Third-party and independent candidates for the 2024 United States presidential election explained

Election Name:	Third-party and independent candidates for the 2024 United States presidential election
Country:	United States
Type:	presidential
Ongoing:	yes
Previous Election:	Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election
Previous Year:	2020
Next Election:	Third-party and independent candidates for the 2028 United States presidential election
Next Year:	2028

This article lists third party and independent candidates, also jointly known as minor candidates, associated with the 2024 United States presidential election.

General election candidates

Candidates with majority ballot access

See also: Ballot access in the 2024 United States presidential election. The following general election candidates currently have ballot access to at least 270 electoral votes, the minimum number required to attain the presidency. Ballot access deadlines vary from state to state.

Candidates with partial ballot access

The following general election candidates will have ballot access to fewer than 270 electoral votes, the minimum number required to attain the presidency.

See also: Ballot access in the 2024 United States presidential election.

	Presidential nominee	Vice presidential nominee	Campaign	States with ballot access<	-- data-sort-value should be "$.$" -->	Ref.
	Claudia De la Cruz Activist from New York	Karina Garcia Activist from California	Website Campaign FEC filing^[9]	data-sort-value="145.011"		^[10] ^[11]
	Randall Terry Activist and perennial candidate from Tennessee	Stephen Broden Pastor and political commentator from Texas	Website Campaign	data-sort-value="132.000"		^[12] ^[13]
	Cornel West Academic and activist from California	Melina Abdullah Academic and activist from California	Website Campaign FEC filing^[14] ^[15] ^[16]	data-sort-value="128.011"		^[17]
	Peter Sonski Local politician from Connecticut	Lauren Onak Teacher from Massachusetts	Website Campaign June 13, 2023 FEC filing^[18]	data-sort-value="65.066"		^[19]
	Rachele Fruit Activist from Florida	Dennis Richter Activist from Minnesota	March 4, 2024	data-sort-value="37.000"		^[20] ^[21]
	Shiva Ayyadurai Entrepreneur from Massachusetts	Crystal Ellis 2022 gubernatorial candidate from Nebraska	Website September 4, 2023 FEC filing^[22]	data-sort-value="28.000"
	Joseph Kishore Writer and Socialist Equality Party National Secretary	Jerry White Perennial candidate and editor from New York	Website February 27, 2024	data-sort-value="26.000"		^[23]
	Richard Duncan	Mitch Bupp		data-sort-value="17.004"
	Joel Skousen Survivalist and consultant from Utah	Rik Combs Businessman from Missouri	Website May 6, 2024	data-sort-value="16.000"
	Krist Novoselić	James Carroll	Website	data-sort-value="12.000"		^[24]
	Blake Huber	Andrea Denault	Website March 16, 2024	data-sort-value="10.000"		^[25]
	Chris Garrity	Cody Ballard	Website June 2, 2023 FEC filing^[26]	data-sort-value="7.004"
	Michael Wood	John Pietrowski	Website July 5, 2023 FEC filing^[27]	data-sort-value="6.000"		^[28]
	Lucifer “Justin Case” Everylove	TBA	Website	data-sort-value="6.000"		^[29]
	Jasmine Sherman	Tanda BluBear	Website December 2, 2021 FEC filing^[30]	data-sort-value="3.000"
	Vermin Supreme	Jonathan Realz	Website August 8, 2024 FEC filing^[31]	data-sort-value="3.000"		^[32] ^[33]

Candidates without ballot access

Parties and candidates in this section have not attained ballot access in any states.

Notable parties:

• Socialist Party USA: Bill Stodden (nonprofit executive,^[34] presidential nominee); Stephanie Cholensky (political activist, vice-presidential nominee)^[35]
• Transhumanist Party: Tom Ross, (technology and political activist, presidential nominee); Daniel Twedt (nonprofit executive and perennial candidate, vice-presidential nominee)^[36]

Notable independents:

• Johnny Buss, co-owner of the Los Angeles Lakers^{[37] [38] [39]}
• Joseph "Afroman" Foreman, rapper^{[40] [41] [42]}
• Emanuel Pastreich, academic, think tank president ^[43]
• Robby Wells, former college football coach and perennial candidate^{[44] [45]}

Nominating processes

Schedule

Third-party nomination schedule

Date	Party nomination event
	Prohibition Party presidential nominating convention
	American Solidarity Party online primary
	Unity Party of America nominating convention
	Unity Party of Colorado nominating convention
	Natural Law Party nominating convention
	Constitution Party nominating convention
May 23, 2024
May 25, 2024	Constitution Party of Oregon nominating Convention
	Libertarian National Convention
May 30, 2024	Approval Voting Party nominating convention
June 1, 2024	Pirate National Convention
June 23, 2024	Green Party of Alaska Nominating Meeting
August 3, 2024	Constitution Party of Idaho Nominating Convention
	Peace and Freedom Party state central committee meeting
	Green National Convention

Libertarian Party

See main article: 2024 Libertarian Party presidential primaries. The Libertarian Party participated in multiple non-binding preference primaries in this election cycle. The party's presidential and vice presidential nominees were chosen directly by delegates at the 2024 Libertarian National Convention, held on Memorial Day weekend from May 24 to 26, 2024, in Washington, D.C.^{[46] [47]}

Green Party

See main article: 2024 Green Party presidential primaries. The Green Party is holding a series of presidential primaries through which convention delegates will be awarded to candidates and will nominate the party's presidential ticket at the 2024 Green National Convention,^[48] which is scheduled to take place as a virtual event from August 15 to 18, 2024.^[49]

The individuals listed below are declared candidates who have filed paperwork with the Federal Election Commission with intent to run under the Green Party and who meet one or more of the following criteria: a) meet Wikipedia's notability guidelines; b) have participated (or have been invited to participate) in at least two Green Party-sponsored debates or c) have received non-trivial media coverage as a candidate in this election cycle.

Constitution Party

See main article: 2024 Constitution Party presidential primaries. The Constitution Party held its presidential nominating convention on April 24–27, 2024, in Salt Lake City, Utah.^{[50] [51]}

Eight candidates sought the nomination:^[52]

• Daniel Clyde Cummings, perennial candidate from Wyoming^[53]
• Louis C. Hook from Mississippi^[54]
• Brandon McIntyre from Georgia^[55]
• Joel Skousen, author and survivalist from Utah
• Ben Stewart
• Randall Terry, author, anti-abortion activist, and Democratic candidate for president in 2012 from Tennessee
• Samm Tittle, perennial candidate
• Paul Venable, nominee for U.S. Senator from Missouri in 2022

Jim Harvey of Georgia (who ultimately did not seek the nomination), Joel Skousen, and Randall Terry participated in an April 6 debate in Dearborn, Michigan.^{[56] [57]}

Terry won the nomination by securing a majority in the first round. The votes largely broke down along geographic lines. Skousen, who is from Utah, received all 61 votes from the delegations of the Four Corners states, but only 19 votes from the rest of the country combined. The only state delegations he carried outside of the region were New Hampshire and West Virginia. Venable won the majority of votes from South Carolina and his home state of Missouri and Daniel Cummings won a plurality in his home state of Wyoming. The remaining ten delegations were all won by Terry.^[52]

Pastor and political commentator Stephen Broden, who was running on a ticket with Terry, received the vice-presidential nomination via voice vote.^[58]

Aside from the presidential nomination, much of the debate at the convention focused on an ultimately defeated amendment by Skousen to remove references to God from the party platform.^[59]

2024 Constitution Party Presidential Nomination Vote

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			Randall Terry	144	54.55%
Joel Skousen	80	30.30%
Paul Venable	32	12.12%
Daniel Cummings	4	1.52%
Brandon McIntyre	2	0.76%
Samm Tittle	2	0.76%
Louis C. Hook	0	0.00%
Ben Stewart	0	0.00%
Total:	264	100.00%
Source:^[60]

Constitution Party vice presidential nomination

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			Stephen Broden	Nominated via Voice Vote
Source:

The Constitution Party received 60,023 votes in the 2020 election.

The Nevada, Utah and Idaho state parties split from the national party and nominated Skousen.^[61]

American Independent Party

The American Independent Party held a non-binding presidential preference primary in California on March 5, 2024. James Bradley was the only candidate listed on the ballot and defeated Andrew George Rummel, who was a recognized write-in candidate.^{[62] [63]}

2024 California American Independent primary^[64]

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			James Bradley	45,565	99.96%
Andrew George Rummel (write-in)	16	0.04%
Total:	45,581	100.0%

On April 29, 2024, the party announced that it had nominated independent presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr.^{[65] [66]}

Legal Marijuana Now Party

See main article: 2024 Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now presidential primary. The Legal Marijuana Now Party held its first-ever presidential nomination primary in Minnesota on Super Tuesday, March 5. This was the first presidential primary to be held in Minnesota for a third party since 1916.^[67] Krystal Gabel withdrew from the race during Legal Marijuana Now Party's candidate filing discussions. When Gabel asked to be removed from the ballot, after early voting had started on January 19, 2024, the Minnesota Secretary of State's office stated that changes cannot be made to the list of candidates after the list was certified 63 days prior to the election, and Gabel's name remained on ballots.

Five candidates appeared on the ballot:

• Edward Forchion, activist, and candidate for governor of New Jersey in 2021
• Rudy Reyes, archeologist, and national LMN Party chairperson
• Dennis Schuller, Minnesota LMN Party chairperson; former Richfield, Minnesota, municipal planning commission member (2011–2014)
• Vermin Supreme, performance artist, activist, and perennial candidate from Massachusetts; former Libertarian Party Judicial Committee member (2020–2022) (Also running for the Democratic nomination)^[68]
• Krystal Gabel, activist, and candidate for governor of Nebraska in 2018 (Withdrew January 26, 2024)^[69]

Of Minnesota's three major political parties, all of which included a write in option for their 2024 nominating primaries, only the Legal Marijuana Now party submitted to the Secretary of State a write in name to be counted, singer-songwriter Willie Nelson.^[70]

2024 Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now primary

Candidate	Votes	Percentage	Delegates
				Krystal Gabel (withdrawn)	759	28.84%	-
Dennis Schuller	459	17.44%	7
Vermin Supreme	397	15.08%	6
Rudy Reyes	365	13.87%	5
Edward Forchion	168	6.38%	2
Willie Nelson (write-in)	19	0.72%	0
Other write-ins	465	17.67%	-
Total:	2,632	100.00%	20
Source:^[71]

Gabel won a plurality of the vote (28.8%), but withdrew ahead of the primary. Of declared candidates, Dennis Schuller finished in the lead, with 17.4%.^[72] At the state convention in Bloomington on July 6, Schuller was later chosen as the presidential nominee, with Reyes as his running mate.^[73] However, the party lost automatic ballot access in a May 2024 ruling by the Minnesota Supreme Court, meaning party officials would have to petition for ballot access.^[74]

The party is also ballot-qualified in Nebraska, but no candidates qualified for the May 14 primary. Instead, the state affiliate party nominated Cornel West.^[75]

Peace and Freedom Party

The Peace and Freedom Party held a non-binding preference primary in California on Super Tuesday, March 5. Claudia De la Cruz, the nominee of the Party for Socialism and Liberation, won the primary with a plurality, defeating Jasmine Sherman and Cornel West.^[76] The party's presidential nominee, chosen by the state central committee in August, is Claudia De la Cruz.

2024 California Peace and Freedom primary^[77]

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			Claudia De la Cruz	6,430	47.0%
Cornel West	5,455	39.9%
Jasmine Sherman	1,795	13.1%
Total:	13,680	100.0%

American Solidarity Party

The American Solidarity Party announced on June 2, 2023, that Peter Sonski had won their party's online primary, which lasted from May 24 to June 1. Sonski was nominated in the first round of ranked-choice voting with 52%. Sonski then selected Lauren Onak as his vice president, who was then officially nominated via unanimous consent.

American Solidarity Party presidential nomination

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			Peter Sonski	328	52.5%
Jacqueline Abernathy	207	33.1
Joe Schriner	50	8.0
Larry Johnson	24	3.8
Erskine Levi	16	2.6
Total:	625	100.00%
Source:^[78]

American Solidarity Party vice presidential nomination

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			Lauren Onak	Nominated via Unanimous Consent
Source:^[79]

Approval Voting Party

The Approval Voting Party received 409 votes for president in 2020. It is currently only ballot-approved in Colorado.^[80] On March 16, the party nominated Blake Huber for president and Andrea Denault for vice president.^[81]

Green Mountain Peace and Justice

The Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party is a regional ballot-qualified party in Vermont which has regularly nominated candidates for president since 1972.^[82] It nominated Gloria La Riva, the PSL nominee, in 2020. She received 166 votes in Vermont. On April 28, the party nominated independent candidate Cornel West for president.^[83]

Natural Law Party

Michigan party

The Michigan Natural Law Party held its nominating convention on April 17, 2024, where it nominated independent candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. for President and Nicole Shanahan for Vice President. Party chairman Doug Dern claimed fellow independent candidate Cornel West also sought the party's ballot access.^[84]

In 2020, the Michigan party nominated Alliance Party nominee Rocky De La Fuente, who received 2,986 votes in Michigan.

Florida party

The party is also presidential ballot-qualified in Florida. The Florida party did not nominate a candidate in the 2020 election.^[85]

Prohibition Party

The Prohibition Party held its presidential nominating convention on May 8–9, 2023, in Buffalo, New York. Three candidates stood for nomination; Michael Wood was nominated on the first ballot.^[86]

Prohibition Party presidential nomination

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			Michael Wood	8	61.5%
Zack Kusnir	4	30.8%
Scott Baier	0	0.0%
Jay Rockefeller (write-in)	1	7.7%
Total:	13	100.00%
Source:^[87]

Prohibition Party vice presidential nomination

Candidate	Votes	Percentage
			John Petrowski	Nominated via Unanimous Consent
Source:

Unity Party

The Bill Hammons-led faction of the Unity Party of America nominated Paul Noel Fiorino and Matthew May for president and vice president respectively at the 7th United National Convention over Google Meet on April 6, 2024.^[88]

However, the Colorado faction of the party, which has the party's ballot access, met on April 13, 2024, and nominated independent candidate Cornel West for president and his running mate, Melina Abdullah for vice president.^{[89] [90]}

Unity Party of Colorado Presidential Nomination

Candidate	Percentage
		Cornel West	95%
Paul Noel Fiorino	5%
Total:	100.00%
Source:

Withdrew before convention:

• Bill Hammons, co-founder and chairman of the Unity Party; nominee for president in 2020^[91]
• Donnie Harold Harris, business owner and write-in candidate for governor of Indiana in 2012^[91]

The party is currently only ballot-approved in Colorado.^[80] In 2020, party co-founder Bill Hammons was on the ballot in three states and received 6,647 votes.^[92]

Alliance Party

The Alliance Party received 88,236 votes for president in 2020.^[92] It and its affiliates are ballot-qualified in Alaska, Connecticut, and South Carolina.^{[93] [94] [95]}

Green Party of Alaska

The Green Party of Alaska, which is unaffiliated with the Green Party of the United States is ballot-qualified in Alaska. The party nominated Jesse Ventura for president in 2020 and received 2,673 votes.^[96]

Jasmine Sherman and Tanda BluBear were nominated as president and vice president, respectively.^[97]

The party has hosted a series of debates featuring the following candidates seeking the nomination:^[98]

• Joseph "Afroman" Foreman, rapper and independent candidate for president^{[99] [100]}
• Brittany Jones, veteran and unaffiliated candidate for president from Oregon^[101]
• Jasmine Sherman, Executive Director of Greater Charlotte Rise and Green Party candidate for president from North Carolina^[102]
• Dashaun "Daví" Davis, activist and Green Party candidate for president^[103]
• Emanuel Pastreich, president of the Asia Institute, academic, author, and withdrawn Green Party candidate for president from Massachusetts^{[104] [105]}
• Rollan Roberts, businessman and Republican candidate for president^[106]
• Jay Torres, Republican candidate for president^[107]
• Wayne Pope, veteran and Democratic candidate for president^[108]
• Suzzanna Tanner, independent candidate for president^[109]
• Susan Buchser-Lochocki, voting rights activist and unregistered candidate for president^[110]

Liberal Party

The Liberal Party, formerly the Association of State Liberty Parties, has qualified state parties in Massachusetts and New Mexico which were, until 2022, affiliated with the national Libertarian Party.^{[111] [112]} These parties received a combined 59,598 votes in the 2 states.

Potential candidates

• Chase Oliver, 2024 Libertarian Party nominee for president^[113]
• Charles Ballay, 2024 Libertarian presidential candidate
• Robert F. Kennedy Jr., 2024 independent presidential candidate

Declined to be candidates

No Labels

See main article: article. The following individuals have declined to be candidates for the No Labels unity ticket. On April 4, 2024, the organization announced it would not run a presidential campaign.^[114]

• Andy Beshear, Governor of Kentucky (2019–present), Attorney General of Kentucky (2016–2019) (initially endorsed Biden and later endorsed Harris)^{[115] [116]}
• Bill Cassidy, U.S. Senator from Louisiana (2015–present)^[117]
• Chris Christie, former Governor of New Jersey (2010–2018), Republican candidate for president in 2016 and 2024^[118]
• Nikki Haley, former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2017–2018) and Governor of South Carolina (2011–2017) (ran as a Republican)^[119]
• Larry Hogan, former Governor of Maryland (2015–2023)^[120] (endorsed Haley;^[121] running for U.S. Senate)^[122]
• Jon Huntsman Jr., U.S. Ambassador to Russia (2017–2019), U.S. Ambassador to China (2009–2011), Governor of Utah (2005–2009), Republican candidate for president in 2012^{[123] [124]}
• Will Hurd, U.S. Representative from TX-23 (2015–2021) (ran as a Republican; endorsed Haley)^[125]
• Joe Manchin, U.S. Senator from West Virginia (2010–present), Governor of West Virginia (2005–2010), West Virginia Secretary of State (2001–2005)^{[126] [127]}
• William H. McRaven, Commander of the United States Special Operations Command (2011–2014) and Chancellor of the University of Texas System (2015–2018)^[125]
• Pat McCrory, former Governor of North Carolina (2013–2017), Mayor of Charlotte, North Carolina (1995–2009), candidate for U.S. Senator from North Carolina in 2022^{[123] [128]}
• David Petraeus, Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2011–2012), commander of the International Security Assistance Force (2010–2011), commander of United States Central Command (2008–2010)^[125]
• Dean Phillips, U.S. Representative from MN-03 (2019–present) and CEO of Phillips Distilling Company (2000–2012) (ran as a Democrat; initially endorsed Biden and later endorsed Harris)^{[129] [130] [131]}
• Condoleezza Rice, United States Secretary of State (2005–2009) and United States National Security Advisor (2001–2005)^[125]
• Mitt Romney, U.S. Senator from Utah (2019–present), Governor of Massachusetts (2003–2007), Republican candidate for president in 2008 and nominee in 2012^{[132] [133]}
• Kyrsten Sinema, U.S. Senator from Arizona (2019–present), U.S. Representative from AZ-09 (2013–2019)^{[123] [134]}
• Chris Sununu, Governor of New Hampshire (2017–present) (initially endorsed Haley and later endorsed Trump)^{[135] [136]}
• Andrew Yang, co-chair of the Forward Party (2022–present), Democratic candidate for president in 2020 and for mayor of New York City in 2021^{[137] [138]} (Initially endorsed Phillips, later endorsed Harris)^{[139] [140]}

Third party

The following notable individuals have been the subject of speculation about their possible candidacies, but have publicly denied interest in running.

• Justin Amash, former United States Representative from (2011–2021), member of the Michigan House of Representatives from the 72nd district (2009–2011) (running for U.S. Senate)^[141]
• Mark Cuban, investor and entrepreneur^[142] (initially endorsed Biden and later endorsed Harris)^{[143] [144]}
• Jamie Dimon, chairman and CEO of JPMorgan Chase^[145]
• Howie Hawkins, co-founder of the Green Party and Green/Socialist nominee for president in 2020^{[146] [147]}
• Dwayne Johnson, actor, businessman and professional wrestler^[148]
• Vivek Ramaswamy, executive chairman of Strive Asset Management (2022–2023) and CEO of Roivant Sciences (2014–2021) (ran as a Republican; endorsed Trump)^{[149] [150]}
• Dave Smith, stand-up comedian, libertarian political commentator, podcaster^{[151] [152]}

Debates and forums

2024 Free & Equal debates
	Date & Time	Location	Participants
Participant ·  Absent invitee  Invitee ·  Not invited Not yet declared.											Other
			Kamala Harris	Donald Trump	Robert F. Kennedy Jr.	Chase Oliver	Jill Stein	Claudia De la Cruz	Cornel West	Randall Terry	See note
1	February 29, 2024	New York City
2	July 12, 2024	Las Vegas
3	September 2024	TBD

February 29 debate (New York City)

The Free & Equal Elections Foundation hosted a multiparty debate on February 29, 2024, in New York City, New York moderated by Caitlin Sinclair, Jason Palmer and Christina Tobin. Socialism and Liberation nominee Claudia De la Cruz, Libertarian candidates Chase Oliver and Lars Mapstead, and Green candidates Jill Stein and Jasmine Sherman attended. Independent candidates Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and Cornel West were also invited but did not attend.^{[153] [154]}

2nd Free and Equal Presidential debate
Duration:	1 hour and 50 minutes
Date:	July 12, 2024
Location:	Las Vegas, Nevada
Participants:	Chase Oliver Jill Stein Randall Terry
Moderator:	Christina Tobin and Thomas Massie
Footage:	https://www.youtube.com/live/WGlkAKA-y90?si=4SHkVrzj-aqaxDjw|1

July 12 debate (Las Vegas)

Free and Equal hosted a second debate on July 12, 2024, at FreedomFest in Las Vegas, Nevada moderated by the foundation's chair, Christina Tobin and congressman Thomas Massie.^{[155] [156]}

Candidates invited to the debate were: Biden, Kennedy, Oliver, Stein, Terry, Trump, and West.^[155]

Oliver, Stein, and Terry participated.^[155]

September debate

The Free and Equal Foundation plans to host a third debate in September 2024.^[157] On August 5, the organization tweeted that Harris, Trump, and Kennedy would all be included in the invitees.^[158]

Forums

The Muslim Civic Coalition hosted a forum featuring Jill Stein and Cornel West on February 3 in Oak Brook, Illinois. The organization claimed all presidential candidates were invited to attend.

The Abandon Biden movement held an online forum on June 13 featuring Jill Stein,^[159] Cornel West,^[160] and Claudia de la Cruz^[161] focused on promoting "pro-Palestine" candidates for President.^{[162] [163]}

Ballot access

See main article: Ballot access in the 2024 United States presidential election.

Polling

See main article: Nationwide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election and Statewide opinion polling for the 2024 United States presidential election.

Aggregate polls

This table will only include polling aggregates that tracks at least one third-party candidate.

Poll source	Since	As of	Kamala Harris	Donald Trump	Robert F. Kennedy Jr	Jill Stein	Cornel West	Margin
538	July 24, 2024	August 9, 2024		45.5%	43.4%	5.1%	–	–		Harris +2.0%
RCP	July 22, 2024	August 9, 2024		45.3%	44.5%	5.5%	0.9%	0.6%		Harris +0.8%
TH/DDHQ	July 7, 2024	August 9, 2024		46.7%	43.5%	3.4%	–	–		Harris +3.2%
SB	July 1, 2024	August 9, 2024		46.3%	43.9%	4.1%	–	–		Harris +2.4%
RTTWH	July 8, 2024	August 9, 2024		45.7%	43.5%	5.4%	0.8%	0.5%		Harris +2.2%
NYT	July 17, 2024	August 9, 2024		45%	43%	5%	–	–		Harris +2%

Individual polls

Hypothetical polling with third-party and independent candidates

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Kamala Harris	Donald Trump	Cornel West	Robert F. Kennedy Jr	Jill Stein	Chase Oliver	Other	Undecided	Margin
RMG Research/Napolitan Institute	August 5–7, 2024	2000 (RV)		47%	46%	–	2%	–	–	2%	3%		Harris +1%
Ipsos	August 2–7, 2024	1342 (RV)		42%	37%	–	4%	–	–	6%	10%		Harris +5%
YouGov/The Economist	August 4–6, 2024	1413 (LV)		45%	43%	0%	2%	1%	–	3%	6%		Harris +2%
ActiVote	July 30 – August 6, 2024	1000 (LV)		45.0%	44.4%	–	10.5%	–	–	–	–		Harris +0.6%
NPR/PBS/Marist	August 1–4, 2024	1309 (LV)		49%	45%	0%	5%	0%	0%	–	1%		Harris +4%
TIPP Insights/Issues & Insights	July 31 – August 2, 2024	1326 (RV)		44%	42%	1%	7%	1%	–	1%	4%		Harris +2%
YouGov/CBS News	July 30 – August 2, 2024	3092 (LV)		49%	47%	0%	2%	0%	0%	–	2%		Harris +2%
YouGov/University of Massachusetts	July 29 – August 1, 2024	1000 (RV)		46%	43%	–	6%	–	–	–	5%		Harris +3%
RMG Research	July 29–31, 2024	3000 (RV)		47%	42%	–	6%	–	–	–	5%		Harris +5%
YouGov/The Economist	July 27–30, 2024	1434 (RV)		46%	44%	0%	5%	0%	–	2%	5%		Harris +2%
Redfield & Wilton Strategies	July 29, 2024	1750 (LV)		45%	43%	–	5%	–	–	–	4%		Harris +2%
American Pulse Research	July 26–29, 2024	1035 (LV)	46%		47%	1%	3%	1%	0%	1%	2%		Trump +1%
ActiVote	July 24–29, 2024	1000 (LV)	44%		46%	–	10%	–	–	–	–		Trump +2%
McLaughlin & Associates	July 23–29, 2024	1000 (LV)	41%		42%	1%	8%	1%	1%	7%	–		Trump +1%
Big Data/Public Polling Project	July 26–28, 2024	2919 (LV)	44%		45%	2%	7%	1%	2%	–	–		Trump +1%
Leger	July 26–28, 2024	786 (RV)		48%	41%	1%	5%	1%	–	–	3%		Harris +7%
Harvard/HarrisX	July 26–28, 2024	2196 (RV)	43%		47%	1%	8%	1%	–	–	–		Trump +4%
Ipsos/With Honor	July 24–25, 2024	1238 (A)	38%	38%	–	4%	–	–	12%	9%		Even
Redfield and Wilton	July 23–25, 2024	1750 (LV)		45%	43%	–	5%	–	–	1%	4%		Harris +2%
Mainstreet Research/FAU	July 26–27, 2024	936 (LV)		44%	43%	–	8%	–	–	1%	3%		Harris +1%
Atlas Intel	July 23–25, 2024	1980 (RV)	46%		48%	0%	5%	–	–	–	2%		Trump +2%
Fabrizio Lee & Associates/GBAO/The Wall Street Journal	July 23–25, 2024	1000 (RV)		45%	44%	1%	4%	1%	0%	–	5%		Harris +1%
HarrisX/Forbes	July 22–25, 2024	2472 (LV)	45%		46%	1%	8%	1%	–	–	6%		Trump +1%
New York Times/Siena	July 22–24, 2024	1142 (LV)		44%	43%	0%	5%	1%	–	1% (I wouldn't vote)	5%		Harris +1%
The 19th/Survey Monkey	July 22–24, 2024	5265 (A)	38%		39%	1%	6%	1%	–	2% (Refused)	14%		Trump +1%
Big Village	July 22–24, 2024	1492 (LV)	43%		44%	1%	6%	1%	–	1% (I wouldn't vote)	4%		Trump +1%
Reuters/Ipsos	July 22–23, 2024	1018 (RV)		42%	38%	–	8%	–	–	5% (I wouldn't vote)	6%		Harris +4%
The Times/SAY/YouGov	July 22–23, 2024	1155 (LV)	44%		46%	0%	4%	1%	–	1% (I would not vote)	3%		Trump +2%
NPR/PBS/Marist	July 22, 2024	846 (LV)		45%	43%	1%	7%	0%	0%	–	3%		Harris +2%
The Economist/YouGov	July 21–23, 2024	1435 (RV)	41%		44%	1%	5%	1%	–	3%	5%		Trump +3%
Yahoo!/YouGov	July 19–22, 2024	1178 (RV)	41%		43%	1%	5%	1%	1%	1%	6%		Trump +2%
On Points Politics/SoCal Research	July 21, 2024	800 (RV)	37%		43%	–	9%	3%	4%	–	4%		Trump +6%
Quinnipiac	July 19–21, 2024	1257 (RV)	41%		45%	1%	6%	2%	1%	2%	1%		Trump +4%
Mainstreet Research/FAU	July 19–21, 2024	711 (LV)	39%		45%	–	9%	–	–	3%	3%		Trump +6%
The Economist/YouGov	July 13–16, 2024	1398 (RV)	39%		44%	1%	5%	2%	–	3%	7%		Trump +5%
Big Village	July 12–14, 2024	1499 (LV)	37.3%		41.6%	1.8%	9.2%	2.1%	–	0.9% (I would not vote)	7.0%		Trump +4.3%
Redfield & Wilton	July 8, 2024	1500 (RV)	37%		44%	–	8%	–	1%	3%	6%		Trump +7%
Manhattan Institute	July 7–13, 2024	2100 (LV)	36%		44%	1%	6%	–	1%	8%	5%		Trump +8%
The Economist/YouGov	July 7–9, 2024	1440 (RV)	38%		42%	1%	5%	–	2%	6%	7%		Trump +5%

Hypothetical polling with third-party and independent candidates

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Joe Biden	Donald Trump	Nikki Haley	Cornel West	Robert F. Kennedy Jr	Joe Manchin	Jill Stein	Other	Undecided	Margin
July 21, 2024	Joe Biden ends his re-election campaign
Reuters/Ipsos	July 16, 2024	992 (RV)	39%		40%	–	–	11%	–	–	6%	4%		Trump +1%
Emerson College/Democrats for the Next Generation	July 15–16, 2024	2000 (RV)	37.8%		43.8%	–	0.7%	6.6%	–	0.7%	0.4% (Chase Oliver)	10.0%		Trump +6.0%
The Economist/YouGov	July 13–16, 2024	1398 (RV)	41%		43%	–	1%	4%	–	1%	3%	7%		Trump +2%
Redfield & Wilton	July 15, 2024	3500 (RV)	42%		43%	–	–	6%	–	–	2%	6%		Trump +1%
Harris X	July 13–15, 2024	1918 (RV)	37%		41%	–	2%	12%	–	1%	–	7%		Trump +4%
ActiVote	July 7–15, 2024	1000 (LV)	41.4%		43.4%	–	–	15.1%	–	–	–	–		Trump +2.0%
Big Village	July 12–14, 2024	1499 (LV)		40.9%	40.8%	–	0.9%	8.5%	–	1.2%	0.5% (I would not vote)	7.0%		Biden +0.1%
	July 13, 2024	Thomas Matthew Crooks attempts to assassinate Donald Trump
Manhattan Institute	July 7–13, 2024	2100 (LV)	40%		44%	–	1%	5%	–	1%	5%	5%		Trump +4%
The Center Square/Noble Predictive	July 8–11, 2024	2300 (LV)	40%		43%	–	1%	7%	–	1%	–	7%		Trump +3%
NPR/PBS/Marist	July 9–10, 2024	954 (LV)	45%	45%	–	2%	6%	–	1%	–	1%		Even
Fox News	July 7–10, 2024	1210 (RV)	41%		44%	–	1%	10%	–	3%	–	2%		Trump +3%
The Economist/YouGov	July 7–9, 2024	1440 (RV)	40%		43%	–	1%	4%	–	1%	3%	8%		Trump +3%
NBC News	July 7–9, 2024	800 (RV)	37%		40%	–	1%	10%	–	3%	5%	4%		Trump +3%
ABC News/Washington Post/Ipsos	July 5−9, 2024	2041 (RV)	42%		43%	–	2%	10%	–	2%	3%	–		Trump +1%
Redfield & Wilton	July 8, 2024	1500 (RV)	42%		43%	–	–	6%	–	–	2%	6%		Trump +1%
Emerson College	July 7–8, 2024	1370 (RV)	39.9%		43.7%	–	1.2%	6.1%	–	0.8%	–	8.4%		Trump +3.8%
Pew Research	July 1–7, 2024	7729 (RV)	40%		44%	–	–	15%	–	–	2%	–		Trump +4%
Lord Ashcroft	June 28 – July 7, 2024	4347 (RV)		44%	42%	–	1%	10%	–	1%	3%	–		Biden +2%
Data For Progress/Split Ticket	July 1–3, 2024	2067 (LV)	40%		41%	–	1%	10%	–	1%	1% (Chase Oliver)	6%		Trump +1%
J.L. Partners/Daily Mail	July 1–3, 2024	1000 (LV)	37%		43%	–	2%	7%	–	2%	2% (Chase Oliver)	7%		Trump +6%
Cygnal	July 1–2, 2024	1500 (LV)	38.1%		43.5%	–	2.1%	7.1%	–	2.0%	–	7.2%		Trump +5.4%
The Economist/YouGov	June 30 – July 2, 2024	1386 (RV)	40%		42%	–	1%	5%	–	1%	3%	8%		Trump +2%
GBAO/WSJ/Fabrizio Lee	June 29 – July 2, 2024	1500 (RV)	36%		42%	–	2%	7%	–	2%	1% (Chase Oliver)	11%		Trump +6%
CBS News/YouGov	June 28 – July 2, 2024	2815 (LV)	40%		44%	–	2%	11%	–	3%	0%	0%		Trump +4%
NY Times/Siena	June 28 – July 2, 2024	1532 (LV)	37%		42%	–	<0.5%	8%	–	2%	3%	6%		Trump +5%
Florida Atlantic/Mainstreet Research	June 29–30, 2024	869 (LV)	39%		42%	–	–	10%	–	–	4%	5%		Trump +3%
HarrisX/Forbes	June 28–30, 2024	1192 (LV)	38%		43%	–	–	14%	–	–	–	4%		Trump +5%
CNN/SSRS	June 28–30, 2024	1045 (RV)	35%		41%	–	2%	14%	–	3%	4%	–		Trump +6%
Suffolk University/USA Today	June 28–30, 2024	1000 (RV)	38%		41%	–	1%	8%	–	1%	2%	8%		Trump +3%
Harvard/Harris	June 28–30, 2024	2090 (RV)	35%		43%	–	2%	10%	–	1%	–	9%		Trump +8%
Big Village	June 28–30, 2024	723 (LV)	41.2%		41.6%	–	0.9%	8.7%	–	–	1.2% (I would not vote)	6.5%		Trump +0.4%
Patriot Polling	June 27–29, 2024	1029 (RV)	40.5%		44.3%	–	–	11.2%	–	–	–	4.0%		Trump +3.8%
On Point Politics/SoCal Research	June 27, 2024	600 (RV)	35%		41%	–	2%	8%	–	2%	1% (Chase Oliver)	10%		Trump +6%
	June 27, 2024	First presidential debate between Trump and Biden is held
Atlas/CNN Brazil	June 26–28, 2024	1634 (RV)	40.3%		45.5%	–	0.7%	10.3%	–	0.5%	0.8% (Won't vote)	2.0%		Trump +5.2%
I&I/Tipp	June 26–28, 2024	1244 (RV)		40%	39%	–	2%	10%	–	1%	2%	5%		Biden +1%
Lord Ashcroft	May 31 – June 27	4067 (RV)		42%	41%	–	1%	10%	–	1%	4%	–		Biden +1%
The Economist/YouGov	June 23–25, 2024	1403 (RV)	42%	42%	–	0%	4%	–	1%	2%	8%		Even
NY Times/Siena	June 20–25, 2024	1226 (LV)	37%		40%	–	<0.5%	7%	–	2%	3%	9%		Trump +3%
Leger/New York Post	June 22–24, 2024	873 (LV)	38%	38%	–	2%	7%	–	2%	–	13%		Even
Quinnipiac	June 20–24, 2024	1405 (RV)	37%		43%	–	2%	11%	–	2%	3%	2%		Trump +6%
America's New Majority/McLaughlin	June 20–24, 2024	2000 (RV)	38.8%		40.3%	–	1.6%	8.3%	–	1.0%	0.5% (Chase Oliver)	9.5%		Trump +1.5%
McLaughlin & Associates	June 18–24, 2024	1000 (LV)	37%		39%	–	2%	10%	–	2%	1.0% (Chase Oliver)	9%		Trump +2%
George Washington University	June 11–24, 2024	2750 (RV)		44.3%	41.9%	–	0.8%	4.6%	–	1.0%	2.4%	4.9%
ActiVote	June 5–21, 2024	2192 (LV)	42.1%		43.7%	–	–	14.2%	–	–	–	–		Trump +1.6%
The Economist/YouGov	June 16–18, 2024	1392 (RV)	42%	42%	–	1%	4%	–	1%	3%	8%		Even
Redfield & Wilton	June 16–17, 2024	1500 (RV)	41%	41%	–	–	7%	–	–	2%	8%		Even
Fox News	June 14–17, 2024	1095 (RV)		43%	42%	–	2%	10%	–	2%	–	1%		Biden +1%
Ipsos/Reuters	June 12, 2024	930 (RV)	37%		38%	–	–	10%	–	–	6% (I wouldn't vote)	10%		Trump +1%
Redfield & Wilton	June 11–12, 2024	1500 (RV)		41%	40%	–	–	7%	–	–	7%	3%		Biden +1%
NPR/PBS/Marist	June 10–12, 2024	963 (LV)	43%		44%	–	2%	9%	–	1%	0% (Chase Oliver)	1%		Trump +1%
Echelon Insights	June 10–12, 2024	1013 (LV)	42%		43%	–	2%	7%	–	2%	–	3%		Trump +1%
The Economist/YouGov	June 9–11, 2024	1398 (RV)	40%		42%	–	1%	3%	–	1%	3%	9%		Trump +2%
SSRS/Vanderbilt	June 7–10, 2024	1031 (A)	30%		33%	–	–	10%	–	–	16%	12%		Trump +3%
Big Village	June 7–9, 2024	1423 (LV)		42.5%	42.2%	–	1.4%	7.4%	–	–	0.8% (I would not vote)	5.7%		Biden +0.3%
Cygnal	June 4–6, 2024	1500 (LV)	38.4%		41.2%	–	2.3%	8.4%	–	1.8%	–	7.9%		Trump +2.8%
Emerson College	June 4–5, 2024	1000 (RV)	38%		44%	–	1%	6%	–	1%	–	9%		Trump +6%
The Economist/YouGov	June 2–4, 2024	1565 (RV)	42%	42%	–	1%	3%	–	1%	2%	8%		Even
ActiVote	May 23 – June 4, 2024	1775 (LV)	41.6%		45.4%	–	–	13.1%	–	–	–	–		Trump +3.8%
Ipsos/Reuters	May 30–31, 2024	2135 (RV)		39%	37%	–	–	10%	–	–	5% (I wouldn't vote)	8%		Biden +2%
HarrisX/Forbes	May 30–31, 2024	1006 (RV)	38%		40%	–	1%	11%	–	1%	–	8%		Trump +2%
I&I/Tipp	May 29–31, 2024	1675 (RV)	38%	38%	–	1%	10%	–	2%	2%	9%		Even
Lord Ashcroft	May 17–30, 2024	8153 (RV)		44%	40%	–	1%	10%	–	1%	3%	–		Biden +1%
The Economist/YouGov	May 25–28, 2024	1546 (RV)	40%		41%	–	1%	4%	–	1%	3%	10%		Trump +1%
McLaughlin & Associates/Lawrence Kadish	May 21–23, 2024	1000 (LV)	38%		42%	–	2%	9%	–	2%	1% (Lars Mapstead)	6%		Trump +4%
NPR/PBS/Marist	May 21–23, 2024	907 (LV)	43%		46%	–	2%	5%	–	2%	–	2%		Trump +3%
Emerson College	May 21–23, 2024	1100 (RV)	39%		44%	–	1%	6%	–	1%	–	10%		Trump +5%
The Economist/YouGov	May 19–21, 2024	1558 (RV)	40%		41%	–	1%	5%	–	1%	4%	10%		Trump +1%
Independent Center	May 16–21, 2024	1000 (RV)	39%		42%	–	–	13%	–	–	–	6%		Trump +3%
ActiVote	May 6–21, 2024	1153 (LV)	42.1%		44.9%	–	–	13%	–	–	–	–		Trump +2.8%
Quinnipiac	May 16–20, 2024	1374 (RV)		41%	38%	–	2%	14%	–	2%	2%	2%		Biden +3%
Harvard/Harris X	May 15–16, 2024	1660 (RV)	39%		43%	–	–	12%	–	–	–	5%		Trump +4%
Cygnal	May 14–16, 2024	1500 (LV)	37.7%		40.8%	–	2.3%	8.8%	–	2.4%	–	8.0%		Trump +3.1%
Echelon Insights	May 13–16, 2024	1023 (LV)	38%		43%	–	1%	9%	–	3%	–	6%		Trump +5%
McLaughlin & Associates	May 9–15, 2024	1000 (LV)	36%		38%	–	3%	11%	–	2%	1% (Lars Mapstead)	9%		Trump +2%
Marquette Law	May 6–15, 2024	624 (LV)	41%		44%	–	2%	11%	–	2%	–	–		Trump +3%
America's New Majority/McLaughlin & Associates	May 10–14, 2024	2000 (RV)	37.6%		39.3%	–	1.9%	8.9%	–	1.4%	0.6% (Lars Mapstead)	10.3%		Trump +1.8%
Redfield & Wilton	May 13, 2024	1155 (LV)		43%	42%	–	–	5%	–	–	–	6%		Biden +1%
Ipsos	May 7–13, 2024	1730 (RV)		37%	35%	–	–	5%	–	–	7%	17%		Biden +2%
RMG Research	May 6–9, 2024	2000 (RV)		42%	39%	–	–	11%	–	–	3%	6%		Biden +3%
Big Village	May 3–8, 2024	2867 (LV)		41.9%	40.6%	–	1.2%	8.8%	–	–	0.6% (I would not vote)	6.9%		Biden +1.3%
I&I/Tipp	May 1–3, 2024	1264 (RV)		39%	38%	–	1%	12%	–	1%	2%	7%		Biden +1%
Redfield & Wilton	May 1, 2024	1133 (LV)	41%		43%	–	–	7%	–	–	–	5%		Trump +2%
Suffolk University/USA Today	April 30 – May 3, 2024	1000 (RV)	36.7%		37.1%	–	1.6%	8.0%	–	1.2%	3.3%	12.1%		Trump +0.4%
Reuters/Ipsos	April 29–30, 2024	856 (RV)		39%	38%	–	–	8%	–	–	6% (I wouldn't vote)	9%		Biden +1%
ActiVote	April 13–30, 2024	1025 (LV)	41.2%		44.4%	–	–	14.4%	–	–	–	–		Trump +3.2%
Florida Atlantic/Mainstreet Research	April 26–28, 2024	851 (LV)		43.7%	39.5%	–	–	11.0%	–	–	2.5%	3.4%		Biden +4.2%
Harvard/Harris X	April 24–25, 2024	1961 (RV)	37%		44%	–	1%	10%	–	1%	–	6%		Trump +7%
NPR/PBS/Marist	April 22–25, 2024	1199 (RV)	42%	42%	–	2%	11%	–	2%	–	2%		Even
CNN/SSRS	April 18–23, 2024	967 (RV)	33%		42%	–	4%	16%	–	3%	2%	1%		Trump +9%
Quinnipiac	April 18–22, 2024	1429 (RV)	37%	37%	–	3%	16%	–	3%	2%	2%		Even
Marist College	April 16–18, 2024	1047 (RV)		43%	38%	–	2%	14%	–	2%	–	1%		Biden +5%
Emerson College	April 16–17, 2024	1308 (RV)	39.9%		43.5%	–	1.0%	7.6%	–	0.4%	–	7.6%		Trump +3.6%
NBC News	April 12–16, 2024	1000 (RV)		39%	37%	–	2%	13%	–	3%	1% Would not vote	3%		Biden +2%
McLaughlin & Associates	April 10–16, 2024	1000 (LV)	36%		38%	–	2%	10%	–	2%	2% (Lars Mapstead)	9%		Trump +2%
Echelon Insights	April 12–14, 2024	1020 (LV)		41%	40%	–	2%	11%	–	2%	–	4%		Biden +1%
ActiVote	March 24 – April 10, 2024	1083 (LV)	40.7%		44.0%	–	–	15.3%	–	–	–	–		Trump +3.3%
Redfield & Wilton	April 6–7, 2024	4000 (RV)	41%	41%	–	–	9%	–	–	–	6%		Even
I&I/Tipp	April 3–5, 2024	1265 (RV)	38%	38%	–	2%	11%	–	1%	2%	9%		Even
Emerson College	April 2–3, 2024	1438 (RV)	42.0%		43.2%	–	0.7%	7.8%	–	0.5%	–	5.8%		Trump +1.2%
Big Village	March 29–31, 2024	1425 (LV)		41.9%	39.7%	–	1.8%	7.8%	–	–	0.6% (I would not vote)	8.1%		Biden +2.2%
Trafalgar	March 29–31, 2024	1092 (LV)	39.8%		43.1%	–	1.7%	11.4%	–	0.8%	–	3.1%		Trump +3.3%
Data For Progress	March 27–29, 2024	1200 (LV)	41%		42%	–	1%	8%	–	1%	–	6%		Trump +1%
NPR/PBS/Marist	March 25–28, 2024	1199 (RV)		43%	41%	–	1%	11%	–	2%	–	1%		Biden +2%
Marquette Law	March 18–28, 2024	614 (LV)	41%	41%	–	4%	13%	–	2%	–	–		Even
HarrisX/Forbes	March 25, 2024	1010 (RV)	37%		40%	–	1%	12%	–	1%	–	8%		Trump +3%
Fox News	March 22–25, 2024	1094 (RV)	38%		43%	–	2%	12%	–	2%	1% (Wouldn't vote)	2%		Trump +5%
Quinnipiac	March 21–25, 2024	1407 (RV)	38%		39%	–	3%	13%	–	4%	1% (Refused)	2%		Trump +1%
Daily Mail/J.L. Partners	March 20–24, 2024	1000 (LV)	39%		43%	–	2%	7%	–	1%	–	8%		Trump +4%
Echelon Insights	March 18–21, 2024	1006 (LV)	40%		43%	–	1%	10%	–	2%	–	4%		Trump +3%
Harvard/Harris X	March 20–21, 2024	2111 (RV)	36%		41%	–	1%	14%	–	2%	–	6%		Trump +5%
McLaughlin & Associates	March 9–14, 2024	1000 (LV)	34%		38%	–	2%	12%	2%	2%	–	9%		Trump +4%
Big Village	March 8–13, 2024	1518 (LV)	39.5%		40.9%	–	1.8%	8.5%	–	–	1.0% (Would not vote)	8.2%		Trump +1.4%
Reuters/Ipsos	March 7–13, 2024	4094 (A)	31%		32%	–	–	16%	–	–	10% (I wouldn't vote)	11%		Trump +1%
Suffolk University/USA Today	March 8–11, 2024	1000 (RV)	38%		40%	–	2%	9%	2% (No Labels candidate)	2%	1% (Libertarian candidate)	5%		Trump +2%
HarrisX	March 8–10, 2024	2017 (RV)	35%		41%	–	1%	12%	–	1%	–	10%		Trump +6%
Emerson College	March 5–6, 2024	1350 (RV)	41.5%		43.2%	–	1.6%	6.0%	–	0.5%	–	7.2%		Trump +1.7%
Redfield & Wilton	March 2, 2024	1500 (LV)	39%		43%	–	–	9%	–	–	–	7%		Trump +4%
I&I/Tipp	February 28 – March 1, 2024	1246 (RV)	38%	38%	–	2%	9%	–	1%	3%	9%		Even
G Squared Public Strategies/Third Way	February 27 – March 1, 2024	2000 (LV)	36%	36%	8%	–	13%	–	–	–	7%		Even
Fox News	February 25–28, 2024	1262 (RV)	38%		41%	–	3%	13%	–	2%	<1%	2%		Trump +3%
Fox News	February 25–28, 2024	1262 (RV)		35%	–	28%	5%	24%	–	2%	3%	2%		Biden +7%
HarrisX	February 24–28, 2024	3021 (RV)	36%		40%	–	2%	11%	–	1%	–	10%		Trump +4%
GBAO/WSJ/Fabrizio Lee	February 21–28, 2024	1745 (RV)	35%		40%	–	2%	9%	–	1%	1% (Lars Mapstead)	12%		Trump +5%
HarrisX	February 20–23, 2024	3010 (RV)	40%		42%	–	2%	12%	–	1%	–	11%		Trump +2%
Harvard/HarrisX	February 21–22, 2024	2022 (RV)	33%		42%	–	1%	14%	–	1%	–	8%		Trump +9%
Quinnipiac	February 15–19, 2024	1421 (RV)		38%	37%	–	3%	15%	–	3%	1% (Wouldn't vote)	2%		Biden +1%
Quinnipiac	February 15–19, 2024	1421 (RV)		35%	–	27%	5%	24%	–	3%	4%	2%		Biden +8%
	February 16, 2024	Manchin announces he won't run for president
Emerson College	February 13–14, 2024	1225 (RV)	37.9%		40.2%	–	1.4%	6.7%	–	1.3%	–	12.5%		Trump +2.3%
Echelon Insights	February 12–14, 2024	1015 (LV)	37%		42%	–	2%	8%	2%	2%	–	6%		Trump +5%
Redfield & Wilton	February 10, 2024	??? (LV)	41%		42%	–	–	8%	–	–	3%	6%		Trump +1%
Marquette Law	February 5–15, 2024	628 (LV)	40%		43%	–	1%	14%	–	1%	<1%	–		Trump +3%
Atlas Intel	February 2–7, 2024	1637 (RV)	42.3%		43.9%	–	0.1%	5.2%	–	–	5.2%	4.7%		Trump +1.6%
Atlas Intel	February 2–7, 2024	1637 (RV)		41%	–	23%	0.5%	11.4%	–	–	13.9%	10.2%		Biden +18%
Atlas Intel	February 2–7, 2024	1637 (RV)		41.6% (Michelle Obama)	39%	–	0%	5.1%	–	–	4%	10.3%		Obama +2.6%
Survey USA	January 31 – February 2, 2024	1500 (RV)	40%		45%	13%	–	–	–	–	–	3%		Trump +5%
Survey USA	January 31 – February 2, 2024	1500 (RV)	36%		43%	11%	–	9%	–	–	–	2%		Trump +7%
Survey USA	January 31 – February 2, 2024	1500 (RV)	36%		41%	10%	1%	10%	–	–	–	2%		Trump +5%
I&I/Tipp	January 31 – February 2, 2024	1266 (RV)	34%		40%	–	2%	8%	1%	3%	3%	10%		Trump +6%
YouGov/UMass	January 25–30, 2024	989 (LV)	39%		43%	–	–	9%	–	–	4%	4%		Trump +4%
McLaughlin & Associates	January 25–31, 2024	1000 (LV)	34%		39%	–	2%	9%	2%	2%	–	12%		Trump +5%
Emerson College	January 26–29, 2024	1260 (RV)	36.9%		41.7%	11.8%	–	–	–	–	–	9.6%		Trump +4.8%
Emerson College	January 26–29, 2024	1260 (RV)	39.2%		41.4%	–	0.8%	4.9%	–	0.8%	–	13%		Trump +2.2%
Quinnipiac	January 25–29, 2024	1650 (RV)		39%	37%	–	3%	14%	2%	–	2%	3%		Biden +2%
Quinnipiac	January 25–29, 2024	1650 (RV)		36%	–	29%	3%	21%	2%	–	5%	3%		Biden +7%
Reuters/Ipsos	January 22–24, 2024	1250 (RV)	30%		36%	–	–	8%	–	–	12%	13%		Trump +6%
Harvard/HarrisX	January 17–18, 2024	2346 (RV)	31%		42%	–	2%	15%	–	2%	–	8%		Trump +11%
Echelon Insights	January 16–18, 2024	1029 (LV)	35%		41%	–	2%	11%	2%	3%	–	6%		Trump +6%
Messenger/Harris X	January 16–17, 2024	1045 (RV)	37%		40%	–	2%	11%	–	1%	–	9%		Trump +3%
Cygnal	January 11–12, 2024	2000 (LV)	41.4%		41.5%	–	–	10.2%	–	–	–	6.9%		Trump +.1%
Reuters/Ipsos	January 3–9, 2024	4677 (A)	29%		30%	–	–	18%	–	–	11% (I wouldn't vote)	13%		Trump +1%
I&I/Tipp	January 3–5, 2024	1247 (RV)	34%		37%	–	2%	8%	1%	1%	5%	11%		Trump +3%

Hypothetical polling with third-party and independent candidates

Poll source	Date(s) administered	Sample size	Joe Biden	Donald Trump	Cornel West	Robert F. Kennedy Jr	Joe Manchin	Jill Stein	Other	Undecided	Margin
USA Today/Suffolk University	December 26–29, 2023	1000 (LV)	33.9%		37.2%	2.4%	9.5%	1.3%	–	3.9%	11.1%		Trump +3.3%
Daily Mail/J.L. Partners	December 15–20, 2023	984 (LV)	36%		40%	1%	4%	–	0%	8%	10%		Trump +4%
McLaughlin & Associates	December 13–19, 2023	1000 (LV)	34%		36%	2%	10%	3%	2%	–	13%		Trump +2%
Quinnipiac	December 14–18, 2023	1647 (RV)	36%		38%	3%	16%	–	3%	2%	3%		Trump +2%
Echelon Insights	December 12–16, 2023	1012 (LV)	36%		41%	1%	9%	–	1%	4% (Mark Cuban)	8%		Trump +5%
Harvard/Harris	December 13–14, 2023	2034 (RV)	33%		41%	2%	15%	–	2%	–	7%		Trump +8%
Fox News	December 10–13, 2023	1007 (RV)	37%		41%	2%	14%	–	3%	2%	2%		Trump +4%
Redfield & Wilton	December 8, 2023	1135 (LV)	38%		43%	–	9%	–	–	3%	7%		Trump +5%
Rasmussen	December 6–10, 2023	892 (LV)	32%		40%	–	16%	–	–	6%	6%		Trump +8%
Reuters/Ipsos	December 5–11, 2023	4411 (A)	31%		36%	–	16%	–	–	7% (I wouldn't vote)	10%		Trump +5%
Cygnal	December 5–7, 2023	2000 (LV)	41.9%		42.7%	–	9.3%	–	–	–	6.1%		Trump +0.8%
Cygnal	December 5–7, 2023	2000 (LV)		41.3%	41.0%	–	8.0%	3.3%	–	–	6.4%		Biden +0.3%
Emerson College	December 4–6, 2023	1000 (RV)	36.7%		43.4%	0.7%	6.5%	–	1.1%	–	11.5%		Trump +6.7%
CNN/SSRS	November 29 – December 6, 2023	1197 (RV)	31%		39%	6%	20%	–	–	2%	2%		Trump +8.0%
Wall Street Journal	November 29 – December 4, 2023	1500 (RV)	31%		37%	3%	8%	3%	2%	1% (Lars Mapstead)	14%		Trump +6.0%
Big Village	November 27 – December 3, 2023	2219 (LV)	36.3%		41.8%	2.8%	11.7%	–	–	1.4% (I would not vote)	5.9%		Trump +5.5%
I&I/Tipp	November 29 – December 1, 2023	1301 (RV)	33%		38%	2%	11%	–	2%	4%	10%		Trump +5.0%
Messenger/HarrisX	November 22–28, 2023	4003 (RV)	33%		41%	2%	13%	–	–	–	11%		Trump +8.0%
Emerson College	November 17–20, 2023	1475 (RV)	36%		42%	1%	7%	–	1%	–	13%		Trump +6.0%
McLaughlin & Associates	November 16–20, 2023	1000 (LV)	32%		36%	4%	12%	3%	2%	–	12%		Trump +4.0%
Messenger/HarrisX	November 15–19, 2023	3017 (RV)	33%		40%	2%	14%	–	–	–	11%		Trump +7.0%
Harvard/HarrisX	November 15–16, 2023	2851 (RV)	33%		41%	2%	16%	–	2%	–	6%		Trump +8.0%
Reuters/Ipsos	November 13–14, 2023	1006 (A)	30%		32%	–	20%	–	–	8% (I wouldn't vote)	10%		Trump +2.0%
Fox News	November 10–13, 2023	1001 (RV)	35%		40%	–	13%	5%	4%	–	2%		Trump +5.0%
Fox News	November 10–13, 2023	1001 (RV)	35%		41%	3%	15%	–	3%	2%	2%		Trump +6.0%
Quinnipiac	November 9–13, 2023	1574 (RV)	35%		38%	3%	17%	–	3%	1% (Wouldn't vote)	2%		Trump +3.0%
	November 9, 2023	Stein declares her Green Party candidacy
Rasmussen	November 8–12, 2023	987 (LV)		39%	38%	–	12%	–	–	–	11%		Biden +1.0%
Democracy Corps	November 5–11, 2023	500 (RV)	37%		45%	0%	9%	3% (Manchin-Hogan)	–	5%	–		Trump +8.0%
Big Village	October 30 – November 5, 2023	1497 (LV)	37.1%		40.1%	1.7%	12.4%	–	–	1.4%	7.3%		Trump +3%
New York Times/Siena	October 22 – November 3, 2023	3662 (LV)	34%		36%	–	22%	–	–	1%	5%		Trump +2%
I&I/TIPP	November 1–3, 2023	1242 (RV)		39%	37%	2%	9%	–	–	4%	8%		Biden +2%
CNN/SSRS	October 27 – November 2, 2023	1271 (RV)	35%		41%	4%	16%	–	–	2%	1%		Trump +6%
Cygnal	October 30 – November 1, 2023	2000 (LV)		40.4%	39.4%	–	11.9%	–	–	–	8.2%		Biden +1%
HarrisX/The Messenger	October 30 – November 1, 2023	2021 (RV)	36%		41%	2%	11%	–	–	–	10%		Trump +5%
American Pulse	October 27–30, 2023	568 (LV)	38.9%		39.3%	–	11.3%	–	–	2.6%	7.9%		Trump +.4%
Quinnipiac	October 26–30, 2023	1610 (RV)		36%	35%	6%	19%	–	–	2%	2%		Biden +1%
Redfield & Wilton	October 29, 2023	1183 (LV)	38%		40%	–	10%	–	–	3%	10%		Trump +2%
Echelon Insights	October 23–26, 2023	1029 (LV)	35%		38%	1%	12%	–	–	8% (No Labels party candidate)	7%		Trump +3%
McLaughlin & Associates	October 22–26, 2023	1000 (LV)	35%		38%	2%	12%	–	–	–	13%		Trump +3%
Abacus Data	October 24–25, 2023	1500 (RV)	39%	39%	–	8%	–	–	5%	10%		Even
SP&R	October 17–23, 2023	1000 (A)		47%	40%	–	6%	–	–	3%	4%		Biden +7%
HarrisX/The Messenger	October 16–23, 2023	3029 (RV)	35%		38%	2%	12%	–	–	–	12%		Trump +3%
USA Today/Suffolk	October 17–20, 2023	1000 (RV)		37%	36%	4%	13%	–	–	–	8%		Biden +1%
Harvard/HarrisX	October 18–19, 2023	2116 (RV)	31%		39%	3%	18%	–	–	–	9%		Trump +8%
LPTAD	October 16–19, 2023	1000 (LV)	35%	35%	3%	13%	–	–	–	12%		Even
YouGov/Yahoo	October 12–16, 2023	1122 (RV)		40%	39%	–	9%	–	–	2%	9%		Biden +1%
Zogby Analytics	October 13–15, 2023	869 (LV)	41.2%		42.6%	3.7%	12.5%	–	–	–	–		Trump +1.4%
MNA	October 11–17, 2023	3318 (LV)	36.9%		37.9%	–	14.2%	–	–	8.6%	2.4%		Trump +1%
NPR/PBS/Marist	October 10–11, 2023	1218 (RV)		44%	37%	–	16%	–	–	–	3%		Biden +7%
	October 9, 2023	Kennedy declares his Independent candidacy
Fox News	October 6–9, 2023	1007 (RV)	41%	41%	–	16%	–	–	2%	1%		Even
Fox News	October 6–9, 2023	1007 (RV)	43%		45%	9%	–	–	–	2%	2%		Trump +2%
Cygnal	October 3–5, 2023	3000 (LV)	38.8%		39.6%	–	12.3%	–	–	–	9.3%		Trump +0.8%
Reuters/Ipsos	October 3–4, 2023	1005 (A)	31%		33%	–	14%	–	–	9%	13%		Trump +2%
Echelon Insights	September 25–28, 2023	1011 (LV)	36%		40%	–	14%	–	–	–	10%		Trump +4%
John Zogby Strategies	September 23–24, 2023	1008 (LV)	38%	38%	–	19%	–	–	5%	–		Even
Mclaughlin & Associates	September 22–26, 2023	1000 (LV)	36%		40%	4%	–	6%	–	–	14%		Trump +4%
Mclaughlin & Associates	September 22–26, 2023	1000 (LV)	38%		43%	6%	–	–	–	–	13%		Trump +5%
Gravis	September 19–20, 2023	1262 (LV)	40%		41%	2%	–	–	–	4% (Lars Mapstead)	13% (Other or undecided)		Trump +1%
Emerson College	September 17–18, 2023	1125 (RV)	42%		43%	4%	–	–	–	–	11%		Trump +1%
YouGov	September 7–18, 2023	3098 (RV)		45%	43%	–	–	2%	–	5%	5%		Biden +2%
PRRI	August 25–30, 2023	2525 (RV)		41%	37%	5%	–	10%	–	–	6%		Biden +4%
PRRI	August 25–30, 2023	2525 (RV)	38%		43%	4%	–	–	–	10% (Larry Hogan)	7%		Trump +5%
Wall Street Journal	August 24–30, 2023	1500 (RV)	39%		40%	2%	–	–	–	1% (Lars Mapstead)	17%		Trump +1%
Emerson College	August 25–26, 2023	1000 (RV)	39%		44%	4%	–	–	–	–	13%		Trump +5%
Mclaughlin & Associates	August 15–23, 2023	1000 (LV)	41%		42%	6%	–	–	–	–	11%		Trump +1%
Mclaughlin & Associates	August 15–23, 2023	1000 (LV)	38%		39%	5%	–	7%	–	–	12%		Trump +1%
Emerson College	August 16–17, 2023	1000 (RV)	41%		42%	5%	–	–	–	–	13%		Trump +1%
McLaughlin & Associates	July 19–24, 2023	1000 (LV)	38%		40%	6%	–	5%	–	–	12%		Trump +2%
McLaughlin & Associates	July 19–24, 2023	1000 (LV)	40%		42%	5%	–	–	–	–	13%		Trump +2%
Reuters/Ipsos	July 11–17, 2023	4414 (A)	31%	31%	–	18%	–	–	9%	10%		Even
Echelon Insights	June 26–29, 2023	1020 (LV)	42%		43%	4%	–	–	–	–	11%		Trump +1%
Emerson College	June 19–20, 2023	1015 (RV)	40%		41%	6%	–	–	–	7%	6%		Trump +1%
	June 14, 2023	West declares his candidacy
Data For Progress	May 25 – June 5, 2023	1625 (LV)	44%	44%	–	–	–	–	6% (Larry Hogan)	7%		Even
Echelon Insights	May 22–25, 2023	1035 (LV)	41%		42%	–	–	9%	–	–	8%		Trump +1%
RMG Research	May 22–24, 2023	1000 (RV)	35%		37%	–	–	12%	–	4%	12%		Trump +2%

See also

• 2024 Republican Party presidential candidates
• 2024 Democratic Party presidential candidates
• 2024 United States presidential election
• Timeline of the 2024 United States presidential election

Notes

Ballot access

External links

• View all third party and independent candidates filed with the Federal Election Commission

Notes and References

1. Web site: DeFeo . T. A. . May 30, 2023 . Oliver sees 2024 as an opportunity for Libertarians to break out . May 27, 2024 . The Center Square . en.
2. Web site: April 5, 2023 . Statement of Candidacy. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20230407072442/https://docquery.fec.gov/pdf/672/202304059579709672/202304059579709fd672.pdf. April 7, 2023. April 5, 2023. docquery.fec.gov.
3. Web site: April 6, 2023. Statement of Candidacy. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230425001042/https://docquery.fec.gov/pdf/515/202304069579725515/202304069579725515.pdf . April 25, 2023. May 12, 2023. docquery.fec.gov.
4. Web site: October 17, 2023 . Statement of Candidacy . December 10, 2023. docquery.fec.gov . December 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231210085350/https://docquery.fec.gov/pdf/800/202310179598479800/202310179598479800.pdf . live .
5. Web site: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. running for president in 2024. Kelly Garrity. April 5, 2023. April 5, 2023. Politico. April 5, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405235155/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/04/05/robert-f-kennedy-jr-running-president-2024-00090706. live.
6. News: Gibson . Brittany . Zhang . Andrew . October 9, 2023 . RFK Jr. announces he will run as an independent candidate . en-US . . October 9, 2023 . October 19, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231019162350/https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/09/rfk-jr-announces-he-will-run-as-an-independent-candidate-00120604 . live .
7. Web site: Trudo . Hanna . March 26, 2024 . RFK Jr. announces Nicole Shanahan as VP pick . March 26, 2024 . The Hill . en-US.
8. DrJillStein. 1794801037087551626. BREAKING: We have received enough delegates to clinch the @GreenPartyUS presidential nomination! We have swept 21 states' delegate selection conventions, bringing our total delegate count to 219. We can't continue this fight without your help! We don't take money from super PACs and rely on supporters like you. Join our movement for people, planet and peace: http://jillstein2024.com/donate. May 26, 2024. May 28, 2024.
9. Web site: September 13, 2023 . Statement of Candidacy . January 14, 2024.
10. Web site: 'We are working-class women of color': the long-shot socialist run for the White House. The Guardian. January 7, 2024. February 29, 2024.
11. votesocialist24. 1735698186386264174. December 15, 2023. April 11, 2024. For #FlashbackFriday, here is Karina on Day 1 of Trump's inauguration in 2017 when we flooded the streets of DC at our #InaugurateTheResistance demonstration. Unlike the leadership of the Democratic Party, who knowingly boosted Trump as an opportunity to get more votes, we were among the first people to organize against him in the summer of 2015 bc we knew that you could only defeat an organized force with a bigger organized force: the force of the multinational working class!.
12. News: Winger . Richard . Randall Terry Wins Constitution Party's Presidential Nomination . April 27, 2024. Ballot Access News . April 27, 2024.
13. News: Vagianos . Alanna . Anti-Abortion Extremist Will Be On The Presidential Ballot In 12 States. May 20, 2024 . HuffPost. April 30, 2024.
14. Web site: June 5, 2023 . Statement of Candidacy . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20230614112248/https://docquery.fec.gov/pdf/158/202306130300443158/202306130300443158.pdf . June 14, 2023. December 10, 2023 . docquery.fec.gov.
15. Web site: June 20, 2023. Statement of Candidacy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230702152135/https://docquery.fec.gov/pdf/413/202306200300443413/202306200300443413.pdf . July 2, 2023 . December 10, 2023 . docquery.fec.gov.
16. Web site: October 5, 2023 . Statement of Candidacy. December 10, 2023 . docquery.fec.gov . December 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231210085348/https://docquery.fec.gov/pdf/882/202310059597406882/202310059597406882.pdf . live .
17. Web site: Cornel West picks Melina Abdullah, professor and racial justice advocate, as running mate. Trudo. Hannah. The Hill. April 10, 2024 .
18. Web site: FEC Form 2 for Report FEC-1707205. FEC.gov. October 10, 2023.
19. Web site: June 3, 2023 . Peter Sonski is the American Solidarity Party 2024 Presidential nominee . June 3, 2023 . Ballot Access News.
20. Web site: Sahner . Vivian . Vote Socialist Workers Party! .
21. Web site: Dennis Richter, SWP candidate for vice president. May 6, 2024. The Militant.
22. Web site: Filing FEC-1696639 . FEC.gov . June 27, 2024.
23. Web site: Winger . Richard . Socialist Equality Party Announces National Ticket . February 28, 2024 .
24. News: Nirvana Co-Founder Krist Novoselic Is Forming a Moderate Political Party in Washington State. Daniel. Walters. August 10, 2023. Inlander. August 14, 2024.
25. Web site: May 28, 2024 . Approval Voting Party Nominates Blake Huber for President . May 28, 2024 . en-US.
26. Web site: FEC Form 2 for Report FEC-1706385. FEC.gov. July 12, 2024.
27. Web site: FEC Form 2 for Report FEC-1709800. FEC.gov. October 10, 2023.
28. Web site: Prohibition Party Chooses National 2024 Ticket Ballot Access News . Ballot Access News . May 10, 2023.
29. Web site: Everylove . Lucifer . Certificate of Nomination for Unaffiliated Candidate . Vote Utah (SLCO).
30. Web site: Statement of Candidacy . FEC.
31. Web site: Statement of Organization for the Kennedy 2024 Campaign Committee. Federal Election Commission. July 2024. August 13, 2024.
32. News: Evans . Jordan Willow . Pirate Party Endorses Vermin Supreme for President at National Convention . June 11, 2024 . Independent Political Report . June 11, 2024.
33. SUPER TUESDAYS w/ Vermin Supreme ft. Jonathan Realz! . July 9, 2024 . Vermin Supreme . July 17, 2024 . YouTube.
34. Web site: October 23, 2023 . Socialist Party USA Announces 2024 Presidential Ticket and New Leadership . November 20, 2023 . Independent Political Report . en-US.
35. Web site: October 23, 2023 . Socialist Party USA Nominates Presidential Ticket. Ballot Access News . November 20, 2023 . en-US.
36. Web site: October 10, 2023. Conversations with Tom Ross: The Transhumanist Party's 2024 Presidential Candidate. . November 21, 2023. Scientific Inquirer . en-US.
37. News: Dan. Woike. Johnny Buss, brother of Lakers owner Jeanie Buss, is running for president. March 14, 2024. Los Angeles Times. March 17, 2024.
38. Web site: BUSS, JOHNNY HATTEN . FEC . March 22, 2024.
39. Web site: Johnny Buss, Part-Owner of Los Angeles Lakers, Launches Presidential Campaign . April 24, 2024. May 6, 2024. L.A. Focus.
40. Web site: Who Are the 2024 3rd-Party Candidates?. Lafrate, Anthony. August 6, 2023. November 13, 2023. catholicvote.org.
41. Web site: 15 lesser-known candidates running for president in 2024: Taylor Marshall. Christian Post. April 14, 2024. Foley, Ryan. May 16, 2024.
42. Web site: 15 lesser-known candidates running for president in 2024:Afroman. Christian Post. April 14, 2024. Foley, Ryan. May 16, 2024.
43. Web site: May 14, 2024 . Presidential Debate about Real Issues: Libertarian Ter Maat vs. Independent Pastreich . May 31, 2024 . Korea IT Times. en.
44. Web site: Robby Wells Announces US Presidential Campaign 2024 - We Need a Creative Society. January 23, 2023. WTTV. February 9, 2024.
45. Web site: Rise Up With Robby Wells For President 2024. riseupwithrobby.com. February 9, 2024.
46. Web site: 2024 Libertarian National Convention. LP.org.
47. Web site: Richard Winger. Winger. Richard. July 22, 2022. Libertarian Party Presidential Convention in 2024 Will be in Washington, D.C.. Ballot Access News.
48. Web site: Convention Rules - 2024 Convention . Green Party of the United States . June 13, 2023.
49. https://www.gp.org/national_meetings "National Meetings"
50. Web site: The Constitution Party Presidential Nominating Convention April 24 – 27, 2024. Constitution Party. October 27, 2023 .
51. Web site: Ivanovich . Donna . St. Louis Conference Report . Constitution Party . October 27, 2023 . January 9, 2024.
52. Web site: Constitution Party Convention: Eight Candidates Vie For Nomination – Independent Political Report.
53. Web site: Daniel Clyde Cummings.
54. Web site: Louis Charles Hook. Ballotpedia.
55. Web site: Brandon Mcintyre. .
56. News: Winger . Richard . Three Candidates for the Constitution Party Presidential Nomination to Debate on April 6 . March 30, 2024 . Ballot Access News . March 30, 2024.
57. Web site: 2024 Presidential Candidate Open Forum . US Taxpayers Party of Michigan . April 30, 2024.
58. Web site: UPDATED: Constitution Party Nominates Randall Terry and Stephen Broden; State Vote Totals; Acceptance Speech; New Officers. Joseph Buchman. April 27, 2024. May 20, 2024. Independent Political Report.
59. Web site: Constitution Party Convention: Eight Candidates Vie For Nomination. Independent Political Report. April 27, 2024. May 17, 2024. Joseph Buchman.
60. I_P_R. 1784254428326899757. Operation Rescue founder and pro-life advocate Randall Terry wins the presidential nomination of the Constitution Party on the first round. Voting for a vice presidential nominee will follow. A big thanks to editorial team member Joe Buchman for attending!. April 27, 2024. May 17, 2024.
61. Web site: Nevada and Utah Constitution Parties Nominate Joel Skousen for President. Winger, Richard. May 28, 2024. Ballot Access News.
62. Web site: President.
63. Web site: President.
64. Web site: STATEMENT OF VOTE MARCH 5, 2024, PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY RESULTS. California Secretary of State. April 12, 2024. April 12, 2024.
65. Web site: Nazzaro . Miranda . RFK Jr. qualifies for California ballot . . April 29, 2024.
66. News: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. will appear on California ballot with this small, far-right party . Jenavieve . Hatch . . April 29, 2024 . April 29, 2024 .
67. News: Winger . Richard . Minnesota Legal Marijuana Now Party Will Hold State's First Presidential Primary for a Third Party. January 2, 2024 . Ballot Access News . January 2, 2024.
68. Web site: Porter. Steven. Eccentric candidates 'part of the color' of N.H. primary process - The Boston Globe. November 5, 2023. October 30, 2023 . . en-US.
69. Web site: Estabrook. Rachel. Warner. Ryan. 'Don't vote for me,' says Colorado woman on Minnesota's presidential primary ballot. February 2, 2024. January 29, 2024 . . en-US.
70. Web site: Who can vote in the 2024 Minnesota Primary? What to know about tomorrow's election. March 4, 2024 . . Swanson, Stephen.
71. Web site: Certification of Results of 2024 Presidential Nomination Primary . . March 12, 2024.
72. Web site: Index - Election Results. electionresults.sos.mn.gov.
73. News: Legal Marijuana Now Party of Minnesota Nominates Dennis Schuller for President . . Richard . Winger . July 7, 2024 .
74. News: Legal Marijuana Now Party demoted from major party status in Minnesota Supreme Court decision . . May 10, 2024 . July 15, 2024 .
75. Web site: Presidential candidates for Nebraska's primary ballot announced. February 28, 2024 .
76. Web site: President Peace and Freedom - Statewide Results . California Secretary of State . March 6, 2024 .
77. Web site: Statement of Vote.
78. Web site: June 3, 2023 . Peter Sonski is the American Solidarity Party 2024 Presidential nominee . June 3, 2023 . Ballot Access News.
79. Web site: June 29, 2023 . American Solidarity Party names Lauren Onak as Vice Presidential Nominee. Willow Evans, Jordan. Independent Political Report.
80. Web site: Political Party Directory . Colorado Secretary of State . March 22, 2024.
81. Web site: Approval Voting Party Nominates Blake Huber for President. Ballot Access News. May 28, 2024.
82. Web site: Parties & Party Organization . Vermont Secretary of State . March 22, 2024.
83. News: Winger . Richard . Vermont Green Mountain Peace & Justice Party Nominates Cornel West . April 28, 2024 . Ballot Access News . April 28, 2024.
84. Web site: Robert F. Kennedy Jr. gets spot on Michigan's ballot as Natural Law Party nominee. The Detroit News.
85. News: Winger . Richard . Florida Secretary of State Website Now Lists Natural Law as a Qualified Party . May 6, 2024 . Ballot Access News . May 6, 2024.
86. Web site: Prohibition Party Chooses National 2024 Ticket. . May 10, 2023.
87. Web site: National Prohibitionist.
88. Web site: Hammons-Led Unity Party of America Selects Paul Fiorino and Matthew May as 2024 Presidential Ticket – Independent Political Report.
89. politics1com. 1777460193250419048. COLORADO. Two candidates are competing at the Unity Party convention on Saturday for the party's presidential ballot line: progressive independent Cornel West (NJ) and frequent state candidate Paul Fiorino (CO). Party insiders believe West is favored to capture the spot.. April 8, 2024. April 11, 2024.
90. Politics1com. 1779504389129990519. Progressive independent candidate Cornel West easily won the presidential nomination of the Unity Party at yesterday's convention, capturing 95% of the delegate votes, which places him on the ballot in Colorado.. April 14, 2024. May 17, 2024.
91. Web site: United National Committee's Press Releases. Unity Party - NRNLF.
92. Web site: 2020 Presidential Election by State . Green Papers . March 22, 2024.
93. Web site: Certified Political Parties of South Carolina . SC Election Commission . March 22, 2024.
94. Web site: Political Parties and Groups in Alaska . Division of Elections State of Alaska . March 22, 2024.
95. Web site: Minor Parties in Connecticut . CT.gov . May 31, 2024.
96. Web site: General Election Results Summary . Alaska Division of Elections . November 30, 2020.
97. Jasmine Sherman 2024 nomination by the Green Party of Alaska . June 24, 2024 . June 25, 2024 . YouTube.
98. Web site: Live. .
99. 1736834777771286790. ogafroman. Afroman. 202Fro In Full Effecc Tickets at http://ogafroman.com. January 8, 2024.
100. Web site: 14 lesser-known candidates running for president in 2024: Afroman. Christian Post. February 28, 2024. Foley, Ryan. March 4, 2024.
101. Web site: About. Jones4President2024.
102. Web site: 2024 Presidential Hopefuls Sorted by FEC Total Receipts. January 1, 2024 . The Green Papers.
103. Web site: Presidential 2024. gp.org.
104. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9NPJ_oYqPd4 "Emmanuel Pastreich's declaration of candidacy for president in the Green Party US"
105. Web site: Pastreich . Emanuel . September 28, 2023 . Emanuel Pastreich Withdraws From Campaign for the Green Party US Nomination . October 1, 2023 . Fear No Evil . October 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004011108/https://emanuelprez.substack.com/p/emanuel-pastreich-withdraws-from . live .
106. Web site: Rollan Roberts for President. rollanroberts.com.
107. Web site: Torres 2024. .
108. Web site: Wayne Pope. waynepope2024.com.
109. Web site: Suzzanna For President 2024 - About Me. www.suzzannaforpresident2024.com.
110. Web site: Home | Susan Buchser-Lochocki. Susan B Lochocki.
111. Web site: Affiliates . Liberal Party USA . May 12, 2024.
112. Web site: Introducing the Association of Liberty State Parties . LPNM . May 12, 2024.
113. Web site: Evans . Jordan Willow . March 19, 2024 . Massachusetts Libertarian Party State Committee Weighs Options for 2024 Presidential Nominee . June 15, 2024 . Independent Political Report.
114. News: No Labels abandons 2024 presidential effort. Mueller. Julia. Trudo. Hanna. April 4, 2024. April 4, 2024. The Hill.
115. Web site: BREAKING NEWS: Andy Beshear ENDORSES Joe Biden for second term. October 10, 2023. Republican Party of Kentucky. March 18, 2024.
116. Web site: Gov. Beshear: VP Harris has my full endorsement. July 22, 2024. MSNBC. July 22, 2024.
117. Web site: Fortinsky . Sarah . March 17, 2024 . Sen. Cassidy says he is not running on No Labels ticket. March 17, 2024. The Hill.
118. News: March 27, 2024 . Chris Christie turns down No Labels presidential bid after discussions. March 27, 2024 . Washington Post . en. Scherer . Michael . Dawsey . Josh.
119. Web site: No Labels: We'd consider Haley on our ticket. Haley: No thanks.. January 21, 2024 . Politico. Lippman. Daniel.
120. Web site: Associated Press . January 16, 2024 . Ex-Gov. Larry Hogan backs Haley, won't mount his own third-party 2024 bid . January 16, 2024 . Maryland Daily Record . en-US.
121. Web site: Former Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan endorses Nikki Haley. CBS News. Caitlin. Yilek. January 14, 2024. February 10, 2024.
122. Web site: Larry Hogan launches surprise Maryland Senate bid. February 9, 2024. February 9, 2024. Weaver. Al. Vakil. Caroline. The Hill.
123. News: Who could be the No Labels candidate in 2024?. July 17, 2023. Aaron. Blake. The Washington Post. January 21, 2024.
124. Web site: No, Jon Huntsman Jr. isn't running for president. Benson, Samuel. Deseret News. November 14, 2023. November 15, 2023.
125. News: Davis O'Brien . Rebecca . Epstein . Reed J. . March 21, 2024 . No Labels, No Candidate: Rejections Pile Up as Time Runs Short . limited . March 21, 2024 . The New York Times.
126. Web site: Birle . Jack . January 17, 2024 . Manchin reveals when he will make a decision on challenging Biden for president. January 21, 2024 . Washington Examiner.
127. Web site: Joe Manchin announces he will not run for president . February 16, 2024 . . en. February 16, 2024. Vitali. Ali. Tsirkin. Julie. Memoli. Mike. Tabet. Alex.
128. Web site: Former Gov. Pat McCrory is not running for president, but he does have plans for 2024. May 23, 2023. Danielle. Battaglia. The Charlotte Observer. January 21, 2024.
129. News: Epstein . Reid J. . January 21, 2024 . Dean Phillips Floats a No Labels Bid if 2024 Is Trump vs. Biden. January 21, 2024 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
130. News: Trudo . Hannah . January 22, 2024 . Phillips campaign rules out 'No Labels' run. January 22, 2024 . . en-US.
131. News: Zdechlik . Mark . July 22, 2024 . Rep. Phillips backs Harris for president but wants other contenders heard. July 31, 2024 . . en-US.
132. Web site: A Romney/Manchin presidential ticket? There's a new group that says the 'political heavyweights' can win the White House. November 10, 2023. Lisa Riley. Roche. Yahoo! News. November 15, 2023.
133. Web site: Mitt Romney not seeking third-party presidential ticket with Democratic Sen. Joe Manchin, chief of staff says. November 10, 2023. Josh. Ellis. KSL-TV. November 15, 2023.
134. News: Everett . Burgess . December 9, 2022 . Sinema switches to independent, shaking up the Senate. Politico. December 9, 2022 . December 9, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221209112113/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/12/09/sinema-arizona-senate-independent-00073216 . live.
135. News: New Hampshire Gov. Chris Sununu endorses Nikki Haley. December 12, 2024. NBC. March 27, 2024. Korecki. Natasha.
136. News: New Hampshire Gov. Chris Sununu backs Trump for president. March 8, 2024. CNN. March 8, 2024.
137. News: Ngo . Emily . Reisman . Nick . September 15, 2023 . Yang wants to move 'Forward'. Politico. September 15, 2023 . By the numbers, if I were to run, I would probably increase the chances of Trump winning," he told Playbook. "And so I'm not going to do that..
138. Web site: No Labels has 13 contenders for ticket against Biden and Trump. January 12, 2024. Julia. Johnson. Washington Examiner. January 21, 2024.
139. Web site: Redpath . Bill . January 19, 2024 . Forward Party's Andrew Yang Endorses Dean Phillips for President. Ballot Access News. January 21, 2024 . en-US.
140. News: Gans . Jared . July 23, 2024 . Yang says he'll support Harris for president in November . January 31, 2024. The Hill. en-US.
141. Web site: October 6, 2023 . Justin Amash States That He Will Not Seek Libertarian Party Presidential Nomination Ballot Access News . October 10, 2023 . en-US . October 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008054909/https://ballot-access.org/2023/10/06/justin-amash-states-that-he-will-not-seek-libertarian-party-presidential-nomination/ . live .
142. News: Olinga, Luc . October 28, 2022 . Billionaire Mark Cuban Decides on the 2024 Presidential Election. October 27, 2022 . . en-US . October 27, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221027004930/https://www.thestreet.com/technology/billionaire-mark-cuban-says-whether-he-will-run-in-2024 . live.
143. Web site: Johnson. Ted. Mark Cuban Says He'll Vote For Joe Biden Over Donald Trump. Deadline Hollywood. March 5, 2024. March 5, 2024 .
144. News: Shapero . Julia . July 31, 2024 . Reid Hoffman, Mark Cuban lead more than 100 Silicon Valley investors backing Harris . July 31, 2024 . The Hill.
145. News: June 5, 2023. Nguyen, Lananh. JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon has no plans to run for office, company says . en . Reuters. June 5, 2023.
146. Web site: La Botz, Dan. June 14, 2023 . Cornel West for President? What Does the Left Think? Part 1 . June 20, 2023 . International Viewpoint.
147. Web site: Hawkins, Howie . June 25, 2023 . Notes, Episode 131 . June 30, 2023 . Youtube. (Timestamp: 11:55)
148. Web site: Kurtz . Judy . October 7, 2022 . Dwayne Johnson says White House bid 'off the table'. . October 7, 2022 . October 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221008122615/https://www.fox16.com/hill-politics/dwayne-johnson-says-white-house-bid-off-the-table/ . live.
149. News: Vivek Ramaswamy, Libertarian candidate? In Iowa, his campaign flirts with a third-party run . . December 7, 2023 . December 8, 2023 . January 16, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240116233241/https://subscribe.desmoinesregister.com/restricted?return=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desmoinesregister.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Felections%2Fpresidential%2Fcaucus%2F2023%2F12%2F07%2Fiowa-caucuses-vivek-ramaswamy-presidential-campaign-flirts-with-libertarian-party-ticket%2F71841250007%2F&sltsgmt=TBP_24&gps-source=CPROADBLOCKDH . live .
150. News: Vivek Ramaswamy says he is not exploring Libertarian presidential bid . . December 8, 2023 . December 9, 2023 . December 9, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231209152739/https://www.thegazette.com/campaigns-elections/vivek-ramaswamy-says-he-is-not-exploring-libertarian-presidential-bid/ . live. McCullough, Caleb .
151. Web site: Dave Smith: Comedian, Podcaster...Presidential Candidate? . Gillespie . Nick . Weissmueller . Zach . July 20, 2022 . . August 26, 2023 . June 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220630143615/https://reason.com/video/2022/06/20/dave-smith-comedian-podcaster-presidential-candidate/ . live .
152. 1695448811903087088. ComicDaveSmith. I choose not to run! AMA about the LP 2024 Presidential race.. Dave. Smith. August 26, 2023 .
153. Web site: Free & Equal Presidential Debate – February 29, 2024 . freeandequal.org . January 25, 2024 . January 25, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240125015658/https://freeandequal.org/debates/2024-free-equal-presidential-debate/ . live .
154. Libertarians and Socialists and Jill Stein - Oh, My! . Marantz . Andrew . March 11, 2024 . . March 22, 2024 . March 22, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240322205906/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2024/03/18/libertarians-and-socialists-and-jill-stein-oh-my . live .
155. Web site: Free & Equal Presidential Debate – at FreedomFest July 12, 2024 . June 6, 2024 . June 6, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240606192156/https://freeandequal.org/debate/free-equal-presidential-debate-july-12-2024/ . live . freeandequal.org .
156. Free & Equal Presidential Debate to be Held at FreedomFest in Las Vegas July 11th . May 14, 2024 . June 23, 2024 . June 23, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240623004754/https://www.wate.com/business/press-releases/ein-presswire/710146282/free-equal-presidential-debate-to-be-held-at-freedomfest-in-las-vegas-july-11th/ . live . WATE .
157. Web site: Free & Equal Presidential Debate - September 2024.
158. FreeandEqual. 1820477837654286637. We invite Donald, @KamalaHarris, and Bobby to join our next September debate..
159. The Abandon Biden Town Hall Part 3 of 3 Meeting with Jill Stein. July 7, 2024. YouTube.
160. The Abandon Biden Town Hall Part 2 of 3 Meeting with Cornel West. July 7, 2024. YouTube.
161. The Abandon Biden Town Hall Part 1 of 3 Meeting with Claudia De La Cruz. July 7, 2024. YouTube.
162. News: Democrats try to cover up key role of police in January 6 coup attempt. Barry. Grey. June 19, 2024. World Socialist Web Site. August 2, 2024.
163. Web site: The Abandon Biden 2024 Presidential Forum. Abandon Biden 2024. August 2, 2024.

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