| Conventional Long Name: | Portuguese Republic |
| Common Name: | Portugal |
| Symbol Width: | 100px |
| National Anthem: | "Portuguese: [[A Portuguesa]]" |
| Capital: | Lisbon |
| Largest City: | Lisbon |
| Official Languages: | Portuguese |
| Regional Languages: | Mirandese |
| Ethnic Groups Year: | 2021 |
| Religion Ref: | [1] |
| Demonym: | Portuguese |
| Government Type: | Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic[2] |
| Leader Title1: | President |
| Leader Title2: | Prime Minister |
| Leader Name2: | Luís Montenegro |
| Legislature: | Assembly of the Republic |
| Sovereignty Type: | Establishment |
| Established Event1: | First County |
| Established Date1: | 868 |
| Established Event2: | Second County |
| Established Date2: | 1095 |
| Established Event3: | Sovereignty |
| Established Date3: | 24 June 1128 |
| Established Event4: | Kingdom |
| Established Date4: | 25 July 1139 |
| Established Event5: | Treaty of Zamora |
| Established Date5: | 5 October 1143 |
| Established Event6: | Restoration |
| Established Date6: | 1 December 1640 |
| Established Event7: | First Constitution |
| Established Date7: | 23 September 1822 |
| Established Event8: | Republic |
| Established Date8: | 5 October 1910 |
| Established Event9: | Democratization |
| Established Date9: | 25 April 1974 |
| Established Event10: | Current constitution |
| Established Date10: | 25 April 1976 |
| Established Event12: | EEC accession |
| Established Date12: | 1 January 1986 |
| Area Km2: | 92,212 |
| Area Footnote: | [3] |
| Area Rank: | 109th |
| Area Sq Mi: | 57,298 |
| Percent Water: | 1.2 (2015)[4] |
| Population Estimate Rank: | 89th |
| Population Estimate: | 10,352,042[5] |
| Population Census: | 10,343,066[6] |
| Population Estimate Year: | 2021 |
| Population Census Year: | 2021 |
| Population Density Km2: | 112.2[7] |
| Gdp Ppp: | $432.1 billion[8] |
| Gdp Ppp Year: | 2022 |
| Gdp Ppp Rank: | 51st |
| Gdp Ppp Per Capita: | $42,067 |
| Gdp Ppp Per Capita Rank: | 43rd |
| Gdp Nominal: | $255.9 billion |
| Gdp Nominal Year: | 2022 |
| Gdp Nominal Rank: | 50th |
| Gdp Nominal Per Capita: | $24,910 |
| Gdp Nominal Per Capita Rank: | 40th |
| Gini: | 31.2 |
| Gini Year: | 2020 |
| Gini Change: | decrease |
| Gini Ref: | [9] |
| Hdi: | 0.866 |
| Hdi Year: | 2021 |
| Hdi Change: | increase |
| Hdi Ref: | [10] |
| Hdi Rank: | 38th |
| Currency: | Euro (€) |
| Currency Code: | EUR |
| Time Zone: | WET) UTC−1 (Atlantic/Azores |
| Utc Offset Dst: | +1 |
| Time Zone Dst: | WEST) UTC (Atlantic/Azores |
| Dst Note: | Note: Continental Portugal and Madeira use WET/WEST; the Azores are 1 hour behind. |
| Date Format: | dd/mm/yyyy |
| Drives On: | right |
| Calling Code: | +351 |
| Iso3166code: | PT |
| Cctld: | .pt |
| Footnote A: | Mirandese, spoken in some villages of the municipality of Miranda do Douro, was officially recognized in 1999 (Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro), awarding it an official right-of-use. Portuguese Sign Language is also recognized. |
| Footnote B: | By country of birth |
| Footnote C: | Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976 with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005. |
| Religion Year: | 2021 |
The Third Portuguese Republic is a period in the history of Portugal corresponding to the current democratic regime installed after the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974, that put an end to the paternal autocratic regime of Estado Novo of António de Oliveira Salazar and Marcelo Caetano. It was initially characterized by constant instability and was threatened by the possibility of a civil war during the early post-revolutionary years. A new constitution was drafted, censorship was prohibited, free speech declared, political prisoners were released and major Estado Novo institutions were closed. Eventually the country granted independence to its African colonies and begun a process of democratization that led to the accession of Portugal to the EEC (today's European Union) in 1986.
See main article: Estado Novo (Portugal) and Carnation Revolution. In Portugal, 1926 marked the end of the First Republic, in a military coup that established an authoritarian government called Estado Novo, that was led by António de Oliveira Salazar until 1968, when he was forced to step down due to health problems. Salazar was succeeded by Marcelo Caetano. The government faced many internal and external problems, including the Portuguese Colonial War.
On 25 April 1974 a mostly bloodless coup of young military personnel forced Marcelo Caetano to step down. Most of the population of the country soon supported this uprising. It was called the Carnation Revolution because of the use of the carnation on soldiers' rifles as a symbol of peace. This revolution was the beginning of the Portuguese Third Republic. The days after the revolution saw widespread celebration for the end of 48 years of dictatorship and soon exiled politicians like Álvaro Cunhal and Mário Soares returned to the country for the celebration of May Day, in what became a symbol of the country's regained freedom.
See main article: Processo Revolucionário Em Curso.
After the fall of the Estado Novo, differences began to emerge on which political direction the country should take, including among the military. The revolution was mainly the result of the work of a group of young officers unified under the Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA). Within this group, there were several different political views, among them those represented by Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho and considered to be the more radical wing of the movement and those represented by Ernesto Melo Antunes, considered to be the more moderate one.
In addition to that, to ensure the success of the uprising, the MFA looked for support among the conservative sections of the military that had been disaffected with the Caetano government, chief among which were the former Head of the Armed Forces, General Francisco da Costa Gomes, and General António de Spínola. Both had been expelled from the Estado-Maior-General das Forças Armadas for criticizing the government.
The differing political views came to be broadly represented by three main informal groups, which included both military and civilians. However, even within these groups that shared similar political views there were considerable disagreements.
In 2001, António Guterres, the Prime Minister since 1995, resigned after the local elections, and after legislative elections on the following year, José Manuel Barroso was appointed as the new Prime Minister.[11] In July 2004, Prime Minister Barroso resigned as prime minister to become President of the European Commission.[12] He was succeeded by Pedro Santana Lopes, as leader of Social Democratic Party and Prime Minister of Portugal.[13] In 2005, Socialists got a landslide victory in early elections. Socialist Party leader Jose Socrates became the new prime minister after the elections.[14] In 2009 elections Socialist Party won re-election but lost its overall majority. In October 2009, Prime Minister Jose Socrates formed a new minority government.[15]
On 1 January 2002, Portugal adopted the euro as its currency in place of the escudo.[16]
Euro 2004 was held across Portugal. The final match was won by Greece against Portugal. Several new stadia were built or rebuilt for the event. This event granted Portugal an opportunity to show its hosting abilities to the rest of the world.[17]
The Portuguese presidential election were held on 22 January 2006 to elect a successor to the incumbent President Jorge Sampaio, who was prevented from running for a third consecutive term by the Constitution of Portugal. The result was a victory in the first round for Aníbal Cavaco Silva of the Social Democratic Party, the former Prime Minister, who won 50.59 per cent of the vote in the first round, just over the majority required to avoid a runoff election. Voter turnout was 62.60 per cent of eligible voters.[18]
From 2007 to 2008 onwards, Portugal was severely affected by the European sovereign-debt crisis. The legacy of considerable borrowing from earlier years became an almost unsustainable debt for the Portuguese economy, bringing the country to the verge of bankruptcy by 2011. This resulted in urgent measures to address structural problems in the economy, raise taxes and reduce public-sector spending. Increasing unemployment also led to increased emigration.
Portugal suffered from a severe economic crisis between 2009 and 2016.[19]
In January 2011, Anibal Cavaco Silva was easily re-elected as President of the Republic of Portugal for a second five-year term in the first round of the election.[20]
In 2011, Portugal applied for EU assistance, as the third European Union country after Greece and Ireland, to cope with its budget deficit caused by the financial crisis.[21]
In June 2011, center-right Passos Coelho became the new prime minister of the financially-troubled country, succeeding former Socialist Prime Minister Jose Socrates. The Social Democrat Party, led by Pedro Passos Coelho, won the parliamentary election earlier same month.[22]
Austerity budgets included spending cuts and higher taxes, which caused worsening living standards in the country and higher unemployment to above 16%.[23]
In October 2015 parliamentary elections, the governing centre-right coalition of Prime Minister Pedro Passos Coelho won narrowly, but the coalition lost its absolute majority in parliament.[24]
The new minority government led by Passos Coelho was soon toppled in a parliamentary vote. The 11-day-old government was the shortest-lived national government in the Portuguese history. In November 2015, The Socialist leader Antonio Costa became Portugal's prime minister, after forming an alliance with Communist, Green and Left Bloc parties.[25]
In January 2016, centre-right politician Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa was elected as the new president of Portugal.[26]
In October 2016, former Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Guterres was officially appointed as the next United Nations Secretary-General. He took office on 1 January 2017, when Ban Ki-moon's second five-year term ended.[27] António Guterres has announced that he will be seeking a second five-year term as UN Secretary-General, which would begin in January 2022.[28]
In October 2019, Prime Minister Antonio Costa won the parliamentary election. His Socialist party won the most votes, but it did not get the absolute majority in parliament. The party continued its pact with two far-left parties - the Left Bloc and the Communists. Portugal's economy had grown above the EU average and many cuts to public sector had been reversed.[29]
In January 2021, Portugal's centre-right president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa won re-election, after taking 60.7% of the votes in the first round of the election.[30]
In June 2021, United Nations General Assembly unanimously elected Antonio Guterres to a second five-year term as secretary-general.[31]
The ruling Socialist Party, led by Prime Minister António Costa, won an outright majority in the January 2022 snap general election. The Socialist Party won 120 seats in the 230 seat parliament, defeating the right-wing to form the XXIII Constitutional Government of Portugal.[32]
On 2 April 2024, the new center-right minority government, led by Prime Minister Luís Montenegro, took office, resulting from the slim victory of the Democratic Alliance in the snap election.[33]
GDP growth %GDP per capita (in US$ PPP)Source:[34]