Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland explained

Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
Establishment of a Court of Appeal
Country:Ireland
Yes:795,008
No:425,047
Total:1,240,135
Electorate:3,167,484

The Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution (Court of Appeal) Act 2013 is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland which established a Court of Appeal to sit between the existing High and Supreme Courts for the purpose of taking over most of the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The amendment was approved by the electorate in a referendum on 4 October 2013, and then signed into law by President Michael D. Higgins on 1 November 2013.[1]

While the amendment provided for the new court to hear most appeals, it also provided for exceptions that could go directly to the Supreme Court. The Thirty-third Amendment makes appeals from the Court of Appeal to the Supreme Court subject to obtaining the Supreme Court's leave. Such leave would only be granted in cases of general public importance or in the interests of justice.[2] The intent of the amendment was to reduce the work load of the Supreme Court, allowing it to concentrate on a smaller number of more important cases. Before the adoption of the amendment, the Supreme Court had mandatory jurisdiction - civil cases decided by the High Court were directly appealable to the Supreme Court, which had no choice over which appeals it heard.

The bill was passed through both houses of the Oireachtas on 24 July 2013. A referendum was held on 4 October 2013, at which 65.1% voted in favour, on a turnout of 39.15%.[3] The Court of Appeal was created in October 2014 under statutes mandated by the amended Constitution.

Background

See also: Courts of the Republic of Ireland. The Constitution provided for the establishment of two courts: the Supreme Court and the High Court. Other courts may be established by statute but may not question the constitutionality of legislation. The High Court is a court of first instance with general original jurisdiction, hearing the most important cases in civil law and criminal law (in the latter case sitting as the Central Criminal Court). The High Court also acts as an appellate court for cases initially heard before the Circuit Court, a court of limited jurisdiction.

The Supreme Court hears appeals from the High Court and the Court of Criminal Appeal and, less often, referrals of bills from the President under Article 26 of the Constitution. While the Supreme Court has the final authority to interpret the Constitution, many cases it hears are not constitutional in nature. In 1971 there were five Justices on the Supreme Court and seven on the High Court; in 2009 the respective figures were eight and 36.[4] The number of cases appealed to the Supreme Court has increased faster than the number of justices, resulting in a backlog of several years. In 2006 the then government established a Working Group on a Court of Appeal, chaired by Susan Denham, who was then an ordinary Justice of the Supreme Court and became Chief Justice in 2010.[5] The Working Group's report was published in May 2009.[6]

The 2013 bill was published by Alan Shatter, the Minister for Justice and Equality, on 9 July 2013. It was along the lines of the recommendations of the 2009 Working Group's report.

The bill made one change not related to the new Court of Appeal: removing the "one-judgment rule" which provided that only one opinion could be given by the Supreme Court on constitutional cases. The deletion allowed divergent views, such as in concurring and dissenting opinions, to be published.[7] This change only applies to reviews under Article 34, not review of bills under Article 26.[8]

Changes

The substantive changes to the Constitution were to Article 34, which defines the court system.

Section Subsection Existing text New text Section of bill effecting
1 Justice shall be administered in courts established by law by judges appointed in the manner provided by this Constitution, and, save in such special and limited cases as may be prescribed by law, shall be administered in public.No change
2 The Courts shall comprise Courts of First Instance and a Court of Final Appeal.The Courts shall comprise:

i Courts of First Instance;

ii a Court of Appeal; and

iii a Court of Final Appeal.

3(a,b)
3 1°-4° Describes the Courts of First Instance, including the High CourtNo change
4 new) 1°–3° New section

1° The Court of Appeal shall—

i save as otherwise provided by this Article, and

ii with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law,

have appellate jurisdiction from all decisions of the High Court, and shall also have appellate jurisdiction from such decisions of other courts as may be prescribed by law.

2° No law shall be enacted excepting from the appellate jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal cases which involve questions as to the validity of any law having regard to the provisions of this Constitution.

3° The decision of the Court of Appeal shall be final and conclusive, save as otherwise provided by this Article.

3(c,d)
5 [was 4] 1° The Court of Final Appeal shall be called the Supreme Court.No change
5 [was 4] 2° The president of the Supreme Court shall be called the Chief Justice.No change
5 [was 4] 3° The Supreme Court shall, with such exceptions and subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law, have appellate jurisdiction from all decisions of the High Court, and shall also have appellate jurisdiction from such decisions of other courts as may be prescribed by law.The Supreme Court shall, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law, have appellate jurisdiction from a decision of the Court of Appeal if the Supreme Court is satisfied that—

i the decision involves a matter of general public importance, or

ii in the interests of justice it is necessary that there be an appeal to the Supreme Court.

5(2)(a,b)
5 [was 4] 4° New sectionNotwithstanding section 4.1° hereof, the Supreme Court shall, subject to such regulations as may be prescribed by law, have appellate jurisdiction from a decision of the High Court if the Supreme Court is satisfied that there are exceptional circumstances warranting a direct appeal to it, and a precondition for the Supreme Court being so satisfied is the presence of either or both of the following factors:

i the decision involves a matter of general public importance;

ii the interests of justice.

5(2)(c,d)
5 [was 4] 5° [was 4°] No law shall be enacted excepting from the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court cases which involve questions as to the validity of any law having regard to the provisions of this Constitution.No change except renumbering 5(2)(e)
5 [was 4] 5° The decision of the Supreme Court on a question as to the validity of a law having regard to the provisions of this Constitution shall be pronounced by such one of the judges of that Court as that Court shall direct, and no other opinion on such question, whether assenting or dissenting, shall be pronounced, nor shall the existence of any such other opinion be disclosed.Deleted 5(2)(f,g)
5 [was 4] 6° The decision of the Supreme Court shall in all cases be final and conclusive.No change
6 [was 5] Prescribes the oath of office for judgesNo change

The other changes are:

Schedule 2: inserted a transitory article 34A to mandate the establishment of the new Court of Appeal by an ordinary Act of the Oireachtas. (In accordance with one of its own provisions, this article was deleted from the official text of the constitution on 28 October 2014, the day the Court of Appeal was established.)
  • Schedule 6: scattered consequential amendments to refer to the new Court wherever the Supreme Court and High Court are currently mentioned.
  • Schedule 7: inserted a transitory article 64 to allow appeals from the High Court pending before the Supreme Court at the creation of the Court of Appeal to be transferred to the new Court. (In accordance with one of its own provisions, this article was deleted from the official text of the constitution on 28 October 2015, one year after the Court of Appeal was established.[9])
  • Schedule 8: a consequential amendment which would only have been relevant if the Seanad Abolition Bill had become law. That bill was put to referendum the same day as this bill, and was rejected.

    • The President of the High Court continues to be an ex officio member both of the Council of State and of the Supreme Court (the latter provision is by statute, not under the Constitution).[8] The President of the new court is also a member of both bodies.[8] The existing Court of Criminal Appeal was merged with the new Court of Appeal.[8] The government plans to reduce the number of Supreme Court judges from ten to five as sitting justices retire.[10]

    Debate

    The bill was supported by all parties in the Dáil and in the Seanad,[11] [12] including the four largest parties, Fine Gael, Labour, Fianna Fáil, and Sinn Féin, all of which ran low-key campaigns.[13] On 1 October 2013 all four issued a joint statement urging a Yes-vote.[14]

    A Referendum Commission was established, as required by law, to oversee the referendum to be held on 4 October 2013. The referendum commission's dedicated website was launched on 5 September 2013.[15] [16]

    Alan Shatter expressed concern that the referendum would be overshadowed by the simultaneous referendum proposing abolition of the Seanad.[17] Shatter also criticised RTÉ's coverage of the referendum, suggesting it avoided discussing the issue at all for fear of violating its obligation of neutrality.[18]

    Elizabeth Dunne, the High Court judge who chaired the Referendum Commission, expressed concern about the lack of public debate on the Court of Appeal proposal.[19]

    In a speech on 27 September, Chief Justice Susan Denham described the current backlog of court cases as "unsustainable" and the referendum as "an invitation for citizens to enable the superior courts to work better"; she did not explicitly advocate a yes vote, because separation of powers required judges to be impartial.[20] Michael Williams, a solicitor opposed to the referendum, felt the speech "stepped across the line" into politics.[21] The Law Society of Ireland, the professional body for solicitors, recommended that its members advise clients to vote yes.[22] [23] The Bar Council of Ireland, the body for barristers, also called for a Yes-vote.[24] [25] The Irish Farmers' Association advised farmers to support the bill to reduce delays in litigation.[26] [27]

    Michael Williams wrote in The Irish Times that the Court of Appeal was no substitute for a more fundamental reform of the Irish judicial system, which he said was unlikely as it would challenge the vested interests of lawyers.[28] Mattie McGrath expressed a similar viewpoint and called for a No-vote.[29] While Williams favours removing the one-judgment rule, he criticised the joining of that with the Court of Appeal in a single amendment requiring a single referendum.[28] Seth Barrett Tillman, a lecturer in law at National University of Ireland, Maynooth, considered that, since the Court of Criminal Appeal had been created without a constitutional amendment, the same ought to be possible for a Civil Court of Appeal.[30] Lawyer Paul Anthony McDermott suggested the delays in hearing cases were caused by too many litigants rather than too few judges or courts.[31] Diarmuid Rossa Phelan, a prominent Irish barrister and law professor at the School of Law at Trinity College Dublin, suggested that giving the Supreme Court absolute discretion to select which cases to hear was dangerous and would need to be monitored for mission creep.[32] The Master of the High Court, Edmund Honohan, described the proposal as a "crude device" that would lead to an increase in litigation and in interlocutory appeals, and claimed the Supreme Court's backlog could be cleared by addressing "case management, time management, paper management, submissions and so forth".[33]

    The Irish Times noted that "few voices" were "raised against the amendment" and that awareness of the issues was hampered by the prohibition of publicly funded advocacy campaigning; it recommended a Yes-vote.[34] Ruadhan Mac Cormaic, legal affairs correspondent for the Times, reported that many lawyers were privately sceptical that the court would reduce the backlog, and that if its cases were perceived tediously technical it might struggle to recruit high-quality judges.[35]

    Opinion polls

    An opinion poll on 10–17 September 2013 asked how well voters felt they understood the issue. Of respondents, 6% said "very well", 9% "quite well", 30% "to some extent", 21% "not particularly well" and 33% "not at all".[36]

    Likely voting intentions
    DateSourcePolling agencySample sizeYesNoUndecidedRef
    The Irish TimesIpsos MRBI 1,00043%14%44%[37]
    The Sunday TimesBehaviour & Attitudes 93459%16%25%[38] [39] [40]
    Note:

    Voting card error

    Dublin City Council apologised after using an out-of-date electoral register file to generate polling information cards; this resulted in 35,000 voters and deceased people receiving incorrect information about where to vote.[41] Cards were regenerated using the correct data.[41]

    Result

    Constituency! rowspan=2
    ElectorateVotesProportion of votes
    YesNoYesNo
    Carlow–Kilkenny111,304 37.2% 25,90214,759 63.7%36.3%
    Cavan–Monaghan100,434 34.5% 21,05012,82762.1%37.9%
    Clare79,295 38.5% 19,38510,59164.7%35.3%
    Cork East81,534 39.0% 19,36711,85262.1%37.9%
    Cork North-Central74,828 38.6% 17,81110,59962.7%37.3%
    Cork North-West62,118 42.1% 16,0769,57162.7%37.3%
    Cork South-Central90,662 42.3% 24,83712,98665.7%34.3%
    Cork South-West59,813 42.4% 15,7649,12863.3%36.7%
    Donegal North-East58,032 29.2%9,3617,27056.3%43.7%
    Donegal South-West61,656 30.5% 11,9786,44865.0%35.0%
    Dublin Central55,018 36.9% 13,4316,57167.2%32.8%
    Dublin Mid-West65,09338.2%16,1948,36365.9%34.1%
    Dublin North69,48840.6%19,2588,68268.9%31.1%
    Dublin North-Central53,884 48.2% 17,3258,32667.5%32.5%
    Dublin North-East58,444 43.6% 16,8568,366 66.8%33.2%
    Dublin North-West50,943 36.3% 11,8466,414 64.9%35.1%
    Dublin South101,884 46.0% 33,95912,334 73.4%26.6%
    Dublin South-Central79,173 38.1% 19,74010,055 66.3%33.7%
    Dublin South-East55,442 40.5% 17,0205,195 76.6%23.4%
    Dublin South-West69,879 37.9% 17,5418,700 66.8%33.2%
    Dublin West62,192 39.7% 16,2667,728 67.8%32.2%
    Dún Laoghaire79,207 46.2% 26,2099,899 72.6%27.4%
    Galway East82,588 36.1% 18,26910,907 62.6%37.4%
    Galway West91,994 35.7% 21,37310,806 66.4%33.6%
    Kerry North–West Limerick61,998 37.1% 13,8318,663 61.5%38.5%
    Kerry South56,532 39.2% 13,6028,090 62.7%37.3%
    Kildare North75,043 41.1% 20,29510,17566.6%33.4%
    Kildare South57,454 38.1% 13,636 7,959 63.1%36.9%
    Laois–Offaly106,057 37.3% 24,41614,58462.6%37.4%
    Limerick65,186 38.4% 15,0629,46861.4%38.6%
    Limerick City64,909 37.9% 16,0618,17866.3%33.7%
    Longford–Westmeath85,791 36.8% 19,14611,83961.8%38.2%
    Louth102,088 37.9% 24,37213,78363.9%36.1%
    Mayo94,86037.9% 23,59611,71366.8%33.2%
    Meath East64,440 37.4% 15,4668,32465.0%35.0%
    Meath West62,891 35.8% 13,7858,37262.2%37.8%
    Roscommon–South Leitrim59,006 42.9% 15,1979,62361.2%38.8%
    Sligo–North Leitrim60,228 39.8% 14,6318,83962.3%37.7%
    Tipperary North62,233 42.8% 16,5719,50263.6%36.4%
    Tipperary South56,060 41.7% 15,2627,67366.5%33.5%
    Waterford76,442 40.7% 18,82511,69761.7%38.3%
    Wexford106,329 38.7% 26,47813,92465.5%34.5%
    Wicklow94,932 45.1% 27,95814,264 66.2%33.8%
    Total3,167,38439.2%795,008425,04765.2%34.8%

    Enactment and implementation

    The referendum returning officer issued a provisional result certificate of the votes, which was published in Iris Oifigiúil on 8 October 2013.[42] As no petition challenging the results was lodged at the High Court by 15 October, the certificate became final.[43] President Michael D. Higgins signed the bill into law on 1 November 2013, after returning from a state visit to Central America.[1] [44]

    Before the new court could come into being, statutory laws regulating its operation must be passed, and judges recruited.[35] Sean Ryan was announced as the President-designate of the new Court on 25 February 2014.[45] The Court of Appeal Act 2014 was introduced as a government bill on 2 July 2014, passed by the Dáil on 15 July and the Seanad on 16 July,[46] and signed by the President on 20 July.[47] On 23 July the government named six High Court judges who would be transferred to the new Court under Ryan.[48] Statutory instruments commenced the 2014 Act in two stages in September and October 2014.[49] The Court of Appeal came into being on 28 October 2014 and its first nine judges were appointed by the President at 6.30 pm the following day.[50] [51] [52]

    In September 2016, a paper in The Irish Law Times claimed "the Court of Appeal never had a prayer of solving the problem that was put to the people in this referendum, which was solving the backlog", with 1,814 cases pending at the end of 2015 compared to 2,001 cases at the start. A spokesperson for the court said it would process cases faster when it "finds its rhythm".[53]

    References

    Footnotes

    External links

    Notes and References

    1. Web site: Legislation Signed by President Higgins . Office of the President . 4 November 2013 . Dublin . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131103044329/http://www.president.ie/acts-signed-by-president-higgins-2/ . 3 November 2013 .
    2. Web site: Shatter publishes Bill to amend the Constitution to provide for Court of Appeal. 9 July 2013. MerrionStreet.ie. Irish Government. 9 July 2013. 5 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002006/http://www.merrionstreet.ie/index.php/2013/07/shatter-publishes-bill-to-amend-the-constitution-to-provide-for-court-of-appeal/. live.
    3. Web site: Referendum on Abolition of Seanad and Court of Appeal to be held on Friday 4th October. 24 July 2013. MerrionStreet.ie. Government of Ireland. 24 July 2013. 14 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130814225421/http://www.merrionstreet.ie/index.php/2013/07/referendum-on-abolition-of-seanad-and-court-of-appeal-to-be-held-on-friday-4th-october/?cat=3. live.
    4. Working Group on a Court of Appeal 2009, p.6
    5. Working Group on a Court of Appeal 2009, p.9
    6. Working Group on a Court of Appeal 2009, p.1
    7. News: Attention turns to Áras as President awaits abortion Bi. Mac Cormaic. Ruadhan. 24 July 2013. The Irish Times. 25 July 2013. 26 July 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130726033942/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/attention-turns-to-%C3%A1ras-as-president-awaits-abortion-bill-1.1472996. live.
    8. Web site: Written Answers Nos. 1024 - 1041: Constitutional Amendments. 18 September 2013. Dáil debates. 109. 20 September 2013. 21 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055314/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail2013091800109?opendocument#WRJJJ00150. live.
    9. News: The Road to a Court of Appeal—Part II: Distinguishing Features and Establishment. Butler. Graham. August 2015. Irish Law Times. Article 34A.4 specified that that all references to the Article 34A would be deleted once the Court of Appeal was established, whilst Article 64 would be removed one year after the court’s establishment date.. 22 July 2016. 20 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160920124352/http://jura.ku.dk/cecs/staff/?pure=en%2Fpublications%2Fthe-road-to-a-court-of-appealpart-ii-distinguishing-features-and-establishment(8d4b72ac-2b15-4843-b6fc-677f8d68cea5).html. live.
    10. News: Government plans to halve size of Supreme Court. Mac Cormaic. Ruadhan. 3 October 2013. The Irish Times. 4 October 2013. 5 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004622/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/government-plans-to-halve-size-of-supreme-court-1.1548093. live.
    11. Web site: Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution (Court of Appeal) Bill 2013: Second Stage. 11 July 2013. Dáil debates. 5 September 2013. 21 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130821205144/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/dail2013071100016?opendocument#O00800. live.
    12. Web site: Thirty-third Amendment of the Constitution (Court of Appeal) Bill 2013: Second Stage. 24 July 2013. Seanad debates. 5 September 2013. 4 March 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055422/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad2013072400011?opendocument#K00300. live.
    13. News: The Court of Appeal referendum is one thing all political parties are agreed on. 20 September 2013. 21 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060713/http://www.thejournal.ie/court-of-appeal-referendum-party-positions-1073638-Sep2013/. live.
    14. News: In an unusual move, parties unite to call for Yes vote on appeals court. Mac Cormaic. Ruadhan. 2 October 2013. The Irish Times. 2 October 2013. 3 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131003100301/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/referendum-2013/in-an-unusual-move-parties-unite-to-call-for-yes-vote-on-appeals-court-1.1546526. live.
    15. News: Referendum Commission begins information campaign. 5 September 2013. RTÉ.ie. 6 September 2013. 7 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130907044753/http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0905/472410-referendum-commission/. live.
    16. Web site: Court of Appeal – main changes. September 2013. Referendum Commission. 6 September 2013. Dublin. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130909074404/http://referendum2013.ie/court-of-appeal-main-changes/. 9 September 2013. dmy-all.
    17. News: Warning that public will be unaware of second referendum on a Court of Appeal. O'Halloran. Marie. 25 July 2013. The Irish Times. 5 September 2013. 13 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130813041102/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/oireachtas/warning-that-public-will-be-unaware-of-second-referendum-on-a-court-of-appeal-1.1474117. live.
    18. News: Shatter concerned at RTÉ coverage of court of appeal referendum. 20 September 2013. 21 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060853/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/shatter-concerned-at-rt%C3%A9-coverage-of-court-of-appeal-referendum-1.1522712. live.
    19. News: Referendum Commission concerned about lack of debate on plan to set up court of appeal. Brennan. Michael. 5 September 2013. Irish Independent. 5 September 2013. 21 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130921083547/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/referendum-commission-concerned-about-lack-of-debate-on-plan-to-set-up-court-of-appeal-29555644.html. live.
    20. News: Supreme Court backlog unsustainable - chief justice. Mac Cormaic. Ruadhan. The Irish Times. 27 September 2013. 28 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130928031333/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/supreme-court-backlog-unsustainable-chief-justice-1.1542606. live.
    21. News: Chief Justice courts controversy by intervening in appeals referendum. Phelan. Shane. 28 September 2013. Irish Independent. 1 October 2013. 1 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131001134543/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/courts/chief-justice-courts-controversy-by-intervening-in-appeals-referendum-29617036.html. live.
    22. News: Solicitors urged to ask clients to vote Yes in Court of Appeal vote. Mac Cormaic. Ruadhan. 26 September 2013. The Irish Times. 1. 26 September 2013. 26 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130926222539/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/solicitors-urged-to-ask-clients-to-vote-yes-in-court-of-appeal-vote-1.1540239. live.
    23. Web site: Vote 'Yes' for a Court of Appeal. McCourt. James. 24 September 2013. Law Society of Ireland. 26 September 2013. 26 September 2013. https://archive.today/20130926213202/http://blackhall.newsweaver.ie/eshot/199xzs9m0sa. live.
    24. News: Barristers call for Yes vote. Mac Cormaic. Ruadhan. 28 September 2013. The Irish Times. 1 October 2013. 2 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131002064648/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/referendum-2013/barristers-call-for-yes-vote-1.1542965. live.
    25. Bar Council Calls for Yes Vote in Court of Appeal Referendum. 27 September 2013. Bar Council of Ireland. 1 October 2013. 1 October 2013. https://archive.today/20131001095616/http://www.lawlibrary.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=3283&UserLang=EN&m=. live.
    26. IFA urges farm families to vote yes in court of appeal referendum. 26 September 2013. Irish Farmers' Association. 27 September 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131002050642/http://www.ifa.ie/News/tabid/640/ctl/Detail/mid/2250/xmid/5907/xmfid/23/Default.aspx. 2 October 2013. dmy-all.
    27. News: National Ploughing Championships to return to Stradbally. Healy. Alison. 27 September 2013. The Irish Times. Earlier today, the Irish Farmers’ Association (IFA) urged farm families to vote Yes in the Court of Appeal referendum.. 27 September 2013. 27 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130927045324/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/national-ploughing-championships-to-return-to-stradbally-1.1541086. live.
    28. News: Court of Appeal is no substitute for radical reform of costly system. 20 September 2013. 21 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061031/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/court-of-appeal-is-no-substitute-for-radical-reform-of-costly-system-1.1532235. live.
    29. News: McGrath calls for no vote on court of appeal. 20 September 2013. 21 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055300/http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/mcgrath-calls-for-no-vote-on-court-of-appeal-607501.html. live.
    30. News: Shatter arguments for Court of Appeal 'incoherent', says law lecturer. 20 September 2013. 21 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061024/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/shatter-arguments-for-court-of-appeal-incoherent-says-law-lecturer-1.1528727. live.
    31. News: New Court of Appeal not the solution says constitutional lawyer. 1 October 2013. Irish Examiner. 1 October 2013. 4 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213354/http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/new-court-of-appeal-not-the-solution-says-constitutional-lawyer-608688.html. live.
    32. News: Supreme Court's control of access to itself needs to be watched. Phelan. Diarmuid Rossa. 30 September 2013. The Irish Times. 1 October 2013. 1 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131001014344/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/supreme-court-s-control-of-access-to-itself-needs-to-be-watched-1.1544075. live.
    33. News: Appeal court proposal a 'crude device', says High Court master. Mac Cormaic. Ruadhan. 30 September 2013. The Irish Times. 2 October 2013. 4 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213904/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/appeal-court-proposal-a-crude-device-says-high-court-master-1.1544363. live.
    34. News: A court of appeal. 27 September 2013. The Irish Times. 27 September 2013. 27 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130927054925/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/a-court-of-appeal-1.1541385. live.
    35. News: Yes vote in 'the other referendum' brings relief for court's champions. Mac Cormaic. Ruadhan. 6 October 2013. The Irish Times. 9 October 2013. 5 November 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131105101039/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/yes-vote-in-the-other-referendum-brings-relief-for-court-s-champions-1.1551795?page=2. live.
    36. Web site: J.4769: Sunday Times Opinion Poll. McShane. Ian. September 2013. Behaviour & Attitudes. 3, 17. 22 September 2013. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130927140807/http://www.banda.ie/assets/files/J.4974%20Sunday%20Times%20Report%20%20Sept%202013.pdf. 27 September 2013. dmy-all.
    37. News: Seanad referendum set to pass on cost argument. Beesley. Arthur. 30 September 2013. The Irish Times. 30 September 2013. 30 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130930061824/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/seanad-referendum-set-to-pass-on-cost-argument-1.1544381. live.
    38. 22% don't know; 3% won't vote
    39. Web site: Tweet 381465960860770304 . O'Brien . Stephen . 21 September 2013 . Twitter . 22 September 2013 . 1 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131001075307/https://twitter.com/sob999/status/381465960860770304 . live .
    40. News: New poll suggests Labour Party experiencing an increase in support. 21 September 2013. RTÉ.ie. 22 September 2013. 23 September 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130923230845/http://www.rte.ie/news/2013/0921/475672-ba-poll-sunday-times/. live.
    41. News: Polling cards to dead error corrected. Carty. Ed. 2 October 2013. Irish Independent. 3 October 2013. 5 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131005003640/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/polling-cards-to-dead-error-corrected-29628757.html. live.
    42. Ní Fhlanghaile. Ríona. 8 October 2013. Constitutional Referendum. Iris Oifigiúil. Government of Ireland. 81. 1262–64. 9 October 2013. 17 December 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131217020915/http://www.irisoifigiuil.ie/currentissues/Ir081013.pdf#page=6. live.
    43. Web site: Referendum Act 1994, sec.42 (2) . Irishstatutebook.ie . 2018-06-01 . 12 May 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130512122418/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/1994/en/act/pub/0012/sec0042.html#sec42 . live .
    44. Web site: Week beginning Monday, 28 October 2013. Presidential engagements. Office of the President. 7 November 2013. Dublin. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20131121074440/http://www.president.ie/engagements/week-beginning-monday-28th-october-2013/. 21 November 2013. dmy-all.
    45. News: High Court judge Seán Ryan set to become president of new Court of Appeal. Mac Cormaic. Ruadhán. 26 February 2014. The Irish Times. 25 July 2014. 11 March 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140311172039/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/high-court-judge-se%C3%A1n-ryan-set-to-become-president-of-new-court-of-appeal-1.1704560. live.
    46. Web site: Court of Appeal Bill 2014: Committee and Remaining Stages. 16 July 2014. Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 25 July 2014. 28 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140728112853/http://oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie/debates%20authoring/debateswebpack.nsf/takes/seanad2014071600039?opendocument#SS00800. live.
    47. Web site: Court of Appeal Bill 2014 (Number 68 of 2014). Bills. Oireachtas. 7 July 2014. 14 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714115141/http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=26583&&CatID=59. live.
    48. News: Nine judges appointed, promoted in shake-up of courts. McGee. Harry. 24 July 2014. The Irish Times. 25 July 2014. 28 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140728180929/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/nine-judges-appointed-promoted-in-shake-up-of-courts-1.1876166. live.
    49. Web site: S.I. No. 393/2014 - Court of Appeal Act 2014 (Commencement) Order 2014.. Irish Statute Book. 29 October 2014. 29 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141029180200/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2014/en/si/0393.html. live.
      Web site: S.I. No. 479/2014 - Court of Appeal Act 2014 (Commencement) (No. 2) Order 2014.. Irish Statute Book. 29 October 2014. 29 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141029181938/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2014/en/si/0479.html. live.
    50. Web site: S.I. No. 477/2014 - Court of Appeal Act 2014 (Establishment Day) Order 2014.. Irish Statute Book. 29 October 2014. 29 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141029180420/http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2014/en/si/0477.html. live.
    51. News: Judicial shake-up as Court of Appeal to be established. Mac Cormaic. Ruadhán. 28 October 2014. The Irish Times. 29 October 2014. 28 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141028101953/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/judicial-shake-up-as-court-of-appeal-to-be-established-1.1978741. live.
    52. Web site: Week Beginning Monday, 27th October 2014 . Office of the President . 29 October 2014 . Dublin . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141029131431/http://www.president.ie/engagements/week-beginning-monday-27th-october-2014/ . 29 October 2014 .
      News: 258 cases transferred to new Court of Appeal . 29 October 2014 . . 29 October 2014 . 29 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141029201535/http://www.rte.ie/news/2014/1029/655650-court/ . live .
    53. News: Court of Appeal backlog 'could take over a decade to clear'. Gallagher. Conor. 19 September 2016. The Irish Times. 20 September 2016. 20 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160920185956/http://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/court-of-appeal-backlog-could-take-over-a-decade-to-clear-1.2796120. live.

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