Thermotoga Explained

Thermotoga is a genus of the phylum Thermotogota. Members of Thermotoga are hyperthermophilic bacteria whose cell is wrapped in a unique sheath-like outer membrane, called a "toga".

The members of the phylum stain Gram-negative as they possess a thin peptidoglycan in between two lipid bilayers, albeit both peculiar. The peptidoglycan is unusual as the crosslink is not only meso-diaminopimelate as occurs in Pseudomonadota, but D-lysine.[1] [2]

The species are anaerobes with varying degrees of oxygen tolerance. They are capable of reducing elemental sulphur (S0) to hydrogen sulphide.

Whether thermophily is an innovation of the lineage or an ancestral trait is unclear and cannot be determined.
The genome of Thermotoga maritima was sequenced in 1999, revealing several genes of archaeal origin, possibly allowing its thermophilic adaptation.[3] The CG (cytosine-guanine) content of T. maritima is 46.2%; most thermophiles in fact have high CG content; this has led to the speculation that CG content may be a non-essential consequence to thermophily and not the driver towards thermophily.[4] [5]

Name

The paper and the chapter in Bergey's manual were authored by several authors including the microbiologists Karl Stetter and Carl Woese.[6]

The Neo-Latin feminine name "thermotoga" means "the hot outer garment", being a combination of the Greeknoun θέρμη (therme, heat) or more correctly the adjective θερμός, ή, όν (thermos, e, on, hot) and the Latin feminine noun toga (the Roman outer garment).[6]

Members and relatives

The precise relation of the Thermotogota to other phyla is debated (v. bacterial phyla): several studies have found it to be deep-branching (in Bergey's manual it appeared in fact in "Volume I: The Archaea and the deeply branching and phototrophic Bacteria"),[7] while other have found Firmicutes to be deep-branching with Thermotogota clustering away from the base.

The type species of the genus is T. maritima, first described in 1986.[6] At the time, it was the first species of the phylum to be described. The genus Thermotoga now contains three official species. Recently eight species were transferred out of the genus and most of them ended up within the genus Pseudothermotoga by Bhandari & Gupta 2014.T. subterranea strain SL1 was found in a 70 °C deep continental oil reservoir in the East Paris Basin, France.[8]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[9] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)[10]

See also

Notes and References

  1. All proteinogenic amino acids have the L- configuration; in peptidoglycan some amino acids with the D- configuration are present.
    Lysine is synthesised from meso-diaminopimelate by Diaminopimelate decarboxylase
  2. Boniface . A.. Parquet . C.. Arthur . M.. Mengin-Lecreulx . D.. Blanot . D.. The Elucidation of the Structure of Thermotoga maritima Peptidoglycan Reveals Two Novel Types of Cross-link. 10.1074/jbc.M109.034363. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284. 33. 21856–21862. 2009. 2755910. 19542229. free.
  3. Fraser . C. M. . Clayton . K. E. . Gill . R. A. . Gwinn . S. R. . Dodson . M. L. . Haft . R. J. . Hickey . D. H. . Peterson . E. K. . Nelson . J. D. . Ketchum . W. C. . McDonald . K. A. . Utterback . L. . Malek . T. R. . Linher . J. A. . Garrett. K. D. . Stewart . M. M. . Cotton . A. M. . Pratt . M. D. . Phillips . M. S. . Richardson . C. A. . Heidelberg . D. . Sutton . J. . Fleischmann. G. G. . Eisen . R. D. . White . J. A. . Salzberg . O. . Smith . S. L. . Venter . H. O. . Fraser . J. C. . Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima . Nature . 399 . 6734 . 323–329 . 10.1038/20601 . 1999 . 10360571 . 1999Natur.399..323N .
  4. Pasamontes . A. . Garcia-Vallve . S. . Use of a multi-way method to analyze the amino acid composition of a conserved group of orthologous proteins in prokaryotes . BMC Bioinformatics . 7 . 257 . 2006 . 10.1186/1471-2105-7-257 . 16709240 . 1489954 . free .
  5. Puigbò . P.. Pasamontes . A.. Garcia-Vallve . S.. Gaining and losing the thermophilic adaptation in prokaryotes. 10.1016/j.tig.2007.10.005. Trends in Genetics. 24. 1. 10–14. 2008. 18054113.
  6. 10.1007/BF00409880. Huber. R.. T. A. Langworthy. H. Konig. M. Thomm. C. R. Woese. U. B. Sleytr. K. O. Stetter. Thermotoga maritima sp. nov. represents a new genus of unique extremely thermophilic eubacteria growing up to 90°C. Arch. Microbiol.. 1986. 144. 324–333. 4. 12709437 .
  7. Book: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 1. The Archaea and the Deeply Branching and Phototrophic Bacteria. George M. Garrity. Boone, David R.. Castenholz, Richard W.. Springer. New York. 2nd. 978-0-387-98771-2. 721. May 18, 2001. 1984(Williams & Wilkins). British Library no. GBA561951. registration.
  8. 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00266.x . Li H, Yang SZ, Mu BZ, Rong ZF, Zhang J . Molecular phylogenetic diversity of the microbial community associated with a high-temperature petroleum reservoir at an offshore oilfield . FEMS Microbiol Ecol . 60 . 1 . 74–84 . 2007 . 17286581. free .
  9. Web site: J.P. Euzéby . Thermotoga . 2022-09-09 . List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN).
  10. Web site: Sayers. Thermotoga . 2022-09-09 . National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database . et al..
  11. Web site: The LTP . 23 February 2022.
  12. Web site: LTP_all tree in newick format. 23 February 2022.
  13. Web site: LTP_01_2022 Release Notes. 23 February 2022.
  14. Web site: GTDB release 07-RS207 . Genome Taxonomy Database. 20 June 2022.
  15. Web site: bac120_r207.sp_labels . Genome Taxonomy Database. 20 June 2022.
  16. Web site: Taxon History . Genome Taxonomy Database. 20 June 2022.

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