31st United States Congress explained

Imagedate:	1846
Number:	31st
Start:	March 4, 1849
End:	March 4, 1851
Vp:	Millard Fillmore (W) (until July 9, 1850) Vacant (from July 9, 1850)
Pro Tem:	David R. Atchison (D) William R. King (D)
Speaker:	Howell Cobb (CU)
Senators:	62
Reps:	233
Delegates:	2
S-Majority:	Democratic
H-Majority:	Democratic (plurality)
Sessionnumber1:	Special
Sessionstart1:	March 5, 1849
Sessionend1:	March 23, 1849
Sessionnumber2:	1st
Sessionstart2:	December 3, 1849
Sessionend2:	September 30, 1850
Sessionnumber3:	2nd
Sessionstart3:	December 2, 1850
Sessionend3:	March 4, 1851
Previous:	30th
Next:	32nd

The 31st United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C., from March 4, 1849, to March 4, 1851, during the 16 months of the Zachary Taylor presidency and the first eight months of the administration of Millard Fillmore's. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the 1840 United States census. The Senate had a Democratic majority, while there was a Democratic plurality in the House.

Major events

See also: 1849 in the United States, 1850 in the United States and 1851 in the United States.

• March 4, 1849: Zachary Taylor became President of the United States
• June, 1849: Relations with France broke down as the French ambassador Guillaume-Tell de La Vallée Poussin engaged in "insulting and confrontational" behavior towards President Taylor, shortly after this a row erupted with France over reparations which France owed the United States. The president of France, Napoleon III, made this worse by making remarks that led to several members of Congress openly condemning him.
• December 3–22, 1849: The election for the House speakership takes 63 ballots.^[1]
• March 7, 1850: Senator Daniel Webster gave his "Seventh of March" speech in which he endorsed the Compromise of 1850 to prevent a possible civil war
• May 22, 1850: Senate votes 42-11 in favor of ratifying the Clayton–Bulwer Treaty after the motion to do so was put forth by William R. King of Alabama.^[2] The results of the vote were celebrated in Britain.^[3]
• July 9, 1850: President Taylor died and Vice President Millard Fillmore became President.

Major legislation

• September 9, 1850: Compromise of 1850, sess. 1, chs. 48-51, -
• September 18, 1850: Fugitive Slave Act, sess. 1, ch. 60,
• September 20, 1850: "An Act to suppress the Slave Trade in the District of Columbia," sess. 1, ch. 63,
• September 29, 1850: Donation Land Claim Act, sess. 1, ch. 76,

States admitted and territories organized

• September 9, 1850 — As part of the Compromise of 1850:
  • Texas's borders were changed, ch. 49,
  • New Mexico Territory was organized, ch. 49,
  • California was admitted as a state, ch. 50,
  • Utah Territory was organized, ch. 51,

Party summary

Senate

During this Congress, two Senate seats were added for the new state of California.

House of Representatives

During this Congress, two House seats were added for the new state of California.

Leadership

Senate

• President: Millard Fillmore (W), until July 9, 1850; vacant thereafter.
• President pro tempore: David Atchison (D), until May 5, 1850
  • William R. King (D), from May 6, 1850

House of Representatives

• Speaker

Howell Cobb (D), elected December 22, 1849, after 63 ballots

• Democratic Caucus Chairman: James Thompson

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term ended with this Congress, facing re-election in 1850; Class 2 meant their term began in the last Congress, facing re-election in 1852; and Class 3 meant their term began in this Congress, facing re-election in 1854.

2. Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D), until November 30, 1849

Jeremiah Clemens (D), from November 30, 1849

3. William R. King (D)

2. William K. Sebastian (D)

3. Solon Borland (D)

1. John C. Frémont (D), from September 10, 1850 (newly admitted state)

3. William M. Gwin (D), from September 10, 1850 (newly admitted state)

1. Roger S. Baldwin (W)

3. Truman Smith (W)

1. John Wales (W)

2. Presley Spruance (W)

1. David Levy Yulee (D)

3. Jackson Morton (W)

2. John Macpherson Berrien (W)

3. William C. Dawson (W)

2. Stephen A. Douglas (D)

3. James Shields (D), until March 6, 1849

James Shields (D), from December 3, 1849

1. Jesse D. Bright (D)

3. James Whitcomb (D)

2. George Wallace Jones (D)

3. Augustus C. Dodge (D)

2. Joseph R. Underwood (W)

3. Henry Clay (W)

2. Solomon W. Downs (D)

3. Pierre Soulé (D)

1. Hannibal Hamlin (D)

2. James W. Bradbury (D)

1. Reverdy Johnson (W), until March 7, 1849

David Stewart (W), from December 6, 1849, until January 12, 1850

Thomas Pratt (W), from January 12, 1850

3. James Pearce (W)

1. Daniel Webster (W), until July 22, 1850

Robert C. Winthrop (W), from July 30, 1850, until February 1, 1851

Robert Rantoul Jr. (D), from February 1, 1851

2. John Davis (W)

1. Lewis Cass (D)

2. Alpheus Felch (D)

1. Jefferson Davis (D)

2. Henry S. Foote (D)

1. Thomas H. Benton (D)

3. David R. Atchison (D)

2. John P. Hale (FS)

3. Moses Norris Jr. (D)

1. William L. Dayton (W)

2. Jacob W. Miller (W)

1. Daniel S. Dickinson (D)

3. William H. Seward (W)

2. Willie P. Mangum (W)

3. George E. Badger (W)

1. Thomas Corwin (W), until July 20, 1850

Thomas Ewing (W), from July 20, 1850

3. Salmon P. Chase (FS)

1. Daniel Sturgeon (D)

3. James Cooper (W)

1. Albert C. Greene (W)

2. John H. Clarke (W)

2. John C. Calhoun (D), until March 31, 1850

Franklin H. Elmore (D), from April 11, 1850, until May 29, 1850

Robert W. Barnwell (D), from June 4, 1850, until December 18, 1850

Robert Rhett (D), from December 18, 1850

3. Andrew Butler (D)

1. Hopkins L. Turney (D)

2. John Bell (W)

1. Thomas J. Rusk (D)

2. Samuel Houston (D)

1. Samuel S. Phelps (W)

3. William Upham (W)

1. James M. Mason (D)

2. Robert M. T. Hunter (D)

1. Henry Dodge (D)

3. Isaac P. Walker (D)

House of Representatives

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

. William J. Alston (W)

. Henry W. Hilliard (W)

. Sampson W. Harris (D)

. Samuel W. Inge (D)

. David Hubbard (D)

. Williamson R. W. Cobb (D)

. Franklin W. Bowdon (D)

. Robert W. Johnson (D)

Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

. Edward Gilbert (D), from September 11, 1850 (newly admitted state)

. George W. Wright (I), from September 11, 1850 (newly admitted state)

. Loren P. Waldo (D)

. Walter Booth (FS)

. Chauncey F. Cleveland (D)

. Thomas B. Butler (W)

. John W. Houston (W)

. Edward C. Cabell (W)

. Thomas Butler King (W), until March 3, 1850

Joseph W. Jackson (D), from March 4, 1850

. Marshall J. Wellborn (D)

. Allen F. Owen (W)

. Hugh A. Haralson (D)

. Thomas C. Hackett (D)

. Howell Cobb (D)

. Alexander H. Stephens (W)

. Robert A. Toombs (W)

. William H. Bissell (D)

. John A. McClernand (D)

. Timothy R. Young (D)

. John Wentworth (D)

. William A. Richardson (D)

. Edward D. Baker (W)

. Thomas L. Harris (D)

. Nathaniel Albertson (D)

. Cyrus L. Dunham (D)

. John L. Robinson (D)

. George W. Julian (FS)

. William J. Brown (D)

. Willis A. Gorman (D)

. Edward W. McGaughey (W)

. Joseph E. McDonald (D)

. Graham N. Fitch (D)

. Andrew J. Harlan (D)

. William Thompson (D), until June 29, 1850

Daniel F. Miller (W), from December 20, 1850

. Shepherd Leffler (D)

. Linn Boyd (D)

. James L. Johnson (W)

. Finis E. McLean (W)

. George A. Caldwell (D)

. John B. Thompson (W)

. Daniel Breck (W)

. Humphrey Marshall (W)

. Charles S. Morehead (W)

. John C. Mason (D)

. Richard H. Stanton (D)

. Emile La Sére (D)

. Charles M. Conrad (W), until August 17, 1850

Henry A. Bullard (W), from December 5, 1850

. John H. Harmanson (D), until October 24, 1850

Alexander G. Penn (D), from December 30, 1850

. Isaac E. Morse (D)

. Elbridge Gerry (D)

. Nathaniel Littlefield (D)

. John Otis (W)

. Rufus K. Goodenow (W)

. Cullen Sawtelle (D)

. Charles Stetson (D)

. Thomas J. D. Fuller (D)

. Richard Bowie (W)

. William T. Hamilton (D)

. Edward Hammond (D)

. Robert M. McLane (D)

. Alexander Evans (W)

. John B. Kerr (W)

. Robert C. Winthrop (W), until July 30, 1850

Samuel Atkins Eliot (W), from August 22, 1850

. Daniel P. King (W), until July 25, 1850

. James H. Duncan (W)

. vacant

. Charles Allen (FS)

. George Ashmun (W)

. Julius Rockwell (W)

. Horace Mann (W)

. Orin Fowler (W)

. Joseph Grinnell (W)

. Alexander W. Buel (D)

. William Sprague (W)

. Kinsley S. Bingham (D)

. Jacob Thompson (D)

. Winfield S. Featherston (D)

. William McWillie (D)

. Albert G. Brown (D)

. James B. Bowlin (D)

. William V. Bay (D)

. James S. Green (D)

. Willard P. Hall (D)

. John S. Phelps (D)

. Amos Tuck (FS)

. Charles H. Peaslee (D)

. James Wilson (W), until September 9, 1850

George W. Morrison (D), from October 8, 1850

. Harry Hibbard (D)

. Andrew K. Hay (W)

. William A. Newell (W)

. Isaac Wildrick (D)

. John Van Dyke (W)

. James G. King (W)

. John A. King (W)

. David A. Bokee (W)

. J. Phillips Phoenix (W)

. Walter Underhill (W)

. George Briggs (W)

. James Brooks (W)

. William Nelson (W)

. Ransom Halloway (W)

. Thomas McKissock (W)

. Herman D. Gould (W)

. Peter H. Silvester (W)

. Gideon Reynolds (W)

. John L. Schoolcraft (W)

. George R. Andrews (W)

. John R. Thurman (W)

. Hugh White (W)

. Henry P. Alexander (W)

. Preston King (FS)

. Charles E. Clarke (W)

. Orsamus B. Matteson (W)

. Hiram Walden (D)

. Henry Bennett (W)

. William Duer (W)

. Daniel Gott (W)

. Harmon S. Conger (W)

. William T. Jackson (W)

. William A. Sackett (W)

. Abraham M. Schermerhorn (W)

. Robert L. Rose (W)

. David Rumsey Jr. (W)

. Elijah Risley (W)

. Elbridge G. Spaulding (W)

. Harvey Putnam (W)

. Lorenzo Burrows (W)

. Thomas L. Clingman (W)

. Joseph P. Caldwell (W)

. Edmund Deberry (W)

. Augustine H. Shepperd (W)

. Abraham W. Venable (D)

. John R. J. Daniel (D)

. William S. Ashe (D)

. Edward Stanly (W)

. David Outlaw (W)

. David T. Disney (D)

. Lewis D. Campbell (W)

. Robert C. Schenck (W)

. Moses B. Corwin (W)

. Emery D. Potter (D)

. Rodolphus Dickinson (D), until March 20, 1849

Amos E. Wood (D), from December 3, 1849, until November 19, 1850

John Bell (W), from January 7, 1851

. Jonathan D. Morris (D)

. John L. Taylor (W)

. Edson B. Olds (D)

. Charles Sweetser (D)

. John K. Miller (D)

. Samuel F. Vinton (W)

. William A. Whittlesey (D)

. Nathan Evans (W)

. William F. Hunter (W)

. Moses Hoagland (D)

. Joseph Cable (D)

. David K. Cartter (D)

. John Crowell (W)

. Joshua R. Giddings (FS)

. Joseph M. Root (FS)

. Lewis C. Levin (A)

. Joseph R. Chandler (W)

. Henry D. Moore (W)

. John Robbins Jr. (D)

. John Freedley (W)

. Thomas Ross (D)

. Jesse C. Dickey (W)

. Thaddeus Stevens (W)

. William Strong (D)

. Milo M. Dimmick (D)

. Chester P. Butler (W), until October 5, 1850

John Brisbin (D), from November 13, 1850

. David Wilmot (D)

. Joseph Casey (W)

. Charles W. Pitman (W)

. Henry Nes (W), until September 10, 1850

Joel B. Danner (D), from December 2, 1850

. James X. McLanahan (D)

. Samuel Calvin (W)

. Andrew J. Ogle (W)

. Job Mann (D)

. Robert R. Reed (W)

. Moses Hampton (W)

. John W. Howe (FS)

. James Thompson (D)

. Alfred Gilmore (D)

. George G. King (W)

. Nathan F. Dixon Jr. (W)

. Daniel Wallace (D)

. James L. Orr (D)

. Joseph A. Woodward (D)

. John McQueen (D)

. Armistead Burt (D)

. Isaac E. Holmes (D)

. William F. Colcock (D)

. Andrew Johnson (D)

. Albert G. Watkins (W)

. Josiah M. Anderson (W)

. John H. Savage (D)

. George W. Jones (D)

. James H. Thomas (D)

. Meredith P. Gentry (W)

. Andrew Ewing (D)

. Isham G. Harris (D)

. Frederick P. Stanton (D)

. Christopher H. Williams (W)

. David S. Kaufman (D), until January 31, 1851

. Volney E. Howard (D)

. William Henry (W)

. William Hebard (W)

. George P. Marsh (W), until May 29, 1849

James Meacham (W), from December 3, 1849

. Lucius B. Peck (D)

. John S. Millson (D)

. Richard K. Meade (D)

. Thomas H. Averett (D)

. Thomas S. Bocock (D)

. Paulus Powell (D)

. James A. Seddon (D)

. Thomas H. Bayly (D)

. Alexander Holladay (D)

. Jeremiah Morton (W)

. Richard Parker (D)

. James McDowell (D)

. Henry A. Edmundson (D)

. LaFayette McMullen (D)

. James M. H. Beale (D)

. Alexander Newman (D), until September 8, 1849

Thomas Haymond (W), from November 8, 1849

. Charles Durkee (FS)

. Orasmus Cole (W)

. James D. Doty (D)

Non-voting members

. Henry H. Sibley, from July 7, 1849

. Samuel Thurston (D)

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• Replacements: 5
  • Democrats (D): no net change
  • Whigs (W): no net change
• Deaths: 1
• Resignations: 3
• Seats from newly admitted states: 2
• Interim appointments: 4
• Total seats with changes: 8

See also: List of special elections to the United States Senate.

|-| Illinois
(3)| | James Shields (D)| Senate voided election March 6, 1849, as Sen. Shields was determined not to have been a US citizen for the number of years required by the Constitution.
Incumbent was re-elected October 27, 1849, having by then qualified.| | James Shields (D)| Seated December 3, 1849

|-| Maryland
(1)| | Reverdy Johnson (W)| Resigned March 7, 1849, having been appointed United States Attorney General| | David Stewart (W)| Appointed December 6, 1849

|-| Alabama
(2)| | Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D)| Sen. Dixon Lewis successor elected November 30, 1849| | Jeremiah Clemens (D)| Elected November 30, 1849

|-| Maryland
(1)| | David Stewart (W)| Successor elected January 12, 1850| | Thomas Pratt (W)| Elected January 12, 1850

|-| South Carolina
(2)| | John C. Calhoun (D)| Died March 31, 1850| | Franklin H. Elmore (D)| Appointed April 11, 1850

|-| South Carolina
(2)| | Franklin H. Elmore (D)| Died May 29, 1850| | Robert W. Barnwell (D)| Appointed June 4, 1850

|-| Ohio
(1)| | Thomas Corwin (W)| Resigned July 20, 1850, after being appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury| | Thomas Ewing (W)| Appointed July 20, 1850

|-| Massachusetts
(1)| | Daniel Webster (W)| Resigned July 22, 1850, after being appointed United States Secretary of State again.| | Robert C. Winthrop (W)| Appointed July 30, 1850

|-| California
(1)| New state| California admitted to the Union September 9, 1850.
The first Senator was elected September 10, 1850.| | John C. Frémont (D)| Elected September 10, 1850

|-| California
(3)| New state| California admitted to the Union September 9, 1850.
The first Senator was elected September 10, 1850.| | William M. Gwin (D)| Elected September 10, 1850

|-| South Carolina
(2)| | Robert W. Barnwell (D)| Successor elected December 18, 1850| | Robert Rhett (D)| Elected December 18, 1850

|-| Massachusetts
(1)| | Robert C. Winthrop (W)| Successor elected February 1, 1851| | Robert Rantoul Jr. (D)| Elected February 1, 1851|}

House of Representatives

• Replacements: 11
  • Democrats (D): 2 seat net gain
  • Whigs (W): 2 seat net loss
• Deaths: 8
• Resignations: 5
• Contested election:1
• Seats from newly admitted states: 2
• Total seats with changes: 16

See main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives.

|-| | Vacant| style="font-size:80%" | Seat remained vacant after territory became organized at end of previous congress| Henry H. Sibley| Seated July 7, 1849|-| | | George Perkins Marsh (W)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned some time in 1849| | James Meacham (W)| Seated December 3, 1849|-| | | Rodolphus Dickinson (D)| style="font-size:80%" | Died March 20, 1849| | Amos E. Wood (D)| Seated December 3, 1849|-| | | Alexander Newman (D)| style="font-size:80%" | Died September 8, 1849| | Thomas Haymond (W)| Seated November 8, 1849|-| | | Thomas B. King (W)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned March 3, 1850| | Joseph W. Jackson (D)| Seated March 4, 1850|-| | | Daniel P. King (W)| style="font-size:80%" | Died July 25, 1850| Vacant| Not filled this term|-| | | William Thompson (D)| style="font-size:80%" | Seat declared vacant June 29, 1850, after contested election. House ruled neither candidate entitled to seat and forced special election| | Daniel F. Miller (W)| Seated December 20, 1850|-| | | Robert C. Winthrop (W)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned July 30, 1850, after being appointed to the US Senate| | Samuel A. Eliot (W)| Seated August 22, 1850|-| | | Charles M. Conrad (W)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned August 17, 1850, after being appointed United States Secretary of War| | Henry A. Bullard (W)| Seated December 5, 1850|-| | | James Wilson (W)| style="font-size:80%" | Resigned September 9, 1850| | George W. Morrison (D)| Seated October 8, 1850|-| | colspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | California admitted into the Union September 9, 1850, and seat remained vacant until September 11, 1850| | Edward Gilbert (D)| Seated September 11, 1850|-| | colspan=2 style="font-size:80%" | California admitted into the Union September 9, 1850, and seat remained vacant until September 11, 1850| | George W. Wright (I)| Seated September 11, 1850|-| | | Henry Nes (W)| style="font-size:80%" | Died September 10, 1850| | Joel B. Danner (D)| Seated December 2, 1850|-| | | Chester P. Butler (W)| style="font-size:80%" | Died October 5, 1850| | John Brisbin (D)| Seated November 13, 1850|-| | | John H. Harmanson (D)| style="font-size:80%" | Died October 24, 1850| | Alexander G. Penn (D)| Seated December 30, 1850|-| | | Amos E. Wood (D)| style="font-size:80%" | Died November 19, 1850| | John Bell (W)| Seated January 7, 1851|-| | | David S. Kaufman (D)| style="font-size:80%" | Died January 31, 1851| Vacant| Not filled this term|}

Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

• Agriculture (Chairman: Daniel Sturgeon)
• Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Augustus Dodge)
• California's Admission to the Union (Select)
• Claims (Chairman: Moses Norris Jr.)
• Commerce (Chairman: Clement C. Clay)
• Disorder in the Senate of April 17, 1850 (Select)
• Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
• District of Columbia (Chairman: James M. Mason)
• Eligibility of James Shields (Special)
• Finance (Chairman: Daniel S. Dickinson then James Pearce)
• Foreign Relations (Chairman: William R. King then Henry S. Foote)
• French Spoilations (Select) (Chairman: Truman Smith)
• Indian Affairs (Chairman: David R. Atchison)
• Judiciary (Chairman: Andrew P. Butler)
• Manufactures (Chairman: William K. Sebastian)
• Mexican Boundary Commission (Select)
• Military Affairs (Chairman: Jefferson Davis)
• Militia (Chairman: Sam Houston)
• Naval Affairs (Chairman: David Levy Yulee)
• Ordnance and War Ships (Select)
• Patents and the Patent Office (Chairman: David S. Reid)
• Pensions (Chairman: George Wallace Jones)
• Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Thomas J. Rusk)
• Printing (Chairman: Solon Borland)
• Private Land Claims (Chairman: Solomon W. Downs)
• Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Robert M.T. Hunter)
• Public Lands (Chairman: Alpheus Felch)
• Retrenchment (Chairman: James W. Bradbury)
• Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Isaac P. Walker)
• Roads and Canals (Chairman: Jesse D. Bright)
• Seventh Census (Select)
• Settlement of the Slavery Question (Select)
• Tariff Regulation (Select)
• Territories (Chairman: Stephen A. Douglas)
• Whole

House of Representatives

• Accounts (Chairman: Daniel P. King)
• Agriculture (Chairman: Nathaniel S. Littlefield)
• Bounty Land Act of 1850 (Select)
• Claims (Chairman: John Reeves Jones Daniel)
• Commerce (Chairman: Robert M. McLane)
• District of Columbia (Chairman: Albert G. Brown)
• Elections (Chairman: William Strong)
• Engraving (Chairman: Edward Hammond)
• Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Alexander Holladay)
• Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: William Thompson)
• Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: Kingsley S. Bingham)
• Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: George A. Caldwell)
• Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: Milo M. Dimmick)
• Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: James M. H. Beale)
• Foreign Affairs (Chairman: John A. McClernand)
• Indian Affairs (Chairman: Robert W. Johnson)
• Invalid Pensions (Chairman: Shepherd Leffler)
• Judiciary (Chairman: James Thompson)
• Manufactures (Chairman: Lucius B. Peck)
• Mileage (Chairman: Graham N. Fitch)
• Military Affairs (Chairman: Armistead Burt)
• Militia (Chairman: Charles H. Peaslee)
• Naval Affairs (Chairman: Frederick P. Stanton)
• Patents (Chairman: Hiram Walden)
• Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Emery D. Potter)
• Private Land Claims (Chairman: Isaac E. Morse)
• Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Franklin W. Bowdon)
• Public Expenditures (Chairman: Andrew Johnson)
• Public Lands (Chairman: James B. Bowlin)
• Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: Williamson R. W. Cobb)
• Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: Cullen Sawtelle)
• Revolutionary Pensions (Chairman: Loren P. Waldo)
• Roads and Canals (Chairman: John L. Robinson)
• Rules (Chairman: David S. Kaufman)
• Standards of Official Conduct
• Territories (Chairman: Linn Boyd)
• Ways and Means (Chairman: Thomas H. Bayly)
• Whole

Joint committees

• Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Sen. Thomas J. Rusk then Sen. George Badger)
• The Library (Chairman: N/A)
• The Printing (Chairman: N/A)

Caucuses

• Democratic (House)
• Democratic (Senate)

Employees

• Librarian of Congress: John Silva Meehan

Senate

• Chaplain

Henry Slicer (Methodist), until January 9, 1850

• • Clement M. Butler (Episcopalian), elected January 9, 1850
• Secretary

Asbury Dickins

• Sergeant at Arms

Robert Beale

House of Representatives

• Chaplain

Ralph Gurley (Presbyterian)

• Clerk

Thomas J. Campbell, died April 13, 1850

• • Richard M. Young, elected April 17, 1850
• Doorkeeper

Robert E. Horner

• Postmaster

John M. Johnson

• Reading Clerks

• Sergeant at Arms

Nathan Sargent, until January 15, 1850

• • Adam J. Glossbrenner, from January 15, 1850

See also

• 1848 United States elections (elections leading to this Congress)
  • 1848 United States presidential election
  • 1848–49 United States Senate elections
  • 1848–49 United States House of Representatives elections
• 1850 United States elections (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
  • 1850–51 United States Senate elections
  • 1850–51 United States House of Representatives elections

References

• Book: Martis, Kenneth C.. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. 1989. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York.
• Book: Martis, Kenneth C.. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. 1982. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York.

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists
• Book: Congressional Directory for the 31st Congress, 1st Session . Force's Picture of the city of Washington and its vicinity. 1850. William Q. Force.
• Book: Congressional Directory for the 31st Congress, 1st Session (1st Revision). 1850. U.S. Govt. Print. Off., etc..
• Book: Congressional Directory for the 31st Congress, 1st Session (2nd Revision). 1850.

Notes and References

1. Sophisticated Behavior and Speakership Elections: The Elections of 1849 and 1855–56 . January 8, 2013 . April 2001 . Midwest Political Science Association . Chicago, IL . 29 . Jenkins . Jeffery A. . Stewart III . Charles.
2. Web site: Voteview | Plot Vote: 31st Congress > Senate > 89.
3. Mediation of the Honduran-Guatemalan Boundary Question: Held Under the Good Offices of the Department of State, 1918-1919 ... by United States. Department of State U.S. Government Printing Office, 1919 pg. 211