13th century explained
The 13th century was the century which lasted from January 1, 1201 (represented by the Roman numerals MCCI) through December 31, 1300 (MCCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar.
The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan, which stretched from Eastern Asia to Eastern Europe. The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the Siege of Baghdad (1258) and the destruction of the House of Wisdom. Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent, while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji. The earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia formed during this century, most notably Samudera Pasai.[1] The Kingdoms of Sukhothai and Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.[2]
Europe entered the apex of the High Middle Ages, characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism. Crusades after the fourth, while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the Reconquista and solidified a sense of Christendom. To the north, the Teutonic Order Christianized and gained dominance of Prussia, Estonia, and Livonia. Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years, Thomas Aquinas developed Scholasticism, which dominated the curricula of the new universities.[3] In England, King John signed the Magna Carta, beginning the tradition of Parliamentary advisement in England. This helped develop the principle of equality under law in European judisprudence.[4]
The Southern Song dynasty began the century as a prosperous kingdom but were later invaded and annexed into the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols. The Kamakura Shogunate of Japan successfully resisted two Mongol invasion attempts in 1274 and 1281. The Korean state of Goryeo resisted a Mongol invasion, but eventually sued for peace and became a client state of the Yuan dynasty.[5]
In North America, according to some population estimates, the population of Cahokia grew to be comparable to the population of 13th-century London.[6] In Peru, the Kingdom of Cuzco began as part of the Late Intermediate Period. In Mayan civilization, the 13th century marked the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. The Kanem Empire in what is now Chad reached its apex. The Solomonic dynasty in Ethiopia and the Zimbabwe Kingdom were founded.
Events
1201–1209
Introduction of by Fibonacci.
The Mamluk dynasty is founded in Egypt.
Baab Mashur Malamo established the Sultanate of Ternate in Maluku.
The Chola Dynasty in Southern India officially comes to an end.
1290–1300
- The Mamluk Dynasty comes to an end and is replaced by the Khalji dynasty.
- 1290: By the Edict of Expulsion, King Edward I of England orders all Jews to leave the Kingdom of England.
- 1291: The Swiss Confederation of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms.
- 1291: Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from the Crusades).
- 1292: Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebels and kills Kertanegara, ending the Singhasari kingdom.
- 1292: Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including Ferlec, Samudera and Lambri.[11]
- 1292: King Mangrai founds the Lanna kingdom.
- 1293: Mongol invasion of Java.[12] Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, who repels the Mongol forces.
- 1293: On 10 November, the coronation of Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
- 1296: First War of Scottish Independence begins.
- 1297: Membership in the Mazor Consegio or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.
- 1299: Ottoman Empire is established under Osman I.
- 1300: Islam is likely established in the Aceh region.
- 1300: Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama.
- 1300: The Turku Cathedral was consecrated in Turku.[13]
- 1300: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name Sri Lumay, a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the Chola dynasty in Sumatra established the Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
- Early 13th century – Xia Gui paints Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut, during the Southern Song dynasty (now in Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri).
- The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Western European music.
- Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
- Pecia system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
- Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen in 1298.
- The earliest known rockets, landmines, and handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
- The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world.
- Guan ware vase is made, Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London.
- 1250 – Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, and other Ancestral Pueblo architectural complexes reach their apex[14]
- 1280s – Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy.
- Late 13th century – Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace is made during the Kamakura period. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
- Late 13th century – Descent of the Amida Trinity, raigo triptych, is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the Art Institute of Chicago.
- The Neo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century.
See also
External links
- Web site: The Thirteenth: Greatest of Centuries . dead . James J. Walsh . James Joseph Walsh . 1907 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170301075205/http://www2.nd.edu/Departments//Maritain/etext/walsh.htm . 2017-03-01 . nd.edu.
Notes and References
- Web site: 2017-03-24 . Samudra Pasai worthy to be world historical site . 2020-01-24 . Republika Online.
- Book: Coedès, George . The Indianized States of Southeast Asia . University of Hawaii Press . trans.Susan Brown Cowing . 1968 . 978-0-8248-0368-1 . Walter F. Vella . George Coedès.
- Web site: St. Thomas Aquinas . 2023-12-09 . Catholic Encyclopedia.
- Book: Brooks, Christopher. Western Civilization: A Concise History . NSCC Libraries Pressbooks . 2020.
- Book: Lee . Kenneth B. . Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix . Greenwood Publishing Group . 1997 . 9780275958237.
- Web site: Greater London, Inner London Population & Density History. 2023-02-10. www.demographia.com. Quoting from The London Encyclopedia, Ben Weinreb and Christopher Hibbert, ed., Macmillan, 2010,
- Encyclopedia: Ken Angrok. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 July 2010.
- Weinstein, Richard A.. Dumas, Ashley A.. 2008. The spread of shell-tempered ceramics along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. dead. Southeastern Archaeology. 27. 2. https://web.archive.org/web/20120425141409/http://www.coastalenv.com/sarc-27-02-202-221-e.pdf. 2012-04-25.
- .
- Book: Kahler, H.. Modern Times. December 31, 1981. Brill Archive. 9004061967 . Google Books.
- Web site: History of Aceh. https://web.archive.org/web/20120813150213/http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/aceh/history.html. dead. August 13, 2012.
- Book: Weatherford, Jack . Genghis khan and the making of the modern world . 2004 . Random House . New York . 0-609-80964-4 . 239 .
- Web site: 2017-07-02. Kenelle kellot soivat? – Kiipeä 360-videon avulla Turun tuomiokirkon torniin. 2023-02-10. Yle Uutiset. fi.
- Berlo and Phillips, 275