Thiothrix Explained

Thiothrix is a genus of filamentous sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, related to the genera Beggiatoa and Thioploca. They are usually Gram-negative (but can be Gram-variable) and rod-shaped (0.7–1.5 μm in width by 1.2–2.5 μm in length). They form ensheathed multicellular filaments that are attached at the base, and form gonidia at their free end. The apical gonidia have gliding motility. Rosettes of the filaments are not always formed but are typical. Sulfur is deposited in invaginations within the cell membrane.[1] [2]

Species

Habitat

Thiothrix live primarily in flowing water containing a source of sulfide but are also present in activated-sludge waste water treatment systems. They are aerobic or microaerophilic in their oxygen requirements. Thiothrix species can be facultative autotrophs, chemoorganotrophs and mixotrophs.[5] The temperature range for growth can vary from cold springs to hot vents while salinity can vary from fresh to ocean water.[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] Thiothrix can be found in symbiotic relationships with other organisms.[11] [12] [13]

Notes and References

  1. Larkin. J M. Strohl, W R . Beggiatoa, Thiothrix, and Thioploca. Annual Review of Microbiology. 1 October 1983. 37. 1. 341–367. 10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.002013. 6357055.
  2. Book: ed.-in-chief, George M. Garrity. The Gammaproteobacteria.. 2005. Springer. New York, NY. 0387241442. 131–142. 2..
  3. Howarth. R.. Unz, R. F. . Seviour, E. M. . Seviour, R. J. . Blackall, L. L. . Pickup, R. W. . Jones, J. G. . Yaguchi, J. . Head, I. M. . Phylogenetic relationships of filamentous sulfur bacteria (Thiothrix spp. and Eikelboom type 021N bacteria) isolated from wastewatertreatment plants and description of Thiothrix eikelboomii sp. nov., Thiothrix unzii sp. nov., Thiothrix fructosivorans sp. nov. and Thiothrix defluvii sp. nov.. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 1 October 1999. 49. 4. 1817–1827. 10.1099/00207713-49-4-1817 . 10555365. free.
  4. Chernousova. E.. Gridneva, E. . Grabovich, M. . Dubinina, G. . Akimov, V. . Rossetti, S. . Kuever, J. . Thiothrix caldifontis sp. nov. and Thiothrix lacustris sp. nov., gammaproteobacteria isolated from sulfide springs. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 30 July 2009. 59. 12. 3128–3135. 10.1099/ijs.0.009456-0 . 19643883. free.
  5. Nielsen. Per Halkjaer . de Muro Marilena . Aquino Nielsen . Jeppe Lund . Studies on the in situ physiology of Thiothrix spp. present in activated sludge. Environmental Microbiology. 1 August 2000. 2. 4. 389–398. 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00120.x. 11234927 .
  6. Koch. Marcus . Rudolph, Christian . Moissl, Christine . Huber, Robert. A cold-loving crenarchaeon is a substantial part of a novel microbial community in cold sulphidic marsh water. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 1 July 2006. 57. 1. 55–66. 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00088.x. 16819950 . free.
  7. Camacho. Antonio . Rochera Carlos . Silvestre Juan . José Vicente . Eduardo Hahn . Martin W. . Spatial Dominance and Inorganic Carbon Assimilation by Conspicuous Autotrophic Biofilms in a Physical and Chemical Gradient of a Cold Sulfurous Spring: The Role of Differential Ecological Strategies. Microbial Ecology. 13 October 2005. 50. 2. 172–184. 10.1007/s00248-004-0156-x. 16211325 . 23456666 .
  8. Glud. R.N.. Rysgaard, S. . Fenchel, T. . Nielsen, P.H. . A conspicuous H2S-oxidizing microbial mat from a high-latitude Arctic fjord (Young Sound, NE Greenland). Marine Biology. 145. 1. 10.1007/s00227-004-1296-8 . 2004. 86187646 .
  9. Rudolph. Christian . Moissl, Christine . Henneberger, Ruth . Huber, Robert. Ecology and microbial structures of archaeal/bacterial strings-of-pearls communities and archaeal relatives thriving in cold sulfidic springs. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 1 October 2004. 50. 1. 1–11. 10.1016/j.femsec.2004.05.006. 19712372 . 40426629 . free.
  10. Konkol. Nick R.. Bruckner, James C. . Aguilar, Carmen . Lovalvo, David . Maki, James S. . Dominance of Epiphytic Filamentous Thiothrix spp. on an Aquatic Macrophyte in a Hydrothermal Vent Flume in Sedge Bay, Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming. Microbial Ecology. 60. 3. 528–538. 10.1007/s00248-010-9656-z . 20386899. 2010. 574930 .
  11. Gillan. D. C.. Dubilier, N. . Novel Epibiotic Thiothrix Bacterium on a Marine Amphipod. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 7 June 2004. 70. 6. 3772–3775. 10.1128/AEM.70.6.3772-3775.2004. 427760. 15184190. 2004ApEnM..70.3772G .
  12. Dattagupta. Sharmishtha . Schaperdoth Irene . Montanari Alessandro . Mariani Sandro . Kita Noriko . Valley John W . Macalady Jennifer L. A novel symbiosis between chemoautotrophic bacteria and a freshwater cave amphipod. The ISME Journal. 9 April 2009. 3. 8. 935–943. 10.1038/ismej.2009.34 . 19360027. free.
  13. Flot. Jean-François . Wörheide, Gert . Dattagupta, Sharmishtha. Unsuspected diversity of Niphargus amphipods in the chemoautotrophic cave ecosystem of Frasassi, central Italy. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 1 January 2010. 10. 1. 171. 10.1186/1471-2148-10-171. 20534131. 2896373 . free .

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