72]
GroundsharkHaploblepharus fuscusBrown shysharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[73]
GroundsharkHaploblepharus kistnasamyiNatal shysharkalign=center unknown Critically endangered[74]
GroundsharkHemigaleus microstomaSickle fin weasel sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[75]
GroundsharkHemipristis elongataSnaggletooth sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[76]
Carpet sharkHemiscyllium hallstromiPapuan epaulette sharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[77] [78]
Carpet sharkHemiscyllium strahaniHooded carpet sharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[79] [80]
GroundsharkHemitriakis leucoperipteraWhitefin topesharkalign=center unknown Endangered[81]
GroundsharkHolohalaelurus favusHoneycomb Izakalign=center decreasing Endangered[82]
GroundsharkHolohalaelurus punctatusWhitespotted Izakalign=center decreasing Endangered[83]
GroundsharkIsogomphodon oxyrhynchusDaggernose sharkalign=center decreasing Critically endangered[84]
Mackerel
shark		Isurus oxyrinchusShortfin makoalign=center decreasing Endangered[85] [86]
Mackerel
shark		Isurus paucusLongfin makoalign=center decreasing Endangered[87] [88]
GroundsharkLamiopsis temminckiiBroadfin sharkalign=center decreasing Endangered[89]
Mackerel
shark		Lamna nasusPorbeaglealign=center decreasing Vulnerable[90] III
(II eff. Sept. 2014)
GroundsharkMustelus fasciatusStriped smooth-houndalign=center decreasing Critically endangered[91]
GroundsharkMustelus mustelusCommon smoothhoundalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[92]
GroundsharkMustelus schmittiNarrownose smoothhoundalign=center decreasing Endangered[93] [94]
GroundsharkMustelus whitneyiHumpback smoothhoundalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[95]
Carpet sharkNebrius ferrugineusTawny nurse sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[96] [97]
GroundsharkNegaprion acutidensSharptooth lemon sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[98]
Mackerel
shark		Odontaspis feroxSmall-tooth sand tiger sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[99] [100]
DogfishOxynotus centrinaAngular rough sharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[101] [102]
Carpet sharkPseudoginglymostoma
brevicaudatum		Shorttail nurse sharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[103]
Carpet sharkRhincodon typusWhale sharkalign=center decreasing Endangered[104] [105] II
GroundsharkSchroederichthys
saurisqualus		Lizard catsharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[106]
GroundsharkScylliogaleus queckettiFlapnose houndsharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[107]
GroundsharkSphyrna lewiniScalloped hammerheadalign=center decreasing Critically endangered [108] [109] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
GroundsharkSphyrna mokarranGreat hammerheadalign=center decreasing Critically Endangered[110] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
GroundsharkSphyrna tiburoBonnethead sharkalign=center decreasing Endangered
GroundsharkSphyrna tudesSmalleye hammerheadalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[111]
GroundsharkSphyrna zygaenaSmooth hammerheadalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[112] II (eff. Sept. 2014)
DogfishSqualus acanthiasPiked dogfishalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[113] [114]
DogfishSqualus montalbaniPhilippines spurdogalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[115]
Angel sharkSquatina aculeataSawback angelsharkalign=center decreasing Critically endangered[116] [117]
Angel sharkSquatina albipunctataEastern angel sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[118]
Angel sharkSquatina argentinaArgentine angel sharkalign=center decreasing Endangered[119] [120]
Angel sharkSquatina formosaTaiwan angelsharkalign=center unknown Endangered[121] [122]
Angel sharkSquatina guggenheimHidden angelsharkalign=center decreasing Endangered[123]
Angel sharkSquatina japonicaJapanese angelsharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[124] [125]
Angel sharkSquatina nebulosaClouded angelsharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[126] [127]
Angel sharkSquatina oculataSmoothback angel sharkalign=center decreasing Critically endangered[128] [129]
Angel sharkSquatina punctataAngular angelsharkalign=center decreasing Endangered[130]
Angel sharkSquatina squatinaAngel sharkalign=center decreasing Critically endangered[131] [132]
Angel sharkSquatina tergocellatoidesOcellated angelsharkalign=center unknown Vulnerable[133] [134]
Carpet sharkStegostoma fasciatumZebra sharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[135] [136]
GroundsharkTriakis acutipinnaSharpfin houndsharkalign=center decreasing Endangered[137]
GroundsharkTriakis maculataSpotted houndsharkalign=center decreasing Vulnerable[138]

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/291448/International-Union-for-Conservation-of-Nature-IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
  2. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria . . August 2010 . 2012-09-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110221235804/http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf . 21 February 2011 .
  3. Web site: Red List Overview . IUCN Red List . . 20 June 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120527175928/http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/red-list-overview . 27 May 2012 .
  4. Web site: The Greatest Threats to Sharks. 2007. Oceana. 2009-08-29. https://web.archive.org/web/20090603052356/http://oceana.org/sharks/threats/ . 2009-06-03.
  5. Book: Pratt. H. L. Jr. Gruber . S. H. . Taniuchi . T. Elasmobranchs as living resources: Advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Tech Rept.. 1990.
  6. Book: Walker, T.I. . 1998. Shark Fisheries Management and Biology.
  7. https://web.archive.org/web/20060521074305/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0603_020603_shark1_2.html Sharks Falling Prey To Humans' Appetites
  8. http://animals.howstuffworks.com/fish/shark-fishing.htm HowStuffWorks "How many sharks are killed recreationally each year - and why?"
  9. News: Shark fin soup alters an ecosystem—CNN.com. CNN. 2008-12-15. 2010-05-23.
  10. News: Urbina. Ian. 2016-02-17. Palau vs. the Poachers (Published 2016). en-US. The New York Times. 2020-11-30. 0362-4331.
  11. Web site: Archived copy . 2016-02-06 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080804143851/http://www.sharktrust.org/content.asp?did=26881 . 2008-08-04 .
  12. Web site: Shark fisheries and trade in Europe: Fact sheet on Italy. 2007-09-06.
  13. https://web.archive.org/web/20080311042505/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20155947,00.html Sharkwater | Movies
  14. http://www.iucn.org/?3362/Third-of-open-ocean-sharks-threatened-with-extinction Third of open ocean sharks threatened with extinction
  15. The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays . IUCN Shark Specialist Group . April 3, 2012 . Camhi, M.D . Valenti, S.V. . Fordham, S.V. . Fowler, S.L. . Gibson, C. . Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop . February 2007 . Oxford, England . 978-0-9561063-1-5 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110114184614/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ssg_pelagic_report_final.pdf . January 14, 2011 . dead .
  16. News: Fishing puts a third of all oceanic shark species at risk of extinction. Alok. Jha. 2009-06-25. 2009-07-16. The Guardian.
  17. News: U.N. Group Rejects Shark Protections. David . Jolly. The New York Times. March 23, 2010.
  18. Web site: Qatar. UN body flip-flops on shark protection . Tawa News, Canwest News Service . March 26, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100329153529/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/business/Qatar%2Bbody%2Bflip%2Bflops%2Bshark%2Bprotection/2727330/story.html . March 29, 2010 .
  19. http://www.foxbusiness.com/news/2013/03/14/opponents-fail-to-overturn-shark-protection-deal/ Opponents fail to overturn shark protection deal
  20. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/mar/11/shark-species-greater-protection-finning Five shark species win protection against finning trade
  21. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/03/130314110258.htm CITES Makes Historic Decision to Protect Sharks and Rays
  22. http://www.cites.org/eng/news/pr/2013/20130314_cop16.php CITES conference takes decisive action to halt decline of tropical timber, sharks, manta rays and a wide range of other plants and animals
  23. Web site: New measures to combat WA shark risks. Department of Fisheries, Western Australia. 2013-12-10. 2014-02-02.
  24. Web site: Can governments protect people from killer sharks?. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2013-12-22. 2014-02-02.
  25. http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/australia-shark-policy-stay-despite-threats-5815606 Australia shark policy to stay, despite threats
  26. 10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9. Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays. 2021. Pacoureau. Nathan. Rigby. Cassandra L.. Kyne. Peter M.. Sherley. Richard B.. Winker. Henning. Carlson. John K.. Fordham. Sonja V.. Barreto. Rodrigo. Fernando. Daniel. Francis. Malcolm P.. Jabado. Rima W.. Herman. Katelyn B.. Liu. Kwang-Ming. Marshall. Andrea D.. Pollom. Riley A.. Romanov. Evgeny V.. Simpfendorfer. Colin A.. Yin. Jamie S.. Kindsvater. Holly K.. Dulvy. Nicholas K.. Nature. 589. 7843. 567–571. 33505035. 2021Natur.589..567P . 10871/124531 . 231723355. free.
  27. 10.1111/faf.12119. Why have global shark and ray landings declined: Improved management or overfishing?. 2016. Davidson. Lindsay N K.. Krawchuk. Meg A.. Dulvy. Nicholas K.. Fish and Fisheries. 17. 2. 438–458.
  28. 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.038. Challenges and Priorities in Shark and Ray Conservation. 2017. Dulvy. Nicholas K.. Simpfendorfer. Colin A.. Davidson. Lindsay N.K.. Fordham. Sonja V.. Bräutigam. Amie. Sant. Glenn. Welch. David J.. Current Biology. 27. 11. R565–R572. 28586694. 20632998. free.
  29. 10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.017. Bright spots of sustainable shark fishing. 2017. Simpfendorfer. Colin A.. Dulvy. Nicholas K.. Current Biology. 27. 3. R97–R98. 28171764. 46839247. free.
  30. 10.1371/journal.pone.0040542. Benefits of Rebuilding Global Marine Fisheries Outweigh Costs. 2012. Sumaila. Ussif Rashid. Cheung. William. Dyck. Andrew. Gueye. Kamal. Huang. Ling. Lam. Vicky. Pauly. Daniel. Srinivasan. Thara. Swartz. Wilf. Watson. Reginald. Zeller. Dirk. PLOS ONE. 7. 7. e40542. 22808187. 3396648. 2012PLoSO...740542S . free.
  31. Web site: Appendices I, II and III. CITES. 30 August 2014.
  32. Rigby, C.L. . Barreto, R. . Carlson, J. . Fernando, D. . Fordham, S. . Francis, M.P. . Herman, K. . Jabado, R.W. . Liu, K.M. . Marshall, A. . Pacoureau, N. . Romanov, E. . Sherley, R.B. . Winker, H. . 2019 . Alopias pelagicus . 2019 . e.T161597A68607857 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T161597A68607857.en . 20 November 2021.
  33. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2009/en Alopias pelagicus (Nakamura, 1935)
  34. Amorim, A. . Baum, J. . Cailliet, G.M. . Clò, S. . Clarke, S.C. . Fergusson, I. . Gonzalez, M. . Macias, D. . Mancini, P. . Mancusi, C. . etal . Alopias superciliosus . 2009 . e.T161696A5482468 . 2009 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161696A5482468.en . 16 January 2018.
  35. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2795/en Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1841)
  36. Goldman, K.J. . Baum, J. . Cailliet, G.M. . Cortés, E. . Kohin, S. . Macías, D. . Megalofonou, P. . Perez, M. . Soldo, A. . Trejo, T. . amp . Alopias vulpinus . 2009 . e.T39339A10205317 . 2009 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39339A10205317.en . 16 January 2018.
  37. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2008/en Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788)
  38. White, W.T. . Fahmi . Dharmadi . amp . Atelomycterus baliensis . 2009 . e.T161736A5491875 . 2009 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T161736A5491875.en . 16 January 2018.
  39. Fowler, S.L. . Lisney, T.J. . amp . Aulohalaelurus kanakorum . 2003 . e.T41870A10581635 . 2003 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T41870A10581635.en . 16 January 2018.
  40. Kyne, P.M. . Compagno, L.J.V. . Last, P.R. . Stevens, J.D. . 2015 . Brachaelurus colcloughi . 2015 . e.T39335A68610594 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T39335A68610594.en . 20 November 2021.
  41. Compagno, L.J.V. . Carcharhinus borneensis . 2009 . e.T39367A10182233 . 2009 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T39367A10182233.en . 16 January 2018.
  42. Compagno, L.J.V. . White, W. . Fowler, S. . amp . Carcharhinus hemiodon . 2003 . e.T39369A10185838 . 2003 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2003.RLTS.T39369A10185838.en . 16 January 2018.
  43. Simpfendorfer, C. . Jabado, R.W. . Valinassab, T. . Elhassan, I. . Moore, A. . 2017 . Carcharhinus leiodon . 2017 . e.T39371A109876922 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T39371A109876922.en . 20 November 2021.
  44. Rigby, C.L. . Barreto, R. . Carlson, J. . Fernando, D. . Fordham, S. . Francis, M.P. . Herman, K. . Jabado, R.W. . Liu, K.M. . Marshall, A. . Pacoureau, N. . Romanov, E. . Sherley, R.B . Winker, H. . amp . Carcharhinus longimanus . 2019 . e.T39374A2911619 . 2019 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T39374A2911619.en . 24 June 2020.
  45. Musick, J.A. . Grubbs, R.D. . Baum, J. . Cortés, E. . amp . Carcharhinus obscurus . 2009 . e.T3852A10127245 . 2009 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3852A10127245.en . 16 January 2018.
  46. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2811/en Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur, 1818)
  47. Musick, J.A. . Stevens, J.D. . Baum, J.K. . Bradai, M. . Clò, S. . Fergusson, I. . Grubbs, R.D. . Soldo, A. . Vacchi, M. . Vooren, C.M. . amp . Carcharhinus plumbeus . 2009 . e.T3853A10130397 . 2009 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3853A10130397.en . 16 January 2018.
  48. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2807/en Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827)
  49. Santana, F.M. . Lessa, R. . Carlson, J. . amp . Carcharhinus signatus . 2006 . e.T60219A12323765 . 2006 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60219A12323765.en . 16 January 2018.
  50. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2815/en Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868)
  51. Pollard, D. . Smith, A. . amp . Carcharias taurus . 2009 . e.T3854A10132481 . 2009 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3854A10132481.en . 16 January 2018.
  52. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2006/en Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque, 1810)
  53. Fergusson, I. . Compagno, L.J.V. . Marks, M. . amp . Carcharodon carcharias . 2009 . e.T3855A10133872 . 2009 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T3855A10133872.en . 16 January 2018.
  54. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2799/en Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758)
  55. Finucci, B. . Bineesh, K.K. . Cheok, J. . Cotton, C.F. . Dharmadi, Kulka, D.W. . Neat, F.C. . Pacoureau, N. . Rigby, C.L. . Tanaka, S. . Walker, T.I. . 2020 . Centrophorus granulosus . 2020 . e.T162293947A2897883 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T162293947A2897883.en . 20 November 2021.
  56. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2835/en Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
  57. Graham, K. . Centrophorus harrissoni . 2013 . e.T41740A16726236 . 2013 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T41740A16726236.en . 16 January 2018.
  58. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2835/en Centrophorus harrissoni (McCulloch, 1915)
  59. Clarke, M. . White, W. . Compagno, L.J.V. . amp . 2009 . Centrophorus lusitanicus . 10 March 2013.
  60. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/11179/en Centrophorus lusitanicus (Bocage & Capello, 1864)
  61. Finucci, B. . Bineesh, K.K. . Cheok, J. . Cotton, C.F. . Dharmadi, Kulka, D.W. . Neat, F.C. . Pacoureau, N. . Rigby, C.L. . Tanaka, S. . Walker, T.I. . 2020 . Centrophorus squamosus . 2020 . e.T41871A68614964 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T41871A68614964.en . 20 November 2021.
  62. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2036/en Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788)
  63. Rigby, C.L. . Barreto, R. . Carlson, J. . Fernando, D. . Fordham, S. . Francis, M.P. . Herman, K. . Jabado, R.W. . Liu, K.M. . Marshall, A. . Romanov, E. . Kyne, P.M. . 2021 . Cetorhinus maximus . 2021 . e.T4292A194720078 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T4292A194720078.en . 20 November 2021.
  64. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2005/en Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765)
  65. Rigby, C.L. . Bin Ali, A. . Bineesh, K.K. . Derrick, D. . Fahmi, Haque, A.B. . Maung, A. . 2021 . Chaenogaleus macrostoma . 2021 . e.T161695A173437577 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161695A173437577.en . 20 November 2021.
  66. Walker, T.I. . Rigby, C.L. . Pacoureau, N. . Ellis, J. . Kulka, D.W. . Chiaramonte, G.E. . Herman, K. . 2020 . Galeorhinus galeus . 2020 . e.T39352A2907336 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T39352A2907336.en . 20 November 2021.
  67. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2828/en Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758)
  68. Pollom, R. . Charvet, P. . Cuevas, J.M. . Herman, K. . Paesch, L. . Rincon, G. . 2020 . Galeus mincaronei . 2020 . e.T44578A2995648 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T44578A2995648.en . 20 November 2021.
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  77. Dudgeon, C.L. . Heupel, M.R. . Kyne, P.M. . Allen, G. . 2016 . Hemiscyllium hallstromi . 2016 . e.T41875A70709453 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T41875A70709453.en . 20 November 2021.
  78. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/12618/en Hemiscyllium hallstromi (Whitley, 1967)
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  80. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/12620/en Hemiscyllium strahani (Whitley, 1967)
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  86. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2011/en Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1809)
  87. Rigby, C.L. . Barreto, R. . Carlson, J. . Fernando, D. . Fordham, S. . Francis, M.P. . Jabado, R.W. . Liu, K.M. . Marshall, A. . Pacoureau, N. . Romanov, E. . Sherley, R.B. . Winker, H. . 2019 . Isurus paucus . 2019 . e.T60225A3095898 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T60225A3095898.en . 20 November 2021.
  88. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2797/en Isurus paucus (Guitart Manday, 1966)
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  94. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2826/en Mustelus schmitti (Springer, 1940)
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  97. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/13671/en Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1831)
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  100. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/13862/en Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810)
  101. Finucci, B. . Chartrain, E. . De Bruyne, G. . Derrick, D. . Ducrocq, M. . Williams, A.B. . VanderWright, W.J. . 2021 . Oxynotus centrina . 2021 . e.T63141A124462573 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T63141A124462573.en . 20 November 2021.
  102. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2843/en Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758)
  103. Pollom, R. . Bennett, R. . Jabado, R.W. . Kuguru, B. . Samoilys, M. . 2019 . Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum . 2019 . e.T44617A124435749 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T44617A124435749.en . 20 November 2021.
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  115. Graham, K.J. . 2019 . Squalus montalbani . 2019 . e.T161404A68645208 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T161404A68645208.en . 20 November 2021.
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  117. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/15414/en Squatina aculeata (Cuvier, 1829)
  118. Pogonoski, J. . Pollard, D.A. . Rigby, C.L. . 2016 . Squatina albipunctata . 2016 . e.T42729A68645549 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42729A68645549.en . 20 November 2021.
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  120. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/15416/en Squatina argentina (Marini, 1930)
  121. Rigby, C.L. . Chen, X. . Ebert, D.A. . Herman, K. . Ho, H. . Hsu, H. . Zhang, J. . 2020 . Squatina formosa . 2020 . e.T161456A134193368 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161456A134193368.en . 20 November 2021.
  122. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/15420/en Squatina formosa (Shen & Ting, 1972)
  123. Oddone, M.C. . Awruch, C.A. . Barreto, R. . Charvet, P. . Chiaramonte, G.E. . Cuevas, J.M. . Dolphine, P. . Faria, V. . Paesch, L. . Rincon, G. . Vooren, C.M. . 2019 . Squatina guggenheim . 2019 . e.T130393378A130393975 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T130393378A130393975.en . 20 November 2021.
  124. Walls, R.H.L. . Rigby, C.L. . Derrick, D. . Dyldin, Y.V. . Ebert, D.A. . Herman, K. . Ishihara, H. . Jeong, C.-H. . Semba, Y. . Tanaka, S. . Volvenko, I.V. . Yamaguchi, A. . 2021 . Squatina japonica . 2021 . e.T161558A134194013 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161558A134194013.en . 20 November 2021.
  125. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/15421/en Squatina japonica (Bleeker, 1858)
  126. Rigby, C.L. . Walls, R.H.L. . Derrick, D. . Dyldin, Y.V. . Herman, K. . Ho, H. . Ishihara, H. . Jeong, C.-H. . Semba, Y. . Tanaka, S. . Volvenko, I.V. . Yamaguchi, A. . 2021 . Squatina nebulosa . 2021 . e.T161325A134193576 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T161325A134193576.en . 20 November 2021.
  127. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/15422/en Squatina nebulosa (Regan, 1906)
  128. Morey, G. . Barker, J. . Bartolí, A. . Gordon, C. . Hood, A. . Meyers, E.K.M. . Pollom, R. . 2019 . Squatina oculata . 2019 . e.T61418A116782036 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T61418A116782036.en . 20 November 2021.
  129. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/15423/en Squatina oculata (Bonaparte, 1840)
  130. IUCN Shark Specialist Group . 2007 . Squatina punctata . 10 March 2013.
  131. Morey, G. . Barker, J. . Hood, A. . Gordon, C. . Bartolí, A. . Meyers, E.K.M. . Ellis, J. . Sharp, R. . Jimenez-Alvarado, D. . Pollom, R. . 2019 . Squatina squatina . 2019 . e.T39332A117498371 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T39332A117498371.en . 20 November 2021.
  132. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2046/en Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758)
  133. Rigby, C.L. . Bin Ali, A. . Bineesh, K.K. . Chen, X. . Derrick, D. . Dharmadi, Ebert, D.A. . Fahmi, Fernando, D. . Gautama, D.A. . Haque, A.B. . Herman, K. . Ho, H. . Hsu, H. . Maung, A. . Vo, V.Q. . Sianipar, A. . Tanay, D. . Utzurrum, J.A.T. . Yuneni, R.R. . Zhang, J. . 2020 . Squatina tergocellatoides . 2020 . e.T161525A134193835 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T161525A134193835.en . 20 November 2021.
  134. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/15425/en Squatina tergocellatoides (Chen, 1963)
  135. Dudgeon, C.L. . Simpfendorfer, C. . Pillans, R.D. . 2019 . Stegostoma tigrinum . 2019 . e.T41878A161303882 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T41878A161303882.en . 20 November 2021.
  136. http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/15438/en Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783)
  137. Kyne, P.M. . Cevallos, A. . Hernández, S. . Ebert, D.A. . 2021 . Triakis acutipinna . 2021 . e.T39361A124406514 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39361A124406514.en . 20 November 2021.
  138. Dulvy, N.K. . Acuña, E. . Bustamante, C. . Herman, K. . Velez-Zuazo, X. . 2020 . Triakis maculata . 2020 . e.T63130A124461743 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T63130A124461743.en . 20 November 2021.

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