A theophoric name (from Greek: Greek, Ancient (to 1453);: [[wikt:θεόφορος|θεόφορος]], theophoros, literally "bearing or carrying a god")[1] [2] embeds the word equivalent of 'god' or God's name in a person's name, reflecting something about the character of the person so named in relation to that deity. For example, names embedding Apollo, such as Apollonios or Apollodorus, existed in Greek antiquity.[3]
Theophoric personal names, containing the name of a god in whose care the individual is entrusted (or a generic word for god), were also exceedingly common in the ancient Near East and Mesopotamia.[4] [5] [6] Some names of theophoric origin remain common today, such as Theodore (theo-, "god"; -dore, origin of word compound in Greek: doron, "gift"; hence "God's gift"; in Greek: Theodoros) or, less recognisably, Jonathan (from Hebrew Yonatan/Yehonatan, meaning "Yahweh has given").
Name | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
Aphrodite | Aphrodisius, -a | |
Hermaphroditus | "Hermes and Aphrodite" | |
Apollo | Apollodorus, -a | "gift of Apollo" |
Apollonides | "son of Apollo" | |
Apollonius | ||
Ares | Arius | "war-like" |
Artemis | Artemiche | |
Artemidorus | "gift of Artemis" | |
Artemisius, -ia | ||
Athena | Athenaeus | |
Athenais | ||
Athenagoras | "man in Athena's market" | |
Athenodorus, -a | "gift of Athena" | |
Cephissus | Cephisodorus | "gift of Cephissus" |
Cephisodotus | "given by Cephissus" | |
Demeter | Demetrius, -ia | |
Demetrodorus | "gift of Demeter" | |
Dionysus | Dionysius, -a, Dennis | |
Dionysodorus, -a | "gift of Dionysus" | |
Dionysicles | "glory of Dionysus" | |
Fortuna | Fortunatus | "fortunate, lucky" |
Hecate | Hecataeus | |
Helios | Heliodorus | "gift of the Sun" |
Hephaestus | Hephaestion | |
Hera | Heracles | "glory of Hera" |
Heraclitus | ||
Herodotus | "given by Hera" | |
Hermes | Hermaphroditus | "Hermes and Aphrodite" |
Hermesianax | "king Hermes" | |
Hermione, Hermion | ||
Hermippus | "horse of Hermes" | |
Hermocrates | "strength of Hermes" | |
Hermogenes | "born of Hermes" | |
Hermolaus | "people of Hermes" | |
Isis | Isidorus, -a | "gift of Isis" |
Mars | Marcus | |
Martialis | "Mars-like" | |
Martinus | ||
Mene (Selene) | Menodora | "gift of the Moon" |
Minerva | Minervina | "little Minerva" |
Nymphs | Nymphodora | "gift of the nymphs" |
Poseidon | Poseidippus | "horse of Poseidon" |
Poseidorus, -a | "gift of Poseidon" | |
Poseidonius | ||
Serapis | Serapion | |
Themis | Themistocles | "glory of Themis" |
Zeus | Dio | of Zeus (gen. Dios) |
Diocles, Diocletian | "glory of Zeus" | |
Diodorus | "gift of Zeus" | |
Zeno | of Zeus (gen. Zenos) | |
Zenobius, -ia | "might of Zeus" | |
Zenodotus | "given by Zeus" |
Certain names of classical gods are sometimes given as personal names. The most common is Diana and its variants, such as Diane; others include Minerva, Aphrodite, Venus, Isis, or Juno. The first pope to take a regnal name, Pope John II, had the given name Mercurius and changed his name as he considered it inappropriate for the pope to have a pagan deity's name.
Some Christian saints have polytheistic theophoric names (such as Saint Dionysius, Saint Mercurius, Saint Saturninus, Saint Hermes, Saint Martin of Tours, Saint Demetrius of Thessaloniki).
Rarely, Germanic names contain the element Wod (such as Woðu-riðe), potentially pointing to an association with the god Odin. In connection, numerous names containing wulf "wolf" have been taken as totemistic, expressing association with Odin in the earliest period, although -ulf degenerated into a mere suffix from an early time (Förstemann 1856).
The personal names of almost all gods and goddesses of various deities from the polytheistic Hindu pantheon are considered common and traditional names for people from the Indian subcontinent. Many traditional Hindu names are in fact from various names or epithets of Hindu gods or goddesses. This is in addition to compound theophoric names using the name of a deity in addition to possessive qualifiers.
Brahma, the Hindu creator god, is one of the only deities of the pantheon whose name is rarely if ever used as a personal name or a base for theophoric personal names.
Some seemingly theophoric names may in fact be more related to the original etymology of the deity's name itself. For example, both Lakshmi (fortune, success, prosperity) and Lakshman (prosperous, principal, marked) are names of a deity and an avatar respectively, which are related to lakṣ meaning "to mark or see".[7]
See also: Allah.
See main article: Theophory in the Bible. Much Hebrew theophory occurs in the Bible, particularly in the Old Testament. The most prominent theophory involves
In later times, as the conflict between Yahwism and the more popular pagan practices became increasingly intense, these names were censored and Baal was replaced with Bosheth, meaning shameful one. But the name Yahweh does not appear in theophoric names until the time of Joshua, and for the most part is very rare until the time of King Saul, when it began to be very popular.[8]
See also: El (deity).
See also: Yahweh and YHWH. The name of the Israelite deity YHWH (usually shortened to Yah or Yahu, and Yeho or Yo) appears as a prefix or suffix in many theophoric names of the First Temple Period. For example, Yirme-yahu (Jeremiah), Yesha-yahu (Isaiah), Netan-yah, Yedid-yah, Adoni-yah, Nekhem-yah, Yeho-natan (Jonathan), Yeho-chanan (John), Yeho-shua (Joshua), Yeho-tzedek, Zekharya (Zechariah).
"Yahū" or "Yah" is the abbreviation of YHWH when used as a suffix in Hebrew names; as a prefix it appears as "Yehō-", or "Yo". It was formerly thought to be abbreviated from the Masoretic pronunciation "Yehovah". There is an opinion[9] that, as Yahweh is likely an imperfective verb form, "Yahu" is its corresponding preterite or jussive short form: compare yiŝtahaweh (imperfective), yiŝtáhû (preterit or jussive short form) = "do obeisance".
In the table below, 13 theophoric names with "Yeho" have corresponding forms where the letters eh have been omitted. There is a theory by Christian Ginsburg that this is because Hebrew scribes omitted the "h", changing Jeho into Jo, to make the start of "Yeho-" names not sound like an attempt to pronounce the Divine Name.[10] [11]
Strong's # | the name | other element | English conventional form | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
long form | short form | long form | short form | long form | short form | ||||
3059 | 3099 | Yᵉho'achaz | Yo'achaz | achaz [# 270] | Jehoahaz | Joahaz | |||
3060 | 3101 | Yᵉho'ash | Yo'ash | 'esh [# 784] | Jehoash | Joash | |||
3075 | 3107 | Yᵉhozabad | Yozabad | zabad [# 2064] | Jehozabad | Jozabad | |||
3076 | 3110 | Yᵉhowchanan | Yochanan | chanan [# 2603] | Yehochanan | Jochanan | |||
3077 | 3111 | Yᵉhoyada | Yoyada | yada [# 3045] | Jehoiada | Joiada | |||
3078 | 3112 | Yᵉhoyakin | Yoyakin | kun [# 3559] | Yehoyakin | Joiakin | |||
3079 | 3113 | Yᵉhoyaqim | Yoyaqim | qum [# 3965] | Yehoyakim | Joakim | |||
3080 | 3114 | Yᵉhoyarib | Yoyarib | rib [# 7378] | Jehoiarib | Joiarib | |||
3082 | 3122 | Yᵉhonadab | Yonadab | nadab [# 5068] | Jehonadab | Jonadab | |||
3083 | 3129 | Yᵉhonathan | Yonathan | nathan [# 5414] | Yehonathan | Jonathan | |||
3085 | — | Yᵉho'addah | — | — | 'adah [# 5710] | Jehoaddah | — | ||
3087 | 3136 | Yᵉhotsadaq | Yotsadaq | tsadaq [# 6663] | Jehozadak | Jozadak | |||
3088 | 3141 | Yᵉhoram | Yoram | rum [# 7311] | Jehoram | Joram | |||
3092 | 3146 | Yᵉhoshaphat | Yoshaphat | shaphat [# 8199] | Jehoshaphat | Joshaphat | |||
3470a | 3470 | Yᵉsha'yahu | Yᵉsha'yah | yasha [# 3467] | Yeshayahu | Isaiah | |||
5418a | 5418 | Nᵉthanyahu | Nᵉthanyah | nathan [# 5414] | Netanyahu | Netaniah | |||
138a | 138 | 'Adoniyahu | 'Adoniyah | 'adown [# 113] | Adoniyahu | Adonijah | |||
452a | 452 | 'Eliyahu | 'Eliyah | 'el [# 410] | Eliyahu | Elijah | |||
3414a | 3414 | Yirmᵉyahu | Yirmᵉyah | rum [# 7311] | Yirmeyahu | Jeremiah | |||
— | 5166 | — | — | Nᵉchemyah | nacham [# 5162] | — | Nechemiah |
Theophoric names containing "Baal" were sometimes "censored" as -bosheth = "shameful one", whence Ishbosheth etc.