| 3rd World Congress of the Communist International | |
| Location: | Moscow |
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The 3rd World Congress of the Communist International (Comintern) was held in Moscow on 22 June–12 July 1921. The third official meeting of the Communist International included delegations from more than 50 different national structures and took place in the back-drop of two major events; the failure of the German revolution and the introduction of New Economic Policy in Soviet Russia.[1]
The main language of the congress was German, with three further working languages: French, English and Russian (of the three, French being predominant).[2]
Over 600 delegates were housed at Hotel Lux.[3]
The agenda was circulated in several languages from March 1921:[4]
There were delegates from the following countries.[5]
The Communist Party of Armenia delegation was led by Sarkis Kasyan.[6] Other delegates included Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan and Avis Nurijanyan.[7]
The Communist Party of Azerbaijan delegation included Gazanfar Musabekov, and Mikheil Kakhiani.[8] [9] [10]
The Communist Party of Austria delegation included Franz Koritschoner,[11] Joseph Frey,[11] [12] Jacob Riehs[13] and Karl Steinhardt.[14]
By the time of the third Comintern congress the Australian Socialist Party and the Communist Party of Australia had not settled differences between the two parties.[15] Both groups sent delegations to the congress, with being sent by the ASP to represent the party.[15] The CPA leader William Earsman travelled together with Jack Howie (Australian delegate to the RILU congress), reaching Great Britain and from there went to Moscow where they arrived on 13 June 1921.[16] Upon arrival in Moscow the CPA delegates realised that they had beaten the ASP leader Paul Freeman in the quest to arrive first to the congress, but that another ASP member Alf Rees had already reached the city to attend the RILU congress.[16] [17] Rees had already acquired the Comintern congress credentials for the ASP delegation.[16] Freeman arrived later whilst a third ASP delegate, Jim Quinton, was warrested in England whilst en route to Moscow.[16] [18]
Freeman died in the Aerowagon experimental monorail crash on 24 July 1921, along with his close friend Commissar Artem. Both was buried at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis.[19]
represented the Communist Party of Argentina at the congress.[20] Ghiodi travelled to Russia on 29 May 1921, and attended the congress with a consultative vote.[21] He carried a greeting from the Uruguayan communists to the congress.[21] Zalman Yaselman, a former member of the Russian Communist Group in Argentina and a founder of the International Socialist Party (the earlier incarnation of the Communist Party), accommpanied Ghiodi in his travels to Moscow and attended the congress but without obtaining an official credential.
Mikhail Yaroshevsky arrived in Moscow on 1 June 1921, as a correspondent of Argentinian trade union and Communist Party newspapers, and assisted the congress.
Two delegations from Belgium attended the congress - the 'Left-Wing of the Belgian Labour Party' (a name assigned to the faction from Comintern side) and the 'Communist Party of Belgium'.[22] The former group, led by Joseph Jacquemotte, was the faction around the publication L'Exploité who had broken away from the Belgian Labour Party and reconstituted themselves under the name 'Communist Party of Belgium' in May 1921. The latter group, led by War Van Overstraeten, emerged in August 1920 as members of the Belgian Socialist Youth broke with the Belgian Labour Party and formed a communist organization with the newspaper L'Ouvrier communiste as their organ.[23] Both groups had been invited by the Comintern to send two delegates each to the third Comintern congress, to ensure negotiations during the congress proceedings on a merger of the Belgian communists into a single Communist Party.[24]
Jules Poulet accompanied Jaquemotte at the congress as the second member of the 'Left-Wing of the Belgian Labour Party' delegation.[25] was the second member of the 'Communist Party of Belgium' delegation.[26]
Posterior to the talks in Moscow at the Comintern congress, the two factions merged into the Communist Party of Belgium at a congress 3-4 September 1921.[27]
The delegation of the Communist Party of Great Britain was led by Tom Bell (politician).[28] Other CPGB delegates included Norah Smyth,[29] Tom Mann,[13] F. L. Kerran,[6] Thomas Quelch, Joseph J. Vaughan,[30] J. T. Murphy,[31] Harry Pollitt,[32] Ellen Wilkinson[31] and .[33] During the congress Bell was pressured by the Comintern on the track record of performance of the CPGB.[28]
The Socialist Labour Party sent James Clunie to attend the congress.[34] [35] Whilst the 1921 SLP party conference had voted against a merger with CPGB (17 votes against, 5 votes in favour) the party continued to identify itself with the Comintern. The party conference overwhelmingly voted in favour (21 votes to 1) to seek membership in Comintern and named Clunie as its delegate to the third Comintern congress. The Comintern credentials committee did not award delegate credentials to Clunie (as the SLP had refused to merge with CPGB) but awarded him guest status at the congress.[34] Rose Witcop of the Anti-Parliamentary Communist Federation travelled Moscow to (unsuccessfully) negotiate for 'associate membership' in Comintern for her faction at the congress.[36] [37]
In May 1921 the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia had been founded, in which the Czech Marxist Left and the Marxist Left in Slovakia and the Transcarpathian Ukraine (which had amalgamated the Slovak left socialists and the International Socialist Party of Subcarpathian Rus'). But the merger of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (German Division) had not yet taken place. At the Third Congress, there were 27 party delegates and 2 youth delegates from Czechoslovakia.
The Czechoslovak delegation arrived in Moscow via Riga on 4 June 1921. The delegation had been stuck in Berlin for a week.[38]
The largest contingent came from the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, with 20 delegates. The erstwhile leader of the Czech Marxist Left and founder of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Bohumír Šmeral, attended the congress but was not listed as a delegate of any specific party.[39] The delegation included,[40],[41] [42] (Ružomberok), Miloš Vaněk, Jaroslav Handlíř (Prague),[38] Josef Skalàk,[13] Otto Rydlo[43] (Třebíč),[38] Jan Doležal (Brno), Václav Douša (Prague),[38] Oldřich Formánek (Mladá Boleslav),[38] [44] Metoděj Galla (Brno),[38] [44] Rudolf Hájek (Prague),[38] [44] Jan Jaroš (Radvanice),[38] [44] Marie Knytlová (Brno),[38] [44] Anna Křenová (Prague),[38] [44] Zavadil (Prague),[38] (Hodonín),[38] [44] František Koza (Hradec Králové),[38] [44] František Kučera (Kladno),[38] [44] František Melichar (Pardubice)[38] [44] and František Sailer (Louny)[38] [44] There were additionally a number of Magyar delegates from Slovakia in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia delegation.[38] Another four Communist Party of Czechoslovakia cadres had been named as delegates to the congress, but they had been denied passports and were thus unable to travel.[45]
Burian was named as head of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia delegation, Kršiak was named deputy delegation leader, Handlíř as delegation secretary and Vaněk the delegation rapporteur. The delegation brought a memorandum to the congress, requesting affiliation to the Comintern.[46]
The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (German Division) had 5 delegates at the congress.[46] The party leader Karl Kreibich was one of the German delegates.[47] The Polish communist group in Czechoslovakia had a single delegate, Karol Śliwka.[46] Rudolf Kohn was a delegate of the revolutionary Poalei Zion faction.[44]
During the congress proceedings, Lenin highlighted support for Šmeral's tactical line for the communists in Czechoslovakia. Per Trason (1955) this positioning could be explained as linked to the adoption of the NEP which included ideas of emphasizing closer connections to broader popular masses akin to those of Šmeral.[48]
The congress deliberated on the membership application of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak communists were admitted to the Comintern on the condition that the Czechoslovak and German communists merge into a single party.[48]
The Communist Party of Bukhara sent a 7-member delegation to the congress.[49] The Bukharan delegation protested against the measure to only allowing consultative status, arguing that Bukhara was a 'prominent, significant stronghold of the proletarian revolution in the East'.[50]
The Bulgarian Communist Party sent a 19-member delegation to the congress.[49] Vasil Kolarov and Georgi Dimitrov led the Bulgarian delegation. Kolarov presided over the congress.[51] Head of BKP delegation (Sofia)
The other Bulgarian party delegates were Dmitr Popov (Barna),[52],[33],[53] [54] Nayden Kirov (lawyer from Ruse),[55] Salcho Vasilev, Vladimir Blagoev, Ivan Abadjiev, (Haskovo), (Pleven), (Dereli),[56] (metal worker from Sofia), Vasil Tabachkin (Pleven), Lulcho Chervenkov (Zlatitsa), Gencho Petrov (Barna), Ivan K. (miner from Gorna Oryahovitsa), Koemdzhiev (textile worker, Sliven) and .[57]
At the time of the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern in 1920 one of two boats used by the Bulgarian Communist Party to cross the Black Sea was captured by Romanian forces and Vasil Kolarov, Georgi Dimitrov and had been jailed. This time, the Bulgarian Communist Party prepared differently to transport their delegation to Soviet Russia. Those delegates who could get passports travelled via Vienna, whilst others travelled by boat over the Black Sea.[57]
In the lead-up to first congress of RILU, the U.S. communist organizer Ella Reeve Bloor travelled to Winnipeg where she sought to convince the One Big Union leader Robert B. Russell to attend the event. Russell did not agree, and Bloor then travelled to Toronto where she met with another OBU organizer, Joseph R. Knight. Knight would travel to Moscow along with the U.S. delegation and attended both the Comintern congress and the RILU congress. The used the pseudonym 'Morgan' whilst in Soviet Russia.[58] Knight was a member of the Socialist Party of Canada, and was listed as a Socialist Party delegate in the Comintern congress documentation.[59]
Zhang Tailei represented the Communist Party of China at the congress. His participation was effectively managed by the Far Eastern Secretariat of the Comintern in Irkutsk, a process that the Communist Party organization in China was unaware of. Zhang had no contact with the Communist Party in China. Afterward the Communist Party of China ratified the nomination of Zhang.[60] Zhang would address the congress plenary.[61]
M. Díaz Ramírez had received a credential from José Rubio to represent the Communist Section of Cuba in the Mexican Region at the Third Congress.[62] page number?
was unable to attend the Congress. Two Japanese delegates were present, Taguchi Unzo and Yoshiwara Gentaro, participating in individual capacity with consultative vote. Both were living in the United States. Taguchi was nominated by Katayama Sen as the representative of the Japanese socialist group in the United States. Yoshiwara was also a participant in the Japanese socialist group, as well as a member of the Industrial Workers of the World and a participant at the Congress of the Peoples of the East held at Baku in September 1920.[63] [64] [65]
Although the Socialist Labor Party had rejected the 21 conditions, it sent two observers to the Third Congress.[66] The delegation faced some difficulties, as another SLP member and delegate to the Profintern congress Adolf S. Carm, was arrested in Moscow accused of 'having given assistance to the state in repression of IWW'. The two SLP delegates to the Third Congress were also questions. Carm was released after a second arrest following a notification to Lenin and after the two SLP Third Congress delegates had vouched for him.[67] [68]
Lunacharsky had planned a mass cultural festival to coincide with the congress. It was to display the history of mankind, from the Stone Age, to antiquity (ancient Egypt), feudalism, capitalism, the victory of the Communist International and building the future. It was conceptualized as a mass worker peasant opera with orchestra, chorus, dancers performed in large amphitheater. The festival was cancelled due to economic constraints.[69]