Tom Frieden Explained

Tom Frieden
Office:16th Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
President:Barack Obama
Term Start:June 8, 2009
Term End:January 20, 2017
Predecessor:Julie Gerberding
Successor:Brenda Fitzgerald
Office1:Health Commissioner of New York City
1Blankname1:Mayor
1Namedata1:Michael Bloomberg
Term Start1:January 2002
Term End1:May 18, 2009
Predecessor1:Neal Cohen
Successor1:Tom Farley
Birth Date:7 December 1960
Birth Place:New York City, New York, U.S.
Party:Democratic
Spouse:Barbara Chang
Children:2
Education:Oberlin College (BA)
Columbia University (MPH, MD)
Relations:Jeffry Frieden (brother)

Thomas R. Frieden (born December 7, 1960) is an American infectious disease and public health physician. He serves as president and CEO of Resolve to Save Lives, a $225million, five-year initiative to prevent epidemics and cardiovascular disease.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

He was the director of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and he was the administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry from 2009 to 2017,[6] [7] appointed by President Barack Obama.[8]

As a commissioner of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene from 2002 to 2009 he came to some prominence for banning smoking in the city's restaurants as well as the serving of trans fat.[9]

Education

Frieden was born and raised in New York City. His father, Julian Frieden, was chief of coronary care at Montefiore Hospital and New Rochelle Hospitals in New York.[10] Frieden attended Oberlin College graduating with a BA degree in philosophy in 1982.[11] He was a community organizer for the Center for Health Services at Vanderbilt University in 1982, before he started studying medicine at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and graduated with an MD degree in 1986. At the same time he attended Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health and obtained an MPH degree in 1986. He completed a residency in internal medicine at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center 1986–1989 followed by a one-year infectious diseases fellowship from 1989 to 1990 at Yale School of Medicine and Yale–New Haven Hospital.

Career

CDC, New York City Department of Health, WHO, 1990–2002

From 1990 to 1992, Frieden worked as an Epidemic Intelligence Service officer assigned by CDC in New York City.[12] [13] [14] From 1992 to 1996,[15] he was assistant commissioner of health and director of the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, fostering public awareness and helping to improve city, state and federal public funding for TB control.[16] [17] The New York City epidemic was controlled rapidly, reducing overall incidence by nearly half and cutting multidrug-resistant tuberculosis by 80%.[18] The city's program became a model for tuberculosis control nationally and globally.[19] [20]

From 1995 to 2001, Frieden worked as a technical advisor for the World Bank, health and population offices.[21] From 1996 to 2002, Frieden worked in India, as a medical officer for the World Health Organization on loan from the CDC. He helped the government of India implement the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program.[22] [23] [24] [25] The program's 2008 status report estimated that the nationwide program resulted in 8million treatments and 1.4million lives saved.[26] While in India, Frieden worked to establish a network of Indian physicians to help India's state and local governments implement the program[27] and helped the Tuberculosis Research Center in Chennai, India, establish a program to monitor the impact of tuberculosis control services.[28] [29]

New York City Health Commissioner, 2002 to 2009

Frieden served as Commissioner of Health of the City of New York from 2002 to 2009. At the time of his appointment, the agency employed 6,000 staff and had an annual budget of $1.6billion.[30] During Frieden's tenure as Commissioner, the Health Department expanded the collection and use of epidemiological data,[31] launching an annual Community Health Survey[32] and the nation's first community-based Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.[33] [34]

Tobacco control, 2002 onward

Upon his appointment as Commissioner of Health, Frieden made tobacco control a priority,[35] resulting in a rapid decline[36] after a decade of no change in smoking rates. Frieden established a system to monitor the city's smoking rates, and worked with New York City Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg to increase tobacco taxes, ban smoking in workplaces including restaurants and bars, and run aggressive anti-tobacco ads and help smokers quit.[37] The program reduced smoking prevalence among New York City adults from 21% in 2002 to 17% in 2007 which represented 300,000 fewer smokers.[36] [38] Smoking prevalence among New York City teens declined even more sharply, from 17.6% in 2001 to 8.5% in 2007, which was less than half the national rate.[39] The workplace smoking ban prompted spirited debate before the New York City Council passed it and Mayor Bloomberg signed it into law.[40] Over time, the measure gained broad acceptance by the public and business community in New York City.[41] [42] New York City's 2003 workplace smoking ban followed that of California in 1994. Frieden supported increased cigarette taxes as a means of reducing smoking and preventing teens from starting, saying "tobacco taxes are the most effective way to reduce tobacco use."[30] He supported the 62-cent federal tax on each cigarette pack sold in the United States, introduced in April 2009.[43] One side effect of the increased taxes on tobacco in New York was a large increase in cigarette smuggling into the state from other states with much lower taxes, such as Virginia. The Tax Foundation estimated that "60.9% of cigarettes sold in New York State are smuggled in from other states".[44] In addition, some New Yorkers began to make their own cigarettes, and tobacco trucks were even hijacked. A 2009 Justice Department study found that "The incentive to profit by evading payment of taxes rises with each tax rate hike imposed by federal, state, and local governments".[45]

Waiving written consent for HIV testing, 2004

Frieden introduced the city's first comprehensive health policy, Take Care New York, which targeted ten leading causes of preventable illness and death for public and personal action.[46] [47] By 2007, New York City had made measurable progress in eight of the ten priority areas.[48]

As Health Commissioner, Frieden sought to fight HIV and AIDS with public health principles used successfully to control other communicable diseases.[49] A very controversial aspect was the proposal to eliminate separate written consent for HIV testing. He believed the measure would encourage physicians to offer HIV tests during routine medical care,[50] as the CDC recommended.[51] Some community and civil liberties advocates fought this legislation, arguing it would undermine patients' rights and lead eventually to forced HIV testing.[52] [53] In 2010, New York State passed a new law that eased the requirement for separate written consent in some circumstances.[54] Frieden's perspective is now widely accepted,[55] and on February 14, 2007, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene introduced the NYC Condom,[56] [57] prompting Catholic League president Bill Donohue to respond, "What's next? The city's own brand of clean syringes?"[58] More than 36million condoms were given away by the program in 2007.[59]

Diabetes test result reporting, 2006

Frieden worked to raise awareness about diabetes in New York City, particularly among pregnant women,[60] and established an involuntary, non-disclosed hemoglobin A1C diabetes registry which tracks patients' blood sugar control over several months and reports the information to treating physicians to help them provide better care.[61] [62]

The New York City Board of Health's decision[63] to require laboratories to report A1C test results generated a heated debate among civil libertarians, who viewed it as a violation of medical privacy and an intrusion into the doctor-patient relationship. Although patients may elect not to receive information from the program, there is no provision enabling patients to opt out of having their glycemic control data entered in the database.[64] [65]

Transfat plan, 2006

In September 2006, the city proposed to restrict trans fat served in New York restaurants.[66] [67] [68] New York City's trans fat ban followed mandatory labeling of trans fat by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), was credited with saving lives and preceded by more than a decade the FDA's action to ban trans fat from food throughout the United States.[69]

CDC Director, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Administrator, 2009–2017

In May 2009, the White House and the Department of Health and Human Services named Frieden director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and administrator of the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry; positions he assumed in June 2009, from the acting head Richard E. Besser.[70] Frieden resigned effective January 20, 2017.[71]

On announcing Frieden's appointment, President Obama called him "an expert in preparedness and response to health emergencies" who in seven years as New York City's health commissioner was "at the forefront of the fight against heart disease, cancer and obesity, infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and AIDS, and in the establishment of electronic health records."[8]

Ebola epidemic, 2014

Frieden was prominently involved in the US and global response to the West African outbreak of Ebola. His visits to West Africa beginning in August 2014 and a September 2014 CDC analysis projecting that the Ebola epidemic could increase exponentially to infect more than 1million people within four months[72] prompted him to press for an international surge response.[73] At the peak of the response, CDC maintained approximately 200 staff per day in West Africa and about 400 staff per day at its Atlanta headquarters; overall, about 1,900 CDC staff deployed to international and U.S. locations for about 110,000 total work days, and more than 4,000 CDC staff worked as part of the response.[74] In a Congressional hearing in October 2014, Frieden was asked about his handling of the Ebola crisis after the disease had spread to two nurses from a patient in the US.[75] The day prior, Rep. Tom Marino (R-PA) had called for Frieden's resignation,[76] though others rallied to his defense.[77] [78]

Resolve to Save Lives

In 2017, Frieden started leading an initiative called "Resolve to Save Lives" to prevent cardiovascular disease and epidemics.[79] The effort is funded by Bloomberg Philanthropies, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and housed at a nongovernmental organization in New York City.[80] Proposed strategies are being tried in various countries [81] [82] including India,[83] China,[84] and Nigeria.[85] These strategies include working with the World Health Organization to eliminate trans fat[86] [87] [88] and reduce salt consumption worldwide.[89] [90] The salt reduction effort is controversial, with some scientists stating that lower sodium intake may harm some people.[91] [92] The initiative also works to make countries better prepared for epidemics and have funding to fill preparedness gaps.[93] [94] [95]

Frieden appeared widely in US and global media during the COVID-19 pandemic and became a leading voice sharing science-based analysis of the pandemic via Twitter, while advocating for increased pandemic preparedness, vaccine equity, and stronger public health systems.[96] [97] He appeared on many news shows including The Today Show, CBS News, CNN, PBS, Good Morning America, BBC World News, MSNBC,[98] [99] [100] [101] [102] [103] and was quoted in The New York Times,[104] The Wall Street Journal,[105] The Washington Post,[106] STAT,[107] The Hill,[108] and published articles in leading outlets including on pandemic preparedness,[109] global health security,[110] primary health care,[111] and cardiovascular health.[112] Frieden's op-eds on the pandemic were published in The New York Times,[113] The Wall Street Journal,[109] The Washington Post,[97] and Foreign Affairs.[114]

Frieden co-authored a commentary with Former CDC Directors Jeffrey Koplan, David Satcher, Julie Gerberding, and Richard Besser calling for public health to lead the response to the pandemic, and for a reform of the CDC and US public health system.[115] [116]

In April 2022, Frieden led the transition of Resolve to Save Lives to become an independent, U.S.-based not-for-profit organization after five years of rapid expansion incubated at Vital Strategies.[117]

Working with the World Health Organization, Resolve to Save Lives partnered with countries to expand trans fat bans to more than 40% of the world population.[118] [119] [120] It is estimated that these bans will save millions of lives.[121] [122] Frieden has noted that cardiovascular disease kills far more people than Covid, and called for more action to reduce its three leading preventable causes: tobacco use, hypertension, and air pollution.[123] The organization has highlighted unsung successes in public health, including Epidemics That Didn't Happen,[124] and proposed a global target[125] to reduce the risk of the next pandemic, 7-1-7:[126] 7 days to find every outbreak, 1 day to report it to public health, and 7 days to have all essential control measures in place.[127] [128] Frieden is also Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations.[129]

Personal life

Frieden is married to Barbara Chang, whom he met in college, and has two children, one of whom, Michael Chang-Frieden is a graduate of Columbia University with the class of 2016.[130] [131] Tom’s brother, Jeff Frieden, is professor and chair of the department of government at Harvard University.[132] [133]

In 2017, Frieden was awarded an honorary Sc.D. degree from New York University.[134]

Publications

Frieden has published more than 200 peer reviewed articles.

External links

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Notes and References

  1. News: Frieden's Next Act: Heart Disease and Preparing for New Epidemics. Belluck. Pam. September 12, 2017. The New York Times. June 18, 2019. Hoffman. Jan. 0362-4331 . vanc.
  2. News: Former CDC chief launches $225 million global health initiative. Sun. Lena H.. September 12, 2017. The Washington Post. June 18, 2019 . vanc.
  3. Web site: Former CDC director Tom Frieden to launch new global health initiative. September 12, 2017. Stat. June 18, 2019 . Helen . Branswell . vanc.
  4. Web site: Tom Frieden's New Venture Combines 2 Disparate Health Threats. National Public Radio (NPR). June 18, 2019 . Diane . Cole . September 12, 2017. vanc.
  5. Dr. Tom Frieden to Lead New Global Health Initiative, Backed by $225 Million in Funding from Bloomberg Philanthropies, the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Bloomberg Philanthropies. June 18, 2019.
  6. Thomas R. Frieden, MD, MPH, Begins Role as CDC Director and ATSDR Administrator . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . June 8, 2009 . July 23, 2019.
  7. Web site: Past CDC Directors/Administrators . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . January 31, 2018 . July 23, 2019.
  8. News: Wilgoren . Debbi . Shear . Michael D. . Obama Chooses NYC Health Chief to Head CDC . The Washington Post . May 16, 2009. January 31, 2017 . vanc.
  9. Web site: Khalife . Gabrielle . Three Years After FDA Released Its Determination the U.S. Is Now Trans-Fat Free . NYC Food Policy . Hunter College New York City . October 8, 2019. September 4, 2018 .
  10. http://www.browsebiography.com/bio-thomas_frieden.html Thomas Frieden
  11. Tom Nugent Life on the Cutting Edge Oberlin Alumni Magazine, Fall 2006 Vol. 102, No. 2
  12. News: At C.D.C., Obama's Appointee Wields a Big Broom . Harris . Gardiner . March 15, 2010 . The New York Times . April 28, 2018 . 0362-4331 . vanc.
  13. News: Meet the CDC's Swat Team . Fuller . Jaime . October 16, 2014 . The Washington Post . April 28, 2018 . 0190-8286 . vanc.
  14. News: CDC Chief Tom Frieden Confronts Ebola Crisis Cool and Collected . August 10, 2014 . NBC News . April 28, 2018 .
  15. Book: Leading Public Health : a Competency Framework. . Begun . James . Malcolm . Jan . 2014 . Springer Publishing Company . 9780826199072 . New York . 881417295.
  16. Lobato MN, Wang YC, Becerra JE, Simone PM, Castro KG . Improved Program Activities Are Associated with Decreasing Tuberculosis Incidence in the United States. . 121. 2 . 108–115. 2006. 16528941. 1525263. 10.1177/003335490612100202.
  17. Leff DR, Leff AR . Tuberculosis Control Policies in Major Metropolitan Health Departments in the United States. VI. Standard of Practice in 1996. . 156 . 5. 1487–1494. November 1, 1997. 9372665. 10.1164/ajrccm.156.5.9704105.
  18. Book: TB Annual Summary. 2015. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. New York . 22 . January 24, 2017.
  19. Book: World Health Organization Tuberculosis Programme. New York City's Success Story. Stop TB at the Source. World Health Organization. Geneva. 1995. 978-0-11-951529-9. 181876135.
  20. News: Jennifer. Steinhauer. February 14, 2004. Gladly Taking The Blame For Health In the City. The New York Times. July 8, 2009 . vanc.
  21. http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF02/20140716/102479/HHRG-113-IF02-Bio-FriedenT-20140716.pdf Dr Thomas R Frieden, MD, MPH Bio
  22. Drazen J.M.. A milestone in tuberculosis control. New England Journal of Medicine. 347. 18. 1444. October 2002 . 12409549. 10.1056/NEJMe020135.
  23. Khatri. G.R.. Frieden. T.R.. Controlling tuberculosis in India. New England Journal of Medicine. 347. 18. 1420–1425. October 2002 . 12409545 . 10.1056/NEJMsa020098. free.
  24. Udwadia. Z.F.. Pinto. L.M.. Review series: the politics of TB: the politics, economics and impact of directly observed treatment (DOT) in India. Chronic Respiratory Disease. 4. 2. 101–106. 2007. 17621578. 10.1177/1479972307707929. 22674236. free.
  25. Chauhan. L.S.. Tonsing. J.. Revised National TB Control Programme in India . Tuberculosis . 85. 5–6. 271–276. 2005. 16253562. 10.1016/j.tube.2005.08.003.
  26. Book: March 2008. TB India 2008: RNTCP Status Report: I am Stopping TB . Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. New Delhi. 978-81-902652-3-2. 3. July 8, 2009.
  27. Frieden . T.R. . Khatri . G.R. . Impact of national consultants on successful expansion of effective tuberculosis control in India. . 7. 9. 837–841. September 2003 . 12971666 .
  28. Subramani. R.. Radhakrishna. S.. Frieden. T.R.. etal . Rapid decline in prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis after DOTS implementation in a rural area of South India . International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 12. 8. 916–920. August 2008 . 18647451 .
  29. Narayanan. P.R.. Garg. R.. Santha. T.. Kumaran. P.P.. Shifting the Focus of Tuberculosis Research in India. Tuberculosis. 83. 1–3. 135–142 . 2003 . 12758203 . 10.1016/S1472-9792(02)00068-9.
  30. Book: Farley. Tom. Saving Gotham: A Billionaire Mayor, Activist Doctors, and the Fight for Eight Million Lives. 2015. W.W. Norton. New York . 978-0393071245.
  31. Frieden . TR . Bassett . MT . Thorpe . LE . Farley . TA. Public health in New York City, 2002–2007: Confronting Epidemics of the Modern Era. International Journal of Epidemiology. 37. 5. 966–977. 10.1093/ije/dyn108. 18540026. 2008 . free.
  32. Web site: Community Health Survey. February 2009 . New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. July 9, 2009.
  33. Web site: NYC HANES Datasets and Related Documentation. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. July 9, 2009.
  34. Thorpe. L.E.. Gwynn. R.C.. Mandel-Ricci. J.. etal . Study Design and Participation Rates of the New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2004. . 3. 3. A94. July 2006. 16776895. 1637802.
  35. News: Jennifer . Steinhauer. February 15, 2002. Commissioner Calls Smoking Public Health Enemy No. 1 and Asks Drug Firms for Ammunition . The New York Times. July 8, 2009 . vanc.
  36. Decline in smoking prevalence – New York City, 2002–2006. . 56 . 24 . 604–608. June 2007. 17585290. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
  37. Frieden. T.R.. Mostashari. F.. Kerker. B.D.. Miller . N. . Hajat . A. . Frankel. M.. Adult Tobacco Use Levels After Intensive Tobacco Control Measures: New York City, 2002–2003. . 95. 6. 1016–1023. June 2005 . 15914827 . 1449302 . 10.2105/AJPH.2004.058164.
  38. Michael Bloomberg and Bill Gates Join to Combat Global Tobacco Epidemic. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. July 23, 2008 . July 8, 2009.
  39. New York City's bold antitobacco programme. Lancet. 371. 9607. 90. January 2008. 18191665. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60078-1. The Lancet. 205949508.
  40. Chang. C.. Leighton. J.. Mostashari . F. . McCord. C.. Frieden. T.R.. The New York City Smoke-Free Air Act: second-hand smoke as a worker health and safety issue. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 46. 2. 188–195. August 2004. 15273972. 10.1002/ajim.20030.
  41. News: Michael. Cooper. October 23, 2003. Poll Finds Smoking Ban Popular . The New York Times. July 8, 2009 . vanc.
  42. News: Jim. Rutenberg. Jim Rutenberg. Lily Koppel . February 6, 2005. In Barrooms, Smoking Ban Is Less Reviled. The New York Times. July 8, 2009 . vanc. Lily Koppel.
  43. News: Patrik. Jonsson. November 17, 2009. Federal and state governments look to smokers for more tax revenue: Though they hit poor Americans hardest, stiff taxes on tobacco can reduce healthcare costs by billions. . August 8, 2010 . vanc.
  44. Web site: Aaron. Smith. January 10, 2013 . 60% of cigarettes sold in New York are smuggled: report. CNN Money. December 4, 2014.
  45. Web site: Christopher . Mathias . April 3, 2014. Inside New York City's Dangerous, Multimillion-Dollar Cigarette Black Market . . December 4, 2014 . vanc.
  46. Book: Cause of Death or Illness, New York City, 2002, and Amenability to Intervention. Take Care New York: A Policy for a Healthier New York City . March 2004. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. 57–61. 10.1.1.694.662 .
  47. News: Richard. Pérez-Peña. March 24, 2004. City sets goals for the health of New Yorker. The New York Times . July 8, 2009 . vanc.
  48. Book: Take Care New York: A Policy for a Healthier New York City (Fourth Year Progress Report) . December 2008. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. January 31, 2017. 2–5.
  49. Frieden. T.R.. Das-Douglas. M.. Kellerman. S.E. . Henning. K.J.. Applying Public Health Principles to the HIV epidemic. New England Journal of Medicine . 353. 22. 2397–2402. December 2005. 16319391. 10.1056/NEJMsb053133. free.
  50. Mandavilli, A.. Profile: Thomas Frieden. Nature Medicine. 12. 4. 378. April 2006. 16598275. 10.1038/nm0406-378. 12664860. free.
  51. Branson. B.M.. Handsfield. H.H.. Lampe. M.A.. etal . Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health-care settings. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 55. RR–14. 1–17; quiz CE1–4. September 2006. 16988643 .
  52. News: Sewell . Chan. Sewell Chan. December 25, 2006. Rifts Emerge on Push to End Written Consent for H.I.V.Tests . The New York Times. July 9, 2009 . vanc.
  53. Fairchild. A.L.. Alkon. A.. Back to the future? Diabetes, HIV, and the boundaries of public health . Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 32. 4. 561–593. August 2007. 17639012 . 10.1215/03616878-2007-017. free.
  54. HIV Testing Is Now a Routine Part of Health Care in New York . New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. September 1, 2010 . February 8, 2011.
  55. Web site: Revised Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women in Health-Care Settings. CDC.gov.
  56. News: Sewell. Chan. Sewell Chan . February 15, 2007. A New Condom in Town, This One Named 'NYC' . The New York Times. July 8, 2009 . vanc.
  57. Health Department Launches The Nation's First Official City condom. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. February 14, 2007. July 8, 2009.
  58. Web site: NYC-Branded Condoms Are a Big Apple First. Gothamist. October 13, 2014 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160125160859/http://gothamist.com/2007/02/15/condoms_1.php. January 25, 2016 .
  59. Health Department Releases New NYC Condom Wrapper. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. February 13, 2008 . July 8, 2009.
  60. N.R.. Kleinfield. February 22, 2006. City to Warn New Mothers of Diabetes Risk . The New York Times. July 9, 2009.
  61. Steinbrook R.. Facing the Diabetes Epidemic – Mandatory Reporting of Glycosylated Hemoglobin Values in New York City. New England Journal of Medicine. 354. 6. 545–548. February 2006 . 16467539 . 10.1056/NEJMp068008.
  62. Web site: Bloomgarden. ZT. A1C in New York City . Medscape Diabetes & Endocrinology. February 1, 2017. 2006. vanc.
  63. Chamany. S.. Silver. L.D.. Bassett. M.T.. Driver. C.R.. Berger. D.K.. Neuhaus. C.E.. Namrata. K.. Frieden. T.R.. Tracking Diabetes: New York City's A1C Registry. Milbank Quarterly. 87. 3. 547–570 . September 2009 . 19751279 . 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00568.x. 2881457.
  64. Goldman . J. . Kinnear . S.. Chung. J.. Rothman. D.J.. New York City's Initiatives on Diabetes and HIV/AIDS: Implications for Patient Care, Public Health, and Medical Professionalism. American Journal of Public Health. 98. 5. 807–813 . 18381989. 10.2105/AJPH.2007.121152. 2374815. 2008 .
  65. Frieden T.R. . New York City's Diabetes Reporting System Helps Patients And Physicians. American Journal of Public Health . 98 . 9. 1543–1544; author reply 1544. September 2008. 18633070. 2509589. 10.2105/AJPH.2008.142026.
  66. News: NYC To Revise Trans Fat Plan . August 21, 2020 . Convenience Store News . November 17, 2006.
  67. News: F.D.A. Ruling Would All but Eliminate Trans Fats. Tavernise. Sabrina. November 7, 2013. The New York Times. June 19, 2019. 0362-4331 . vanc.
  68. Web site: First New York City bans trans fats—now it's the whole USA. The Business Journals. June 19, 2019. Teresa. Novellino. June 16, 2015.
  69. News: Trans Fat Bans Tied to Fewer Heart Attacks and Strokes. Bakalar. Nicholas. April 12, 2017. The New York Times. June 19, 2019. 0362-4331 . vanc.
  70. Web site: May 15, 2009. President Obama Appoints Dr. Thomas Frieden as CDC Director. National Archives. whitehouse.gov. May 18, 2010.
  71. News: Steenhuysen . Julie . More work lies ahead to fight Zika, other threats: CDC chief . Reuters . December 30, 2016 . July 23, 2019 . Frieden, appointed by President Barack Obama to run the CDC in 2009, will hand in his resignation on Jan. 20, the day of President-elect Donald Trump's inauguration. . vanc.
  72. Meltzer. Martin. Estimating the Future Number of Cases in the Ebola Epidemic – Liberia and Sierra Leone, 2014–2015 . MMWR Supplements. 2014. 63. 3. 1–14. MMWR. 25254986. January 6, 2017.
  73. News: Ebola outbreak: 'We need action now,' says CDC director Tom Frieden . January 7, 2017. CBC News. September 2, 2014 .
  74. Web site: Bell . Beth. CDC's Response to the 2014–2016 Ebola Epidemic – West Africa and United States . cdc.gov. MMWR. January 6, 2017.
  75. News: Sabrina. Tavernise. October 16, 2014. Congress Scrutinizes Handling of Ebola Cases in Texas. The New York Times. August 5, 2016 . vanc.
  76. News: White House scrambles to ease concerns over Ebola, lawmakers demand changes: CDC. Fox News Channel . October 15, 2014 .
  77. Morrison. J. Stephen. Thomas Frieden And The U.S. Ebola Response. healthaffairs.org. 2014. Project HOPE: The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.. 10.1377/forefront.20141020.042047.
  78. News: Gottlieb. Scott. In The Ebola Fight, A Defense Of Embattled CDC Chief Thomas Frieden . January 6, 2017. Forbes. October 17, 2014 . vanc.
  79. Web site: Resolve to Save Lives: Dr. Tom Frieden. Lives. Resolve to Save. resolvetosavelives.org. June 19, 2019.
  80. News: McKay . Betsy . Former CDC Director Frieden Takes Aim at Heart Disease, Epidemics . . September 12, 2017 . July 23, 2019 . vanc.
  81. Frieden. Thomas R.. Jaffe. Marc G.. 2018. Saving 100 million lives by improving global treatment of hypertension and reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 20. 2. 208–211. 10.1111/jch.13195. 29370471. 8031351. 1751-7176. free.
  82. Web site: Resolve to Save Lives: About us. Lives. Resolve to Save. resolvetosavelives.org. June 20, 2019.
  83. Web site: Bureau . MediBulletin . ICMR expands hypertension initiative to 100 districts, 15 crore people . MediBulletin . July 31, 2019 . October 8, 2019.
  84. Web site: Fang . Di . Sino-US project targets high blood pressure – Chinadaily.com.cn . China Daily . October 8, 2019.
  85. Web site: Expert advises FG to budget, spend effectively on Health . News Agency of Nigeria . October 8, 2019. August 8, 2019 .
  86. Web site: UN health agency aims to wipe out trans fats worldwide. Stobbe. Mike. May 14, 2018. AP NEWS. June 19, 2019.
  87. News: Trans Fats Should be Eliminated Worldwide by 2023, W.H.O. Says. Jacobs. Andrew. May 14, 2018. The New York Times. June 19, 2019. 0362-4331 . vanc.
  88. Frieden. Thomas R.. Ghebreyesus. Tedros Adhanom. May 19, 2018. REPLACE: a roadmap to make the world trans fat free by 2023. The Lancet. 391. 10134. 1978–1980. 0140-6736. 29773233. 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31083-3. 21699318.
  89. Web site: We Eat Too Much Sodium Because Companies Keep Dumping It In Our Food. NPR. January 7, 2016. June 20, 2019. Barclay. Eliza.
  90. Web site: Statement from Dr. Tom Frieden, President and CEO of Resolve to Save Lives, an initiative of Vital Strategies, on the release of the US report on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for Sodium and Potassium. March 5, 2019. Vital Strategies. June 20, 2019.
  91. Mente A, O'Donnell M, Rangarajan S, et al. Urinary sodium excretion, blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and mortality: a community-level prospective epidemiological cohort study. Lancet. 2018;392(10146):496–506
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