Caldalkalibacillus Explained

Caldalkalibacillus is an aerobic and spore-forming genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae the stains either Gram-positive or Gram-variable.^{[1] [2] [3] [4]} The type species of this genus is Caldalkalibacillus thermarum.^[5]

Caldalkalibacillus mannanilyticus was previously a species belonging to Bacillus, a genus that has been recognized as displaying extensive polyphyly and has been restricted by recent phylogenetic studies to only include species closely related to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus. ^{[6] [7]}

The name Caldalkalibacillus is derived from the prefix "-caldalkali" (from the Latin adjective caldus, which translates to "hot" and the Latin noun alkali), and the suffix "-bacillus" (from the Latin noun bacillus, referring to a small rod). Together, Caldalkalibacillus translates to bacillus living under hot and alkaline conditions).

Biochemical Characteristics and Molecular Signatures

Members of this genus are aerobic and some are motile and endospore-forming. Colonies formed are either yellow or yellowish-white in colour. Temperature range for growth is 20–65°C, with optimum growth temperature for C. mannanilyticus around 37°C, whereas C. thermarum grows optimally at 60°C. The pH range for growth is 7.5–10, with optimal growth occurring around pH 8.5–9.0.

Four conserved signature indels (CSIs) were identified through genomic analyses for this genus in the following proteins: prephenate dehydrogenase, isoprenyl transferase, DUF1027 domain-containing protein and adenine deaminase, which in most cases are exclusively shared by either all or most members of this genus. These CSIs provide a reliable molecular means of distinguishing Caldalkalibacillus species from other Bacillaceae genera and bacteria.

Taxonomy

Caldalkalibacillus, as of May 2021, contains a total of 3 species with validly published names. This branching pattern is also observed in the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB).^[8]

Further reading

• Zhao. W. Zhang. CL. Romanek. CS. Wiegel. J. Description of Caldalkalibacillus uzonensis sp. nov. and emended description of the genus Caldalkalibacillus.. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. May 2008. 58. Pt 5. 1106–8. 10.1099/ijs.0.65363-0. 18450697. free.
• Kalamorz. F.. Keis. S.. McMillan. D. G. G.. Olsson. K.. Stanton. J.-A.. Stockwell. P.. Black. M. A.. Klingeman. D. M.. Land. M. L.. Han. C. S.. Martin. S. L.. Becher. S. A.. Peddie. C. J.. Morgan. H. W.. Matthies. D.. Preiss. L.. Meier. T.. Brown. S. D.. Cook. G. M.. Draft Genome Sequence of the Thermoalkaliphilic Caldalkalibacillus thermarum Strain TA2.A1. Journal of Bacteriology. 17 June 2011. 193. 16. 4290–4291. 10.1128/JB.05035-11. 3147688. 21685297.
• Book: Bertrand. Jean-Claude. Caumette. Pierre. Lebaron. Philippe. Matheron. Robert. Normand. Philippe. Sime-Ngando. Télesphore. Environmental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications: Microbial Ecology. 2015. Springer. 9789401791182. en.

Notes and References

1. Parker. Charles Thomas. Osier. Nicole Danielle. Garrity. George M. Nomenclature Abstract for Caldalkalibacillus Xue et al. 2006 emend. Zhao et al. 2008.. The NamesforLife Abstracts. 10.1601/nm.10093. 2024-04-17 . en.
2. Book: Schagerl. Michael. Soda Lakes of East Africa. 2016. Springer. 9783319286228. en.
3. Book: Falkiewicz-Dulik. Michalina. Janda. Katarzyna. Wypych. George. Handbook of Material Biodegradation, Biodeterioration, and Biostablization. 2015. Elsevier. 9781927885024. en.
4. Book: Vos. Paul. Garrity. George. Jones. Dorothy. Krieg. Noel R.. Ludwig. Wolfgang. Rainey. Fred A.. Schleifer. Karl-Heinz. Whitman. William B.. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes. 2011. Springer Science & Business Media. 9780387684895. en.
5. Web site: Genus: Caldalkalibacillus. 2021-05-30. lpsn.dsmz.de. en.
6. Patel. Sudip. Gupta. Radhey S.. 2020-01-01. A phylogenomic and comparative genomic framework for resolving the polyphyly of the genus Bacillus: Proposal for six new genera of Bacillus species, Peribacillus gen. nov., Cytobacillus gen. nov., Mesobacillus gen. nov., Neobacillus gen. nov., Metabacillus gen. nov. and Alkalihalobacillus gen. nov.. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. en. 70. 1. 406–438. 10.1099/ijsem.0.003775. 1466-5026. free.
7. Gupta. Radhey S.. Patel. Sudip. Saini. Navneet. Chen. Shu. 2020-11-01. Robust demarcation of 17 distinct Bacillus species clades, proposed as novel Bacillaceae genera, by phylogenomics and comparative genomic analyses: description of Robertmurraya kyonggiensis sp. nov. and proposal for an emended genus Bacillus limiting it only to the members of the Subtilis and Cereus clades of species. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. en. 70. 11. 5753–5798. 10.1099/ijsem.0.004475. 1466-5026. free.
8. Web site: GTDB - Tree. 2021-05-28. gtdb.ecogenomic.org.