| Thomas Claiborne | |
| State: | Virginia |
| Term Start: | March 4, 1803 |
| Term End: | March 3, 1805 |
| Predecessor: | Richard Brent |
| Successor: | John Claiborne |
| State2: | Virginia |
| District2: | 8th |
| Term Start2: | March 4, 1801 |
| Term End2: | March 3, 1803 |
| Predecessor2: | Samuel Goode |
| Successor2: | Walter Jones |
| Term Start3: | March 4, 1793 |
| Term End3: | March 3, 1799 |
| Predecessor3: | Josiah Parker |
| Successor3: | Samuel Goode |
| Office4: | Member of the Virginia Senate from Brunswick, Lunenberg, Mecklenburg and Greensville Counties |
| Term4: | 1790–1792 |
| Predecessor4: | John Jones |
| Successor4: | Jesse Browne |
| Office5: | Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Brunswick County |
| Term5: | 1784–1787 Alongside Thomas Edmunds, Binns Jones and Andrew Meade |
| Birth Date: | 1 February 1749 |
| Birth Place: | Brunswick County, Virginia Colony, British America |
| Death Place: | Brunswick County, Virginia, U.S. |
| Party: | Democratic-Republican |
| Otherparty: | Anti-Administration |
| Branch: | Brunswick County Militia |
| Serviceyears: | 1789 |
| Rank: | Colonel |
Thomas Claiborne (February 1, 17491812) was a planter and politician from Brunswick County, Virginia, who represented Virginia in the United States House of Representatives from 1793 to 1799 and from 1801 to 1805.
Claiborne was born in 1749 in Brunswick County in the Colony of Virginia, the son of Colonel Augustine and Mary (Herbert) Claiborne. He was the fifth generation of his family in America, descended from William Claiborne who had settled in Virginia in 1621. He is the father of John Claiborne and Thomas Claiborne (1780–1856), uncle of Nathaniel Herbert Claiborne and William Charles Cole Claiborne, granduncle of John Francis Hamtramck Claiborne, and great-great-great-great-granduncle of Corinne Claiborne Boggs. He owned slaves.
Claiborne was a member of the State house of delegates (1783–1788), served as colonel in command of the Brunswick County Militia in 1789, sheriff of Brunswick County (1789–1792), and a member of the state senate (1790–1792). He was elected to the Third Congress and reelected as a Republican to the Fourth and Fifth Congresses. His bid for reelection in 1798 was unsuccessful, but he was again elected as a Republican to the Seventh and Eighth Congresses. He died on his estate in Brunswick County in 1812.
He was the father of United States Congressman Thomas Claiborne (1780–1856).