| Thomas H. Anderson | |
| Office: | Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia |
| Term Start: | April 23, 1901 |
| Term End: | September 30, 1916 |
| Appointer: | William McKinley (recess) |
| Predecessor: | Charles Cleaves Cole |
| Successor: | William Hitz |
| Birth Name: | Thomas Henry Anderson[1] |
| Birth Date: | 6 June 1848 |
| Birth Place: | Belmont, Ohio |
| Education: | Mount Union College |
Thomas Henry Anderson (June 6, 1848 – September 30, 1916) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia.
Anderson was born in Belmont County, Ohio, and attended Mount Union College. He was a high school principal in Cambridge, Ohio in 1871. He was in private practice of law in Cambridge from 1871 to 1889 and in Washington, D.C. from 1893 to 1899, interrupted by a stint as the United States Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Bolivia from 1889 to 1893. He served as the United States Attorney for the District of Columbia from 1899 to 1901.
Anderson received a recess appointment from President William McKinley on April 23, 1901, to an Associate Justice seat on the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia (now the United States District Court for the District of Columbia) vacated by Associate Justice Charles Cleaves Cole. He was nominated to the same position by President Theodore Roosevelt on December 5, 1901. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 4, 1902, and received his commission on February 6, 1902. His service terminated on October 1, 1916, due to his death.