Third-party and independent candidates for the 2016 United States presidential election explained

Election Name:Third-party and independent candidates for the
2016 U.S. presidential election
Country:United States
Type:presidential
Ongoing:no
Previous Election:Third-party and independent candidates for the 2012 United States presidential election
Previous Year:2012
Next Election:Third-party and independent candidates for the 2020 United States presidential election
Next Year:2020
Image1:Gary Johnson campaign portrait.jpg
Nominee1:Gary Johnson
Party1:Libertarian Party (United States)
Home State1:New Mexico
Running Mate1:Bill Weld
Popular Vote1:4,443,505
Percentage1:3.28%
Nominee2:Jill Stein
Party2:Green Party of the United States
Home State2:Massachusetts
Percentage2:1.07%
Popular Vote2:1,457,218
Running Mate2:Ajamu Baraka
Image3:Evan McMullin October 2019.png
Nominee3:Evan McMullin
Party3:Independent politician
Alliance3:Better for America
Home State3:Utah
Running Mate3:Mindy Finn
Popular Vote3:731,991
Percentage3:0.54%
Image4:Darrell Castle.jpg
Nominee4:Darrell Castle
Party4:Constitution Party (United States)
Home State4:Tennessee
Running Mate4:Scott Bradley
Popular Vote4:203,090
Percentage4:0.15%
Nominee5:Bernie Sanders (write-in)
Image5:Bernie Sanders 2023.jpg
Party5:Independent politician
Running Mate5:Elizabeth Warren
Home State5:Vermont
Popular Vote5:111,850
Percentage5:0.08%
Nominee6:Gloria La Riva
Image6:Gloria La Riva at Trump inauguration protest SF Jan 20 2017.jpg
Party6:Party for Socialism and Liberation
Home State6:California
Running Mate6:Eugene Puryear
Popular Vote6:74,401
Percentage6:0.05%
Electoral Vote5:1
Image7:Roque De La Fuente (cropped).jpg
Nominee7:Rocky De La Fuente
Party7:Reform Party of the United States of America
Alliance7:American Delta
Home State7:California
Running Mate7:Michael Steinberg
Popular Vote7:33,117
Percentage7:0.02%
Image8:3x4.svg
Nominee8:Richard Duncan
Party8:Independent politician
Home State8:Ohio
Popular Vote8:24,307
Percentage8:0.02%
Party9:Legal Marijuana Now Party
Image9:3x4.svg
Nominee9:Dan Vacek
Home State9:Minnesota
Running Mate9:Mark Elworth Jr.
Popular Vote9:13,537
Percentage9:0.01%
Running Mate8:Ricky Johnson

This article contains lists of official and potential third-party and independent candidates associated with the 2016 United States presidential election.

"Third party" is a term commonly used in the United States in reference to political parties other than the two major parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. An independent candidate is one who runs for office with no formal party affiliation.

Ballot access in states holding 270 or more electoral votes represents a majority of the 538 electoral votes in the Electoral College. The number of electoral votes for which a party or independent candidate has secured ballot access may increase as those parties or candidates complete their petitions, and filings for ballot access, until September 2016 when the last petition deadlines occur.[1]

According to the Green Papers website, 31 people were on the ballot in at least one state, while 192, including those who were on ballots in some states, obtained recognition as official write-in candidates.[2]

Summary

On the ballot in every state, Libertarian nominee Gary Johnson received 4,489,221 total votes, about 3.3% of ballots cast, the most for any third- party candidate. By votes cast, Johnson performed best in California where he received 478,500 votes. By percentage, Johnson performed best in his home state of New Mexico where he received about 9.3% of the vote. Johnson received more than 5% of the vote in Maine, Colorado, Wyoming, South Dakota, Montana, Oklahoma, Alaska and North Dakota.

Green Party nominee Jill Stein received 1,457,216 total votes, a little more than 1% of ballots cast, the second most for any third-party candidate. By votes cast, Stein also performed best in California where she received 278,657 votes. By percentage, Stein performed best in Hawaii where she received about 3% of the vote.

Despite being in third place among third-party candidates with only 731,788 total votes, Independent candidate Evan McMullin received 243,690 votes, 21.5% of the vote, in Utah. This was the highest percentage of votes for any third-party candidate in 2016 and the highest percentage for any third-party candidate since Ross Perot in 1992. McMullin also received almost 7% of the vote in Idaho.

Constitution Party nominee Darrell Castle received 203,090 votes, the fourth most for any third-party candidate. Castle received more than 1% of the vote in Alaska and South Dakota.

Despite not officially running for President, Independent Senator Bernie Sanders received 111,850 write-in votes, the fifth most for any third-party candidate. Sanders received 18,183 write-in votes, about 6% of the vote, in his home state of Vermont.

In Nevada, None of these candidates received 28,863 votes, 2.5% of the states votes.

2016 U.S. presidential election results[3]
for candidates that received at least 1000 votes
StateHillary ClintonDonald TrumpGary JohnsonJill SteinEvan McMullinDarrell CastleBernie SandersGloria Rocky Richard DuncanDan VacekAlyson KennedyMike SmithChris KenistonMike MaturenLynn KahnJames HedgesTom HoeflingMonica MooreheadEmidio SoltysikLaurence KotlikoffPeter SkewesRocky GiordaniScott CopelandKyle Kopitke
DemocraticRepublicanLibertarianGreenConstitutionPSLReformLegal Marijuana NowSocialist WorkersVeteransAmerican SolidarityProhibitionAmerica'sWorkers WorldSocialistAmericanIndependent AmericanConstitution Idaho
 12345678910111213141516171819202122232425
Alabama[4] 729,5471,318,25544,4679,391
Alaska[5] 116,454163,38718,7255,7353,8661,240
Arizona[6] 1,161,1671,252,401106,32734,34517,4491,05829628552
Arkansas[7] 380,494684,87229,9499,47313,1764,6133,3904,709
California[8] 8,753,7884,483,810478,500278,65739,59679,34166,1011,316402
Colorado[9] 1,338,8701,202,484144,12138,43728,91711,6995311,2554521,8195,0288621857102713921,096
Connecticut[10] 897,572673,21548,67622,8412,10814741121231234
Delaware[11] 221,608175,16214,0455,86870674331317
Florida[12] 4,504,9754,617,886207,04364,39916,4759,1082574
Georgia[13] 1,877,9632,089,104125,3067,67413,0171,110531517034
Hawaii[14] 266,891128,84715,95412,7374,508
Idaho[15] 189,765409,05528,3318,49646,4764,4031,3731 9 35 21 32,356
Illinois[16] 3,090,7292,146,015209,59676,80211,6551,13817582
Indiana[17] 1,033,1261,557,286133,9937,8411,413212526905749
Iowa[18] 653,669800,98359,18611,47912,3665,3553234512,2462,247
Kansas[19] 427,005671,01855,40623,5066,520646736214234500
Kentucky[20] 628,8541,202,97153,75213,91322,7804381,1282922155398
Louisiana[21] 780,1541,178,63837,97814,0318,5473,1294464801,8811,5811,048
Maine[22] 357,735335,59338,10514,2511,88733316
Maryland[23] 1,677,928943,16979,60535,9459,6305664814181350418542673
Massachusetts1,995,1961,090,893138,01847,6612,7191528
Michigan[24] 2,268,8392,279,543172,13651,4638,17716,13951795302,20987
Minnesota[25] 1,367,7161,322,951112,97236,98553,0769,456121,431111,2911,672331244281517
Mississippi[26] 485,131700,71414,4353,7313,987644715
Missouri[27] 1,071,0681,594,51197,35925,4197,07113,09264828
Montana[28] 177,709279,24028,0377,9702,2972961,570010010017
Nebraska[29] 284,494495,96138,9468,775
Nevada[30] 539,260512,05837,3845,2682,552
New Hampshire[31] 348,526345,79030,7776,4961,0644,493678
New Jersey[32] 2,148,2781,601,93372,47737,7726,1611,6821,8382,1561,749
New Mexico[33] 385,234319,66674,5419,8795,8251,5141,184475
New York[34] 4,665,7403,078,946174,951106,99510,3978011473084409721276534
North Carolina[35] 2,189,3162,362,631130,12612,105
North Dakota[36] 93,758216,79421,4343,7801,833364
Ohio[37] 2,394,1642,841,005174,49846,27112,5741,88724,235621145522681990
Oklahoma[38] 420,375949,13683,481
Oregon[39] 1,002,106782,40394,23150,002
Pennsylvania[40] 2,926,4412,970,733146,71549,9416,47221,5726,060
Rhode Island[41] [42] 252,525180,54314,7466,220773523,49786716347
South Carolina[43] 855,3731,155,38949,20413,03421,0165,7653,246
South Dakota[44] 117,458227,72120,8504,064
Tennessee[45] 870,6951,522,92570,39715,99311,9911,5844,0752,8777,27613220
Texas[46] 3,877,8684,685,047283,49271,55842,3664,2611,401932122721,037
Utah[47] 310,674515,21139,6089,438243,6908,0328725215442,732
Vermont[48] 178,57395,36910,0786,7586406318,2183271,06300213190000120000
Virginia[49] 1,981,4731,769,443118,27427,63854,054
Washington[50] 1,539,2871,063,835134,09646,87214,5652,7793,583
Washington, D.C.[51] 282,83012,7234,9064,258
West Virginia[52] 188,794489,37123,0048,0751,1043,807
Wisconsin[53] 1,382,5361,405,284106,67431,07211,85512,1621,50267284801,7703315
Wyoming[54] 55,973174,41913,2872,5152,042709
style=text-align:leftTOTAL65,853,51662,984,8254,443,5051,457,216731,991199,354111,60973,63933,11724,30713,53711,7439,3217,2456,6975,7305,6174,8024,3144,0563,5873,2502,7322,3561,096

Candidates

Gary Johnson, Libertarian Party

Ballot access: The Libertarian ticket was on all 51 ballots.[55]

NamePrior positionsStateNominatedVice presidential nominee

Gary Johnson
(campaign)
Governor of New Mexico, 1995–2003
Libertarian Party presidential nominee, 2012
May 29, 2016[56]
Bill Weld of Massachusetts
Other partiesNational totalNational percentageHighest single state totalHighest single state percentage
Independence Party
of New York
4,489,2213.3%402,452 (3.4%)
California
74,031 (9.3%)
New Mexico

Nationally, Johnson captured 5 percent or more of the vote in eight states: New Mexico, North Dakota, Alaska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming and Maine.

Poll standings

All major polling outfits included Johnson in their published results. His highest total was 13% in a CNN/ORC poll taken in July. After that he has generally was in the upper single digits, breaking 10% on October 10 in a Politico/Morning Consult poll.

Johnson's greatest statewide percentage was in his home state of New Mexico, where he reached the mid-twenties in September before falling back into the teens. He polled in the teens in several other state states, most recently in a WBUR/MassINC poll taken in New Hampshire on November 1.

Party nomination contest

There were six primaries, Gary Johnson received 22,642 votes while none of the others received as much as 4,000.

Libertarian National Convention presidential vote, 2016 [57]
CandidateFirst ballotPercentageSecond ballotPercentage
Gary Johnson45849.5%51855.8%
Austin Petersen19721.3%20321.9%
John McAfee13114.2%13114.1%
Darryl W. Perry636.8%525.6%
Marc Allan Feldman586.3%181.9%
Kevin McCormick91.0%1 (write-in)0.1%
None of the above50.5%20.2%
Ron Paul (write-in)10.1%
Vermin Supreme (write-in)10.1%
Heidi Zemen (write-in)10.1%
Derrick Grayson (write-in)10.1%10.1%
Michael Shannon (write-in)10.1%
Rhett Smith (write-in)10.1%
Totals928100%

Jill Stein, Green Party

Ballot access (write-in included): 47 states + DC

NamePrior positionsStateNominatedVice presidential nominee

Jill Stein
(campaign)
Lexington Town Meeting member (2005–2011)
Green Party presidential nominee, 2012
August 6, 2016
Ajamu Baraka of Washington, D.C.
National totalNational percentageHighest single state totalHighest single state percentageNotes
1,457,2161.1%278,657 (1.9%)
California
12,737 (3.0%)
Hawaii
This is the first fourth-place finisher to breach the one million mark since 1948

Poll standings

All major polling outfits included Stein in their published results. Her highest total was 6% in McClatchy/Marist poll taken early August. After that her highest total was 4% in a CBS/New York Times poll taken in late October. She generally polled at 2 or 3%.

In statewide polling she reached as high as 7% in an Emerson College poll from Vermont in September.

Party nomination contest

Five additional candidates sought the Green Party nomination.[58] [59] [60]

Green National Convention presidential roll call vote, 2016[61]
CandidateFirst BallotPercentage
Jill Stein233.581.6%
William Kreml18.256.4%
Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry14.55.1%
Darryl Cherney8.53.0%
Kent Mesplay7.52.6%
Elijah Manley3.251.1%
No candidate0.50.2%
Totals286100%
Turnout28671.1%

Evan McMullin, Better for America Group and others

The anti-Donald Trump Better for America PAC recruited Evan McMullin as a candidate for president. He was on the ballot in 11 states and had write-in access in several others.

NamePrior positionsStateAnnounced candidacyVice presidential candidateNotes

Evan McMullin
(campaign)
Chief Policy Director for the House Republican Conference, 2015–2016
CIA agent, 2001–2011
August 8, 2016[62]
Mindy Finn
of the District of Columbia[63]
See also: Better for America
(as Independence Party of Minnesota nominee)
Nathan Johnson, a resident of San Diego, appears as McMullin's running mate on numerous state ballots.[64] [65]
Other partiesNational totalNational percentageHighest single state totalHighest single state percentage
Independence Party
of South Carolina
Independence Party
of Minnesota
731,709 [66] 0.4%233,266 (21.4%)
(Utah)
233,266 (21.4%)
(Utah)
Aside from his large total in Utah, the ticket came in third in Idaho, and fourth in seven of the nine other states where it was on the ballot.

Darrell Castle, Constitution Party

Electoral votes: 207 (Scott Copeland had access to 4 electoral votes in Idaho, where Castle is on the ballot as an independent[67])

Write-in included: 406

Ballot access: Alaska, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming.[68] [69] [70] [71]
Write-in access: Alabama, Arizona, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia.[69]

NamePrior positionsStateNominatedVice presidential nominee

Darrell Castle
Attorney,
Constitution Party vice presidential nominee, 2008
April 16, 2016[72] [73] Scott N. Bradley of Utah
Other partiesNational totalNational percentageHighest single state totalHighest single state percentage
Taxpayer's Party
Michigan
203,069 0.1%21,010 (0.4%)
Pennsylvania
3,311 (1.2%)
Alaska

Poll standings

Castle was not featured in any national polls. He was listed in a few in Utah in August and September, where he got as much as 2%, and in Nevada, where he got 1%.

Nomination contest

The 2016 presidential nominating convention was held in Salt Lake City, on April 13–16.[74]

Constitution Party National Convention presidential vote, 2016[75] [76]
CandidateVotesPercentageNotes
Darrell Castle18454.2%received 181,741 votes (0.1%) in the general election
Scott Copeland (Texas)[77] 103.530.5%On the ballot in Idaho as the Constitution Party's presidential nominee,[78]
Tom Hoefling[79] 195.6%
Daniel Cummings (Wyoming)[80] 92.7%
J. R. Myers (Alaska)92.7%Sought 2016 American Independent Party presidential nomination, on the ballot in Idaho as the Constitution Party's vice-presidential nominee,
Don Grundmann (California)[81] 61.8%Sought 2008 and 2012 Constitution Party presidential nomination
John Diamond (Pennsylvania)[82] 51.5%
Jeremy Friedbaum (Utah)[83] 41.2%
Totals339.5100.0%

Gloria La Riva, multiple parties

Electoral votes: 80 (Gloria LaRiva has a combined 135 electoral votes via the Party for Socialism and Liberation, the Peace and Freedom Party, and the Liberty Union Party)

Ballot access: California, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, New Jersey, New Mexico, Vermont, Washington[84] [85]

NamePrior positionsStateNominatedVice presidential nomineeNotes

Gloria La Riva
Newspaper printer and activist
Peace and Freedom Party presidential nominee, 2016,
Party for Socialism and Liberation presidential nominee, 2008
Workers World Party presidential nominee, 1992
July 2015[86]
Eugene Puryear
of Washington, D.C.

Dennis Banks of Minnesota (in CA only)[87]
  • Puryear appeared on the Vermont ballot as the Liberty Union Party ticket[88]
  • Puryear is Constitutionally ineligible to serve as Vice President – under age 35
  • Banks appeared as the vice-presidential candidate on the Peace and Freedom ticket in California.
State partiesNational totalNational percentagePeace and Freedom totalOther party total
Party for Socialism and Liberation
Peace and Freedom
(California)
Liberty Union
(Vermont).
74,405 0.1%53,1337,857

Party for Socialism and Liberation

La Riva was on the ballot in numerous states under this banner and as an independent.

Liberty Union Party (Vermont)

La Riva won the primary in Vermont and thus was awarded the ballot line there.

La Riva participated in the Free and Equal presidential debate.

Peace and Freedom Party

La Riva won the primary in California and thus was awarded the ballot line at the state convention. Jill Stein, who was on the Green party primary ballot was removed from the PF one.

California Peace and Freedom presidential primary, June 7, 2016[89]
CandidateVotesPercentageCon. Vote
Gloria Estela La Riva2,23249%56
Monica Moorehead1,36930%12
Lynn Sandra Kahn96321%1
Jill Stein(disqualified)0%9
Total4,564100%78

Rocky De La Fuente, American Delta and Reform Parties, plus others

Electoral votes: 147 (De La Fuente has access to a combined 147 electoral votes as an Independent, via The American Delta Party and via The Reform Party)[90] [91]

Write-in included: 346 electors

Anticipated write-in included: 404 electors

Ballot access:

Under the ballot label "Reform Party" Florida

Under the ballot label "American Delta Party":[92] Colorado,[93] Iowa,[94] Louisiana,[95] Minnesota,[96] Mississippi,[97] New Jersey,[98] New Mexico.[99]

As an independent: Alaska,[100] Idaho,[101] Kentucky,[102] Montana,[103] Nevada,[104] New Hampshire,[105] North Dakota,[106] Rhode Island[107] Tennessee,[108] Utah, Vermont,[109] Wisconsin,[110] Wyoming.[111]

Write-in:[112] Alabama, Arizona, California, Delaware, District of Columbia, Indiana, Maryland, Nebraska, New York, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Virginia, Kansas, West Virginia, Washington. Total 199 electors

Anticipated write-in:[112] Connecticut, Missouri, South Dakota

No ballot access 2016: Georgia, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, South Carolina.

NamePrior positionsStateAnnounced candidacyVice presidential nomineeNotes

Rocky De La Fuente
BusinessmanJuly 19, 2016[113]
Michael Steinberg of Florida

Received 67,457 votes in the Democratic presidential primary
Ran for the Democratic United States Senate nomination in Florida, 2016
State partiesNational totalNational percentageHighest single state totalHighest single state percentage
American Delta
Reform
33,1360%9,101 (0.1%)
Florida
1,063 (0.3%)
Vermont

Poll standings

In August and September, De La Fuente polled 1% in Nevada in a poll conducted by Suffolk University.

American Delta party nomination

The American Delta Party is an organization specifically created to support De La Fuente's independent candidacy.

Reform party nomination

The Reform Party recognized the following other candidates as seeking its presidential nomination[114] The vote totals nominating De La Fuente were never released.

NameNotes
Ed ChlapowskiOwner/manager at Opportunity Resolution
Kenneth CrossSemi-retired engineer and businessman
2012 Reform Party vice-presidential nominee
Lynn KahnDoctor of clinical psychology
2016 Peace and Freedom Party presidential candidate.
Will appear on Arkansas and Iowa ballot.

Darcy Richardson
Author and historian
2012 Democratic Party presidential candidate[115]

Bernie Sanders

Several grassroots campaigns to elect Bernie Sanders President as a write-in candidate were established on social media in the run-up to the United States presidential election. Though Sanders continued to campaign for Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, supporters pointed to alleged DNC bias in the Democratic Party's presidential primaries against Sanders, and Clinton's email scandal, and continued to support him.[117] Both Clinton and Donald Trump would have had to win less than the required 270 electoral college votes for Sanders to have denied either candidate the presidency, and for the election to be passed to the House of Representatives - thus the initial write-in campaign around Vermont, offering only 3 electoral college votes, was unsuccessful.[118] The campaign expanded to include all 12 eligible states (one of which listed Sanders as an official write-in candidate), and relied on states such as California, with a high electoral college vote count and large support for Sanders, to be successful in denying both Trump and Clinton.[119] He has received over 100 thousand popular votes and one electoral vote. Two other electoral votes were disallowed.

Notably, he came in third in Vermont,[48] coming ahead of both Gary Johnson and Jill Stein and taking 5.7% of the vote (18,183 tallied), something that has never happened before in a fall Presidential election.

Dan Vacek, Legal Marijuana Now Party

Ballot access: Iowa, Minnesota

Alyson Kennedy, Socialist Workers Party

Electoral votes: 70

Ballot access: Colorado, Louisiana, Minnesota, New Jersey, Tennessee, Utah, Washington[121]

Chris Keniston, Veterans Party of America

Electoral votes: 15

Ballot access: Colorado, Mississippi[125]

Mike Maturen, American Solidarity Party

Electoral votes: 9; (as write-in) 332

Ballot access: Colorado;[127] (as write-in) Alabama,Alaska,[128] California,[129] Georgia,[130] Idaho,[131] Iowa,[132] Kansas,Kentucky,[133] Maryland,[134] Michigan,[135] Minnesota,[136] Nebraska,[137] New Hampshire,[132] New Jersey,[132] New York,[138] North Dakota,[139] Ohio,[140] Oregon,[141] Pennsylvania,[132] Rhode Island,[132] Texas,[142] Vermont,[132] Virginia,[143] Washington,[144] Wisconsin[145]

James Hedges, Prohibition Party

Electoral votes: 21

Ballot access: Arkansas, Colorado, Mississippi[146]

NamePrior positionsStateAnnounced candidacyNominatedVice presidential nominee

James Hedges
Tax Assessor, Thompson Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania (2002–2007)
American Independent Party presidential candidate, 2016
Prohibition Party presidential candidate, 2012
July 2015[147] July 31, 2015Bill Bayes of Mississippi
State partiesNational totalNational percentageHighest single state totalHighest single state percentage
5,6170%

Tom Hoefling, America's Party

Electoral votes: 44

Ballot access: Arkansas, Colorado, Florida

Monica Moorehead, Workers World Party

Electoral votes: 30

Ballot access: New Jersey, Utah, Wisconsin[149] [150]
(Texas)[151]

Peter Skewes, American Party (South Carolina)

Electoral votes: 9

Ballot access: South Carolina

Rocky Giordani, Independent American Party

Electoral votes: 18

Ballot access: New Mexico, Oregon, Utah[175]

Emidio "Mimi" Soltysik, Socialist Party USA

Electoral votes: 25

Ballot access: Colorado, Michigan[177]

NamePrior positionsStateNominatedVice presidential nominee

Mimi Soltysik
Former National Co-chair,
Socialist Party USA
October 17, 2015[178]
Angela Walker of Wisconsin
Other partiesNational totalNational percentage
Natural Law Party
(Michigan)[179]
2,7050%

Rod Silva, Nutrition Party

Electoral votes: 9

Ballot access: Colorado[180]

Jerry White, Socialist Equality Party

Electoral votes: 8

Ballot access: Louisiana[182]

Other candidate considerations

American Independent and other fusion tickets

Several states, most notably New York, permit fusion tickets. A fusion ticket is when a candidate or candidates are permitted more than one ballot line by being nominated by one or more third parties and permitting the votes on all lines to be added together for a single state total.

The Clinton/Kaine ticket was on the ballot in New York on the Women's Equality and Working Families Party lines, while the Trump/Pence ticket was on the Conservative party there as well as the American Independent Party in California.

Conservative party nomination in New York

The state committee nominated Donald Trump by voice vote.

Total popular vote: 271,961 (3.8%)

Working Families party nomination in New York

Initially, the Working Families Party had endorsed Bernie Sanders for president, but when he conceded defeat at the Democratic convention and endorsed Hillary Clinton, the party had a mail in primary where Clinton defeated Jill Stein and "no endorsement" with 68% of the vote, preferring fusion rather than "asking voters to cast a vote that is at best meaningless and at worst destructive of progressive possibility."[185]

Total popular vote: 130,245 (1.8%)

Woman's Equality party nomination in New York

A faction of the party's executive committee nominated Dr. Lynn Sandra Kahn, while another nominated Hillary Clinton. The New York State board of elections decided the former Secretary of State would get the ballot line.[186] [187]

Total popular vote: 32,307 (0.5%)

American Independent Party nomination in California

The state committee ignored the primary and designated Trump as its nominee.[188]

California did not record a separate ballot total for the AIP.

Party nomination contestBelow are the results of the California Primary ballot, which was rendered superfluous when the state committee decided to select Donald Trump.[189]
California American Independent presidential primary, June 7, 2016[190]
CandidateVotesPercentage
Alan Spears7,34819%
Arthur Harris6,51017%
Robert Ornelas6,41117%
J. R. Myers4,89813%
Wiley Drake4,82813%
James Hedges3,98911%
Thomas Hoefling3,91710%
Total37,901100%

No ballot access

According to the Federal Election Commission almost 2,000 people, both real and fictional, were registered as 2016 presidential candidates.[191]

Among the more notable ones are:

NamePrior positionsStateAnnounced candidacyNotes

Zoltan Istvan
Futurist, writer, transhumanist philosopherOctober 2014[192] [193] [194] He had write-in access in New York and in Florida, where he received 76 and 19 votes respectively, for a total of 95 votes.[195]

Dan Bilzerian
Professional poker player, internet celebrityJune 2015[196] Withdrew in December 2015 and endorsed Donald Trump.[197]

Ken Fields
Entrepreneur, environmental advocateNovember 2015[198] [199] campaign last heard of in August.[200]

Terry Jones
Pastor for Dove World Outreach CenterJuly 2013[201] [202]
Lucy LouMayor of Rabbit Hash, KentuckyNovember 2015[203] [204]

Merlin Miller
FilmmakerJuly 2015[205]

Write-in candidates

A minimum of 1,022,439 (0.8%) voters[206] cast write-in ballots, what is believed to be a record. Many were for registered candidates who were on the ballot in one or more states, others for candidates who were registered but were on no ballots and others were for fictional or perceptibly humorous figures, like of Mickey Mouse or Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The vast majority of these will never be counted or recorded as individuals but as "Others" or "Scattered." Many states disallow write-in candidacies.[207]

Previously speculated

The following individuals were the focus of presidential speculation as an independent candidate in multiple media reports during the 2016 election cycle.

Withdrew

Declined

Individuals listed in this section were the focus of media speculation as being possible 2016 presidential candidates but unequivocally ruled out an independent presidential bid in 2016.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Winger . Richard . Richard Winger . 2016 Petitioning for President . 2015-08-28 . . July 2015.
  2. Web site: 2016 Presidential Candidate Ballot Access by State. Thegreenpapers.com. December 12, 2018.
  3. Web site: OFFICIAL 2016 PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS.
  4. Web site: Alabama Votes - Alabama Secretary of State. Sos.alabama.gov. December 12, 2018.
  5. Web site: GEMS ELECTION RESULTS. Elections.alaska.gov. December 12, 2018.
  6. Web site: Arizona canvass. 2016. apps.azsos.gov.
  7. Web site: Arkansas Secretary of State 2016 General Election Results.
  8. Web site: Data. elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov .
  9. Web site: Archived copy . December 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161114234307/http://results.enr.clarityelections.com/CO/63746/183105/Web01/en/summary.html . November 14, 2016 . dead .
  10. Web site: Public Reporting. Ctemspublic.pcctg.net. December 12, 2018.
  11. Web site: State of Delaware - Department of Elections · Office of the State Election Commissioner. Elections.delaware.gov. December 12, 2018.
  12. Web site: 2016 Florida Election Watch - Presidential . November 23, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160316180540/http://enight.elections.myflorida.com/FederalOffices/Presidential/ . March 16, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  13. Web site: 2016 votes cast for certified write-in candidates. sos.ga.gov. December 12, 2018. December 21, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161221011256/http://sos.ga.gov/index.php/elections/2016_votes_cast_for_certified_write-in_candidates. dead.
  14. Web site: results . elections.hawaii.gov .
    • Web site: Statewide Totals. sos.idaho.gov. December 12, 2018.
    • Web site: Election results . 2016 . www.co.blaine.id.us . PDF .
    • Web site: data . www.boisecounty.us . October 26, 2018 . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021720/http://www.boisecounty.us/Content/Site101/Articles/01_01_2008/233OfficialAbst_00000008699.pdf . dead .
    • Web site: Info. evogov.s3.amazonaws.com.
    • Web site: Results . 2016 . www.co.bonneville.id.us .
    • Web site: Results . 2016 . www.canyonco.org .
    • Web site: Data . www.gemcounty.org . October 26, 2018 . October 27, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061511/http://www.gemcounty.org/files/election/11-8-16-1.pdf . dead .
    • Web site: Archived copy . October 26, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181027021708/http://www.minidoka.id.us/ArchiveCenter/ViewFile/Item/67 . October 27, 2018 . dead .
    • Web site: Results, November 2016 General Election - Laserfiche WebLink . December 12, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222936/https://laserfiche2015.co.teton.id.us/WebLink/DocView.aspx?dbid=0&id=142056&page=1&cr=1 . December 15, 2018 . dead .
  15. Web site: Election Results. Elections.il.gov. December 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20190327204831/https://www.elections.il.gov/ElectionResults.aspx?ID=vlS7uG8NT%2f0%3d. March 27, 2019. dead.
  16. Web site: Secretary of State : Election Division: Election Results. In.gov. December 12, 2018.
  17. Web site: Iowa Election Results . December 10, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161224162855/https://electionresults.sos.iowa.gov/Views/TabularData.aspx?TabView=StateRaces%5EFederal%20%2F%20Statewide%20Races%5E86&ElectionID=86 . December 24, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  18. Web site: Results. www.sos.ks.gov .
  19. Web site: Results . elect.ky.gov .
  20. Web site: Louisiana Secretary of State - Election Results. voterportal.sos.la.gov. December 12, 2018.
  21. Web site: Results . maine.gov.
  22. Web site: 2016 Election Results . December 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161228033916/http://results.elections.maryland.gov/elections/2016/results/General/gen_results_2016_4_001-.html . December 28, 2016 . dead .
  23. Web site: SOS - 2016 Presidential Election Results . December 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161223002109/http://www.michigan.gov/sos/0,4670,7-127-1633_8722-397762--,00.html . December 23, 2016 . dead .
  24. Web site: State canvassing . www.sos.state.mn.us .
  25. Web site: Results . sos.ms.gov .
  26. Web site: State of Missouri - Election Night Results. enr.sos.mo.gov. December 12, 2018.
  27. Web site: Official Election Results – Montana Secretary of State – Corey Stapleton. Montana Secretary of State - Christi Jacobsen. February 22, 2018 . December 12, 2018.
  28. Web site: Results . 2016 . www.sos.ne.gov .
  29. Web site: U.S. Presidential - Nevada General Election 2018. Silverstateelection.com. December 12, 2018. December 1, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161201095559/http://www.silverstateelection.com/USPresidential/index.shtml. dead.
  30. Web site: President of the United States - 2016 General Election - NHSOS. Sos.nh.gov. December 12, 2018.
  31. Web site: Results . 2016 . www.njelections.org . December 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170107140227/http://www.njelections.org/2016-results/2016-official-general-results-president-1206b.pdf . January 7, 2017 . dead .
  32. Web site: New Mexico Election Results. Electionresults.sos.state.nm.us. December 12, 2018.
  33. Web site: Results . 2016 . www.elections.ny.gov . December 27, 2016 . January 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121040123/https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/elections/2016/General/President_11082016.pdf . dead .
  34. Web site: NC SBE Contest Results. Er.ncsbe.gov. December 12, 2018.
  35. Web site: North Dakota Secretary of State. results.sos.nd.gov. December 12, 2018.
  36. Web site: Results . 2016 . www.sos.state.oh.us . December 27, 2016 . May 10, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170510093744/http://www.sos.state.oh.us/sos/upload/elections/2016/gen/county.xlsx . dead .
  37. Web site: State Election Results, General Election, November 8, 2016. Ok.gov. December 12, 2018. November 24, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161124092853/https://www.ok.gov/elections/support/20161108_seb.html. dead.
  38. Web site: Results . 2016 . sos.oregon.gov .
  39. Web site: Pennsylvania Elections - Summary Results . November 14, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161113185634/http://www.electionreturns.pa.gov/ENR_NEW . November 13, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  40. Web site: RI.gov: Election Results. Ri.gov. December 12, 2018.
  41. Web site: Rhode Island Releases Write-ins for President from November 2016 Election - Ballot Access News. Ballot-access.org. January 17, 2017 . December 12, 2018.
  42. Web site: SC - Election Results. Enr-scvotes.org. December 12, 2018.
  43. Web site: Results . 2016 . sdsos.gov .
  44. Web site: Results . sos-tn-gov-files.s3.amazonaws.com .
  45. Web site: Archived copy . December 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171228183151/http://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist319_state.htm . December 28, 2017 . dead .
  46. Web site: Election results. electionresults.utah.gov. December 12, 2018. February 25, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170225133719/https://electionresults.utah.gov/elections/federal. dead.
  47. Web site:

    Vermont Election Night Results ::

    . vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us. December 12, 2018. August 11, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170811143454/https://vtelectionresults.sec.state.vt.us/Index.html#/federal. dead.
  48. Web site: 2016 November General . December 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161223044002/http://results.elections.virginia.gov/vaelections/2016%20November%20General/Site/Presidential.html . December 23, 2016 . dead .
  49. Web site: November 8, 2016 General Election Results - President/Vice President . December 4, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161202160730/http://results.vote.wa.gov/results/current/President-Vice-President.html . December 2, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  50. Web site: General Election 2016 - Certified Results . December 27, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170121142458/https://www.dcboee.org/election_info/election_results/v3/2016/November-8-General-Election . January 21, 2017 . dead .
  51. Web site: WV SOS - Elections - Election Results - Online Data Services. services.sos.wv.gov. December 12, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20161225112543/http://services.sos.wv.gov/apps/elections/results/results.aspx?year=2016&eid=23&county=Statewide. December 25, 2016. dead.
  52. Web site: 2016 Fall General Election Results - Wisconsin Elections Commission. elections.wi.gov. November 29, 2016 . December 12, 2018.
  53. Web site: Results . soswy.state.wy.us.
  54. Web site: 2016 Presidential Ballot Access Map. lp.org.
  55. News: Struyk. Ryan. de la Cuetara. Ines. Gary Johnson Wins Libertarian Nomination for President. 2016-05-29. ABC News. May 29, 2016.
  56. May 29, 2016 . Libertarian Party National Convention. en . May 29, 2016 . Live Video. . C-SPAN.
  57. Web site: 2016 Presidential Candidates . Green Party of the United States . December 31, 2015 . February 20, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160208192626/http://www.gp.org/2016_presidential_candidates . February 8, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  58. Web site: Green Party presidential primary calendar . Green Party Watch . February 11, 2016 . February 20, 2016.
  59. Web site: Recognized Candidates Seeking the GPUS 2016 Presidential Nomination . Green Party of the United States . May 8, 2016.
  60. Web site: Election 2016 - Presidential Primaries, Caucuses, and Conventions. The Green Papers. August 6, 2016. August 7, 2016.
  61. Web site: Buchman . Joseph . CIA's McMullin Launches "Third Party" 2016 POTUS Campaign. . 2016-08-08 . August 8, 2016.
  62. Web site: Presidential Candidate Evan McMullin Picks Mindy Finn as Running Mate. ABC News. October 6, 2016. October 7, 2016. Shushannah. Walshe.
  63. Web site: Independent Candidate Inundated With Mystery Running Mate Questions. Morning Edition. NPR. September 8, 2016. September 12, 2016.
  64. Web site: Whoops: Independent candidate appears to have accidentally picked a running mate. Politico. Strauss. Daniel. September 7, 2016. September 7, 2016.
  65. Web site: 2016 Presidential General Election Results . November 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161109183833/http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/national.php . November 9, 2016 . dead .
  66. Web site: 2016 November General Candidate List. 2016-09-10.
  67. Web site: Four Statewide Petitions Filed in Pennsylvania – Ballot Access News. Ballot-access.org. August 2, 2016 .
  68. Web site: Ballot access The Constitution Party. Constitutionparty.com. February 9, 2015 .
  69. Web site: Constitution Party secures ballot access in West Virginia. Lesiak. Krzysztof. August 2, 2016. American Third Party Report. 2016-08-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20160820030635/https://amthirdpartyreport.com/2016/08/02/constitution-party-secures-ballot-access-in-west-virginia/. August 20, 2016. dead.
  70. Web site: Idaho Approves All Four Independent Presidential Candidate Petitions – Ballot Access News. Ballot-access.org. August 26, 2016 .
  71. Web site: US: Darrell Castle named Constitution Party candidate . . April 16, 2016 . April 18, 2016.
  72. Web site: Constitution Party Nominates Darrell Castle and Scott Bradley . . April 16, 2016 . April 18, 2016 . Winger, Richard.
  73. Web site: The Constitution Party hosts national convention in Salt Lake City. Glen. Mills. April 14, 2016. GOOD4UTAH. December 12, 2018.
  74. Web site: Constitution Party Nominates Darrell Castle . . April 16, 2016 . April 16, 2016 . Winger, Richard.
  75. Web site: Constitution Party Nominating Convention Results . Constitution Party of Georgia . April 16, 2016 . April 16, 2016 . Ricardo Davis.
  76. Web site: Constitution Party on Twitter. April 15, 2016. Twitter. August 11, 2016.
  77. Web site: Copeland/Myers Certified by CP-Idaho for 2016. August 1, 2016. Constitution Party of Idaho. August 11, 2016.
  78. Web site: Constitution Party on Twitter. April 15, 2016. Twitter. August 11, 2016.
  79. Web site: Daniel Cummings FEC Filing. April 25, 2016. FEC. August 11, 2016.
  80. Web site: Constitution Party on Twitter. April 15, 2016. Twitter. August 11, 2016.
  81. Web site: Constitution Party on Twitter. April 15, 2016. Twitter. August 11, 2016.
  82. Web site: Constitution Party on Twitter. April 15, 2016. Twitter. August 11, 2016.
  83. Web site: Committee Tracking system – Florida Division of Elections – Department of State . Dos.elections.myflorida.com . 2015-10-24.
  84. Web site: Liberty Union Party of Vermont Nominates Gloria La Riva for President. Ballot Access News. May 15, 2016. May 16, 2016. Richard. Winger.
  85. Web site: Party for Socialism and Liberation Announces 2016 Presidential Ticket . . July 24, 2015 . July 25, 2015 . Winger, Richard.
  86. Web site: Meet Dennis Banks – Gloria La Riva for President 2016 – Vote Socialist!. Gloria La Riva for President. August 14, 2016. November 6, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161106182509/http://www.glorialariva4president.com/meet_dennis_banks. dead.
  87. Web site: Liberty Union Party of Vermont Nominates Gloria La Riva for President. Winger. Richard. May 15, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 14, 2016.
  88. Web site: President Peace and Freedom - Statewide Results. Office of the Secretary of State of California. Government of California. June 18, 2016. June 8, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20121109191338/http://vote.sos.ca.gov/returns/president/party/peace-and-freedom/. November 9, 2012. dead. mdy-all.
  89. Web site: Rocky De La Fuente Passes the 270 Vote Electoral Vote Threshold. Pr.com.
  90. Web site: official web site. Rocky2016.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20161009040202/https://www.rocky2016.com/. October 9, 2016. dead. mdy-all.
  91. Web site: Home - American Delta Party. king-theme.com. American Delta Party. en-US. 2016-10-18.
  92. Web site: 2016 General Election Candidate List. August 15, 2016. Colorado Secretary of State. August 19, 2016. October 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161028081211/http://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/vote/generalCandidates.html. dead.
  93. Web site: Iowa Approves All Presidential Petitions. Winger. Richard. August 26, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 27, 2016.
  94. Web site: Reform Party Nominates Rocky De La Fuente for President. Winger. Richard. August 9, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 19, 2016.
  95. Web site: Minnesota Accepts All Seven Presidential Petitions. Winger. Richard. August 24, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 25, 2016.
  96. Web site: Eight Presidential Candidates will be on Mississippi Ballot. Winger. Richard. September 9, 2016. Ballot-access.org.
  97. Web site: Certification of Nominees. August 15, 2016. New Jersey Secretary of State (Division of Elections). August 19, 2016.
  98. Web site: New Mexico and Washington Secretaries of State Finish Validating some Minor Party Petitions. Winger. Richard. July 6, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 19, 2016.
  99. Web site: Alaska Division of Elections Says All Presidential Petitions are Valid. Winger. Richard. August 25, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 25, 2016.
  100. Web site: Connecticut Secretary of State Now Says Rocky De La Fuente Petition is Permitted to List Presidential and Vice-Presidential Candidates from Florida. Winger. Richard. July 20, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 19, 2016.
  101. Web site: Kentucky Secretary of State Says Evan McMullin and Rocky De La Fuente Petitions are Valid. Winger. Richard. September 10, 2016. Ballot-access.org.
  102. Web site: Montana Says Both Presidential Petitions are Valid. Winger. Richard. August 25, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 25, 2016.
  103. Web site: Nevada Says Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures. Winger. Richard. August 2, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 19, 2016.
  104. Web site: New Hampshire Says Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures. Winger. Richard. September 8, 2016. Ballot-access.org.
  105. Web site: North Dakota Says All Three Independent Presidential Petitions are Valid. Winger. Richard. September 7, 2016. Ballot-access.org.
  106. Web site: Rhode Island Secretary of State Says Three Independent Presidential Petitions Have Enough Valid Signatures. Winger. Richard. September 9, 2016. Ballot-access.org.
  107. Web site: Rocky De La Fuente Has Enough Valid Signatures in Tennessee. Winger. Richard. August 23, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 23, 2016.
  108. Web site: Vermont Presidential Petition Filings. Winger. Richard. August 3, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 19, 2016.
  109. Web site: Wisconsin Approves Both Independent Presidential Petitions. Winger. Richard. August 25, 2016. Ballot-access.org.
  110. Web site: Wyoming Says Jill Stein and Rocky De La Fuente Have Enough Valid Signatures; Still Checking Evan McMullin. Winger. Richard. September 8, 2016. Ballot-access.org.
  111. ABC/FOX/Montana/Story http://www.abcfoxmontana.com/story/33396752/presidential-candidate-roque-de-la-fuente
  112. Web site: Reform Party National Committee Official Facebook Page. July 19, 2016. Facebook. August 11, 2016.
  113. Web site: Current Candidates. Reform Party National Committee. August 11, 2016.
  114. Web site: Darcy Richardson will seek the Reform Party's presidential nomination. Lesiak. Krzysztof. July 22, 2016. Independent Political Report. August 11, 2016.
  115. Web site: Husted Announces Independent Candidates for President and Vice President . Jon . Husted . Ohio Secretary of State . sos.state.oh.us . August 24, 2016 . September 12, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160919062914/http://www.sos.state.oh.us/sos/mediaCenter/2016/2016-08-24.aspx . September 19, 2016 . dead .
  116. Web site: Latest Hillary Clinton drama gives Bernie Sanders' write-in campaign a boost.
  117. Web site: How Bernie Sanders Could Become President With Only 130,000 Votes. September 24, 2016 .
  118. Web site: Over 18 Million People In California Could Write-In Bernie Sanders In California, Almost No Media Reporting It. November 2016 .
  119. Web site: Candidate Filings, 2016 State General Election . Minnesota Secretary of State.
  120. Web site: Who is on the presidential ballot where? . . August 3, 2016 . October 26, 2016 . Chris Powell.
  121. Web site: Details for Candidate ID : P80005473. FEC. October 26, 2016.
  122. Web site: Socialist Workers Party Announces National Ticket. Winger. Richard. February 13, 2016. Ballot Access News. October 26, 2016.
  123. Web site: Socialist Workers Party 2016 Candidates . The Militant. October 26, 2016.
  124. Web site: Ballot Access News – Veterans Party is Now a Ballot-Qualified Party in Mississippi . March 8, 2015 . Ballot-access.org . 2015-10-24.
  125. Web site: Veterans Party of America Names Party's First Presidential Candidate . PR.com . August 17, 2015 . 2015-10-24.
  126. Web site: 2016 General Election Candidate List . Sos.state.co.us . 2016-08-12 . October 28, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161028081211/http://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/vote/generalCandidates.html . dead .
  127. Web site: November 8, 2016 General Election Candidate List . elections.alaska.gov . State of Alaska Division of Elections . 2016 . 2016-10-26 . October 21, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161021061643/http://www.elections.alaska.gov/election/2016/General/candidate_info_gen_2016.php . dead .
  128. Web site: November 8, 2016, General Election Certified List of Write-In Candidates . State of California Secretary of State. 2016-10-28. 2016-10-28.
  129. Web site: Qualifying Candidate Information . Brian . Kemp . Georgia Secretary of State . sos.ga.gov . September 12, 2016 . September 13, 2016.
  130. Web site: Candidates Having Filed a Declaration of Intent to be a Write-in at the November 8, 2016 General Election. Idaho Secretary of State. 2016-10-11.
  131. Web site: Ballot access for presidential candidates. Ballotpedia. 2016-09-26.
  132. Web site: Election Candidate Filings - President of the United States. Kentucky.gov. 2016-09-26.
  133. Web site: 2016 Candidate Listing. Maryland.gov. 2016-09-26.
  134. Web site: Michigan 2016 General Election. The Green Papers. 2016-10-19.
  135. Web site: Federal, State & County Candidates – Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State – Registered Write Ins . Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State.
  136. Web site: Write-In Presidential Candidates 2016. 2016-10-27.
  137. Web site: Official Write-In Candidates for President. 2016-10-24. October 28, 2016. October 25, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161025115417/https://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/download/law/OfficialPresidentialWrite-Ins2016.pdf. dead.
  138. Web site: Six Write-in Presidential Candidates File to Have North Dakota Write-ins Counted. Winger. Richard. 2016-10-20. Ballot Access News. 2016-10-22.
  139. Web site: Archived copy . September 29, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160927204525/http://www.co.greene.oh.us/DocumentCenter/View/8999 . September 27, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  140. Web site: Election Law Summary. 14. Elections Division. Oregon Secretary of State. 2016-10-19. Oregon voters have the option of not voting for any of the candidates for office who are printed on the ballot, but instead writing in a name of a candidate for each office. All write-in votes for each office on the ballot are tallied together with a lump sum recorded unless: 1 No names of candidates are printed on the ballot for the office; or 2 If the total number of write-in votes for candidates equals or exceeds the total number of votes for any candidate for the same nomination or office. In these two circumstances, the county clerk tallies all write-in votes cast for the office to show the total number of votes for each write-in candidate..
  141. Web site: Fighting to get on the presidential ballot in Texas. The Star-Telegram. 2016-09-26.
  142. Web site: ASP Gets Confirmation of Official Write-In Status! . October 23, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161023060759/https://aspva.wordpress.com/2016/10/14/asp-gets-confirmation-of-official-write-in-status/ . October 23, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  143. Web site: Official List of Write-In Candidates for the 2016 General Election. Washington Secretary of State. 2016-10-11.
  144. Web site: Registered Write-in Candidates for November 8, 2016 . Wisconsin Elections Commission . elections.wi.gov . October 19, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161023051131/http://elections.wi.gov/sites/default/files/page/registered_write_in_candidates_10_19_2016_pdf_54893.pdf . October 23, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  145. Web site: Winger . Richard . Richard Winger . Jim Hedges, Prohibition Party Nominee, is on Ballot in Arkansas . . 2015-10-01 . October 1, 2015.
  146. Web site: Prohibition Party Nominates National Ticket. Ballot Access News . July 31, 2015. August 3, 2015.
  147. http://www.independentpoliticalreport.com/2016/01/tom-hoefling-announces-2016-presidential-campaign/ "Tom Hoefling Announces 2016 presidential run"
  148. https://elections.utah.gov/election-resources/2016-candidate-filings 2016 Candidate Filings
  149. Web site: Wisconsin Approves Both Independent Presidential Petitions Ballot Access News. ballot-access.org. August 25, 2016 . 2016-09-09.
  150. Web site: Archived copy . September 22, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160913200244/http://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/forms/2016-writein-presidential-certifications.pdf . September 13, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  151. Web site: Workers World Party Nominates Monica Moorehead for President . Independent Political Report. November 9, 2015. November 16, 2015.
  152. Web site: Winger . Richard . American Party of South Carolina Nominates Peter Skewes for President . . 2016-06-05 . June 1, 2016.
  153. Web site: September 2016 Ballot Access News Print Edition . Richard . Winger . ballot-access.org . 32 . 4 . 6 . September 1, 2016 . September 15, 2016.
  154. Web site: Ballot Access News . Richard . Winger . ballot-access.org . 32 . 2 . 4 . July 1, 2016 . September 10, 2016.
  155. Web site: November 8, 2016 General Election Candidate List . elections.alaska.gov . State of Alaska Division of Elections . 2016 . September 22, 2016 . October 21, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161021061643/http://www.elections.alaska.gov/election/2016/General/candidate_info_gen_2016.php . dead .
  156. Web site: 2016 Election Information . Arizona Secretary of State . azsos.gov . September 28, 2016.
  157. Web site: Candidate Listing . Florida Department of State, Division of Elections . elections.myflorida.com . 2016 . September 13, 2016.
  158. Web site: Georgia Secretary of State Now Says Laurence Kotlikoff May be a Declared Write-in Presidential Candidate . Richard . Winger . Ballot Access News . ballot-access.org . September 19, 2016 . September 21, 2016.
  159. Web site: 2016 November General Write-In List . Idaho Secretary of State . sos.idaho.gov . October 11, 2016 . October 13, 2016.
  160. Web site: November 8, 2016 Write-in Candidates . Cook County Clerk . cookcountyclerk.com . 2016 . October 11, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161012075627/http://www.cookcountyclerk.com/elections/2016elections/Pages/110816Writeincandidates.aspx . October 12, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  161. Web site: 2016 General Election Candidate Abbreviated List . Indiana Secretary of State Election Division . In.gov . August 22, 2016 . October 11, 2016 . October 12, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161012085247/http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/files/2016%20General%20Election%20Candidate%20Abbreviated%20List%2008%2022%2016.pdf . dead .
  162. Web site: Election Candidate Filings - President of the United States. apps.sos.ky.gov. 2016-10-05.
  163. Web site: List of Declared Write-in Candidates for the General Election . Maine Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions . maine.gov . September 9, 2016 . September 22, 2016.
  164. Web site: 2016 Candidate Listing . Maryland State Board of Elections . elections.state.md.us . 2016 . September 21, 2016.
  165. Web site: Massachusetts 2016 General Election . thegreenpapers.com . 2016 . October 20, 2016.
  166. Web site: Michigan 2016 General Election . thegreenpapers.com . 2016 . October 20, 2016.
  167. Web site: 2016 General Election Official State-Filed Write-In Candidates . Henry . Jorden . Montana Secretary of State . sos.mt.gov . October 5, 2016 . October 20, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160929231248/http://sos.mt.gov/Elections/Officials/Forms/documents/Write-In-State-Filed-Candidates-General.pdf . September 29, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  168. Web site: Six Write-in Presidential Candidates File to Have North Dakota Write-ins Counted . Richard . Winger . Ballot Access News . ballot-access.org . October 20, 2016 . October 20, 2016.
  169. Web site: Ohio 2016 General Election Candidates List . Laura . Pietenpol . Ohio Secretary of State . sos.state.oh.us . October 3, 2016 . October 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161012075355/http://www.sos.state.oh.us/sos/upload/elections/2016/gen/candidates.xlsx . October 12, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  170. Web site: Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oregon . Ballotpedia . ballotpedia.org . October 20, 2016.
  171. Web site: 2016 Candidate Fillings . Utah Lieutenant Governor . elections.utah.gov . 2016 . September 10, 2016 . October 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161009084527/https://elections.utah.gov/election-resources/2016-candidate-filings#Federal%7Ctitle=2016 . dead .
  172. Web site: Official List of Write-In Candidates for the 2016 General Election . sos.wa.gov . Washington Secretary of State . 2016-10-18.
  173. Web site: Write-In Candidate Listing . West Virginia Secretary of State . sos.wv.gov . 2016 . September 10, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160910041646/http://www.sos.wv.gov/elections/current/Documents/Write-In%20Candidate%20Listing.pdf . September 10, 2016 . dead . mdy-all .
  174. [Richard Winger]
  175. http://www.independentpoliticalreport.com/2015/11/independent-american-party-nominates-farley-anderson-for-president/ Independent American Party nominated Farley Anderson"
  176. Web site: Soltysik/Walker 2016 – Timeline . Facebook . 2016-08-01.
  177. Web site: Winger . Richard . Socialist Party National Ticket Nominated . . 2015-10-17 . October 17, 2015.
  178. Web site: Natural Law Party of Michigan Nominates Socialist Party National Ticket. Winger. Richard. July 28, 2016. Ballot Access News. August 11, 2016.
  179. Web site: Winger . Richard . Richard Winger . Nutrition Party Announces Presidential Candidate, and Qualifies Him for Colorado Ballot . . 2015-12-22 . December 22, 2015.
  180. The Nutrition Party is a vehicle for Silva's independent candidacy, not a pre-existing party.
  181. https://voterportal.sos.la.gov/CandidateInquiry Candidate Inquiry
  182. Web site: Winger. Richard. Richard Winger. Socialist Equality Party Announces National Ticket. Ballot Access News. 2016-04-24. April 22, 2016.
  183. Web site: Socialist Equality Party announces presidential campaign . . 2016-04-24 . April 22, 2016.
  184. Web site: WFP Endorses Hillary Clinton. August 17, 2016. Working Families. December 12, 2018.
  185. Web site: New York State Board of Elections Removes Rocky De La Fuente and Lynn Kahn from Ballot - Ballot Access News. Ballot-access.org. September 16, 2016 . December 12, 2018.
  186. Web site: NY Blocks Independents Including Lynn Kahn From Ballot. September 18, 2016. Democracy Chronicles. December 12, 2018.
  187. Web site: Qualified Political Parties. California Secretary of State Alex Padilla. March 22, 2016.
  188. Web site: Generally Recognized Presidential Candidates June 7, 2016, Presidential Primary Election. California Secretary of State.
  189. Web site: President American Independent - Statewide Results. Office of the Secretary of State of California. Government of California. June 18, 2016. June 8, 2016. June 8, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120608222548/http://vote.sos.ca.gov/returns/president/party/american-independent. dead.
  190. Web site: 2016 Presidential Form 2 Filers . November 1, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150408031759/http://www.fec.gov/press/resources/2016presidential_form2nm.shtml . April 8, 2015 . dead .
  191. Hewitt, John (October 31, 2014) "An interview with Zoltan Istvan, leader of the Transhumanist Party and 2016 presidential contender", ExtremeTech.com. Retrieved March 7, 2015.
  192. Web site: Meet the Transhumanist Party: 'Want to live forever? Vote for me'. . December 23, 2014. March 6, 2015. Bartlett, Jamie.
  193. Web site: Zoltan Istvan Gyurko FEC filing. June 19, 2015. FEC. June 21, 2015.
  194. Web site: The Green Papers 2016 General Election Presidential Popular Vote and FEC Total Receipts by Party. Thegreenpapers.com. December 12, 2018.
  195. Mulshine, Molly (June 25, 2015) "The notorious ‘King of Instagram' threw a raunchy presidential campaign launch party and I had a front row seat", Business Insider. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  196. Web site: 'King of Instagram' Dan Bilzerian knows who he's voting for in 2016. Molly Mulshine, Business. Insider. Business Insider. December 12, 2018.
  197. Web site: Ken Fields Announces Presidential Bid As Independent For 2016 . PR Newswire . January 8, 2016 . 2016-01-29.
  198. Web site: Ken Fields FEC filing. November 30, 2015. FEC.
  199. Web site: Meet the New York nobodies running for president. Michael. Gartl. August 18, 2016. Nypost.com. December 12, 2018.
  200. Gavin, Patrick (November 29, 2013) "2016 already here for fringe hopefuls", Politico. Retrieved November 30, 2013
  201. Web site: Terry Jones FEC filing. December 11, 2013. FEC. June 2, 2015.
  202. News: This Dog Is An Elected Mayor, And Now She's Running For President . Arin . Greenwood . . November 2, 2015.
  203. Dog mayor in Kentucky now running for president . . November 4, 2015.
  204. Web site: US Presidential Candidate Merlin Miller says, "Israel Did 911; Zionists Control US Politics." . Gmmuk.com . August 23, 2015 . 2016-01-05.
  205. Web site: Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. uselectionatlas.org. December 12, 2018.
  206. Web site: What You Need to Know About Write-In Votes. November 8, 2016. ABC News. December 12, 2018.
  207. Foran, Clare (October 13, 2015) "Lawrence Lessig Reluctantly Weighs an Independent Presidential Bid", National Journal. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
  208. News: Rapper Waka Flocka Flame wants to be House Speaker . . October 21, 2015 . October 30, 2015 . Andrews-Dyer, Helena.
  209. Web site: John McAfee on Running for President and the Coming Cyberwar . Newsweek.com . December 31, 2015 . 2016-01-05.
  210. Web site: I'm not running for President, I don't... – Ted Williams Golden Voice . Facebook . 2015-10-24.
  211. News: Michael Bloomberg Will Not Enter Presidential Race . . March 7, 2016 . March 7, 2016 . Haberman, Maggie . Burns, Alexander .
  212. Web site: French . David . David A. French . I'm Not Running for President . . 2016-06-05 . June 5, 2016.
  213. News: Jon Huntsman says no thanks to 2016 run. . October 8, 2014 . October 8, 2014 . Palmer, Anna.
  214. John Kasich Says He Won't Run As a Third-Party Candidate. Time. December 12, 2018.
  215. (October 24, 2014) "Filmmaker Dennis Michael Lynch Running for President in 2016", Fox News. Retrieved November 20, 2014.
  216. https://archive.today/20150419171002/http://www.dmldaily.com/2016-independent-v-gop/ "2016. INDEPENDENT VS. GOP"
  217. Bykowicz, Julie (March 9, 2015) "Bernie Sanders Isn't Sure Bernie Sanders Can Make a Serious Run for President", Bloomberg Politics. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  218. Williams, Bailey (March 9, 2015) "Sen. Bernie Sanders calls U.S. politics 'oligarchy'; considers run in 2016", UPI. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
  219. Topaz, Jonathan (March 13, 2015) "Bernie Sanders isn't so sure about this 2016 thing", Politico. Retrieved March 17, 2015.
  220. News: Jesse Ventura says 'unequivocally' he will not run for president . Randy . Furst . . May 30, 2016.
  221. Web site: Jim Webb rules out independent run for president . . February 11, 2016 . February 11, 2016 . McCaskill, Nolan D..